ruby/thread.c

/**********************************************************************

  thread.c -

  $Author$

  Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Koichi Sasada

**********************************************************************/

/*
  YARV Thread Design

  model 1: Userlevel Thread
    Same as traditional ruby thread.

  model 2: Native Thread with Global VM lock
    Using pthread (or Windows thread) and Ruby threads run concurrent.

  model 3: Native Thread with fine grain lock
    Using pthread and Ruby threads run concurrent or parallel.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

  model 2:
    A thread has mutex (GVL: Global VM Lock or Giant VM Lock) can run.
    When thread scheduling, running thread release GVL.  If running thread
    try blocking operation, this thread must release GVL and another
    thread can continue this flow.  After blocking operation, thread
    must check interrupt (RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS).

    Every VM can run parallel.

    Ruby threads are scheduled by OS thread scheduler.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

  model 3:
    Every threads run concurrent or parallel and to access shared object
    exclusive access control is needed.  For example, to access String
    object or Array object, fine grain lock must be locked every time.
 */


/* for model 2 */

#include "eval_intern.h"
#include "gc.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "ruby/io.h"
#include "ruby/thread.h"

#ifndef USE_NATIVE_THREAD_PRIORITY
#define USE_NATIVE_THREAD_PRIORITY 0
#define RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX 3
#define RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN -3
#endif

#ifndef THREAD_DEBUG
#define THREAD_DEBUG 0
#endif

VALUE rb_cMutex;
VALUE rb_cThreadShield;

static void sleep_timeval(rb_thread_t *th, struct timeval time, int spurious_check);
static void sleep_wait_for_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th, double sleepsec, int spurious_check);
static void sleep_forever(rb_thread_t *th, int nodeadlock, int spurious_check);
static double timeofday(void);
static int rb_threadptr_dead(rb_thread_t *th);
static void rb_check_deadlock(rb_vm_t *vm);

#define eKillSignal INT2FIX(0)
#define eTerminateSignal INT2FIX(1)
static volatile int system_working = 1;

#define closed_stream_error GET_VM()->special_exceptions[ruby_error_closed_stream]

inline static void
st_delete_wrap(st_table *table, st_data_t key)
{
    st_delete(table, &key, 0);
}

/********************************************************************************/

#define THREAD_SYSTEM_DEPENDENT_IMPLEMENTATION

struct rb_blocking_region_buffer {
    enum rb_thread_status prev_status;
    struct rb_unblock_callback oldubf;
};

static int set_unblock_function(rb_thread_t *th, rb_unblock_function_t *func, void *arg,
				struct rb_unblock_callback *old, int fail_if_interrupted);
static void reset_unblock_function(rb_thread_t *th, const struct rb_unblock_callback *old);

static inline int blocking_region_begin(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region,
					rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *arg, int fail_if_interrupted);
static inline void blocking_region_end(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region);

#define RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th) \
  do { \
    rb_gc_save_machine_context(th); \
    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&(th)->machine_stack_end); \
  } while (0)

#define GVL_UNLOCK_BEGIN() do { \
  rb_thread_t *_th_stored = GET_THREAD(); \
  RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(_th_stored); \
  gvl_release(_th_stored->vm);

#define GVL_UNLOCK_END() \
  gvl_acquire(_th_stored->vm, _th_stored); \
  rb_thread_set_current(_th_stored); \
} while(0)

#define BLOCKING_REGION(exec, ubf, ubfarg, fail_if_interrupted) do { \
    rb_thread_t *__th = GET_THREAD(); \
    struct rb_blocking_region_buffer __region; \
    if (blocking_region_begin(__th, &__region, (ubf), (ubfarg), fail_if_interrupted)) { \
	exec; \
	blocking_region_end(__th, &__region); \
    }; \
} while(0)

#if THREAD_DEBUG
#ifdef HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
void rb_thread_debug(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...);
#define thread_debug(fmt, ...) rb_thread_debug(__FILE__, __LINE__, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
#define POSITION_FORMAT "%s:%d:"
#define POSITION_ARGS ,file, line
#else
void rb_thread_debug(const char *fmt, ...);
#define thread_debug rb_thread_debug
#define POSITION_FORMAT
#define POSITION_ARGS
#endif

# if THREAD_DEBUG < 0
static int rb_thread_debug_enabled;

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.DEBUG     -> num
 *
 *  Returns the thread debug level.  Available only if compiled with
 *  THREAD_DEBUG=-1.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_debug(void)
{
    return INT2NUM(rb_thread_debug_enabled);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.DEBUG = num
 *
 *  Sets the thread debug level.  Available only if compiled with
 *  THREAD_DEBUG=-1.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_debug_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
{
    rb_thread_debug_enabled = RTEST(val) ? NUM2INT(val) : 0;
    return val;
}
# else
# define rb_thread_debug_enabled THREAD_DEBUG
# endif
#else
#define thread_debug if(0)printf
#endif

#ifndef __ia64
#define thread_start_func_2(th, st, rst) thread_start_func_2(th, st)
#endif
NOINLINE(static int thread_start_func_2(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE *stack_start,
					VALUE *register_stack_start));
static void timer_thread_function(void *);

#if   defined(_WIN32)
#include "thread_win32.c"

#define DEBUG_OUT() \
  WaitForSingleObject(&debug_mutex, INFINITE); \
  printf(POSITION_FORMAT"%p - %s" POSITION_ARGS, GetCurrentThreadId(), buf); \
  fflush(stdout); \
  ReleaseMutex(&debug_mutex);

#elif defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_H)
#include "thread_pthread.c"

#define DEBUG_OUT() \
  pthread_mutex_lock(&debug_mutex); \
  printf(POSITION_FORMAT"%#"PRIxVALUE" - %s" POSITION_ARGS, (VALUE)pthread_self(), buf); \
  fflush(stdout); \
  pthread_mutex_unlock(&debug_mutex);

