lua-nginx-module/README.markdown

Name
====

ngx_lua - Embed the power of Lua into Nginx

*This module is not distributed with the Nginx source.* See [the installation instructions](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Installation).

Status
======

This module is under active development and is production ready.

Version
=======

This document describes ngx_lua [v0.3.1rc30](https://github.com/chaoslawful/lua-nginx-module/tags) released on 21 November 2011.

Synopsis
========

    # set search paths for pure Lua external libraries (';;' is the default path):
    lua_package_path '/foo/bar/?.lua;/blah/?.lua;;';
 
    # set search paths for Lua external libraries written in C (can also use ';;'):
    lua_package_cpath '/bar/baz/?.so;/blah/blah/?.so;;';
 
    server {
        location /inline_concat {
            # MIME type determined by default_type:
            default_type 'text/plain';
 
            set $a "hello";
            set $b "world";
            # inline lua script
            set_by_lua $res "return ngx.arg[1]..ngx.arg[2]" $a $b;
            echo $res;
        }
 
        location /rel_file_concat {
            set $a "foo";
            set $b "bar";
            # script path relative to nginx prefix
            # $ngx_prefix/conf/concat.lua contents:
            #
            #    return ngx.arg[1]..ngx.arg[2]
            #
            set_by_lua_file $res conf/concat.lua $a $b;
            echo $res;
        }
 
        location /abs_file_concat {
            set $a "fee";
            set $b "baz";
            # absolute script path not modified
            set_by_lua_file $res /usr/nginx/conf/concat.lua $a $b;
            echo $res;
        }
 
        location /lua_content {
            # MIME type determined by default_type:
            default_type 'text/plain';
 
            content_by_lua "ngx.say('Hello,world!')"
        }
 
         location /nginx_var {
            # MIME type determined by default_type:
            default_type 'text/plain';
 
            # try access /nginx_var?a=hello,world
            content_by_lua "ngx.print(ngx.var['arg_a'], '\\n')";
        }
 
        location /request_body {
             # force reading request body (default off)
             lua_need_request_body on;
             client_max_body_size 50k;
             client_body_buffer_size 50k;
 
             content_by_lua 'ngx.print(ngx.var.request_body)';
        }
 
        # transparent non-blocking I/O in Lua via subrequests
        location /lua {
            # MIME type determined by default_type:
            default_type 'text/plain';
 
            content_by_lua '
                local res = ngx.location.capture("/some_other_location")
                if res.status == 200 then
                    ngx.print(res.body)
                end';
        }
 
        # GET /recur?num=5
        location /recur {
            # MIME type determined by default_type:
            default_type 'text/plain';
 
            content_by_lua '
               local num = tonumber(ngx.var.arg_num) or 0

               if num > 50 then
                   ngx.say("num too big")
                   return
               end

               ngx.say("num is: ", num)
 
               if num > 0 then
                   res = ngx.location.capture("/recur?num=" .. tostring(num - 1))
                   ngx.print("status=", res.status, " ")
                   ngx.print("body=", res.body)
               else
                   ngx.say("end")
               end
               ';
        }
 
        location /foo {
            rewrite_by_lua '
                res = ngx.location.capture("/memc",
                    { args = { cmd = 'incr', key = ngx.var.uri } }
                )
            ';
 
            proxy_pass http://blah.blah.com;
        }
 
        location /blah {
            access_by_lua '
                local res = ngx.location.capture("/auth")
 
                if res.status == ngx.HTTP_OK then
                    return
                end
 
                if res.status == ngx.HTTP_FORBIDDEN then
                    ngx.exit(res.status)
                end
 
                ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
            ';
 
            # proxy_pass/fastcgi_pass/postgres_pass/...
        }
 
        location /mixed {
            rewrite_by_lua_file /path/to/rewrite.lua;
            access_by_lua_file /path/to/access.lua;
            content_by_lua_file /path/to/content.lua;
        }
 
        # use nginx var in code path
        # WARN: contents in nginx var must be carefully filtered,
        # otherwise there'll be great security risk!
        location ~ ^/app/(.+) {
                content_by_lua_file /path/to/lua/app/root/$1.lua;
        }
 
        location / {
           lua_need_request_body on;
 
           client_max_body_size 100k;
           client_body_buffer_size 100k;
 
           access_by_lua '
               -- check the client IP addr is in our black list
               if ngx.var.remote_addr == "132.5.72.3" then
                   ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_FORBIDDEN)
               end
 
               -- check if the request body contains bad words
               if ngx.var.request_body and
                        string.match(ngx.var.request_body, "fsck")
               then
                   return ngx.redirect("/terms_of_use.html")
               end
 
               -- tests passed
           ';
 
           # proxy_pass/fastcgi_pass/etc settings
        }
    }


Description
===========

This module embeds the Lua interpreter or LuaJIT into the nginx core and integrates the powerful Lua threads (aka Lua coroutines) into the nginx event model
by means of nginx subrequests.

Unlike [Apache's mod_lua](http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.3/mod/mod_lua.html) and [Lighttpd's mod_magnet](http://redmine.lighttpd.net/wiki/1/Docs:ModMagnet), Lua code written atop this module can be *100% non-blocking* on network traffic
as long as you use the [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) or
[ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi) interfaces
to let the nginx core do all your
requests to mysql, postgresql, memcached, redis,
upstream http web services, and etc etc etc (see
[HttpDrizzleModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpDrizzleModule), [ngx_postgres](http://github.com/FRiCKLE/ngx_postgres/), [HttpMemcModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpMemcModule), [HttpRedis2Module](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRedis2Module) and [HttpProxyModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpProxyModule) modules for details).

The Lua interpreter instance is shared across all
the requests in a single nginx worker process.

Request contexts are isolated from each other
by means of Lua (lightweight) threads (aka Lua coroutines).
And Lua modules loaded are persistent on
the nginx worker process level. So the memory
footprint is quite small even when your
nginx worker process is handling 10K requests at the same time.

Directives
==========

lua_code_cache
--------------
**syntax:** *lua_code_cache on | off*

**default:** *lua_code_cache on*

**context:** *main, server, location, location if*

Enable or disable the Lua code cache for [set_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua_file),
[content_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua_file), [rewrite_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua_file), and
[access_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua_file), and also force Lua module reloading on a per-request basis.

The Lua files referenced in [set_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua_file),
[content_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua_file), [access_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua_file),
and [rewrite_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua_file) will not be cached at all,
and Lua's `package.loaded` table will be cleared
at every request's entry point (such that Lua modules
will not be cached either). So developers can enjoy
the PHP-way, i.e., edit-and-refresh.

But please note that Lua code inlined into nginx.conf
like those specified by [set_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua), [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua),
[access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua), and [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) will *always* be
cached because only nginx knows how to parse `nginx.conf`
and the only way to tell it to re-load the config file
is to send a `HUP` signal to it or just to restart it from scratch.

For now, ngx_lua does not support the "stat" mode like
Apache's `mod_lua`, but we will work on it in the future.

Disabling the Lua code cache is mainly used for Lua
development only because it has great
impact on the over-all performance and is strongly
discouraged for production uses. Also, race conditions
when reloading Lua modules are common for concurrent requests
when the code cache is off.

lua_regex_cache_max_entries
---------------------------
**syntax:** *lua_regex_cache_max_entries <num>*

**default:** *lua_regex_cache_max_entries 1024*

**context:** *http*

Specifies the maximal entries allowed in the worker-process-level compiled-regex cache.

The regular expressions used in [ngx.re.match](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.match), [ngx.re.gmatch](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.gmatch), [ngx.re.sub](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.sub), and [ngx.re.gsub](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.gsub) will be cached in this cache if the regex option `o` (i.e., compile-once flag) is specified.

The default entries allowed is 1024.

When the user Lua programs are exceeding this limit, those new regexes will not be cached at all (as if no `o` option is ever specified), and there will be one (and only one) warning in nginx's `error.log` file, like this

    2011/08/27 23:18:26 [warn] 31997#0: *1 lua exceeding regex cache max entries (1024), ...


You should not specify the `o` regex option for regexes (and/or `replace` string arguments for [ngx.re.sub](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.sub) and [ngx.re.gsub](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.gsub)) that are generated *on the fly* and give rise to infinite variations, or you'll quickly reach the limit specified here.

lua_package_path
----------------

**syntax:** *lua_package_path <lua-style-path-str>*

**default:** *The content of LUA_PATH environ variable or Lua's compiled-in defaults.*

**context:** *main*

Set the Lua module searching path used by scripts specified by [set_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua),
[content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) and others. The path string is in standard Lua path form, and `;;`
can be used to stand for the original path.

lua_package_cpath
-----------------

**syntax:** *lua_package_cpath <lua-style-cpath-str>*

**default:** *The content of LUA_CPATH environ variable or Lua's compiled-in defaults.*

**context:** *main*

Set the Lua C-module searching path used by scripts specified by [set_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua),
[content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) and others. The cpath string is in standard Lua cpath form, and `;;`
can be used to stand for the original cpath.

set_by_lua
----------

**syntax:** *set_by_lua $res <lua-script-str> [$arg1 $arg2 ...]*

**context:** *main, server, location, server if, location if*

**phase:** *rewrite*

Execute user code specified by `<lua-script-str>` with input arguments `$arg1 $arg2 ...`, and set the script's return value to `$res` in string form. In
`<lua-script-str>` code the input arguments can be retrieved from `ngx.arg`
table (index starts from `1` and increased sequentially).

[set_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua) directives are designed to execute small and quick codes. Nginx
event loop is blocked during the code execution, so you'd better **not** call
anything that may be blocked or time-consuming.

Note that [set_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua) can only output a value to a single Nginx variable at
a time. But a work-around is also available by means of the [ngx.var.VARIABLE](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.var.VARIABLE) interface,
for example,


    location /foo {
        set $diff ''; # we have to predefine the $diff variable here
 
        set_by_lua $sum '
            local a = 32
            local b = 56
 
            ngx.var.diff = a - b;  -- write to $diff directly
            return a + b;          -- return the $sum value normally
        ';
 
        echo "sum = $sum, diff = $diff";
    }


This directive can be freely mixed with all the directives of [HttpRewriteModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule), [HttpSetMiscModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule), and [HttpArrayVarModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpArrayVarModule). All of these directives will run in exactly the same order that they are written in the config file. For example,


    set $foo 32;
    set_by_lua $bar 'tonumber(ngx.var.foo) + 1';
    set $baz "bar: $bar";  # $baz == "bar: 33"


This directive requires the [ngx_devel_kit](https://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit) module.

set_by_lua_file
---------------
**syntax:** *set_by_lua_file $res &lt;path-to-lua-script&gt; [$arg1 $arg2 ...]*

**context:** *main, server, location, server if, location if*

**phase:** *rewrite*

Basically the same as [set_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua), except the code to be executed is in the
file specified by `<path-lua-script>`.

When the Lua code cache is on (this is the default), the user code is loaded
once at the first request and cached. Nginx config must be reloaded if you
modified the file and expected to see updated behavior. You can disable the
Lua code cache by setting `lua_code_cache off;` in your nginx.conf.

This directive requires the [ngx_devel_kit](https://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit) module.

content_by_lua
--------------

**syntax:** *content_by_lua &lt;lua-script-str&gt;*

**context:** *location, location if*

**phase:** *content*

Act as a content handler and execute user code specified by `<lua-script-str>`
for every request. The user code may call predefined APIs to generate response
content.

The use code is executed in a new spawned coroutine with independent global environment (i.e. a sandbox).

Do not use this directive and other content handler directives in a same location. For example, this directive and the [proxy_pass](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpProxyModule#proxy_pass) directive should not be used in the same location.

content_by_lua_file
-------------------

**syntax:** *content_by_lua_file &lt;path-to-lua-script&gt;*

**context:** *location, location if*

**phase:** *content*

Basically the same as [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua), except the code to be executed is in
the file specified by `<path-lua-script>`.

Nginx variables can be used in `<path-to-lua-script>` string, in order to provide
greater flexibility in practice. But this feature must be used carefully, so is
not recommend for beginners.

