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Online: http://curl.haxx.se/docs/httpscripting.html
Date: Jan 19, 2011
Updated: Dec 24, 2013 (http://curl.haxx.se/docs/httpscripting.html)
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The Art Of Scripting HTTP Requests Using Curl
=============================================
This document will assume that you're familiar with HTML and general
networking.
The Art Of Scripting HTTP Requests Using Curl
The possibility to write scripts is essential to make a good computer
system. Unix' capability to be extended by shell scripts and various tools to
run various automated commands and scripts is one reason why it has succeeded
so well.
1. HTTP Scripting
1.1 Background
1.2 The HTTP Protocol
1.3 See the Protocol
1.4 See the Timing
1.5 See the Response
2. URL
2.1 Spec
2.2 Host
2.3 Port number
2.4 User name and password
2.5 Path part
3. Fetch a page
3.1 GET
3.2 HEAD
4. HTML forms
4.1 Forms explained
4.2 GET
4.3 POST
4.4 File Upload POST
4.5 Hidden Fields
4.6 Figure Out What A POST Looks Like
5. HTTP upload
5.1 PUT
6. HTTP Authentication
6.1 Basic Authentication
6.2 Other Authentication
6.3 Proxy Authentication
6.4 Hiding credentials
7. More HTTP Headers
7.1 Referer
7.2 User Agent
8. Redirects
8.1 Location header
8.2 Other redirects
9. Cookies
9.1 Cookie Basics
9.2 Cookie options
10. HTTPS
10.1 HTTPS is HTTP secure
10.2 Certificates
11. Custom Request Elements
11.1 Modify method and headers
11.2 More on changed methods
12. Web Login
12.1 Some login tricks
13. Debug
13.1 Some debug tricks
14. References
14.1 Standards
14.2 Sites
==============================================================================
1. HTTP Scripting
1.1 Background
This document assumes that you're familiar with HTML and general networking.
The increasing amount of applications moving to the web has made "HTTP
Scripting" more frequently requested and wanted. To be able to automatically
@ -27,7 +83,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
to glue everything together using some kind of script language or repeated
manual invokes.
1. The HTTP Protocol
1.2 The HTTP Protocol
HTTP is the protocol used to fetch data from web servers. It is a very simple
protocol that is built upon TCP/IP. The protocol also allows information to
@ -44,7 +100,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
well), response headers and most often also a response body. The "body" part
is the plain data you requested, like the actual HTML or the image etc.
1.1 See the Protocol
1.3 See the Protocol
Using curl's option --verbose (-v as a short option) will display what kind
of commands curl sends to the server, as well as a few other informational
@ -59,13 +115,88 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --trace-ascii debugdump.txt http://www.example.com/
1.4 See the Timing
Many times you may wonder what exactly is taking all the time, or you just
want to know the amount of milliseconds between two points in a
transfer. For those, and other similar situations, the --trace-time option
is what you need. It'll prepend the time to each trace output line:
curl --trace-ascii d.txt --trace-time http://example.com/
1.5 See the Response
By default curl sends the response to stdout. You need to redirect it
somewhere to avoid that, most often that is done with -o or -O.
2. URL
2.1 Spec
The Uniform Resource Locator format is how you specify the address of a
particular resource on the Internet. You know these, you've seen URLs like
http://curl.haxx.se or https://yourbank.com a million times.
http://curl.haxx.se or https://yourbank.com a million times. RFC 3986 is the
canonical spec.
3. GET a page
2.2 Host
The host name is usually resolved using DNS or your /etc/hosts file to an IP
address and that's what curl will communicate with. Alternatively you specify
the IP address directly in the URL instead of a name.
For development and other trying out situation, you can point out a different
IP address for a host name than what would otherwise be used, by using curl's
--resolve option:
curl --resolve www.example.org:80:127.0.0.1 http://www.example.org/
2.3 Port number
Each protocol curl supports operate on a default port number, be it over TCP
or in some cases UDP. Normally you don't have to take that into
consideration, but at times you run test servers on other ports or
similar. Then you can specify the port number in the URL with a colon and a
number immediately following the host name. Like when doing HTTP to port
1234:
curl http://www.example.org:1234/
The port number you specify in the URL is the number that the server uses to
offer its services. Sometimes you may use a local proxy, and then you may
need to specify that proxy's port number separate on what curl needs to
connect to locally. Like when using a HTTP proxy on port 4321:
curl --proxy http://proxy.example.org:4321 http://remote.example.org/
2.4 User name and password
Some services are setup to require HTTP authentication and then you need to
provide name and password which then is transfered to the remote site in
various ways depending on the exact authentication protocol used.
