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# NEWS for Ruby 3.3.0
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This document is a list of user-visible feature changes
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since the **3.2.0** release, except for bug fixes.
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Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
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## Language changes
Evaluate multiple assignment left hand side before right hand side
In regular assignment, Ruby evaluates the left hand side before
the right hand side. For example:
```ruby
foo[0] = bar
```
Calls `foo`, then `bar`, then `[]=` on the result of `foo`.
Previously, multiple assignment didn't work this way. If you did:
```ruby
abc.def, foo[0] = bar, baz
```
Ruby would previously call `bar`, then `baz`, then `abc`, then
`def=` on the result of `abc`, then `foo`, then `[]=` on the
result of `foo`.
This change makes multiple assignment similar to single assignment,
changing the evaluation order of the above multiple assignment code
to calling `abc`, then `foo`, then `bar`, then `baz`, then `def=` on
the result of `abc`, then `[]=` on the result of `foo`.
Implementing this is challenging with the stack-based virtual machine.
We need to keep track of all of the left hand side attribute setter
receivers and setter arguments, and then keep track of the stack level
while handling the assignment processing, so we can issue the
appropriate topn instructions to get the receiver. Here's an example
of how the multiple assignment is executed, showing the stack and
instructions:
```
self # putself
abc # send
abc, self # putself
abc, foo # send
abc, foo, 0 # putobject 0
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz] # evaluate RHS
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, bar # expandarray
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, bar, abc # topn 5
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, abc, bar # swap
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, def= # send
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz # pop
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, foo # topn 3
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, foo, 0 # topn 3
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, foo, 0, baz # topn 2
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz, []= # send
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz], baz # pop
abc, foo, 0, [bar, baz] # pop
[bar, baz], foo, 0, [bar, baz] # setn 3
[bar, baz], foo, 0 # pop
[bar, baz], foo # pop
[bar, baz] # pop
```
As multiple assignment must deal with splats, post args, and any level
of nesting, it gets quite a bit more complex than this in non-trivial
cases. To handle this, struct masgn_state is added to keep
track of the overall state of the mass assignment, which stores a linked
list of struct masgn_attrasgn, one for each assigned attribute.
This adds a new optimization that replaces a topn 1/pop instruction
combination with a single swap instruction for multiple assignment
to non-aref attributes.
This new approach isn't compatible with one of the optimizations
previously used, in the case where the multiple assignment return value
was not needed, there was no lhs splat, and one of the left hand side
used an attribute setter. This removes that optimization. Removing
the optimization allowed for removing the POP_ELEMENT and adjust_stack
functions.
This adds a benchmark to measure how much slower multiple
assignment is with the correct evaluation order.
This benchmark shows:
* 4-9% decrease for attribute sets
* 14-23% decrease for array member sets
* Basically same speed for local variable sets
Importantly, it shows no significant difference between the popped
(where return value of the multiple assignment is not needed) and
!popped (where return value of the multiple assignment is needed)
cases for attribute and array member sets. This indicates the
previous optimization, which was dropped in the evaluation
order fix and only affected the popped case, is not important to
performance.
Fixes [Bug #4443]
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## Command line options
* A new `performance` warning category was introduced.
They are not displayed by default even in verbose mode.
Turn them on with `-W:performance` or `Warning[:performance] = true` . [[Feature #19538 ]]
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* The `RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS` environment variable has been deprecated and
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removed. Environment variables `RUBY_GC_HEAP_%d_INIT_SLOTS` should be
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used instead. [[Feature #19785 ]]
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## Core classes updates
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Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
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* Array
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* Array#pack now raises ArgumentError for unknown directives. [[Bug #19150 ]]
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* Dir
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* Dir.for_fd added for returning a Dir object for the directory specified
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by the provided directory file descriptor. [[Feature #19347 ]]
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* Dir.fchdir added for changing the directory to the directory specified
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by the provided directory file descriptor. [[Feature #19347 ]]
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* Dir#chdir added for changing the directory to the directory specified by
the provided `Dir` object. [[Feature #19347 ]]
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* MatchData
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* MatchData#named_captures now accepts optional `symbolize_names`
keyword. [[Feature #19591 ]]
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* Module
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* Module#set_temporary_name added for setting a temporary name for a
module. [[Feature #19521 ]]
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* ObjectSpace::WeakKeyMap
* New core class to build collections with weak references.
The class use equality semantic to lookup keys like a regular hash,
but it doesn't hold strong references on the keys. [[Feature #18498 ]]
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* Proc
* Now Proc#dup and Proc#clone call `#initialize_dup` and `#initialize_clone`
hooks respectively. [[Feature #19362 ]]
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* Process.warmup
* Notify the Ruby virtual machine that the boot sequence is finished,
and that now is a good time to optimize the application. This is useful
for long running applications. The actual optimizations performed are entirely
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implementation specific and may change in the future without notice. [[Feature #18885 ]]
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* Process::Status
* Process::Status#& and Process::Status#>> are deprecated. [[Bug #19868 ]]
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* Range
* Range#reverse_each can now process beginless ranges with an Integer endpoint. [[Feature #18515 ]]
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* Refinement
* Add Refinement#target as an alternative of Refinement#refined_class.