When the Lua code cache is on (this is the default), the user code is loaded once at the first request and cached. Nginx config must be reloaded if you modified the file and expected to see updated behavior. You can disable the Lua code cache by setting [lua_code_cache](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_code_cache) `off` in your `nginx.conf` file.

rewrite_by_lua
--------------

**syntax:** *rewrite_by_lua &lt;lua-script-str&gt;*

**context:** *http, server, location, location if*

**phase:** *post-rewrite*

Act as a rewrite phase handler and execute user code specified by `<lua-script-str>`
for every request. The user code may call predefined APIs to generate response
content.

This hook uses exactly the same mechamism as [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) so all the nginx APIs defined there
are also available here.

Note that this handler always runs *after* the standard [HttpRewriteModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule). So the following will work as expected:


       location /foo {
           set $a 12; # create and initialize $a
           set $b ""; # create and initialize $b
           rewrite_by_lua 'ngx.var.b = tonumber(ngx.var.a) + 1';
           echo "res = $b";
       }


because `set $a 12` and `set $b ""` run *before* [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua).

On the other hand, the following will not work as expected:


    ?  location /foo {
    ?      set $a 12; # create and initialize $a
    ?      set $b ''; # create and initialize $b
    ?      rewrite_by_lua 'ngx.var.b = tonumber(ngx.var.a) + 1';
    ?      if ($b = '13') {
    ?         rewrite ^ /bar redirect;
    ?         break;
    ?      }
    ?
    ?      echo "res = $b";
    ?  }


because `if` runs *before* [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) even if it is put after [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) in the config.

The right way of doing this is as follows:


    location /foo {
        set $a 12; # create and initialize $a
        set $b ''; # create and initialize $b
        rewrite_by_lua '
            ngx.var.b = tonumber(ngx.var.a) + 1
            if tonumber(ngx.var.b) == 13 then
                return ngx.redirect("/bar");
            end
        ';
 
        echo "res = $b";
    }


It is worth mentioning that, the `ngx_eval` module can be approximately implemented by [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua). For example,


    location / {
        eval $res {
            proxy_pass http://foo.com/check-spam;
        }
 
        if ($res = 'spam') {
            rewrite ^ /terms-of-use.html redirect;
        }
 
        fastcgi_pass ...;
    }


can be implemented in terms of `ngx_lua` like this


    location = /check-spam {
        internal;
        proxy_pass http://foo.com/check-spam;
    }
 
    location / {
        rewrite_by_lua '
            local res = ngx.location.capture("/check-spam")
            if res.body == "spam" then
                ngx.redirect("/terms-of-use.html")
            end
        ';
 
        fastcgi_pass ...;
    }


Just as any other rewrite phase handlers, [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) also runs in subrequests.

Note that calling `ngx.exit(ngx.OK)` just returning from the current [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) handler, and the nginx request processing control flow will still continue to the content handler. To terminate the current request from within the current [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) handler, calling [ngx.exit](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exit) with status >= 200 (`ngx.HTTP_OK`) and status < 300 (`ngx.HTTP_SPECIAL_RESPONSE`) for successful quits and `ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)` (or its friends) for failures.

If one uses [HttpRewriteModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule)'s [rewrite](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule#rewrite) directive to change the URI and initiate location re-lookups (kinda like internal redirections), then [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) and [rewrite_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua_file) will be skipped altogether in the current location. For example,


    location /foo {
        rewrite ^ /bar;
        rewrite_by_lua 'ngx.exit(503)';
    }
    location /bar {
        ...
    }


Here the Lua code `ngx.exit(503)` will never run while all the Lua code (except access phase handlers) in the `/bar` location will not be affected anyway. Similarly, `rewrite ^ /bar last` will also initiate a location re-lookup. If you use the `break` modifier for the [rewrite](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule#rewrite) directive, however, no location re-lookup will be triggered, and therefore, the rewrite-phase Lua code will still be run as normal.

rewrite_by_lua_file
-------------------

**syntax:** *rewrite_by_lua_file &lt;path-to-lua-script&gt;*

**context:** *http, server, location, location if*

**phase:** *post-rewrite*

Same as [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua), except the code to be executed is in
the file specified by `<path-lua-script>`.

Nginx variables can be used in `<path-to-lua-script>` string, in order to provide
greater flexibility in practice. But this feature must be used carefully, so is
not recommend for beginners.

When the Lua code cache is on (this is the default), the user code is loaded
once at the first request and cached. Nginx config must be reloaded if you
modified the file and expected to see updated behavior. You can disable the
Lua code cache by setting [lua_code_cache](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_code_cache) `off` in your `nginx.conf` file.

access_by_lua
-------------

**syntax:** *access_by_lua &lt;lua-script-str&gt;*

**context:** *http, server, location, location if*

**phase:** *post-access*

Act as an access phase handler and execute user code specified by `<lua-script-str>` for every request. The user code may call predefined APIs to generate response content.

This hook uses exactly the same mechanism as [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) so all the nginx APIs defined there are also available here.

Note that this handler always runs *after* the standard [HttpAccessModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpAccessModule). So the following will work as expected:


    location / {
        deny    192.168.1.1;
        allow   192.168.1.0/24;
        allow   10.1.1.0/16;
        deny    all;
 
        access_by_lua '
            local res = ngx.location.capture("/mysql", { ... })
            ...
        ';
 
        # proxy_pass/fastcgi_pass/...
    }


That is, if a client address appears in the blacklist, then we do not have to bother sending a MySQL query to do more advanced authentication in [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua).

It is worth mentioning that, the `ngx_auth_request` module can be approximately implemented by [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua). For example,


    location / {
        auth_request /auth;
 
        # proxy_pass/fastcgi_pass/postgres_pass/...
    }


can be implemented in terms of `ngx_lua` like this


    location / {
        access_by_lua '
            local res = ngx.location.capture("/auth")
 
            if res.status == ngx.HTTP_OK then
                return
            end
 
            if res.status == ngx.HTTP_FORBIDDEN then
                ngx.exit(res.status)
            end
 
            ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
        ';
 
        # proxy_pass/fastcgi_pass/postgres_pass/...
    }


Just as any other access phase handlers, [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua) will *not* run in subrequests.

Note that calling `ngx.exit(ngx.OK)` just returning from the current [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua) handler, and the nginx request processing control flow will still continue to the content handler. To terminate the current request from within the current [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua) handler, calling `ngx.exit(status)` where status >= 200 (`ngx.HTTP_OK`) and status < 300 (`ngx.HTTP_SPECIAL_RESPONSE`) for successful quits and `ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)` or its friends for failures.

access_by_lua_file
------------------

**syntax:** *access_by_lua_file &lt;path-to-lua-script&gt;*

**context:** *http, server, location, location if*

**phase:** *post-access*

Same as [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua), except the code to be executed is in the file
specified by `<path-lua-script>`.

Nginx variables can be used in `<path-to-lua-script>` string, in order to provide
greater flexibility in practice. But this feature must be used carefully, so is
not recommend for beginners.

When the Lua code cache is on (this is the default), the user code is loaded
once at the first request and cached. Nginx config must be reloaded if you
modified the file and expected to see updated behavior. You can disable the
Lua code cache by setting [lua_code_cache](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_code_cache) `off` in your `nginx.conf` file.

header_filter_by_lua
--------------------

**syntax:** *header_filter_by_lua &lt;lua-script-str&gt;*

**context:** *http, server, location, location if*

**phase:** *output-header-filter*

Use Lua defined in `<lua-script-str>` to define an output header filter. For now, the following Nginx Lua APIs are disabled in this context:

* Output API (e.g., [ngx.say](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.say) and [ngx.send_headers](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.send_headers))
* Control APIs (e.g., [ngx.exit](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exit)) 
* Subrequest APIs (e.g., [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) and [ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi))

Here is a small example of overriding a response header (or adding if it does not exist) in our Lua header filter:


    location / {
        proxy_pass http://mybackend;
        header_filter_by_lua 'ngx.header.Foo = "blah"';
    }


This directive was first introduced in the `v0.2.1rc20` release.

header_filter_by_lua_file
-------------------------

**syntax:** *header_filter_by_lua_file &lt;path-to-lua-script-file&gt;*

**context:** *http, server, location, location if*

**phase:** *output-header-filter*

Use Lua code defined in a separate file specified by `<path-to-lua-script-file>` to define an output header filter.

This is very much like [header_filter_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#header_filter_by_lua) except that it loads Lua code from an external Lua source file.

This directive was first introduced in the `v0.2.1rc20` release.

lua_need_request_body
---------------------

**syntax:** *lua_need_request_body &lt;on | off&gt;*

**default:** *off*

**context:** *main | server | location*

**phase:** *depends on usage*

Force reading request body data or not. The client request body will not be read, so you have to explicitly force reading the body if you need its content.

If you want to read the request body data from the [$request_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#.24request_body) variable, make sure that
your have configured [client_body_buffer_size](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#client_body_buffer_size) to have exactly the same value as [client_max_body_size](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#client_max_body_size).

If the current location defines [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) or [rewrite_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua_file),
then the request body will be read just before the [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) or [rewrite_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua_file) code is run (and also at the
`rewrite` phase). Similarly, if only [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) is specified,
the request body will not be read until the content handler's Lua code is
about to run (i.e., the request body will be read at the
content phase).

You're recommended to use the [ngx.req.read_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.read_body) function and [ngx.req.discard_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.discard_body) for finer control over the request body reading process though.

The same applies to [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua) and [access_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua_file).

lua_shared_dict
---------------

**syntax:** *lua_shared_dict &lt;name&gt; &lt;size&gt;*

**default:** *no*

**context:** *main*

**phase:** *depends on usage*

Declares a shared memory zone named `<name>` to serve as the storage for the shm-based Lua dictionary `ngx.shared.<name>`.

The `<size>` argument can take a size unit like `k` and `m`. For example,


    http {
        lua_shared_dict dogs 10m;
        ...
    }


See [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT) for details.

This directive was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

Nginx API for Lua
=================

The Nginx API exposed to the Lua land is provided in the form of two standard packages `ngx` and `ndk`. These packages are in the default global scope.

When you're writing your own external Lua modules, however, you can introduce these packages by using the [package.seeall](http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#pdf-package.seeall) option:


    module("my_module", package.seeall)

    function say(a) ngx.say(a) end


Alternatively, import them to your Lua modules by using file-scoped local Lua variables, like this:


    local ngx = ngx
    module("my_module")

    function say(a) ngx.say(a) end


You can directly require the standard packages `ngx` and `ndk` introduced by this Nginx module, like this:


    local ngx = require "ngx"
    local ndk = require "ndk"


The ability to require these packages was introduced in the `v0.2.1rc19` release.

Network I/O operations in user code should only be done through our Nginx APIs defined below, otherwise Nginx event loop may be blocked and performance may drop off dramatically. Small disk file operations can be done via Lua's standard `io` and `file` libraries but should be eliminated wherever possible because these also block the Nginx process. Delegating all network and disk I/O operations to Nginx subrequests (via the [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.catpure) method and its friends) are strongly recommended.

ngx.arg
-------
**syntax:** *val = ngx.arg[index]*

**context:** *set_by_lua**

Index the input arguments to the [set_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua) and [set_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#set_by_lua_file) directives:


    value = ngx.arg[n]


Here is an example


    location /foo {
        set $a 32;
        set $b 56;
 
        set_by_lua $res
            'return tonumber(ngx.arg[1]) + tonumber(ngx.arg[2])'
            $a $b;
 
        echo $sum;
    }


that outputs `88`, the sum of `32` and `56`.

ngx.var.VARIABLE
----------------
**syntax:** *ngx.var.VAR_NAME*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

    value = ngx.var.some_nginx_variable_name
    ngx.var.some_nginx_variable_name = value

Note that you can only write to nginx variables that are already defined.
For example:


    location /foo {
        set $my_var ''; # this line is required to create $my_var at config time
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.var.my_var = 123;
            ...
        ';
    }


That is, nginx variables cannot be created on-the-fly.

Some special nginx variables like `$args` and `$limit_rate` can be assigned a value,
some are not, like `$arg_PARAMETER`.