#else
#error "unsupported thread type"
#endif

#if THREAD_DEBUG
static int debug_mutex_initialized = 1;
static rb_thread_lock_t debug_mutex;

void
rb_thread_debug(
#ifdef HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
    const char *file, int line,
#endif
    const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list args;
    char buf[BUFSIZ];

    if (!rb_thread_debug_enabled) return;

    if (debug_mutex_initialized == 1) {
	debug_mutex_initialized = 0;
	native_mutex_initialize(&debug_mutex);
    }

    va_start(args, fmt);
    vsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZ, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);

    DEBUG_OUT();
}
#endif

void
rb_vm_gvl_destroy(rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    gvl_release(vm);
    gvl_destroy(vm);
}

void
rb_thread_lock_unlock(rb_thread_lock_t *lock)
{
    native_mutex_unlock(lock);
}

void
rb_thread_lock_destroy(rb_thread_lock_t *lock)
{
    native_mutex_destroy(lock);
}

static int
set_unblock_function(rb_thread_t *th, rb_unblock_function_t *func, void *arg,
		     struct rb_unblock_callback *old, int fail_if_interrupted)
{
  check_ints:
    if (fail_if_interrupted) {
	if (RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(th)) {
	    return FALSE;
	}
    }
    else {
	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
    }

    native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    if (RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(th)) {
	native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
	goto check_ints;
    }
    else {
	if (old) *old = th->unblock;
	th->unblock.func = func;
	th->unblock.arg = arg;
    }
    native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);

    return TRUE;
}

static void
reset_unblock_function(rb_thread_t *th, const struct rb_unblock_callback *old)
{
    native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    th->unblock = *old;
    native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

static void
rb_threadptr_interrupt_common(rb_thread_t *th, int trap)
{
    native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    if (trap)
	RUBY_VM_SET_TRAP_INTERRUPT(th);
    else
	RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th);
    if (th->unblock.func) {
	(th->unblock.func)(th->unblock.arg);
    }
    else {
	/* none */
    }
    native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

void
rb_threadptr_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_threadptr_interrupt_common(th, 0);
}

void
rb_threadptr_trap_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_threadptr_interrupt_common(th, 1);
}

static int
terminate_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, rb_thread_t *main_thread)
{
    VALUE thval = key;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);

    if (th != main_thread) {
	thread_debug("terminate_i: %p\n", (void *)th);
	rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_enque(th, eTerminateSignal);
	rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
    }
    else {
	thread_debug("terminate_i: main thread (%p)\n", (void *)th);
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

typedef struct rb_mutex_struct
{
    rb_thread_lock_t lock;
    rb_thread_cond_t cond;
    struct rb_thread_struct volatile *th;
    int cond_waiting;
    struct rb_mutex_struct *next_mutex;
    int allow_trap;
} rb_mutex_t;

static void rb_mutex_abandon_all(rb_mutex_t *mutexes);
static const char* rb_mutex_unlock_th(rb_mutex_t *mutex, rb_thread_t volatile *th);

void
rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    const char *err;
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;
    rb_mutex_t *mutexes = th->keeping_mutexes;

    while (mutexes) {
	mutex = mutexes;
	/* rb_warn("mutex #<%p> remains to be locked by terminated thread",
		mutexes); */
	mutexes = mutex->next_mutex;
	err = rb_mutex_unlock_th(mutex, th);
	if (err) rb_bug("invalid keeping_mutexes: %s", err);
    }
}

void
rb_thread_terminate_all(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD(); /* main thread */
    rb_vm_t *vm = th->vm;

    if (vm->main_thread != th) {
	rb_bug("rb_thread_terminate_all: called by child thread (%p, %p)",
	       (void *)vm->main_thread, (void *)th);
    }

    /* unlock all locking mutexes */
    rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(th);

  retry:
    thread_debug("rb_thread_terminate_all (main thread: %p)\n", (void *)th);
    st_foreach(vm->living_threads, terminate_i, (st_data_t)th);

    while (!rb_thread_alone()) {
	int state;

	TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
	if ((state = TH_EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
	    native_sleep(th, 0);
	    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);
	}
	TH_POP_TAG();

	if (state) {
	    goto retry;
	}
    }
}

static void
thread_cleanup_func_before_exec(void *th_ptr)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = th_ptr;
    th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
    th->machine_stack_start = th->machine_stack_end = 0;
#ifdef __ia64
    th->machine_register_stack_start = th->machine_register_stack_end = 0;
#endif
}

static void
thread_cleanup_func(void *th_ptr, int atfork)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = th_ptr;

    th->locking_mutex = Qfalse;
    thread_cleanup_func_before_exec(th_ptr);

    /*
     * Unfortunately, we can't release native threading resource at fork
     * because libc may have unstable locking state therefore touching
     * a threading resource may cause a deadlock.
     */
    if (atfork)
	return;

    native_mutex_destroy(&th->interrupt_lock);
    native_thread_destroy(th);
}

static VALUE rb_threadptr_raise(rb_thread_t *, int, VALUE *);

void
ruby_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    native_thread_init_stack(th);
}

static int
thread_start_func_2(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE *stack_start, VALUE *register_stack_start)
{
    int state;
    VALUE args = th->first_args;
    rb_proc_t *proc;
    rb_thread_list_t *join_list;
    rb_thread_t *main_th;
    VALUE errinfo = Qnil;
# ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
    void rb_register_sigaltstack(rb_thread_t *th);

    rb_register_sigaltstack(th);
# endif

    if (th == th->vm->main_thread)
	rb_bug("thread_start_func_2 must not used for main thread");

    ruby_thread_set_native(th);

    th->machine_stack_start = stack_start;
#ifdef __ia64
    th->machine_register_stack_start = register_stack_start;
#endif
    thread_debug("thread start: %p\n", (void *)th);

    gvl_acquire(th->vm, th);
    {
	thread_debug("thread start (get lock): %p\n", (void *)th);
	rb_thread_set_current(th);

	TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
	if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
	    SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, {
		if (!th->first_func) {
		    GetProcPtr(th->first_proc, proc);
		    th->errinfo = Qnil;
		    th->root_lep = rb_vm_ep_local_ep(proc->block.ep);
		    th->root_svar = Qnil;
		    th->value = rb_vm_invoke_proc(th, proc,
						  (int)RARRAY_LEN(args), RARRAY_PTR(args), 0);
		}
		else {
		    th->value = (*th->first_func)((void *)args);
		}
	    });
	}
	else {
	    errinfo = th->errinfo;
	    if (state == TAG_FATAL) {
		/* fatal error within this thread, need to stop whole script */
	    }
	    else if (th->vm->thread_abort_on_exception ||
		     th->abort_on_exception || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
		/* exit on main_thread */
	    }
	    else {
		errinfo = Qnil;
	    }
	    th->value = Qnil;
	}
	TH_POP_TAG();

	th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
	thread_debug("thread end: %p\n", (void *)th);

	main_th = th->vm->main_thread;
	if (RB_TYPE_P(errinfo, T_OBJECT)) {
	    /* treat with normal error object */
	    rb_threadptr_raise(main_th, 1, &errinfo);
	}

	/* delete self other than main thread from living_threads */
	st_delete_wrap(th->vm->living_threads, th->self);
	if (rb_thread_alone()) {
	    /* I'm last thread. wake up main thread from rb_thread_terminate_all */
	    rb_threadptr_interrupt(main_th);
	}

	/* locking_mutex must be Qfalse */
	if (th->locking_mutex != Qfalse) {
	    rb_bug("thread_start_func_2: locking_mutex must not be set (%p:%"PRIxVALUE")",
		   (void *)th, th->locking_mutex);
	}
	rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(th);
	rb_check_deadlock(th->vm);

	/* wake up joining threads */
	join_list = th->join_list;
	while (join_list) {
	    rb_threadptr_interrupt(join_list->th);
	    switch (join_list->th->status) {
	      case THREAD_STOPPED: case THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER:
		join_list->th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
	      default: break;
	    }
	    join_list = join_list->next;
	}

	if (!th->root_fiber) {
	    rb_thread_recycle_stack_release(th->stack);
	    th->stack = 0;
	}
    }
    thread_cleanup_func(th, FALSE);
    gvl_release(th->vm);

    return 0;
}

static VALUE
thread_create_core(VALUE thval, VALUE args, VALUE (*fn)(ANYARGS))
{
    rb_thread_t *th, *current_th = GET_THREAD();
    int err;

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(GET_THREAD()->thgroup)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError,
		 "can't start a new thread (frozen ThreadGroup)");
    }
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);

    /* setup thread environment */
    th->first_func = fn;
    th->first_proc = fn ? Qfalse : rb_block_proc();
    th->first_args = args; /* GC: shouldn't put before above line */

    th->priority = current_th->priority;
    th->thgroup = current_th->thgroup;

    th->async_errinfo_queue = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
    th->async_errinfo_queue_checked = 0;
    th->async_errinfo_mask_stack = rb_ary_dup(current_th->async_errinfo_mask_stack);
    RBASIC(th->async_errinfo_mask_stack)->klass = 0;

    th->interrupt_mask = 0;

    native_mutex_initialize(&th->interrupt_lock);

    /* kick thread */
    err = native_thread_create(th);
    if (err) {
	th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't create Thread (%d)", err);
    }
    st_insert(th->vm->living_threads, thval, (st_data_t) th->thread_id);
    return thval;
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
thread_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    VALUE thread = rb_thread_alloc(klass);

    if (GET_VM()->main_thread->status == THREAD_KILLED)
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't alloc thread");

    rb_obj_call_init(thread, argc, argv);
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    if (!th->first_args) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "uninitialized thread - check `%s#initialize'",
		 rb_class2name(klass));
    }
    return thread;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.start([args]*) {|args| block }   -> thread
 *     Thread.fork([args]*) {|args| block }    -> thread
 *
 *  Basically the same as <code>Thread::new</code>. However, if class
 *  <code>Thread</code> is subclassed, then calling <code>start</code> in that
 *  subclass will not invoke the subclass's <code>initialize</code> method.
 */

static VALUE
thread_start(VALUE klass, VALUE args)
{
    return thread_create_core(rb_thread_alloc(klass), args, 0);
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
thread_initialize(VALUE thread, VALUE args)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "must be called with a block");
    }
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    if (th->first_args) {
	VALUE proc = th->first_proc, line, loc;
	const char *file;
        if (!proc || !RTEST(loc = rb_proc_location(proc))) {
            rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "already initialized thread");
        }
	file = RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_PTR(loc)[0]);
	if (NIL_P(line = RARRAY_PTR(loc)[1])) {
	    rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "already initialized thread - %s",
		     file);
	}
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "already initialized thread - %s:%d",
                 file, NUM2INT(line));
    }
    return thread_create_core(thread, args, 0);
}

VALUE
rb_thread_create(VALUE (*fn)(ANYARGS), void *arg)
{
    return thread_create_core(rb_thread_alloc(rb_cThread), (VALUE)arg, fn);
}


/* +infty, for this purpose */
#define DELAY_INFTY 1E30

struct join_arg {
    rb_thread_t *target, *waiting;
    double limit;
    int forever;
};

static VALUE
remove_from_join_list(VALUE arg)
{
    struct join_arg *p = (struct join_arg *)arg;
    rb_thread_t *target_th = p->target, *th = p->waiting;

    if (target_th->status != THREAD_KILLED) {
	rb_thread_list_t **p = &target_th->join_list;

	while (*p) {
	    if ((*p)->th == th) {
		*p = (*p)->next;
		break;
	    }
	    p = &(*p)->next;
	}
    }