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Refinement#refined_class is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby
3.4. [[Feature #19714 ]]
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* String
* String#unpack now raises ArgumentError for unknown directives. [[Bug #19150 ]]
* String#bytesplice now accepts new arguments index/length or range of the
source string to be copied. [[Feature #19314 ]]
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## Stdlib updates
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* RubyGems and Bundler warn if users require gem that is scheduled to become the bundled gems
in the future version of Ruby. [[Feature #19351 ]] [[Feature #19776 ]] [[Feature #19843 ]]
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Targeted libraries are:
* abbrev
* base64
* bigdecimal
* csv
* drb
* getoptlong
* mutex_m
* nkf
* observer
* resolv-replace
* rinda
* syslog
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* Socket#recv and Socket#recv_nonblock returns `nil` instead of an empty string on closed
connections. Socket#recvmsg and Socket#recvmsg_nonblock returns `nil` instead of an empty packet on closed
connections. [[Bug #19012 ]]
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* Random::Formatter#alphanumeric is extended to accept optional `chars`
keyword argument. [[Feature #18183 ]]
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The following default gem is added.
* prism 0.15.1
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The following default gems are updated.
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* RubyGems 3.5.0.dev
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* bigdecimal 3.1.5
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* bundler 2.5.0.dev
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* csv 3.2.8
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* erb 4.0.3
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* fiddle 1.1.2
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* fileutils 1.7.1
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* io-console 0.6.1.dev
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* irb 1.8.3
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* nkf 0.1.3
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* openssl 3.2.0
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* optparse 0.4.0.pre.1
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* psych 5.1.1.1
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* reline 0.3.9
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* stringio 3.0.9
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* strscan 3.0.7
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* syntax_suggest 1.1.0
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* time 0.2.2
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* timeout 0.4.0
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* uri 0.12.2
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The following bundled gem is promoted from default gems.
* racc 1.7.1
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The following bundled gems are updated.
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* minitest 5.20.0
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* test-unit 3.6.1
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* rexml 3.2.6
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* rss 0.3.0
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* net-imap 0.4.2
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* net-smtp 0.4.0
* rbs 3.2.2
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* typeprof 0.21.8
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* debug 1.8.0
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See GitHub releases like [Logger ](https://github.com/ruby/logger/releases ) or
changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.
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## Supported platforms
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## Compatibility issues
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## Stdlib compatibility issues
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* `racc` is promoted to bundled gems.
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* You need to add `racc` to your `Gemfile` if you use `racc` under bundler environment.
* `ext/readline` is retired
* We have `reline` that is pure Ruby implementation compatible with `ext/readline` API. We rely on `reline` in the future. If you need to use `ext/readline` , you can install `ext/readline` via rubygems.org with `gem install readline-ext` .
* We no longer need to install libraries like `libreadline` or `libedit` .
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## C API updates
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## Implementation improvements
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* `defined?(@ivar)` is optimized with Object Shapes.
### YJIT
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* Major performance improvements over 3.2
* Support for splat and rest arguments has been improved.
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* Registers are allocated for stack operations of the virtual machine.
* More calls with optional arguments are compiled.
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* Exception handlers are also compiled.
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* Instance variables no longer exit to the interpreter
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with megamorphic object shapes.
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* Unsupported call types no longer exit to the interpreter.
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* `Integer#!=` , `String#!=` , `Kernel#block_given?` , `Kernel#is_a?` ,
`Kernel#instance_of?` , `Module#===` are specially optimized.
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* Now more than 3x faster than the interpreter on optcarrot!
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* Significantly improved memory usage over 3.2
* Metadata for compiled code uses a lot less memory.
* Generate more compact code on ARM64
* Compilation speed is now slightly faster than 3.2.
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* Add `RubyVM::YJIT.enable` that can enable YJIT later
* You can start YJIT without modifying command-line arguments or environment variables.
* This can also be used to enable YJIT only once your application is
done booting. `--yjit-disable` can be used if you want to use other
YJIT options while disabling YJIT at boot.
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* Option to disable code GC and treat `--yjit-exec-mem-size` as a hard limit
* Can produce better copy-on-write behavior on servers using unicorn and forking
* `ratio_in_yjit` stat produced by `--yjit-stats` is now avaiable in release builds,
a special stats or dev build is no longer required to access most stats.
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* Exit tracing option now supports sampling
* `--trace-exits-sample-rate=N`
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* More thorough testing and multiple bug fixes
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* `--yjit-stats=quiet` is added to avoid printing stats on exit.
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* `--yjit-perf` is added to facilitate profiling with Linux perf.
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### MJIT
* MJIT is removed.
* `--disable-jit-support` is removed. Consider using `--disable-yjit --disable-rjit` instead.
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### RJIT
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* Introduced a pure-Ruby JIT compiler RJIT.
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* RJIT supports only x86\_64 architecture on Unix platforms.
* Unlike MJIT, it doesn't require a C compiler at runtime.
* RJIT exists only for experimental purposes.
* You should keep using YJIT in production.
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[Feature #18183 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18183
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[Feature #18498 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18498
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[Feature #18515 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18515
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[Feature #18885 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18885
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[Bug #19012 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19012
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[Bug #19150 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19150
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[Feature #19314 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19314
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[Feature #19347 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19347
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[Feature #19351 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19351
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[Feature #19362 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19362
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[Feature #19521 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19521
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[Feature #19538 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19538
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[Feature #19591 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19591
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[Feature #19714 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19714
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[Feature #19776 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19776
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[Feature #19785 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19785
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[Feature #19843 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19843
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[Bug #19868 ]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19868