Nginx regex group capturing variables `$1`, `$2`, `$3`, and etc, can be read by this
interface as well, by writing `ngx.var[1]`, `ngx.var[2]`, `ngx.var[3]`, and etc.

Setting `nil` values to `ngx.var.Foo` will effectively make Nginx variable `$Foo` undefined. For instance,


    ngx.var.args = nil


Core constants
--------------
**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**


      ngx.OK (0)
      ngx.ERROR (-1)
      ngx.AGAIN (-2)
      ngx.DONE (-4)


They take the same values of `NGX_OK`, `NGX_AGAIN`, `NGX_DONE`, `NGX_ERROR`, and etc. But now
only [ngx.exit](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exit) only take two of these values, i.e., `NGX_OK` and `NGX_ERROR`.

HTTP method constants
---------------------
**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**


      ngx.HTTP_GET
      ngx.HTTP_HEAD
      ngx.HTTP_PUT
      ngx.HTTP_POST
      ngx.HTTP_DELETE


These constants are usually used in [ngx.location.catpure](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) and [ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi) method calls.

HTTP status constants
---------------------
**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**


      value = ngx.HTTP_OK (200)
      value = ngx.HTTP_CREATED (201)
      value = ngx.HTTP_SPECIAL_RESPONSE (300)
      value = ngx.HTTP_MOVED_PERMANENTLY (301)
      value = ngx.HTTP_MOVED_TEMPORARILY (302)
      value = ngx.HTTP_SEE_OTHER (303)
      value = ngx.HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED (304)
      value = ngx.HTTP_BAD_REQUEST (400)
      value = ngx.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED (401)
      value = ngx.HTTP_FORBIDDEN (403)
      value = ngx.HTTP_NOT_FOUND (404)
      value = ngx.HTTP_NOT_ALLOWED (405)
      value = ngx.HTTP_GONE (410)
      value = ngx.HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR (500)
      value = ngx.HTTP_METHOD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED (501)
      value = ngx.HTTP_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE (503)


Nginx log level constants
-------------------------
**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**


      ngx.STDERR
      ngx.EMERG
      ngx.ALERT
      ngx.CRIT
      ngx.ERR
      ngx.WARN
      ngx.NOTICE
      ngx.INFO
      ngx.DEBUG


These constants are usually used by the [ngx.log](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.log) method.

print
-----
**syntax:** *print(...)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Emit args concatenated to nginx's `error.log` file, with log level `ngx.NOTICE` and prefix `lua print: `.

It is equivalent to


    ngx.log(ngx.NOTICE, 'lua print: ', a, b, ...)


Lua `nil` arguments are accepted and result in literal `"nil"`, and Lua booleans result in `"true"` or `"false"`.

ngx.ctx
-------
**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

This table can be used to store per-request context data for Lua programmers.

This table has a liftime identical to the current request (just like Nginx variables). Consider the following example,


    location /test {
        rewrite_by_lua '
            ngx.say("foo = ", ngx.ctx.foo)
            ngx.ctx.foo = 76
        ';
        access_by_lua '
            ngx.ctx.foo = ngx.ctx.foo + 3
        ';
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.say(ngx.ctx.foo)
        ';
    }


Then `GET /test` will yield the output


    foo = nil
    79


That is, the `ngx.ctx.foo` entry persists across the rewrite, access, and content phases of a request.

Also, every request has its own copy, include subrequests, for example:


    location /sub {
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.say("sub pre: ", ngx.ctx.blah)
            ngx.ctx.blah = 32
            ngx.say("sub post: ", ngx.ctx.blah)
        ';
    }
 
    location /main {
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.ctx.blah = 73
            ngx.say("main pre: ", ngx.ctx.blah)
            local res = ngx.location.capture("/sub")
            ngx.print(res.body)
            ngx.say("main post: ", ngx.ctx.blah)
        ';
    }


Then `GET /main` will give the output


    main pre: 73
    sub pre: nil
    sub post: 32
    main post: 73


We can see that modification of the `ngx.ctx.blah` entry in the subrequest does not affect the one in its parent request. They do have two separate versions of `ngx.ctx.blah` per se.

Internal redirection will destroy the original request's `ngx.ctx` data (if any) and the new request will have an emptied `ngx.ctx` table. For instance,


    location /new {
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.say(ngx.ctx.foo)
        ';
    }
 
    location /orig {
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.ctx.foo = "hello"
            ngx.exec("/new")
        ';
    }


Then `GET /orig` will give you


    nil


rather than the original `"hello"` value.

Arbitrary data values can be inserted into this "matic" table, including Lua closures and nested tables. You can also register your own meta methods with it.

Overriding `ngx.ctx` with a new Lua table is also supported, for example,


    ngx.ctx = { foo = 32, bar = 54 }


ngx.location.capture
--------------------
**syntax:** *res = ngx.location.capture(uri, options?)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Issue a synchronous but still non-blocking *Nginx Subrequest* using `uri`.

Nginx subrequests provide a powerful way to make non-blocking internal requests to other locations configured with disk file directory or *any* other nginx C modules like `ngx_proxy`, `ngx_fastcgi`, `ngx_memc`,
`ngx_postgres`, `ngx_drizzle`, and even `ngx_lua` itself and etc etc etc.

Also note that subrequests just mimic the HTTP interface but there is *no* extra HTTP/TCP traffic *nor* IPC involved. Everything works internally, efficiently, on the C level.

Subrequests are completely different from HTTP 301/302 redirection (via [ngx.redirect](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.redirect)) and internal redirection (via [ngx.exec](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exec)).

Here is a basic example:


    res = ngx.location.capture(uri)


Returns a Lua table with three slots (`res.status`, `res.header`, and `res.body`).

`res.header` holds all the response headers of the
subrequest and it is a normal Lua table. For multi-value response headers,
the value is a Lua (array) table that holds all the values in the order that
they appear. For instance, if the subrequest response headers contains the following
lines:


    Set-Cookie: a=3
    Set-Cookie: foo=bar
    Set-Cookie: baz=blah


Then `res.header["Set-Cookie"]` will be evaluted to the table value
`{"a=3", "foo=bar", "baz=blah"}`.

URI query strings can be concatenated to URI itself, for instance,


    res = ngx.location.capture('/foo/bar?a=3&b=4')


Named locations like `@foo` are not allowed due to a limitation in
the nginx core. Use normal locations combined with the `internal` directive to
prepare internal-only locations.

An optional option table can be fed as the second
argument, which support the options:

* `method`
	specify the subrequest's request method, which only accepts constants like `ngx.HTTP_POST`.
* `body`
	specify the subrequest's request body (string value only).
* `args`
	specify the subrequest's URI query arguments (both string value and Lua tables are accepted)
* `ctx`
	specify a Lua table to be the [ngx.ctx](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.ctx) table for the subrequest. It can be the current request's [ngx.ctx](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.ctx) table, which effectively make the parent and its subrequest to share exactly the same context table. This option was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc25` release.
* `share_all_vars`
	specify whether to share all the variables of the subrequest with the current (parent) request.

Issuing a POST subrequest, for example,
can be done as follows


    res = ngx.location.capture(
        '/foo/bar',
        { method = ngx.HTTP_POST, body = 'hello, world' }
    )


See HTTP method constants methods other than POST.
The `method` option is `ngx.HTTP_GET` by default.

The `share_all_vars` option can control whether to share nginx variables
among the current request and the new subrequest. If this option is set to `true`, then
the subrequest can see all the variable values of the current request while the current
requeset can also see any variable value changes made by the subrequest.
Note that variable sharing can have unexpected side-effects
and lead to confusing issues, use it with special
care. So, by default, the option is set to `false`.

The `args` option can specify extra URI arguments, for instance,


    ngx.location.capture('/foo?a=1',
        { args = { b = 3, c = ':' } }
    )


is equivalent to


    ngx.location.capture('/foo?a=1&b=3&c=%3a')


that is, this method will automatically escape argument keys and values according to URI rules and
concatenating them together into a complete query string. The format for the Lua table passed as the `args` argument is identical to the format used in the [ngx.encode_args](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.encode_args) method.

The `args` option can also take plain query strings:


    ngx.location.capture('/foo?a=1',
        { args = 'b=3&c=%3a' } }
    )


This is functionally identical to the previous examples.

Note that, by default, subrequests issued by [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) inherit all the
request headers of the current request. This may have unexpected side-effects on the
subrequest responses. For example, when you're using the standard `ngx_proxy` module to serve
your subrequests, then an "Accept-Encoding: gzip" header in your main request may result
in gzip'd responses that your Lua code is not able to handle properly. So always set
[proxy_pass_request_headers](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpProxyModule#proxy_pass_request_headers) `off` in your subrequest location to ignore the original request headers.

Please also refer to restrictions on [capturing locations that include Echo Module directives](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Locations_With_HttpEchoModule_Directives).

ngx.location.capture_multi
--------------------------
**syntax:** *res1, res2, ... = ngx.location.capture_multi({ {uri, options?}, {uri, options?}, ... })*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Just like [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture), but supports multiple subrequests running in parallel.

This function issue several parallel subrequests specified by the input table, and returns their results in the same order. For example,


    res1, res2, res3 = ngx.location.capture_multi{
        { "/foo", { args = "a=3&b=4" } },
        { "/bar" },
        { "/baz", { method = ngx.HTTP_POST, body = "hello" } },
    }
 
    if res1.status == ngx.HTTP_OK then
        ...
    end
 
    if res2.body == "BLAH" then
        ...
    end


This function will not return until all the subrequests terminate.
The total latency is the longest latency of the subrequests, instead of their sum.

When you do not know how many subrequests you want to issue in advance,
you can use Lua tables for both requests and responses. For instance,


    -- construct the requests table
    local reqs = {}
    table.insert(reqs, { "/mysql" })
    table.insert(reqs, { "/postgres" })
    table.insert(reqs, { "/redis" })
    table.insert(reqs, { "/memcached" })
 
    -- issue all the requests at once and wait until they all return
    local resps = { ngx.location.capture_multi(reqs) }
 
    -- loop over the responses table
    for i, resp in ipairs(resps) do
        -- process the response table "resp"
    end


The [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) function is just a special form
of this function. Logically speaking, the [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) can be implemented like this


    ngx.location.capture =
        function (uri, args)
            return ngx.location.capture_multi({ {uri, args} })
        end


Please also refer to restrictions on [capturing locations that include Echo Module directives](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Locations_With_HttpEchoModule_Directives).

ngx.status
----------
**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Read and write the current request's response status. This should be called
before sending out the response headers.


    ngx.status = ngx.HTTP_CREATED
    status = ngx.status


ngx.header.HEADER
-----------------
**syntax:** *ngx.header.HEADER = VALUE*

**syntax:** *value = ngx.header.HEADER*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

When assigning to `ngx.header.HEADER` will set, add, or clear the current request's response header named `HEADER`. Underscores (`_`) in the header names will be replaced by dashes (`-`) and the header names will be matched case-insensitively.


    -- equivalent to ngx.header["Content-Type"] = 'text/plain'
    ngx.header.content_type = 'text/plain';
 
    ngx.header["X-My-Header"] = 'blah blah';


Multi-value headers can be set this way:


    ngx.header['Set-Cookie'] = {'a=32; path=/', 'b=4; path=/'}


will yield


    Set-Cookie: a=32; path=/
    Set-Cookie: b=4; path=/


in the response headers. Only array-like tables are accepted.

Note that, for those standard headers that only accepts a single value, like `Content-Type`, only the last element
in the (array) table will take effect. So


    ngx.header.content_type = {'a', 'b'}


is equivalent to


    ngx.header.content_type = 'b'


Setting a slot to `nil` effectively removes it from the response headers:


    ngx.header["X-My-Header"] = nil;


same does assigning an empty table:


    ngx.header["X-My-Header"] = {};


Setting `ngx.header.HEADER` after sending out response headers (either explicitly with [ngx.send_headers](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.send_headers) or implicitly with [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print) and its friends) will throw out a Lua exception.

Reading `ngx.header.HEADER` will return the value of the response header named `HEADER`. Underscores (`_`) in the header names will also be replaced by dashes (`-`) and the header names will be matched case-insensitively. If the response header is not present at all, `nil` will be returned.