    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
thread_join_sleep(VALUE arg)
{
    struct join_arg *p = (struct join_arg *)arg;
    rb_thread_t *target_th = p->target, *th = p->waiting;
    double now, limit = p->limit;

    while (target_th->status != THREAD_KILLED) {
	if (p->forever) {
	    sleep_forever(th, 1, 0);
	}
	else {
	    now = timeofday();
	    if (now > limit) {
		thread_debug("thread_join: timeout (thid: %p)\n",
			     (void *)target_th->thread_id);
		return Qfalse;
	    }
	    sleep_wait_for_interrupt(th, limit - now, 0);
	}
	thread_debug("thread_join: interrupted (thid: %p)\n",
		     (void *)target_th->thread_id);
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

static VALUE
thread_join(rb_thread_t *target_th, double delay)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    struct join_arg arg;

    if (th == target_th) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "Target thread must not be current thread");
    }
    if (GET_VM()->main_thread == target_th) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "Target thread must not be main thread");
    }

    arg.target = target_th;
    arg.waiting = th;
    arg.limit = timeofday() + delay;
    arg.forever = delay == DELAY_INFTY;

    thread_debug("thread_join (thid: %p)\n", (void *)target_th->thread_id);

    if (target_th->status != THREAD_KILLED) {
	rb_thread_list_t list;
	list.next = target_th->join_list;
	list.th = th;
	target_th->join_list = &list;
	if (!rb_ensure(thread_join_sleep, (VALUE)&arg,
		       remove_from_join_list, (VALUE)&arg)) {
	    return Qnil;
	}
    }

    thread_debug("thread_join: success (thid: %p)\n",
		 (void *)target_th->thread_id);

    if (target_th->errinfo != Qnil) {
	VALUE err = target_th->errinfo;

	if (FIXNUM_P(err)) {
	    /* */
	}
	else if (RB_TYPE_P(target_th->errinfo, T_NODE)) {
	    rb_exc_raise(rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(
		GET_THROWOBJ_STATE(err), GET_THROWOBJ_VAL(err)));
	}
	else {
	    /* normal exception */
	    rb_exc_raise(err);
	}
    }
    return target_th->self;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.join          -> thr
 *     thr.join(limit)   -> thr
 *
 *  The calling thread will suspend execution and run <i>thr</i>. Does not
 *  return until <i>thr</i> exits or until <i>limit</i> seconds have passed. If
 *  the time limit expires, <code>nil</code> will be returned, otherwise
 *  <i>thr</i> is returned.
 *
 *  Any threads not joined will be killed when the main program exits.  If
 *  <i>thr</i> had previously raised an exception and the
 *  <code>abort_on_exception</code> and <code>$DEBUG</code> flags are not set
 *  (so the exception has not yet been processed) it will be processed at this
 *  time.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { print "a"; sleep(10); print "b"; print "c" }
 *     x = Thread.new { print "x"; Thread.pass; print "y"; print "z" }
 *     x.join # Let x thread finish, a will be killed on exit.
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     axyz
 *
 *  The following example illustrates the <i>limit</i> parameter.
 *
 *     y = Thread.new { 4.times { sleep 0.1; puts 'tick... ' }}
 *     puts "Waiting" until y.join(0.15)
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     tick...
 *     Waiting
 *     tick...
 *     Waitingtick...
 *
 *
 *     tick...
 */

static VALUE
thread_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th;
    double delay = DELAY_INFTY;
    VALUE limit;

    GetThreadPtr(self, target_th);

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &limit);
    if (!NIL_P(limit)) {
	delay = rb_num2dbl(limit);
    }

    return thread_join(target_th, delay);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.value   -> obj
 *
 *  Waits for <i>thr</i> to complete (via <code>Thread#join</code>) and returns
 *  its value.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { 2 + 2 }
 *     a.value   #=> 4
 */

static VALUE
thread_value(VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(self, th);
    thread_join(th, DELAY_INFTY);
    return th->value;
}

/*
 * Thread Scheduling
 */

static struct timeval
double2timeval(double d)
{
    struct timeval time;

    time.tv_sec = (int)d;
    time.tv_usec = (int)((d - (int)d) * 1e6);
    if (time.tv_usec < 0) {
	time.tv_usec += (int)1e6;
	time.tv_sec -= 1;
    }
    return time;
}

static void
sleep_forever(rb_thread_t *th, int deadlockable,int spurious_check)
{
    enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;
    enum rb_thread_status status = deadlockable ? THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER : THREAD_STOPPED;

    th->status = status;
    do {
	if (deadlockable) {
	    th->vm->sleeper++;
	    rb_check_deadlock(th->vm);
	}
	native_sleep(th, 0);
	if (deadlockable) {
	    th->vm->sleeper--;
	}
	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);
    } while (spurious_check && th->status == status);
    th->status = prev_status;
}

static void
getclockofday(struct timeval *tp)
{
#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
    struct timespec ts;

    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) == 0) {
	tp->tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
	tp->tv_usec = ts.tv_nsec / 1000;
    } else
#endif
    {
        gettimeofday(tp, NULL);
    }
}

static void
sleep_timeval(rb_thread_t *th, struct timeval tv,int spurious_check)
{
    struct timeval to, tvn;
    enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;

    getclockofday(&to);
    to.tv_sec += tv.tv_sec;
    if ((to.tv_usec += tv.tv_usec) >= 1000000) {
	to.tv_sec++;
	to.tv_usec -= 1000000;
    }

    th->status = THREAD_STOPPED;
    do {
	native_sleep(th, &tv);
	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);
	getclockofday(&tvn);
	if (to.tv_sec < tvn.tv_sec) break;
	if (to.tv_sec == tvn.tv_sec && to.tv_usec <= tvn.tv_usec) break;
	thread_debug("sleep_timeval: %ld.%.6ld > %ld.%.6ld\n",
		     (long)to.tv_sec, (long)to.tv_usec,
		     (long)tvn.tv_sec, (long)tvn.tv_usec);
	tv.tv_sec = to.tv_sec - tvn.tv_sec;
	if ((tv.tv_usec = to.tv_usec - tvn.tv_usec) < 0) {
	    --tv.tv_sec;
	    tv.tv_usec += 1000000;
	}
    } while (spurious_check && th->status == THREAD_STOPPED);
    th->status = prev_status;
}

void
rb_thread_sleep_forever(void)
{
    thread_debug("rb_thread_sleep_forever\n");
    sleep_forever(GET_THREAD(), 0, 1);
}

static void
rb_thread_sleep_deadly(void)
{
    thread_debug("rb_thread_sleep_deadly\n");
    sleep_forever(GET_THREAD(), 1, 1);
}

static double
timeofday(void)
{
#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
    struct timespec tp;