You can opt to either insert the user and password in the URL or you can
provide them separately:
curl http://user:password@example.org/
or
curl -u user:password http://example.org/
You need to pay attention that this kind of HTTP authentication is not what
is usually done and requested by user-oriented web sites these days. They
tend to use forms and cookies instead.
2.5 Path part
The path part is just sent off to the server to request that it sends back
the associated response. The path is what is to the right side of the slash
that follows the host name and possibly port number.
3. Fetch a page
3.1 GET
The simplest and most common request/operation made using HTTP is to get a
URL. The URL could itself refer to a web page, an image or a file. The client
@ -79,10 +210,23 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
All HTTP replies contain a set of response headers that are normally hidden,
use curl's --include (-i) option to display them as well as the rest of the
document. You can also ask the remote server for ONLY the headers by using
the --head (-I) option (which will make curl issue a HEAD request).
document.
4. Forms
3.2 HEAD
You can ask the remote server for ONLY the headers by using the --head (-I)
option which will make curl issue a HEAD request. In some special cases
servers deny the HEAD method while others still work, which is a particular
kind of annoyance.
The HEAD method is defined and made so that the server returns the headers
exactly the way it would do for a GET, but without a body. It means that you
may see a Content-Length: in the response headers, but there must not be an
actual body in the HEAD response.
4. HTML forms
4.1 Forms explained
Forms are the general way a web site can present a HTML page with fields for
the user to enter data in, and then press some kind of 'OK' or 'submit'
@ -95,7 +239,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
Of course there has to be some kind of program in the server end to receive
the data you send. You cannot just invent something out of the air.
4.1 GET
4.2 GET
A GET-form uses the method GET, as specified in HTML like:
@ -121,7 +265,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl "http://www.hotmail.com/when/junk.cgi?birthyear=1905&press=OK"
4.2 POST
4.3 POST
The GET method makes all input field names get displayed in the URL field of
your browser. That's generally a good thing when you want to be able to
@ -158,7 +302,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --data-urlencode "name=I am Daniel" http://www.example.com
4.3 File Upload POST
4.4 File Upload POST
Back in late 1995 they defined an additional way to post data over HTTP. It
is documented in the RFC 1867, why this method sometimes is referred to as
@ -179,7 +323,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --form upload=@localfilename --form press=OK [URL]
4.4 Hidden Fields
4.5 Hidden Fields
A very common way for HTML based application to pass state information
between pages is to add hidden fields to the forms. Hidden fields are
@ -200,7 +344,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --data "birthyear=1905&press=OK&person=daniel" [URL]
4.5 Figure Out What A POST Looks Like
4.6 Figure Out What A POST Looks Like
When you're about fill in a form and send to a server by using curl instead
of a browser, you're of course very interested in sending a POST exactly the
@ -213,7 +357,9 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
You will then clearly see the data get appended to the URL, separated with a
'?'-letter as GET forms are supposed to.
5. PUT
5. HTTP upload
5.1 PUT
The perhaps best way to upload data to a HTTP server is to use PUT. Then
again, this of course requires that someone put a program or script on the
@ -225,6 +371,8 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
6. HTTP Authentication
6.1 Basic Authentication
HTTP Authentication is the ability to tell the server your username and
password so that it can verify that you're allowed to do the request you're
doing. The Basic authentication used in HTTP (which is the type curl uses by
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curl --user name:password http://www.example.com
6.2 Other Authentication
The site might require a different authentication method (check the headers
returned by the server), and then --ntlm, --digest, --negotiate or even
--anyauth might be options that suit you.
6.3 Proxy Authentication
Sometimes your HTTP access is only available through the use of a HTTP
proxy. This seems to be especially common at various companies. A HTTP proxy
may require its own user and password to allow the client to get through to
@ -253,6 +405,8 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
If you use any one these user+password options but leave out the password
part, curl will prompt for the password interactively.
6.4 Hiding credentials
Do note that when a program is run, its parameters might be possible to see
when listing the running processes of the system. Thus, other users may be
able to watch your passwords if you pass them as plain command line
@ -262,7 +416,9 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
many web sites will not use this concept when they provide logins etc. See
the Web Login chapter further below for more details on that.
7. Referer
7. More HTTP Headers
7.1 Referer
A HTTP request may include a 'referer' field (yes it is misspelled), which
can be used to tell from which URL the client got to this particular
@ -276,7 +432,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --referer http://www.example.come http://www.example.com
8. User Agent
7.2 User Agent
Very similar to the referer field, all HTTP requests may set the User-Agent
field. It names what user agent (client) that is being used. Many
@ -298,7 +454,9 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --user-agent "Mozilla/4.73 [en] (X11; U; Linux 2.2.15 i686)" [URL]
9. Redirects
8. Redirects
8.1 Location header
When a resource is requested from a server, the reply from the server may
include a hint about where the browser should go next to find this page, or a
@ -318,7 +476,16 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
only use POST in the first request, and then revert to GET in the following
operations.