This is particularly useful in the context of [filter_header_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#filter_header_by_lua) and [filter_header_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#filter_header_by_lua_file), for example,


    location /test {
        set $footer '';

        proxy_pass http://some-backend;

        header_filter_by_lua '
            if ngx.header["X-My-Header"] == "blah" then
                ngx.var.footer = "some value"
            end
        ';

        echo_after_body $footer;
    }


For multi-value headers, all of the values of header will be collected in order and returned as a Lua table. For example, response headers


    Foo: bar
    Foo: baz


will result in


    {"bar", "baz"}


to be returned when reading `ngx.header.Foo`.

Note that `ngx.header` is not a normal Lua table so you cannot iterate through it using Lua's `ipairs` function.

For reading *request* headers, use the [ngx.req.get_headers](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_headers) function instead.

ngx.req.set_uri
---------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.set_uri(uri, jump?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Rewrite the current request's (parsed) URI by the `uri` argument. The `uri` argument must be a Lua string and cannot be of zero length, or a Lua exception will be thrown.

The optional boolean `jump` argument can trigger location rematch (or location jump) as [HttpRewriteModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule)'s [rewrite](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule#rewrite) directive, that is, when `jump` is `true` (default to `false`), this function will never return and it will tell Nginx to try re-searching locations with the new URI value at the later `post-rewrite` phase and jumping to the new location. Location jump will not be triggered otherwise, and only the current request's URI will be modified, which is also the default behavior. This function will return but with no returned values when the `jump` argument is `false` or absent altogether.

For example, the following nginx config snippet


    rewrite ^ /foo last;


can be coded in Lua like this:


    ngx.req.set_uri("/foo", true)


Similarly, Nginx config


    rewrite ^ /foo break;


can be coded in Lua as


    ngx.req.set_uri("/foo", false)


or equivalently,


    ngx.req.set_uri("/foo")


The `jump` can only be set to `true` in [rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) and [rewrite_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua_file). Use of jump in other contexts is prohibited and will throw out a Lua exception.

A more sophisticated example involving regex substitutions is as follows


    location /test {
        rewrite_by_lua '
            local uri = ngx.re.sub(ngx.var.uri, "^/test/(.*)", "$1", "o")
            ngx.req.set_uri(uri)
        ';
        proxy_pass http://my_backend;
    }


which is functionally equivalent to


    location /test {
        rewrite ^/test/(.*) /$1 break;
        proxy_pass http://my_backend;
    }


Note that you cannot use this interface to rewrite URI arguments, and you need to use [ngx.req.set_uri_args](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.set_uri_args) for that. For instance, Nginx config


    rewrite ^ /foo?a=3? last;


can be coded as


    ngx.req.set_uri_args("a=3")
    ngx.req.set_uri("/foo", true)


or


    ngx.req.set_uri_args({a = 3})
    ngx.req.set_uri("/foo", true)


This interface was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc14` release.

ngx.req.set_uri_args
--------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.set_uri_args(args)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Rewrite the current request's URI query arguments by the `args` argument. The `args` argument can be either a Lua string, as in


    ngx.req.set_uri_args("a=3&b=hello%20world")


or a Lua table holding the query arguments' key-value pairs, as in


    ngx.req.set_uri_args({ a = 3, b = "hello world" })


where in the latter case, this method will automatically escape argument keys and values according to the URI escaping rule.

This interface was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc13` release.

See also [ngx.req.set_uri](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.set_uri).

ngx.req.get_uri_args
--------------------
**syntax:** *args = ngx.req.get_uri_args()*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns a Lua table holds all of the current request's request URL query arguments.

Here is an example,


    location = /test {
        content_by_lua '
            local args = ngx.req.get_uri_args()
            for key, val in pairs(args) do
                if type(val) == "table" then
                    ngx.say(key, ": ", table.concat(val, ", "))
                else
                    ngx.say(key, ": ", val)
                end
            end
        ';
    }


Then `GET /test?foo=bar&bar=baz&bar=blah` will yield the response body


    foo: bar
    bar: baz, blah


Multiple occurrences of an argument key will result in a table value holding all of the values for that key in order.

Keys and values will be automatically unescaped according to URI escaping rules. For example, in the above settings, `GET /test?a%20b=1%61+2` will yield the output


    a b: 1a 2


Arguments without the `=<value>` parts are treated as boolean arguments. For example, `GET /test?foo&bar` will yield the outputs


    foo: true
    bar: true


That is, they will take Lua boolean values `true`. However, they're different from arguments taking empty string values. For example, `GET /test?foo=&bar=` will give something like


    foo: 
    bar: 


Empty key arguments are discarded, for instance, `GET /test?=hello&=world` will yield empty outputs.

Updating query arguments via the nginx variable `$args` (or `ngx.var.args` in Lua) at runtime are also supported:


    ngx.var.args = "a=3&b=42"
    local args = ngx.req.get_uri_args()


Here the `args` table will always look like


    {a = 3, b = 42}


regardless of the actual request query string.

ngx.req.get_post_args
---------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.get_post_args()*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns a Lua table holds all of the current request's POST query arguments (of the MIME type `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). It is required to read the request body first by calling [ngx.req.read_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.read_body) or to turn on the [lua_need_request_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_need_request_body) directive, or a Lua exception will be thrown.

Here is an example,


    location = /test {
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.req.read_body()
            local args = ngx.req.get_post_args()
            for key, val in pairs(args) do
                if type(val) == "table" then
                    ngx.say(key, ": ", table.concat(val, ", "))
                else
                    ngx.say(key, ": ", val)
                end
            end
        ';
    }


Then


    # Post request with the body 'foo=bar&bar=baz&bar=blah'
    $ curl --data 'foo=bar&bar=baz&bar=blah' localhost/test


will yield the response body like


    foo: bar
    bar: baz, blah


Multiple occurrences of an argument key will result in a table value holding all of the values for that key in order.

Keys and values will be automatically unescaped according to URI escaping rules. For example, in the above settings,


    # POST request with body 'a%20b=1%61+2'
    $ curl -d 'a%20b=1%61+2' localhost/test


will yield the output


    a b: 1a 2


Arguments without the `=<value>` parts are treated as boolean arguments. For example, `GET /test?foo&bar` will yield the outputs


    foo: true
    bar: true


That is, they will take Lua boolean values `true`. However, they're different from arguments taking empty string values. For example, `POST /test` with request body `foo=&bar=` will give something like


    foo: 
    bar: 


Empty key arguments are discarded, for instance, `POST /test` with body `=hello&=world` will yield empty outputs.

ngx.req.get_headers
-------------------
**syntax:** *headers = ngx.req.get_headers()*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns a Lua table holds all of the current request's request headers.

Here is an example,


    local h = ngx.req.get_headers()
    for k, v in pairs(h) do
        ...
    end


To read an individual header:


    ngx.say("Host: ", ngx.req.get_headers()["Host"])


For multiple instances of request headers like


    Foo: foo
    Foo: bar
    Foo: baz


the value of `ngx.req.get_headers()["Foo"]` will be a Lua (array) table like this:


    {"foo", "bar", "baz"}


Another way to read individual request headers is to use `ngx.var.http_HEADER`, that is, nginx's standard [$http_HEADER](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#.24http_HEADER) variables.

ngx.req.set_header
------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.set_header(header_name, header_value)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Set the current request's request header named `header_name` to value `header_value`, overriding any existing ones.
None of the current request's subrequests will be affected.

Here is an example of setting the `Content-Length` header:


    ngx.req.set_header("Content-Type", "text/css")


The `header_value` can take an array list of values,
for example,


    ngx.req.set_header("Foo", {"a", "abc"})


will produce two new request headers:


    Foo: a
    Foo: abc


and old `Foo` headers will be overridden if there is any.

When the `header_value` argument is `nil`, the request header will be removed. So


    ngx.req.set_header("X-Foo", nil)


is equivalent to


    ngx.req.clear_header("X-Foo")


ngx.req.read_body
-----------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.read_body()*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Read the client request body synchronously but still non-blockingly.

If the request body is already read previously by turning on [lua_need_request_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_need_request_body) or by using other modules, then this function is a no-op and returns immediately.

If the request body has already been explicitly discarded, either by this module's [ngx.req.discard_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.discard_body) or other modules, this function is a no-op and returns immediately.

In case of errors, like connection errors while reading the data, this method will throw out a Lua exception *or* terminate the current request with the 500 status code immediately.

You can later either retrieve the request body data via [ngx.req.get_body_data](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_body_data) or retrieve the temporary file name for the body data cached to disk via [ngx.req.get_body_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_body_file), depending on

1. whether the current request body is already exceeding your [client_body_buffer_size](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#client_body_buffer_size),
1. and whether you have turned on [client_body_in_file_only](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#client_body_in_file_only).

In case that you do not want to read the request body and the current request may have a request body, then it is crucial to use the [ngx.req.discard_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.discard_body) function to explicitly discard the request body, or you'll break HTTP 1.1 keepalive and HTTP 1.1 pipelining.

Here is a small example:


    ngx.req.read_body()
    local args = ngx.req.get_post_args()


This function was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc17` release.

ngx.req.discard_body
--------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.discard_body()*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Explicitly discard the request body, i.e., read the data on the connection and throw it away immediately. Please note that, simply ignoring request body is not the right way to discard it, you need to call this function, or you'll break things under HTTP 1.1 keepalive or HTTP 1.1 pipelining.

This function is an asynchronous call and returns immediately.

If the request body has already been read, this function does nothing and returns immediately.

This function was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc17` release.

See also [ngx.req.read_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.read_body).

ngx.req.get_body_data
---------------------
**syntax:** *data = ngx.req.get_body_data()*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Retrieves the in-memory request body data. It returns a Lua string rather than a Lua table holding all the parsed query arguments. If you want the latter, use [ngx.req.get_post_args](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_post_args) instead.

This function returns `nil` if
1. the request body has not been read,
1. the request body has been read into disk temporary files,
1. or the request body has zero size.

If the request body has not been read yet, call [ngx.req.read_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.read_body) first (or turned on [lua_need_request_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_need_request_body) to force this module to read the request body automatically, but this is not recommended).

If the request body has been read into disk files, try calling the [ngx.req.get_body_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_body_file) function instead.

In case that you want to enforce in-memory request bodies, try setting [client_body_buffer_size](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#client_body_buffer_size) to the same size value in [client_max_body_size](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#client_max_body_size).

Note that calling this function instead of using `ngx.var.request_body` or `ngx.var.echo_request-body` is more efficient because it can save one dynamic memory allocation and one data copy.

This function was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc17` release.

See also [ngx.req.get_body_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_body_file).

ngx.req.get_body_file
---------------------
**syntax:** *file_name = ngx.req.get_body_file()*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Retrieves the file name for the in-file request body data. Returns `nil` if the request body has not been read or has been read into memory.

The returned file is read only and is usually cleaned up automatically by Nginx's memory pool. It should not be modified, renamed, or removed by your own Lua code.

If the request body has not been read yet, call [ngx.req.read_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.read_body) first (or turned on [lua_need_request_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_need_request_body) to force this module to read the request body automatically, but this is not recommended).

If the request body has been read into memory, try calling the [ngx.req.get_body_data](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_body_data) function instead.

In case that you want to enforce in-file request bodies, try turning on [client_body_in_file_only](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpCoreModule#client_body_in_file_only).

This function was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc17` release.

See also [ngx.req.get_body_data](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_body_data).

ngx.req.set_body_data
---------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.set_body_data(data)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Set the current request's request body using the in-memory data specified by the `data` argument.

If the current request's request body has not been read, then it will be properly discarded. When the current request's request body has been read into memory or buffered into a disk file, then the old request body's memory will be freed or the disk file will be cleaned up immediately, respectively.

This function requires patching the Nginx core to function properly because the Nginx core does not allow modifying request bodies by the current design. Here is a patch for Nginx 1.0.9: [nginx-1.0.9-allow_request_body_updating.patch](https://github.com/agentzh/ngx_openresty/blob/master/patches/nginx-1.0.9-allow_request_body_updating.patch), and this patch should be applied cleanly to other releases of Nginx as well.