    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp) == 0) {
        return (double)tp.tv_sec + (double)tp.tv_nsec * 1e-9;
    } else
#endif
    {
        struct timeval tv;
        gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
        return (double)tv.tv_sec + (double)tv.tv_usec * 1e-6;
    }
}

static void
sleep_wait_for_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th, double sleepsec,int spurious_check)
{
    sleep_timeval(th, double2timeval(sleepsec),spurious_check);
}

static void
sleep_for_polling(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    struct timeval time;
    time.tv_sec = 0;
    time.tv_usec = 100 * 1000;	/* 0.1 sec */
    sleep_timeval(th, time, 1);
}

void
rb_thread_wait_for(struct timeval time)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    sleep_timeval(th, time, 1);
}

void
rb_thread_polling(void)
{
    if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);
	sleep_for_polling(th);
    }
}

/*
 * CAUTION: This function causes thread switching.
 *          rb_thread_check_ints() check ruby's interrupts.
 *          some interrupt needs thread switching/invoke handlers,
 *          and so on.
 */

void
rb_thread_check_ints(void)
{
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(GET_THREAD());
}

/*
 * Hidden API for tcl/tk wrapper.
 * There is no guarantee to perpetuate it.
 */
int
rb_thread_check_trap_pending(void)
{
    return rb_signal_buff_size() != 0;
}

/* This function can be called in blocking region. */
int
rb_thread_interrupted(VALUE thval)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);
    return RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(th);
}

void
rb_thread_sleep(int sec)
{
    rb_thread_wait_for(rb_time_timeval(INT2FIX(sec)));
}

static void
rb_thread_schedule_limits(unsigned long limits_us)
{
    thread_debug("rb_thread_schedule\n");
    if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();

	if (th->running_time_us >= limits_us) {
	    thread_debug("rb_thread_schedule/switch start\n");
	    th->yielding = 1;
	    RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th);
	    gvl_yield(th->vm, th);
	    th->yielding = 0;
	    rb_thread_set_current(th);
	    thread_debug("rb_thread_schedule/switch done\n");
	}
    }
}

void
rb_thread_schedule(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *cur_th = GET_THREAD();
    rb_thread_schedule_limits(0);

    if (UNLIKELY(RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(cur_th))) {
	rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(cur_th, 0);
    }
}

/* blocking region */

static inline int
blocking_region_begin(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region,
		      rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *arg, int fail_if_interrupted)
{
    region->prev_status = th->status;
    if (set_unblock_function(th, ubf, arg, &region->oldubf, fail_if_interrupted)) {
	th->blocking_region_buffer = region;
	th->status = THREAD_STOPPED;
	thread_debug("enter blocking region (%p)\n", (void *)th);
	RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th);
	gvl_release(th->vm);
	return TRUE;
    }
    else {
	return FALSE;
    }
}

static inline void
blocking_region_end(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region)
{
    gvl_acquire(th->vm, th);
    rb_thread_set_current(th);
    thread_debug("leave blocking region (%p)\n", (void *)th);
    remove_signal_thread_list(th);
    th->blocking_region_buffer = 0;
    reset_unblock_function(th, &region->oldubf);
    if (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED) {
	th->status = region->prev_status;
    }
}

struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *
rb_thread_blocking_region_begin(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region = ALLOC(struct rb_blocking_region_buffer);
    blocking_region_begin(th, region, ubf_select, th, FALSE);
    return region;
}

void
rb_thread_blocking_region_end(struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region)
{
    int saved_errno = errno;
    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_thread_from_native();
    blocking_region_end(th, region);
    xfree(region);
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);
    errno = saved_errno;
}

static void *
call_without_gvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1,
		 rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2, int fail_if_interrupted)
{
    void *val = 0;

    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    int saved_errno = 0;

    th->waiting_fd = -1;
    if (ubf == RUBY_UBF_IO || ubf == RUBY_UBF_PROCESS) {
	ubf = ubf_select;
	data2 = th;
    }

    BLOCKING_REGION({
	val = func(data1);
	saved_errno = errno;
    }, ubf, data2, fail_if_interrupted);

    if (!fail_if_interrupted) {
	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);
    }

    errno = saved_errno;