10. Cookies
8.2 Other redirects
Browser typically support at least two other ways of redirects that curl
doesn't: first the html may contain a meta refresh tag that asks the browser
to load a specific URL after a set number of seconds, or it may use
javascript to do it.
9. Cookies
9.1 Cookie Basics
The way the web browsers do "client side state control" is by using
cookies. Cookies are just names with associated contents. The cookies are
@ -335,6 +502,8 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
must be able to record and send back cookies the way the web application
expects them. The same way browsers deal with them.
9.2 Cookie options
The simplest way to send a few cookies to the server when getting a page with
curl is to add them on the command line like:
@ -366,16 +535,18 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --cookie nada --location http://www.example.com
Curl has the ability to read and write cookie files that use the same file
format that Netscape and Mozilla do. It is a convenient way to share cookies
between browsers and automatic scripts. The --cookie (-b) switch
automatically detects if a given file is such a cookie file and parses it,
and by using the --cookie-jar (-c) option you'll make curl write a new cookie
file at the end of an operation:
format that Netscape and Mozilla once used. It is a convenient way to share
cookies between scripts or invokes. The --cookie (-b) switch automatically
detects if a given file is such a cookie file and parses it, and by using the
--cookie-jar (-c) option you'll make curl write a new cookie file at the end
of an operation:
curl --cookie cookies.txt --cookie-jar newcookies.txt \
http://www.example.com
11. HTTPS
10. HTTPS
10.1 HTTPS is HTTP secure
There are a few ways to do secure HTTP transfers. The by far most common
protocol for doing this is what is generally known as HTTPS, HTTP over
@ -391,7 +562,7 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl https://secure.example.com
11.1 Certificates
10.2 Certificates
In the HTTPS world, you use certificates to validate that you are the one
you claim to be, as an addition to normal passwords. Curl supports client-
@ -413,7 +584,9 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
http://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html
12. Custom Request Elements
11. Custom Request Elements
11.1 Modify method and headers
Doing fancy stuff, you may need to add or change elements of a single curl
request.
@ -434,7 +607,26 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
curl --header "Destination: http://nowhere" http://example.com
13. Web Login
11.2 More on changed methods
It should be noted that curl selects which methods to use on its own
depending on what action to ask for. -d will do POST, -I will do HEAD and so
on. If you use the --request / -X option you can change the method keyword
curl selects, but you will not modify curl's behavior. This means that if you
for example use -d "data" to do a POST, you can modify the method to a
PROPFIND with -X and curl will still think it sends a POST. You can change
the normal GET to a POST method by simply adding -X POST in a command line
like:
curl -X POST http://example.org/
... but curl will still think and act as if it sent a GET so it won't send any
request body etc.
12. Web Login
12.1 Some login tricks
While not strictly just HTTP related, it still cause a lot of people problems
so here's the executive run-down of how the vast majority of all login forms
@ -463,7 +655,9 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
to do a proper login POST. Remember that the contents need to be URL encoded
when sent in a normal POST.
14. Debug
13. Debug
13.1 Some debug tricks
Many times when you run curl on a site, you'll notice that the site doesn't
seem to respond the same way to your curl requests as it does to your
@ -473,35 +667,40 @@ Date: Jan 19, 2011
browser's requests:
* Use the --trace-ascii option to store fully detailed logs of the requests
for easier analyzing and better understanding
for easier analyzing and better understanding
* Make sure you check for and use cookies when needed (both reading with
--cookie and writing with --cookie-jar)
--cookie and writing with --cookie-jar)
* Set user-agent to one like a recent popular browser does
* Set referer like it is set by the browser
* If you use POST, make sure you send all the fields and in the same order as
the browser does it. (See chapter 4.5 above)
the browser does it.
A very good helper to make sure you do this right, is the LiveHTTPHeader tool
that lets you view all headers you send and receive with Mozilla/Firefox
(even when using HTTPS).
(even when using HTTPS). Chrome features similar functionality out of the box
among the developer's tools.
A more raw approach is to capture the HTTP traffic on the network with tools
such as ethereal or tcpdump and check what headers that were sent and
received by the browser. (HTTPS makes this technique inefficient.)
15. References
14. References
14.1 Standards
RFC 2616 is a must to read if you want in-depth understanding of the HTTP
protocol.
protocol
RFC 3986 explains the URL syntax.
RFC 3986 explains the URL syntax
RFC 2109 defines how cookies are supposed to work.
RFC 1867 defines the HTTP post upload format
RFC 1867 defines the HTTP post upload format.
RFC 6525 defines how HTTP cookies work
14.2 Sites
http://curl.haxx.se is the home of the cURL project