If you're using [ngx_openresty](http://openresty.org/) 1.0.8.17+, then you've already had this patch applied.

This function was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc18` release.

See also [ngx.req.set_body_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.set_body_file).

ngx.req.set_body_file
---------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.set_body_file(file_name, auto_clean?)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Set the current request's request body using the in-file data specified by the `file_name` argument.

If the optional `auto_clean` argument is given a `true` value, then this file will be automatically removed at request completion or the next time this function or [ngx.req.set_body_data](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.set_body_data) are called in the same request. The `auto_clean` is default to `false`.

You must ensure that the file specified by the `file_name` argument exists and is readable by an Nginx worker process by setting its permission properly. Otherwise a Lua exception will be thrown.

If the current request's request body has not been read, then it will be properly discarded. When the current request's request body has been read into memory or buffered into a disk file, then the old request body's memory will be freed or the disk file will be cleaned up immediately, respectively.

This function requires patching the Nginx core to function properly because the Nginx core does not allow modifying request bodies by the current design. Here is a patch for Nginx 1.0.9: [nginx-1.0.9-allow_request_body_updating.patch](https://github.com/agentzh/ngx_openresty/blob/master/patches/nginx-1.0.9-allow_request_body_updating.patch), and this patch should be applied cleanly to other releases of Nginx as well.

If you're using [ngx_openresty](http://openresty.org/) 1.0.8.17+, then you've already had this patch applied.

This function was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc18` release.

See also [ngx.req.set_body_data](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.set_body_data).

ngx.req.clear_header
--------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.req.clear_header(header_name)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Clear the current request's request header named `header_name`. None of the current request's subrequests will be affected.

ngx.exec
--------
**syntax:** *ngx.exec(uri, args?)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Does an internal redirect to `uri` with `args`.


    ngx.exec('/some-location');
    ngx.exec('/some-location', 'a=3&b=5&c=6');
    ngx.exec('/some-location?a=3&b=5', 'c=6');


Named locations are also supported, but query strings are ignored. For example,


    location /foo {
        content_by_lua '
            ngx.exec("@bar");
        ';
    }
 
    location @bar {
        ...
    }


The optional second `args` can be used to specify extra URI query arguments, for example:


    ngx.exec("/foo", "a=3&b=hello%20world")


Alternatively, you can pass a Lua table for the `args` argument and let ngx_lua do URI escaping and string concatenation automatically for you, for instance,


    ngx.exec("/foo", { a = 3, b = "hello world" })


The result is exactly the same as the previous example. The format for the Lua table passed as the `args` argument is identical to the format used in the [ngx.encode_args](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.encode_args) method.

Note that this is very different from [ngx.redirect](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.redirect) in that
it is just an internal redirect and no new HTTP traffic is involved.

This method never returns.

This method *must* be called before [ngx.send_headers](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.send_headers) or explicit response body
outputs by either [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print) or [ngx.say](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.say).

This method is very much like the [echo_exec](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule#echo_exec) directive in [HttpEchoModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule).

ngx.redirect
------------
**syntax:** *ngx.redirect(uri, status?)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Issue an `HTTP 301` or <code>302` redirection to <code>uri`.

The optional `status` parameter specifies whether
`301` or `302` to be used. It is `302` (`ngx.HTTP_MOVED_TEMPORARILY`) by default.

Here is an example assuming the current server name is `localhost` and that it is listening on Port 1984:


    return ngx.redirect("/foo")


which is equivalent to


    return ngx.redirect("http://localhost:1984/foo", ngx.HTTP_MOVED_TEMPORARILY)


We can also use the numberical code directly as the second `status` argument:


    return ngx.redirect("/foo", 301)


This method *must* be called before [ngx.send_headers](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.send_headers) or explicit response body outputs by either [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print) or [ngx.say](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.say).

This method never returns.

This method is very much like the [rewrite](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule#rewrite) directive with the `redirect` modifier in the standard
[HttpRewriteModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpRewriteModule), for example, this `nginx.conf` snippet


    rewrite ^ /foo? redirect;  # nginx config


is equivalent to the following Lua code


    return ngx.redirect('/foo');  -- lua code


while


    rewrite ^ /foo? permanent;  # nginx config


is equivalent to


    return ngx.redirect('/foo', ngx.HTTP_MOVED_PERMANENTLY)  -- Lua code


URI arguments can be specified as well, for example:


    return ngx.redirect('/foo?a=3&b=4')


ngx.send_headers
----------------
**syntax:** *ngx.send_headers()*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Explicitly send out the response headers.

Usually you do not have to send headers yourself. `ngx_lua` will automatically send out headers right before you
output contents via [ngx.say](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.say) or [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print).

Headers will also be sent automatically when [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) exits normally.

ngx.headers_sent
----------------
**syntax:** *value = ngx.headers_sent*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns `true` if the response headers have been sent (by ngx_lua), and `false` otherwise.

This API was first introduced in ngx_lua v0.3.1rc6.

ngx.print
---------
**syntax:** *ngx.print(...)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Emit arguments concatenated to the HTTP client (as response body). If response headers have not been sent yet, this function will first send the headers out, and then output the body data.

Lua `nil` value will result in outputing `"nil"`, and Lua boolean values will emit literal `"true"` or `"false"`, accordingly.

Also, nested arrays of strings are also allowed. The elements in the arrays will be sent one by one. For example


    local table = {
        "hello, ",
        {"world: ", true, " or ", false,
            {": ", nil}}
    }
    ngx.print(table)


will yield the output


    hello, world: true or false: nil


Non-array table arguments will cause a Lua exception to be thrown.

ngx.say
-------
**syntax:** *ngx.say(...)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Just as [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print) but also emit a trailing newline.

ngx.log
-------
**syntax:** *ngx.log(log_level, ...)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Log arguments concatenated to error.log with the given logging level.

Lua `nil` arguments are accepted and result in literal `"nil"`, and Lua booleans result in literal `"true"` or `"false"` outputs.

The `log_level` argument can take constants like `ngx.ERR` and `ngx.WARN`. Check out [Nginx log level constants](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Nginx_log_level_constants) for details.

ngx.flush
---------
**syntax:** *ngx.flush()*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Force flushing the response outputs. This operation has no effect in HTTP 1.0 buffering output mode. See [HTTP 1.0 support](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#HTTP_1.0_support).

ngx.exit
--------
**syntax:** *ngx.exit(status)*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

When `status >= 200` (i.e., `ngx.HTTP_OK` and above), it will interrupt the execution of the current request and return status code to nginx.

When `status == 0` (i.e., `ngx.OK`), it will only quit the current phase handler (or the content handler if the [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) directive is used) and continue to run laster phases (if any) for the current request.

The `status` argument can be `ngx.OK`, `ngx.ERROR`, `ngx.HTTP_NOT_FOUND`,
`ngx.HTTP_MOVED_TEMPORARILY`, or other [HTTP status constants](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#HTTP_status_constants).

To return an error page with custom contents, use code snippets like this:


    ngx.status = ngx.HTTP_GONE
    ngx.say("This is our own content")
    -- to cause quit the whole request rather than the current phase handler
    ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_OK)


The effect in action:


    $ curl -i http://localhost/test
    HTTP/1.1 410 Gone
    Server: nginx/1.0.6
    Date: Thu, 15 Sep 2011 00:51:48 GMT
    Content-Type: text/plain
    Transfer-Encoding: chunked
    Connection: keep-alive

    This is our own content


Number literals can be used directly as the argument, for instance,


    ngx.exit(501)


ngx.eof
-------
**syntax:** *ngx.eof()*

**context:** *rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua**

Explicitly specify the end of the response output stream.

ngx.escape_uri
--------------
**syntax:** *newstr = ngx.escape_uri(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Escape `str` as a URI component.

ngx.unescape_uri
----------------
**syntax:** *newstr = ngx.unescape_uri(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Unescape `str` as an escaped URI component.

For example,


    ngx.say(ngx.unescape_uri("b%20r56+7"))


gives the output


    b r56 7


ngx.encode_args
---------------
**syntax:** *str = ngx.encode_args(table)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Encode the Lua table to a query args string according to the URI encoded rules.

For example,


    ngx.encode_args({foo = 3, ["b r"] = "hello world"})


yields


    foo=3&b%20r=hello%20world


The table keys must be Lua strings.

Multi-value query args are also supported. Just use a Lua table for the arg's value, for example:


    ngx.encode_args({baz = {32, "hello"}})


gives


    baz=32&baz=hello


If the value table is empty and the effect is equivalent to the `nil` value.

Boolean argument values are also supported, for instance,


    ngx.encode_args({a = true, b = 1})


yields


    a&b=1


If the argument value is `false`, then the effect is equivalent to the `nil` value.

This method was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc27` release.

ngx.encode_base64
-----------------
**syntax:** *newstr = ngx.encode_base64(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Encode `str` to a base64 digest.

ngx.decode_base64
-----------------
**syntax:** *newstr = ngx.decode_base64(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Decodes the `str` argument as a base64 digest to the raw form. Returns `nil` if `str` is not well formed.

ngx.crc32_short
---------------
**syntax:** *intval = ngx.crc32_short(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Calculates the CRC-32 (Cyclic Redundancy Code) digest for the `str` argument.

This method performs better on relatively short `str` inputs (i.e., less than 30 ~ 60 bytes), as compared to [ngx.crc32_long](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.crc32_long). The result is exactly the same as [ngx.crc32_long](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.crc32_long).

Behind the scene, it is just a thin wrapper around the `ngx_crc32_short` function defined in the Nginx core.

This API was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc8` release.

ngx.crc32_long
--------------
**syntax:** *intval = ngx.crc32_long(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Calculates the CRC-32 (Cyclic Redundancy Code) digest for the `str` argument.

This method performs better on relatively long `str` inputs (i.e., longer than 30 ~ 60 bytes), as compared to [ngx.crc32_short](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.crc32_short).  The result is exactly the same as [ngx.crc32_short](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.crc32_short).

Behind the scene, it is just a thin wrapper around the `ngx_crc32_long` function defined in the Nginx core.

This API was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc8` release.

ngx.hmac_sha1
-------------
**syntax:** *digest = ngx.hmac_sha1(secret_key, str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Computes the [HMAC-SHA1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC) digest of the argument `str` and turns the result using the secret key `<secret_key>`.

The raw binary form of the `HMAC-SHA1` digest will be generated, use [ngx.encode_base64](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.encode_base64), for example, to encode the result to a textual representation if desired.

For example,


    local key = "thisisverysecretstuff"
    local src = "some string we want to sign"
    local digest = ngx.hmac_sha1(key, src)
    ngx.say(ngx.encode_base64(digest))


yields the output


    R/pvxzHC4NLtj7S+kXFg/NePTmk=


This API requires the OpenSSL library enabled in your Nignx build (usually by passing the `--with-http_ssl_module` option to the `./configure` script).

This function was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc29` release.

ngx.md5
-------
**syntax:** *digest = ngx.md5(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns the hexadecimal representation of the MD5 digest of the `str` argument.

For example,


    location = /md5 {
        content_by_lua 'ngx.say(ngx.md5("hello"))';
    }


yields the output


    5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592


See also [ngx.md5_bin](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.md5_bin) if you want the raw binary MD5 digest.

ngx.md5_bin
-----------
**syntax:** *digest = ngx.md5_bin(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns the binary form of the MD5 digest of the `str` argument.

See also [ngx.md5](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.md5) if you want the hexadecimal form of the MD5 digest.

ngx.today
---------
**syntax:** *str = ngx.today()*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns current date (in the format `yyyy-mm-dd`) from the nginx cached time (no syscall involved unlike Lua's date library).

This is the local time.

ngx.time
--------
**syntax:** *secs = ngx.time()*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns the elapsed seconds from the epoch for the current timestamp from the nginx cached time (no syscall involved unlike Lua's date library).

ngx.localtime
-------------
**syntax:** *str = ngx.localtime()*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns the current timestamp (in the format `yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss`) of the nginx cached time (no syscall involved unlike Lua's [os.date](http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#pdf-os.date) function).