    return val;
}

/*
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl - permit concurrent/parallel execution.
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl2 - permit concurrent/parallel execution
 *                               without interrupt proceess.
 *
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl() does:
 *   (1) Check interrupts.
 *   (2) release GVL.
 *       Other Ruby threads may run in parallel.
 *   (3) call func with data1
 *   (4) acquire GVL.
 *       Other Ruby threads can not run in parallel any more.
 *   (5) Check interrupts.
 *
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl2() does:
 *   (1) Check interrupt and return if interrupted.
 *   (2) release GVL.
 *   (3) call func with data1 and a pointer to the flags.
 *   (4) acquire GVL.
 *
 * If another thread interrupts this thread (Thread#kill, signal delivery,
 * VM-shutdown request, and so on), `ubf()' is called (`ubf()' means
 * "un-blocking function").  `ubf()' should interrupt `func()' execution by
 * toggling a cancellation flag, canceling the invocation of a call inside
 * `func()' or similar.  Note that `ubf()' may not be called with the GVL.
 *
 * There are built-in ubfs and you can specify these ubfs:
 *
 * * RUBY_UBF_IO: ubf for IO operation
 * * RUBY_UBF_PROCESS: ubf for process operation
 *
 * However, we can not guarantee our built-in ubfs interrupt your `func()'
 * correctly. Be careful to use rb_thread_call_without_gvl(). If you don't
 * provide proper ubf(), your program will not stop for Control+C or other
 * shutdown events.
 *
 * "Check interrupts" on above list means that check asynchronous
 * interrupt events (such as Thread#kill, signal delivery, VM-shutdown
 * request, and so on) and call corresponding procedures
 * (such as `trap' for signals, raise an exception for Thread#raise).
 * If `func()' finished and receive interrupts, you may skip interrupt
 * checking.  For example, assume the following func() it read data from file.
 *
 *   read_func(...) {
 *                   // (a) before read
 *     read(buffer); // (b) reading
 *                   // (c) after read
 *   }
 *
 * If an interrupt occurs at (a) or (b), then `ubf()' cancels this
 * `read_func()' and interrupts are checked. However, if an interrupt occurs
 * at (c), after *read* operation is completed, check intterrupts is harmful
 * because it causes irrevocable side-effect, the read data will vanish.  To
 * avoid such problem, the `read_func()' should be used with
 * `rb_thread_call_without_gvl2()'.
 *
 * If `rb_thread_call_without_gvl2()' detects interrupt, return its execution
 * immediately. This function does not show when the execution was interrupted.
 * For example, there are 4 possible timing (a), (b), (c) and before calling
 * read_func(). You need to record progress of a read_func() and check
 * the progress after `rb_thread_call_without_gvl2()'. You may need to call
 * `rb_thread_check_ints()' correctly or your program can not process proper
 * process such as `trap' and so on.
 *
 * NOTE: You can not execute most of Ruby C API and touch Ruby
 *       objects in `func()' and `ubf()', including raising an
 *       exception, because current thread doesn't acquire GVL
 *       (it causes synchronization problems).  If you need to
 *       call ruby functions either use rb_thread_call_with_gvl()
 *       or read source code of C APIs and confirm safety by
 *       yourself.
 *
 * NOTE: In short, this API is difficult to use safely.  I recommend you
 *       use other ways if you have.  We lack experiences to use this API.
 *       Please report your problem related on it.
 *
 * NOTE: Releasing GVL and re-acquiring GVL may be expensive operations
 *       for a short running `func()'. Be sure to benchmark and use this
 *       mechanism when `func()' consumes enough time.
 *
 * Safe C API:
 * * rb_thread_interrupted() - check interrupt flag
 * * ruby_xmalloc(), ruby_xrealloc(), ruby_xfree() -
 *   they will work without GVL, and may acquire GVL when GC is needed.
 */
void *
rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1,
			    rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2)
{
    return call_without_gvl(func, data1, ubf, data2, TRUE);
}

void *
rb_thread_call_without_gvl(void *(*func)(void *data), void *data1,
			    rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2)
{
    return call_without_gvl(func, data1, ubf, data2, FALSE);
}

VALUE
rb_thread_io_blocking_region(rb_blocking_function_t *func, void *data1, int fd)
{
    VALUE val = Qundef; /* shouldn't be used */
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    int saved_errno = 0;
    int state;

    th->waiting_fd = fd;

    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
	BLOCKING_REGION({
	    val = func(data1);
	    saved_errno = errno;
	}, ubf_select, th, FALSE);
    }
    TH_POP_TAG();

    /* clear waitinf_fd anytime */
    th->waiting_fd = -1;

    if (state) {
	JUMP_TAG(state);
    }
    /* TODO: check func() */
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);

    errno = saved_errno;

    return val;
}

VALUE
rb_thread_blocking_region(
    rb_blocking_function_t *func, void *data1,
    rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2)
{
    void *(*f)(void*) = (void *(*)(void*))func;
    return (VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(f, data1, ubf, data2);
}

/*
 * rb_thread_call_with_gvl - re-enter the Ruby world after GVL release.
 *
 * After releasing GVL using rb_thread_blocking_region() or
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl() you can not access Ruby values or invoke
 * methods. If you need to access Ruby you must use this function
 * rb_thread_call_with_gvl().
 *
 * This function rb_thread_call_with_gvl() does:
 * (1) acquire GVL.
 * (2) call passed function `func'.
 * (3) release GVL.
 * (4) return a value which is returned at (2).
 *
 * NOTE: You should not return Ruby object at (2) because such Object
 *       will not marked.
 *
 * NOTE: If an exception is raised in `func', this function DOES NOT
 *       protect (catch) the exception.  If you have any resources
 *       which should free before throwing exception, you need use
 *       rb_protect() in `func' and return a value which represents
 *       exception is raised.
 *
 * NOTE: This function should not be called by a thread which was not
 *       created as Ruby thread (created by Thread.new or so).  In other
 *       words, this function *DOES NOT* associate or convert a NON-Ruby
 *       thread to a Ruby thread.
 */
void *
rb_thread_call_with_gvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_thread_from_native();
    struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *brb;
    struct rb_unblock_callback prev_unblock;
    void *r;

    if (th == 0) {
	/* Error is occurred, but we can't use rb_bug()
	 * because this thread is not Ruby's thread.
         * What should we do?
	 */

	fprintf(stderr, "[BUG] rb_thread_call_with_gvl() is called by non-ruby thread\n");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    brb = (struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *)th->blocking_region_buffer;
    prev_unblock = th->unblock;

    if (brb == 0) {
	rb_bug("rb_thread_call_with_gvl: called by a thread which has GVL.");
    }

    blocking_region_end(th, brb);
    /* enter to Ruby world: You can access Ruby values, methods and so on. */
    r = (*func)(data1);
    /* leave from Ruby world: You can not access Ruby values, etc. */
    blocking_region_begin(th, brb, prev_unblock.func, prev_unblock.arg, FALSE);
    return r;
}

/*
 * ruby_thread_has_gvl_p - check if current native thread has GVL.
 *
 ***
 *** This API is EXPERIMENTAL!
 *** We do not guarantee that this API remains in ruby 1.9.2 or later.
 ***
 */

int
ruby_thread_has_gvl_p(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_thread_from_native();

    if (th && th->blocking_region_buffer == 0) {
	return 1;
    }
    else {
	return 0;
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    Thread.pass   -> nil
 *
 * Give the thread scheduler a hint to pass execution to another thread.
 * A running thread may or may not switch, it depends on OS and processor.
 */

static VALUE
thread_s_pass(VALUE klass)
{
    rb_thread_schedule();
    return Qnil;
}

/*****************************************************/

/*
 * rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_* - manage async errors queue
 *
 * Async events such as an exception throwed by Thread#raise,
 * Thread#kill and thread termination (after main thread termination)
 * will be queued to th->async_errinfo_queue.
 * - clear: clear the queue.
 * - enque: enque err object into queue.
 * - deque: deque err object from queue.
 * - active_p: return 1 if the queue should be checked.
 *
 * All rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_* functions are called by
 * a GVL acquired thread, of course.
 * Note that all "rb_" prefix APIs need GVL to call.
 */

void
rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_clear(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_ary_clear(th->async_errinfo_queue);
}

void
rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_enque(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE v)
{
    rb_ary_push(th->async_errinfo_queue, v);
    th->async_errinfo_queue_checked = 0;
}

enum interrupt_timing {
    INTERRUPT_NONE,
    INTERRUPT_IMMEDIATE,
    INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING,
    INTERRUPT_NEVER
};

static enum interrupt_timing
rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_check_mask(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE err)
{
    VALUE mask;
    long mask_stack_len = RARRAY_LEN(th->async_errinfo_mask_stack);
    VALUE *mask_stack = RARRAY_PTR(th->async_errinfo_mask_stack);
    VALUE ancestors = rb_mod_ancestors(err); /* TODO: GC guard */
    long ancestors_len = RARRAY_LEN(ancestors);
    VALUE *ancestors_ptr = RARRAY_PTR(ancestors);
    int i, j;

    for (i=0; i<mask_stack_len; i++) {
	mask = mask_stack[mask_stack_len-(i+1)];

	for (j=0; j<ancestors_len; j++) {
	    VALUE klass = ancestors_ptr[j];
	    VALUE sym;

	    /* TODO: remove rb_intern() */
	    if ((sym = rb_hash_aref(mask, klass)) != Qnil) {
		if (sym == ID2SYM(rb_intern("immediate"))) {
		    return INTERRUPT_IMMEDIATE;
		}
		else if (sym == ID2SYM(rb_intern("on_blocking"))) {
		    return INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING;
		}
		else if (sym == ID2SYM(rb_intern("never"))) {
		    return INTERRUPT_NEVER;
		}
		else {
		    rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "unknown mask signature");
		}
	    }
	}
	/* try to next mask */
    }
    return INTERRUPT_NONE;
}

static int
rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_empty_p(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    return RARRAY_LEN(th->async_errinfo_queue) == 0;
}

static VALUE
rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_deque(rb_thread_t *th, enum interrupt_timing timing)
{
#if 1 /* 1 to enable Thread#control_interrupt, 0 to ignore it */
    int i;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(th->async_errinfo_queue); i++) {
	VALUE err = RARRAY_PTR(th->async_errinfo_queue)[i];

	enum interrupt_timing mask_timing = rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_check_mask(th, CLASS_OF(err));

	switch (mask_timing) {
	  case INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING:
	    if (timing != INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING) {
		break;
	    }
	    /* fall through */
	  case INTERRUPT_NONE: /* default: IMMEDIATE */
	  case INTERRUPT_IMMEDIATE:
	    rb_ary_delete_at(th->async_errinfo_queue, i);
	    return err;
	  case INTERRUPT_NEVER:
	    break;
	}
    }

    th->async_errinfo_queue_checked = 1;
    return Qundef;
#else
    VALUE err = rb_ary_shift(th->async_errinfo_queue);
    if (rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_empty_p(th)) {
	th->async_errinfo_queue_checked = 1;
    }
    return err;
#endif
}

int
rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_active_p(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    /*
     * For optimization, we don't check async errinfo queue
     * if it nor a thread interrupt mask were not changed
     * since last check.
     */
    if (th->async_errinfo_queue_checked) {
	return 0;
    }

    if (rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_empty_p(th)) {
	return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

static VALUE
rb_threadptr_interrupt_mask(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE mask, VALUE (*func)(rb_thread_t *th))
{
    VALUE r = Qnil;
    int state;

    rb_ary_push(th->async_errinfo_mask_stack, mask);
    if (!rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_empty_p(th)) {
	th->async_errinfo_queue_checked = 0;
	RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th);
    }

    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
	r = func(th);
    }
    TH_POP_TAG();

    rb_ary_pop(th->async_errinfo_mask_stack);
    if (!rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_empty_p(th)) {
	th->async_errinfo_queue_checked = 0;
	RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th);
    }

    if (state) {
	JUMP_TAG(state);
    }

    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);

    return r;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   Thread.control_interrupt(hash) { ... } -> result of the block
 *
 * Thread.control_interrupt controls interrupt timing.
 *
 * _interrupt_ means asynchronous event and corresponding procedure
 * by Thread#raise, Thread#kill, signal trap (not supported yet)
 * and main thread termination (if main thread terminates, then all
 * other thread will be killed).
 *
 * _hash_ has pairs of ExceptionClass and TimingSymbol.  TimingSymbol
 * is one of them:
 * - :immediate   Invoke interrupt immediately.
 * - :on_blocking Invoke interrupt while _BlockingOperation_.
 * - :never       Never invoke interrupt.
 *
 * _BlockingOperation_ means that the operation will block the calling thread,
 * such as read and write.  On CRuby implementation, _BlockingOperation_ is
 * operation executed without GVL.
 *
 * Masked interrupts are delayed until they are enabled.
 * This method is similar to sigprocmask(3).
 *
 * TODO (DOC): control_interrupt is stacked.
 * TODO (DOC): check ancestors.
 * TODO (DOC): to prevent all interrupt, {Object => :never} works.
 *
 * NOTE: Asynchronous interrupts are difficult to use.
 *       If you need to communicate between threads,
 *       please consider to use another way such as Queue.
 *       Or use them with deep understanding about this method.
 *
 *
 *   # example: Guard from Thread#raise
 *   th = Thread.new do
 *     Thead.control_interrupt(RuntimeError => :never) {
 *       begin
 *         # Thread#raise doesn't interrupt here.
 *         # You can write resource allocation code safely.
 *         Thread.control_interrupt(RuntimeError => :immediate) {
 *           # ...
 *           # It is possible to be interrupted by Thread#raise.
 *         }
 *       ensure
 *         # Thread#raise doesn't interrupt here.
 *         # You can write resource dealocation code safely.
 *       end
 *     }
 *   end
 *   Thread.pass
 *   # ...
 *   th.raise "stop"
 *
 *   # example: Guard from TimeoutError
 *   require 'timeout'
 *   Thread.control_interrupt(TimeoutError => :never) {
 *     timeout(10){
 *       # TimeoutError doesn't occur here
 *       Thread.control_interrupt(TimeoutError => :on_blocking) {
 *         # possible to be killed by TimeoutError
 *         # while blocking operation
 *       }
 *       # TimeoutError doesn't occur here
 *     }
 *   }
 *
 *   # example: Stack control settings
 *   Thread.control_interrupt(FooError => :never) {
 *     Thread.control_interrupt(BarError => :never) {
 *        # FooError and BarError are prohibited.
 *     }
 *   }
 *
 *   # example: check ancestors
 *   Thread.control_interrupt(Exception => :never) {
 *     # all exceptions inherited from Exception are prohibited.
 *   }
 *
 */