This is the local time.

ngx.utctime
-----------
**syntax:** *str = ngx.utctime()*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns the current timestamp (in the format `yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss`) of the nginx cached time (no syscall involved unlike Lua's [os.date](http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#pdf-os.date) function).

This is the UTC time.

ngx.cookie_time
---------------
**syntax:** *str = ngx.cookie_time(sec)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns a formated string can be used as the cookie expiration time. The parameter `sec` is the timestamp in seconds (like those returned from [ngx.time](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.time)).


    ngx.say(ngx.cookie_time(1290079655))
        -- yields "Thu, 18-Nov-10 11:27:35 GMT"


ngx.http_time
-------------
**syntax:** *str = ngx.http_time(sec)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns a formated string can be used as the http header time (for example, being used in `Last-Modified` header). The parameter `sec` is the timestamp in seconds (like those returned from [ngx.time](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.time)).


    ngx.say(ngx.http_time(1290079655))
        -- yields "Thu, 18 Nov 10 11:27:35 GMT"


ngx.parse_http_time
-------------------
**syntax:** *sec = ngx.parse_http_time(str)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Parse the http time string (as returned by [ngx.http_time](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.http_time)) into seconds. Returns the seconds or `nil` if the input string is in bad forms.


    local time = ngx.parse_http_time("Thu, 18 Nov 10 11:27:35 GMT")
    if time == nil then
        ...
    end


ngx.is_subrequest
-----------------
**syntax:** *value = ngx.is_subrequest*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Returns `true` if the current request is an nginx subrequest, or `false` otherwise.

ngx.re.match
------------
**syntax:** *captures = ngx.re.match(subject, regex, options?, ctx?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Matches the `subject` string using the Perl-compatible regular expression `regex` with the optional `options`.

Only the first occurrence of the match is returned, or `nil` if no match is found. In case of fatal errors, like seeing bad `UTF-8` sequences in `UTF-8` mode, a Lua exception will be raised.

When a match is found, a Lua table `captures` is returned, where `captures[0]` holds the whole substring being matched, and `captures[1]` holds the first parenthesized subpattern's capturing, `captures[2]` the second, and so on.


    local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", "[0-9]+")
    -- m[0] == "1234"



    local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", "([0-9])[0-9]+")
    -- m[0] == "1234"
    -- m[1] == "1"


Unmatched subpatterns will have `nil` values in their `captures` table fields.


    local m = ngx.re.match("hello, world", "(world)|(hello)")
    -- m[0] == "hello"
    -- m[1] == nil
    -- m[2] == "hello"


You can also specify `options` to control how the match will be performed. The following option characters are supported:


    a             anchored mode (only match from the beginning)

    d             enable the DFA mode (or the longest token match semantics),
                  this requires PCRE 6.0+ or a Lua exception will be thrown.
                  first introduced in ngx_lua v0.3.1rc30.

    i             caseless mode (just like Perl's /i modifier)

    j             enable PCRE JIT compilation, this requires PCRE 8.20+ and
                  PCRE must be built with the --enable-jit option, or it is
                  a no-op. first introduced in ngx_lua v0.3.1rc30.

    m             multi-line mode (just like Perl's /m modifier)

    o             compile-once mode (similar to Perl's /o modifer),
                  to enable the worker-process-level compiled-regex cache

    s             single-line mode (just like Perl's /s modifier)

    u             UTF-8 mode. this requires PCRE to be built with
                  the --enable-utf8 option, or a Lua exception will be thrown.

    x             extended mode (just like Perl's /x modifier)


These characters can be combined together, for example,


    local m = ngx.re.match("hello, world", "HEL LO", "ix")
    -- m[0] == "hello"



    local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 美好生活", "HELLO, (.{2})", "iu")
    -- m[0] == "hello, 美好"
    -- m[1] == "美好"


The `o` regex option is useful for performance tuning, because the regex in question will only be compiled once, cached in the worker-process level, and shared among all requests in the current Nginx worker process. You can tune the upper limit of the regex cache via the [lua_regex_cache_max_entries](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_regex_cache_max_entries) directive.

The optional fourth argument, `ctx`, can be a Lua table holding an optional `pos` field. When the `pos` field in the `ctx` table argument is specified, `ngx.re.match` will start matching from that offset. Regardless of the presence of the `pos` field in the `ctx` table, `ngx.re.match` will always set this `pos` field to the position *after* the substring matched by the whole pattern in case of a successful match. When match fails, the `ctx` table will be left intact.


    local ctx = {}
    local m = ngx.re.match("1234, hello", "[0-9]+", "", ctx)
         -- m[0] = "1234"
         -- ctx.pos == 4



    local ctx = { pos = 2 }
    local m = ngx.re.match("1234, hello", "[0-9]+", "", ctx)
         -- m[0] = "34"
         -- ctx.pos == 4


The `ctx` table argument combined with the `a` regex modifier can be used to construct a lexer atop `ngx.re.match`.

Note that, the `options` argument is not optional when the `ctx` argument is specified; use the empty Lua string (`""`) as the placeholder for `options` if you do not want to specify any regex options.

This method requires the PCRE library enabled in your Nginx build.  ([Known Issue With Special PCRE Sequences](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Special_PCRE_Sequences)).

This feature was introduced in the `v0.2.1rc11` release.

ngx.re.gmatch
-------------
**syntax:** *iterator = ngx.re.gmatch(subject, regex, options?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Similar to [ngx.re.match](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.match), but returns a Lua iterator instead, so as to let the user programmer iterate all the matches over the `<subject>` string argument with the PCRE `regex`.

Here is a small exmple to demonstrate its basic usage:


    local iterator = ngx.re.gmatch("hello, world!", "([a-z]+)", "i")
    local m
    m = iterator()    -- m[0] == m[1] == "hello"
    m = iterator()    -- m[0] == m[1] == "world"
    m = iterator()    -- m == nil


More often we just put it into a Lua `for` loop:


    for m in ngx.re.gmatch("hello, world!", "([a-z]+)", "i")
        ngx.say(m[0])
        ngx.say(m[1])
    end


The optional `options` argument takes exactly the same semantics as the [ngx.re.match](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.match) method.

The current implementation requires that the iterator returned should only be used in a single request. That is, one should *not* assign it to a variable belonging to persistent namespace like a Lua package.

This method requires the PCRE library enabled in your Nginx build.  ([Known Issue With Special PCRE Sequences](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Special_PCRE_Sequences)).

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.2.1rc12` release.

ngx.re.sub
----------
**syntax:** *newstr, n = ngx.re.sub(subject, regex, replace, options?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Substitutes the first match of the Perl-compatible regular expression `regex` on the `subject` argument string with the string or function argument `replace`. The optional `options` argument has exactly the same meaning as in [ngx.re.match](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.match).

This method returns the resulting new string as well as the number of successful substitutions, or throw out a Lua exception when an error occurred (syntax errors in the `<replace>` string argument, for example).

When the `replace` is a string, then it is treated as a special template for string replacement. For example,


    local newstr, n = ngx.re.sub("hello, 1234", "([0-9])[0-9]", "[$0][$1]")
        -- newstr == "hello, [12][1]34"
        -- n == 1


where `$0` referring to the whole substring matched by the pattern and `$1` referring to the first parenthesized capturing substring.

You can also use curly braces to disambiguate variable names from the background string literals: 


    local newstr, n = ngx.re.sub("hello, 1234", "[0-9]", "${0}00")
        -- newstr == "hello, 10034"
        -- n == 1


Literal dollar sign characters (`$`) in the `replace` string argument can be escaped by another dollar sign, for instance,


    local newstr, n = ngx.re.sub("hello, 1234", "[0-9]", "$$")
        -- newstr == "hello, $234"
        -- n == 1


Do not use backlashes to escape dollar signs; it will not work as expected.

When the `replace` argument is of type "function", then it will be invoked with the "match table" as the argument to generate the replace string literal for substitution. The "match table" fed into the `replace` function is exactly the same as the return value of [ngx.re.match](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.match). Here is an example:


    local func = function (m)
        return "[" .. m[0] .. "][" .. m[1] .. "]"
    end
    local newstr, n = ngx.re.sub("hello, 1234", "( [0-9] ) [0-9]", func, "x")
        -- newstr == "hello, [12][1]34"
        -- n == 1


The dollar sign characters in the return value of the `replace` function argument are not special at all.

This method requires the PCRE library enabled in your Nginx build.  ([Known Issue With Special PCRE Sequences](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Special_PCRE_Sequences)).

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.2.1rc13` release.

ngx.re.gsub
-----------
**syntax:** *newstr, n = ngx.re.gsub(subject, regex, replace, options?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Just like [ngx.re.sub](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.sub), but does global substitution.

Here is some examples:


    local newstr, n = ngx.re.gsub("hello, world", "([a-z])[a-z]+", "[$0,$1]", "i")
        -- newstr == "[hello,h], [world,w]"
        -- n == 2



    local func = function (m)
        return "[" .. m[0] .. "," .. m[1] .. "]"
    end
    local newstr, n = ngx.re.gsub("hello, world", "([a-z])[a-z]+", func, "i")
        -- newstr == "[hello,h], [world,w]"
        -- n == 2


This method requires the PCRE library enabled in your Nginx build.  ([Known Issue With Special PCRE Sequences](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Special_PCRE_Sequences)).

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.2.1rc15` release.

ngx.shared.DICT
---------------
**syntax:** *dict = ngx.shared.DICT*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Fetching the shm-based Lua dictionary object for the shared memory zone named `DICT` defined by the [lua_shared_dict](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_shared_dict) directive.

The resulting object `dict` has the following methods:

* [get](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.get)
* [set](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.set)
* [add](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.add)
* [replace](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.replace)
* [incr](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.incr)
* [delete](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.delete)

Here is an example:


    http {
        lua_shared_dict dogs 10m;
        server {
            location /set {
                content_by_lua '
                    local dogs = ngx.shared.dogs
                    dogs:set("Jim", 8)
                    ngx.say("STORED")
                ';
            }
            location /get {
                content_by_lua '
                    local dogs = ngx.shared.dogs
                    ngx.say(dogs:get("Jim"))
                ';
            }
        }
    }


Let us test it:


    $ curl localhost/set
    STORED

    $ curl localhost/get
    8

    $ curl localhost/get
    8


You will consistently get the output `8` when accessing `/get` regardless how many Nginx workers there are because the `dogs` dictionary resides in the shared memory and visible to *all* of the worker processes.

The shared dictionary will retain its contents through a server config reload (either by sending the `HUP` signal to the Nginx process or by using the `-s reload` command-line option).

The contents in the dictionary storage will be lost, however, when the Nginx server quits.

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

ngx.shared.DICT.get
-------------------
**syntax:** *value = ngx.shared.DICT:get(key)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Retrieving the value in the dictionary [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT) for the key `key`. If the key does not exist or has been expired, then `nil` will be returned.

The value returned will have the original data type when they were inserted into the dictionary, for example, Lua booleans, numbers, or strings.

The first argument to this method must be the dictionary object itself, for example,


    local cats = ngx.shared.cats
    local value = cats.get(cats, "Marry")


or use Lua's syntactic sugar for method calls:


    local cats = ngx.shared.cats
    local value = cats:get("Marry")


These two forms are fundamentally equivalent.

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

See also [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT).

ngx.shared.DICT.set
-------------------
**syntax:** *success, err, forcible = ngx.shared.DICT:set(key, value, exptime?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Unconditionally sets a key-value pair into the shm-based dictionary [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT). Returns three values:

* `success`: boolean value to indicate whether the key-value pair is stored or not.
* `err`: textual error message, can be `"no memory"`.
* `forcible`: a boolean value to indicate whether other valid items have been removed forcibly when out of storage in the shared memory zone.

The `value` argument inserted can be Lua booleans, numbers, strings, or `nil`. Their value type will also be stored into the dictionary, thus you can get exactly the same data type when later retrieving the value out of the dictionary via the [get](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.get) method.

The optional `exptime` argument specifies expiration time (in seconds) for the inserted key-value pair. The time resolution is `0.001` seconds. If the `exptime` takes the value `0` (which is the default), then the item will never be expired.

When it fails to allocate memory for the current key-value item, then `set` will try removing existing items in the storage according to the Least-Recently Used (LRU) algorithm. Note that, LRU takes priority over expiration time here. If up to tens of existing items have been removed and the storage left is still insufficient (either due to the total capacity limit specified by [lua_shared_dict](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_shared_dict) or memory segmentation), then the `err` return value will be `no memory` and `success` will be `false`.

If this method succeeds in storing the current item by forcibly removing other not-yet-expired items in the dictionary via LRU, the `forcible` return value will be `true`. If it stores the item without forcibly removing other valid items, then the return value `forcible` will be `false`.

The first argument to this method must be the dictionary object itself, for example,


    local cats = ngx.shared.cats
    local succ, err, forcible = cats.set(cats, "Marry", "it is a nice cat!")


or use Lua's syntactic sugar for method calls:


    local cats = ngx.shared.cats
    local succ, err, forcible = cats:set("Marry", "it is a nice cat!")


These two forms are fundamentally equivalent.

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

See also [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT).

ngx.shared.DICT.add
-------------------
**syntax:** *success, err, forcible = ngx.shared.DICT:add(key, value, exptime?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Just like the [set](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.set) method, but only stores the key-value pair into the dictionary [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT) if the key does *not* exist.

If the `key` argument already exists in the dictionary (and not expired for sure), the `success` return value will be `false` and the `err` return value will be `"exists"`.

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

See also [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT).

ngx.shared.DICT.replace
-----------------------
**syntax:** *success, err, forcible = ngx.shared.DICT:replace(key, value, exptime?)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Just like the [set](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT.set) method, but only stores the key-value pair into the dictionary [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT) if the key *does* exist.

If the `key` argument does *not* exist in the dictionary (or expired already), the `success` return value will be `false` and the `err` return value will be `"not found"`.

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

See also [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT).

ngx.shared.DICT.delete
----------------------
**syntax:** *ngx.shared.DICT:delete(key)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Unconditionally removes the key-value pair from the shm-based dictionary [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT).

It is equivalent to `ngx.shared.DICT:set(key, nil)`.

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

See also [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT).

ngx.shared.DICT.incr
--------------------
**syntax:** *newval, err = ngx.shared.DICT:incr(key, value)*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

Increments the (numerical) value for `key` in the shm-based dictionary [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT) by the step value `value`. Returns the new resulting number if the operation is successfully completed or `nil` and an error message otherwise.

The key must already exist in the dictionary, otherwise it will return `nil` and `"not found"`.

If the original value is not a valid Lua number in the dictionary, it will return `nil` and `"not a number"`.

The `value` argument can be any valid Lua numbers, like negative numbers or floating-point numbers.

This feature was first introduced in the `v0.3.1rc22` release.

See also [ngx.shared.DICT](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT).

ndk.set_var.DIRECTIVE
---------------------
**syntax:** *res = ndk.set_var.DIRECTIVE_NAME*

**context:** *set_by_lua*, rewrite_by_lua*, access_by_lua*, content_by_lua*, header_filter_by_lua**

This mechanism allows calling other nginx C modules' directives that are implemented by [Nginx Devel Kit](https://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit) (NDK)'s set_var submodule's `ndk_set_var_value`.

For example, the following [HttpSetMiscModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule) directives can be invoked this way:

* [set_quote_sql_str](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_quote_sql_str)
* [set_quote_pgsql_str](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_quote_pgsql_str)
* [set_quote_json_str](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_quote_json_str)
* [set_unescape_uri](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_unescape_uri)
* [set_escape_uri](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_escape_uri)
* [set_encode_base32](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_encode_base32)
* [set_decode_base32](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_decode_base32)
* [set_encode_base64](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_encode_base64)
* [set_decode_base64](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_decode_base64)
* [set_encode_hex](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_encode_base64)
* [set_decode_hex](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_decode_base64)
* [set_sha1](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_encode_base64)
* [set_md5](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpSetMiscModule#set_decode_base64)

For instance,


    local res = ndk.set_var.set_escape_uri('a/b');
    -- now res == 'a%2fb'


Similarly, the following directives provided by [HttpEncryptedSessionModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEncryptedSessionModule) can be invoked from within Lua too:

* [set_encrypt_session](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEncryptedSessionModule#set_encrypt_session)
* [set_decrypt_session](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEncryptedSessionModule#set_decrypt_session)

This feature requires the [ngx_devel_kit](https://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit) module.

HTTP 1.0 support
================

The HTTP 1.0 protocol does not support chunked outputs and always requires an
explicit `Content-Length` header when the response body is non-empty. So when
an HTTP 1.0 request is present, This module will automatically buffer all the
outputs of user calls of [ngx.say](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.say) and [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print) and
postpone sending response headers until it sees all the outputs in the response
body, and at that time ngx_lua can calculate the total length of the body and
construct a proper `Content-Length` header for the HTTP 1.0 client.

Note that, common HTTP benchmark tools like `ab` and `http_load` always issue
HTTP 1.0 requests by default. To force `curl` to send HTTP 1.0 requests, use
the `-0` option.

Data Sharing within an Nginx Worker
===================================

**NOTE: This mechanism behaves differently when code cache is turned off, and should be considered as a DIRTY TRICK. Backward compatibility is NOT guaranteed. Use at your own risk! We're going to design a whole new data-sharing mechanism.**

If you want to globally share user data among all the requests handled by the same nginx worker process, you can encapsulate your shared data into a Lua module, require the module in your code, and manipulate shared data through it. It works because required Lua modules are loaded only once, and all coroutines will share the same copy of the module. Note however that Lua global variables WILL NOT persist between requests because of the one-coroutine-per-request isolation design.

Here is a complete small example:


    -- mydata.lua
    module("mydata", package.seeall)
 
    local data = {
        dog = 3,
        cat = 4,
        pig = 5,
    }
 
    function get_age(name)
        return data[name]
    end


and then accessing it from your nginx.conf:


    location /lua {
        content_lua_by_lua '
            local mydata = require("mydata")
            ngx.say(mydata.get_age("dog"))
        ';
    }


Your `mydata` module in this example will only be loaded
and run on the first request to the location `/lua`,
and all those subsequent requests to the same nginx
worker process will use the reloaded instance of the
module as well as the same copy of the data in it,
until you send a `HUP` signal to the nginx master
process to enforce a reload.

This data sharing technique is essential for high-performance Lua apps built atop this module. It is common to cache reusable data globally.

It is worth noting that this is *per-worker* sharing, not *per-server* sharing. That is, when you have multiple nginx worker processes under an nginx master, this data sharing cannot pass process boundary. If you indeed need server-wide data sharing, you can

1. Use only a single nginx worker and a single server. This is not recommended when you have a multi-core CPU or multiple CPUs in a single machine.
1. Use some true backend storage like `memcached`, `redis`, or an RDBMS like `mysql`.

Known Issues
============

Lua Coroutine Yielding/Resuming
-------------------------------
* As the module's predefined Nginx I/O API uses the coroutine yielding/resuming mechanism, user code should not call any Lua modules that use the Lua coroutine mechanism in order to prevent conflicts with the module's predefined Nginx API methods such as [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) (Actually, coroutine modules have been masked off in [content_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#content_by_lua) directives and others). This limitation is significant and work is ongoing on an alternative coroutine implementation that can fit into the Nginx event model to address this. When this is done, it will be possible to use the Lua coroutine mechanism freely as it is in standard Lua implementations.
* Lua's `dofile` builtin is implemented as a C function in both Lua 5.1 and LuaJIT 2.0 and when you call [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture), [ngx.exec](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exec), [ngx.exit](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exit) or [ngx.req.read_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.read_body) or similar in the file to be loaded by `dofile`, a coroutine yield across the C function boundary will be initiated. This however is not allowed within ngx_lua and will usually result in error messages like `lua handler aborted: runtime error: attempt to yield across C-call boundary`. To avoid this, define a real Lua module in your `.lua` file and use Lua's `require` builtin instead.
* Because the standard Lua 5.1 interpreter's VM is not fully resumable, the methods [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture), [ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi), [ngx.redirect](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.redirect), [ngx.exec](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exec), and [ngx.exit](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.exit) cannot be used within the context of a Lua [pcall()](http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#pdf-pcall) or [xpcall()](http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#pdf-xpcall) when the standard Lua 5.1 interpreter is used; you'll get the error `attempt to yield across metamethod/C-call boundary`. To fix this, please use LuaJIT 2.0 instead, because LuaJIT 2.0 supports a fully resume-able VM.

Lua Variable Scope
------------------
Care should be taken when importing modules and this form should be used:


        local xxx = require('xxx')


	instead of the old deprecated form:


        require('xxx')


	If you have to use the old form, force reload the module for every request by using the `package.loaded.<module>` command:


        package.loaded.xxx = nil
        require('xxx')


It is recommended to always place the following piece of code at the end of Lua modules that use the [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) or [ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi) directives to prevent casual use of module-level global variables that are shared among *all* requests:


    getmetatable(foo.bar).__newindex = function (table, key, val)
        error('Attempt to write to undeclared variable "' .. key .. '": '
                .. debug.traceback())
    end


Assuming your current Lua module is named `foo.bar`, this will guarantee that local variables in module `foo.bar` functions have been declared as "local". It prevents undesirable race conditions while accessing such variables. See [Data Sharing within an Nginx Worker](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Data_Sharing_within_an_Nginx_Worker) for the reasons behind this.

Locations With [HttpEchoModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule) Directives
--------------------------------------------
The [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) and [ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi) directives cannot capture locations that include the [echo_location](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule#echo_location), [echo_location_async](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule#echo_location_async), [echo_subrequest](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule#echo_subrequest), or [echo_subrequest_async](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule#echo_subrequest_async) directives.


    location /foo {
        content_by_lua '
            res = ngx.location.capature("/bar")
        ';
    }
    location /bar {
        echo_location /blah;
    }
    location /blah {
        echo "Success!";
    }



    $ curl -i http://example.com/foo


will not work as expected.

Special PCRE Sequences
----------------------
PCRE sequences such as `\d`, `\s`, or `\w`, require special attention because in string literals, the backslash character, `\`, is stripped out by both the Lua language parser and by the Nginx config file parser before processing. So the following snippet will not work as expected:


    # nginx.conf
    ? location /test {
    ?     content_by_lua '
    ?         local regex = "\d+"  -- THIS IS WRONG!!
    ?         local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", regex)
    ?         if m then ngx.say(m[0]) else ngx.say("not matched!") end
    ?     ';
    ? }
    # evaluates to "not matched!"


To avoid this, you need to *double* escape the backslash:


    # nginx.conf
    location /test {
        content_by_lua '
            local regex = "\\\\d+"
            local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", regex)
            if m then ngx.say(m[0]) else ngx.say("not matched!") end
        ';
    }
    # evaluates to "1234"


Here, `\\\\d+` is stripped down to `\\d+` by the Nginx config file parser and this is further stripped down to `\d+` by the Lua language parser before running.

Alternatively, you can present the regex pattern as a long-bracketed lua string literal by encasing it in "long brackets", `[[...]]`, in which case backslashes have to only be escaped once for the Nginx config file parser. 


    # nginx.conf
    location /test {
        content_by_lua '
            local regex = [[\\d+]]
            local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", regex)
            if m then ngx.say(m[0]) else ngx.say("not matched!") end
        ';
    }
    # evaluates to "1234"


Here, `[[\\d+]]` is stripped down to `[[\d+]]` by the Nginx config file parser and this is processed correctly.

Note that you may need to use a longer from of the long bracket, `[=[...]=]`, if the regex pattern contains `[...]` sequences. 
You can also, if you wish, use the `[=[...]=]` form as your default form and it may help with readability if you put a space between your long brackets and your regex patterns.


    # nginx.conf
    location /test {
        content_by_lua '
            local regex = [=[ [0-9]+ ]=]
            local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", regex)
            if m then ngx.say(m[0]) else ngx.say("not matched!") end
        ';
    }
    # evaluates to "1234"


An alternative approach to escaping PCRE sequences is to ensure that Lua code is placed in external script files and executed using the various `*_by_lua_file` directives. 
With this approach, the backslashes are only stripped by the Lua language parser and therefore only need to be escaped once each.


    -- test.lua
    local regex = "\\d+"
    local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", regex)
    if m then ngx.say(m[0]) else ngx.say("not matched!") end
    -- evaluates to "1234"


Within external script files, PCRE sequences presented as long-bracketed lua string literals do not require modification. 
 

    -- test.lua
    local regex = [[\d+]]
    local m = ngx.re.match("hello, 1234", regex)
    if m then ngx.say(m[0]) else ngx.say("not matched!") end
    -- evaluates to "1234"


Performance
===========

The Lua state (aka the Lua vm instance) is shared across all the requests
handled by a single nginx worker process to miminize memory use.

On a ThinkPad T400 2.80 GHz laptop, the HelloWorld example is easy to achieve 28k req/sec using `http_load -p 10`. In contrast, Nginx + php-fpm 5.2.8 + Unix Domain Socket yields 6k req/sec and [Node.js](http://nodejs.org/) v0.6.1 yields 10.2k req/sec for their HelloWorld equivalents.

You can get better performance when building this module with [LuaJIT 2.0](http://luajit.org/luajit.html).

Typical Use Cases
=================

Just to name a few:

* Mashup'ing and processing outputs of various nginx upstream outputs (proxy, drizzle, postgres, redis, memcached, and etc) in Lua,
* doing arbitrarily complex access control and security checks in Lua before requests actually reach the upstream backends,
* manipulating response headers in an arbitrary way (by Lua)
* fetching backend information from external storage backends (like redis, memcached, mysql, postgresql) and use that information to choose which upstream backend to access on-the-fly,
* coding up arbitrarily complex web applications in a content handler using synchronous but still non-blocking access to the database backends and other storage,
* doing very complex URL dispatch in Lua at rewrite phase,
* using Lua to implement advanced caching mechanism for nginx subrequests and arbitrary locations.

The possibilities are unlimited as the module allows bringing together various elements within Nginx as well as exposing the power of the Lua language to the user. The module provides the full flexibility of scripting while offering performance levels comparable with native C language programs both in terms of CPU time as well as memory footprint. This is particularly the case when LuaJIT 2.0 is enabled. 

Other scripting language implementations typically struggle to match this performance level.

Installation
============

You're recommended to install this module as well as the Lua 5.1 interpreter or LuaJIT 2.0 (with many other good stuffs) via the ngx_openresty bundle:

<http://openresty.org> 

The installation steps are usually as simple as `./configure && make && make install`.

Alternatively, you can compile this module with nginx core's source by hand:

1. Install Lua 5.1 or LuaJIT 2.0 into your system. Lua can be obtained freely from its project [homepage](http://www.lua.org/).  For Ubuntu/Debian users, just install the liblua5.1-0-dev package (or something like that).
1. Download the latest version of the release tarball of the ngx_devel_kit (NDK) module from lua-nginx-module [file list](http://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit/tags).
1. Download the latest version of the release tarball of this module from lua-nginx-module [file list](http://github.com/chaoslawful/lua-nginx-module/tags).
1. Grab the nginx source code from [nginx.org](http://nginx.org/), for example, the version 1.0.10 (see nginx compatibility), and then build the source with this module:


    wget 'http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.0.10.tar.gz'
    tar -xzvf nginx-1.0.10.tar.gz
    cd nginx-1.0.10/
 
    # tell nginx's build system where to find lua:
    export LUA_LIB=/path/to/lua/lib
    export LUA_INC=/path/to/lua/include
 
    # or tell where to find LuaJIT when you want to use JIT instead
    # export LUAJIT_LIB=/path/to/luajit/lib
    # export LUAJIT_INC=/path/to/luajit/include/luajit-2.0
 
    # Here we assume you would install you nginx under /opt/nginx/.
    ./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx \
            --add-module=/path/to/ngx_devel_kit \
            --add-module=/path/to/lua-nginx-module
 
    make -j2
    make install


Compatibility
=============

The module is compatible with the following versions of Nginx:

*   1.1.x (last tested: 1.1.5)
*   1.0.x (last tested: 1.0.10)
*   0.9.x (last tested: 0.9.4)
*   0.8.x >= 0.8.54 (last tested: 0.8.54)

The module **may** work with Nginx Versions 0.7.x and 0.8.x < 0.8.54 but these have not been tested.

Nginx Versions < 0.7.0 are **not** compatible.

Please consider filing a bug report if you find that any particular version of Nginx above Version 0.8.54 does not
work with this module.

Report Bugs
===========

Although a lot of effort has been put into testing and code tuning, there must be some serious bugs lurking somewhere in this module. So whenever you are bitten by any quirks, please do not hesitate to

1. create a ticket on the [issue tracking interface](http://github.com/chaoslawful/lua-nginx-module/issues) provided by GitHub,
1. or send a bug report or even patches to the [nginx mailing list](http://mailman.nginx.org/mailman/listinfo/nginx).

Source Repository
=================

Available on github at [chaoslawful/lua-nginx-module](http://github.com/chaoslawful/lua-nginx-module).

Test Suite
==========

To run the test suite, you also need the following dependencies:

* Nginx version >= 0.8.54

* Perl modules:
	* test-nginx: <http://github.com/agentzh/test-nginx> 

* Nginx modules:
	* echo-nginx-module: <http://github.com/agentzh/echo-nginx-module> 
	* drizzle-nginx-module: <http://github.com/chaoslawful/drizzle-nginx-module> 
	* rds-json-nginx-module: <http://github.com/agentzh/rds-json-nginx-module> 
	* set-misc-nginx-module: <http://github.com/agentzh/set-misc-nginx-module> 
	* headers-more-nginx-module: <http://github.com/agentzh/headers-more-nginx-module> 
	* memc-nginx-module: <http://github.com/agentzh/memc-nginx-module> 
	* srcache-nginx-module: <http://github.com/agentzh/srcache-nginx-module> 
	* ngx_auth_request: <http://mdounin.ru/hg/ngx_http_auth_request_module/> 

* C libraries:
	* yajl: <https://github.com/lloyd/yajl> 

* Lua modules:
	* lua-yajl: <https://github.com/brimworks/lua-yajl> 
		* Note: the compiled module has to be placed in '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/'

* Applications:
	* mysql: create database 'ngx_test', grant all privileges to user 'ngx_test', password is 'ngx_test'
	* memcached

The adding order of these modules is important as the position of any filter module in the
filtering chain determines the final output. The correct adding order during configuration is:

1. ngx_devel_kit
1. set-misc-nginx-module
1. ngx_http_auth_request_module
1. echo-nginx-module
1. memc-nginx-module
1. lua-nginx-module (i.e. this module)
1. headers-more-nginx-module
1. srcache-nginx-module
1. drizzle-nginx-module
1. rds-json-nginx-module

TODO
====
* add `ignore_resp_headers`, `ignore_resp_body`, and `ignore_resp` options to [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) and ngx.location.capture_multi` methods, to allow micro performance tuning on the user side.
* add directives to run lua codes when nginx stops/reloads.
* deal with TCP 3-second delay problem under great connection harness.
* add options to [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) and [ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi) in order to share and copy a particular set of nginx variables with subrequests, specified by the user.
* add an option to [ngx.location.capture](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture) and [ngx.location.capture_multi](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.location.capture_multi) so as to specify the [ngx.ctx](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.ctx) table for subrequests.
* expose nginx's shared memory facility to the Lua land.
* add support for multi-value arguments to [[#ngx.req.set_uri_args]] if its `args` argument is a Lua table.

Future Plans
============

* add the `lua_require` directive to load module into main thread's globals.
* add the "cosocket" mechamism that will emulate a common set of Lua socket API that will give you totally transparently non-blocking capability out of the box by means of a completely new upstream layer atop the nginx event model and no nginx subrequest overheads.
* add Lua code automatic time slicing support by yielding and resuming the Lua VM actively via Lua's debug hooks.
* make set_by_lua using the same mechanism as content_by_lua.
* add coroutine API back to the Lua land.

Changes
=======

v0.3.0
------
**New features**

* added the [header_filter_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#header_filter_by_lua) and [header_filter_by_lua_file](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#header_filter_by_lua_file) directives. thanks Liseen Wan (万珣新).
* implemented the PCRE regex API for Lua: [ngx.re.match](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.match), [ngx.re.gmatch](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.gmatch), [ngx.re.sub](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.sub), and [ngx.re.gsub](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.re.gsub).
* now we add the `ngx` and `ndk` table into `package.loaded` such that the user can write `local ngx = require 'ngx'` and `local ndk = require 'ndk'`. thanks @Lance.
* added new directive [lua_regex_cache_max_entries](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_regex_cache_max_entries) to control the upper limit of the worker-process-level compiled-regex cache enabled by the `o` regex option.
* implemented the special [ngx.ctx](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.ctx) Lua table for user programmers to store per-request Lua context data for their applications. thanks 欧远宁 for suggesting this feature.
* now [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print) and [ngx.say](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.say) allow (nested) array-like table arguments. the array elements in them will be sent piece by piece. this will avoid string concatenation for templating engines like [ltp](http://www.savarese.com/software/ltp/).
* implemented the [ngx.req.get_post_args](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_post_args) method for fetching url-encoded POST query arguments from within Lua.
* implemented the [ngx.req.get_uri_args](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.req.get_uri_args) method to fetch parsed URL query arguments from within Lua. thanks Bertrand Mansion (golgote).
* added new function [ngx.parse_http_time](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.parse_http_time), thanks James Hurst.
* now we allow Lua boolean and `nil` values in arguments to [ngx.say](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.say), [ngx.print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.print), [ngx.log](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.log) and [print](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#print).
* added support for user C macros `LUA_DEFAULT_PATH` and `LUA_DEFAULT_CPATH`. for now we can only define them in `ngx_lua`'s `config` file because nginx `configure`'s `--with-cc-opt` option hates values with double-quotes in them. sigh. [ngx_openresty](http://openresty.org/) is already using this feature to bundle 3rd-party Lua libraries.

**Bug fixes**

* worked-around the "stack overflow" issue while using `luarocks.loader` and disabling [lua_code_cache](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_code_cache), as described as github issue #27. thanks Patrick Crosby.
* fixed the `zero size buf in output` alert while combining [lua_need_request_body](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#lua_need_request_body) on + [access_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#access_by_lua)/[rewrite_by_lua](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#rewrite_by_lua) + [proxy_pass](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpProxyModule#proxy_pass)/[fastcgi_pass](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpFcgiModule#fastcgi_pass). thanks Liseen Wan (万珣新).
* fixed issues with HTTP 1.0 HEAD requests.
* made setting `ngx.header.HEADER` after sending out response headers throw out a Lua exception to help debugging issues like github issue #49. thanks Bill Donahue (ikhoyo).
* fixed an issue regarding defining global variables in C header files: we should have defined the global `ngx_http_lua_exception` in a single compilation unit. thanks @姜大炮.

Authors
=======

* chaoslawful (王晓哲) <chaoslawful at gmail dot com>
* Zhang "agentzh" Yichun (章亦春) <agentzh at gmail dot com>

Copyright & License
===================

This module is licenced under the BSD license.

Copyright (C) 2009-2011, by Xiaozhe Wang (chaoslawful) <chaoslawful@gmail.com>.

Copyright (C) 2009-2011, by Zhang "agentzh" Yichun (章亦春) <agentzh@gmail.com>.

All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

See Also
========

* [Routing requests to different MySQL queries based on URI arguments](http://openresty.org/#RoutingMySQLQueriesBasedOnURIArgs)
* [Dynamic Routing Based on Redis and Lua](http://openresty.org/#DynamicRoutingBasedOnRedis)
* [Using LuaRocks with ngx_lua](http://openresty.org/#UsingLuaRocks)
* [Introduction to ngx_lua](https://github.com/chaoslawful/lua-nginx-module/wiki/Introduction)
* [ngx_devel_kit](http://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit)
* [HttpEchoModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpEchoModule)
* [HttpDrizzleModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpDrizzleModule)
* [postgres-nginx-module](http://github.com/FRiCKLE/ngx_postgres)
* [HttpMemcModule](http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpMemcModule)
* [The ngx_openresty bundle](http://openresty.org)