static VALUE
control_interrupt_func(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    return rb_yield(Qnil);
}

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_control_interrupt(VALUE self, VALUE mask_arg)
{
    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "block is needed.");
    }

    return rb_threadptr_interrupt_mask(GET_THREAD(),
				       rb_convert_type(mask_arg, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash"),
				       control_interrupt_func);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   Thread.check_interrupt() -> nil
 *
 * Check queued interrupts.
 *
 * If there are queued interrupts, process respective procedures.
 *
 * This method can be defined as the following Ruby code:
 *
 *   def Thread.check_interrupt
 *     Thread.control_interrupt(Object => :immediate) {
 *       Thread.pass
 *     }
 *   end
 *
 * Examples:
 *
 *   th = Thread.new{
 *     Thread.control_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking){
 *       while true
 *         ...
 *         # reach safe point to invoke interrupt
 *         Thread.check_interrupt
 *         ...
 *       end
 *     }
 *   }
 *   ...
 *   th.raise # stop thread
 *
 * NOTE: This example can be described by the another code.
 *       You need to keep to avoid asynchronous interrupts.
 *
 *   flag = true
 *   th = Thread.new{
 *     Thread.control_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking){
 *       while true
 *         ...
 *         # reach safe point to invoke interrupt
 *         break if flag == false
 *         ...
 *       end
 *     }
 *   }
 *   ...
 *   flag = false # stop thread
 */

static VALUE
check_interrupt_func(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_check_interrupt(VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *cur_th = GET_THREAD();

    if (!rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_empty_p(cur_th)) {
	VALUE mask = rb_hash_new();
	rb_hash_aset(mask, rb_cObject, ID2SYM(rb_intern("immediate")));
	rb_threadptr_interrupt_mask(cur_th, mask, check_interrupt_func);
    }

    return Qnil;
}

static void
rb_threadptr_to_kill(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_clear(th);
    th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
    th->to_kill = 1;
    th->errinfo = INT2FIX(TAG_FATAL);
    TH_JUMP_TAG(th, TAG_FATAL);
}

void
rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(rb_thread_t *th, int blocking_timing)
{
    if (th->raised_flag) return;

    while (1) {
	rb_atomic_t interrupt;
	rb_atomic_t old;
	int sig;
	int timer_interrupt;
	int async_errinfo_interrupt;
	int finalizer_interrupt;
	int trap_interrupt;

	do {
	    interrupt = th->interrupt_flag;
	    old = ATOMIC_CAS(th->interrupt_flag, interrupt, interrupt & th->interrupt_mask);
	} while (old != interrupt);

	interrupt &= ~th->interrupt_mask;
	if (!interrupt)
	    return;

	timer_interrupt = interrupt & TIMER_INTERRUPT_MASK;
	async_errinfo_interrupt = interrupt & ASYNC_ERRINFO_INTERRUPT_MASK;
	finalizer_interrupt = interrupt & FINALIZER_INTERRUPT_MASK;
	trap_interrupt = interrupt & TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK;



	/* signal handling */
	if (trap_interrupt && (th == th->vm->main_thread)) {
	    enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;
	    th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
	    while ((sig = rb_get_next_signal()) != 0) {
		rb_signal_exec(th, sig);
	    }
	    th->status = prev_status;
	}

	/* exception from another thread */
	if (async_errinfo_interrupt && rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_active_p(th)) {
	    VALUE err = rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_deque(th, blocking_timing ? INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING : INTERRUPT_NONE);
	    thread_debug("rb_thread_execute_interrupts: %"PRIdVALUE"\n", err);

	    if (err == Qundef) {
		/* no error */
	    }
	    else if (err == eKillSignal      /* Thread#kill receieved */  ||
		     err == eTerminateSignal /* Terminate thread */ ) {
		rb_threadptr_to_kill(th);
	    }
	    else {
		/* set runnable if th was slept. */
		if (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED ||
		    th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER)
		    th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
		rb_exc_raise(err);
	    }
	}

	if (finalizer_interrupt) {
	    rb_gc_finalize_deferred();
	}

	if (timer_interrupt) {
	    unsigned long limits_us = TIME_QUANTUM_USEC;

	    if (th->priority > 0)
		limits_us <<= th->priority;
	    else
		limits_us >>= -th->priority;

	    if (th->status == THREAD_RUNNABLE)
		th->running_time_us += TIME_QUANTUM_USEC;

	    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_SWITCH, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, Qundef);

	    rb_thread_schedule_limits(limits_us);
	}
    }
}

void
rb_thread_execute_interrupts(VALUE thval)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);
    rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(th, 1);
}

static void
rb_threadptr_ready(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
}

static VALUE
rb_threadptr_raise(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, VALUE *argv)
{
    VALUE exc;

    if (rb_threadptr_dead(th)) {
	return Qnil;
    }

    if (argc == 0) {
	exc = rb_exc_new(rb_eRuntimeError, 0, 0);
    }
    else {
	exc = rb_make_exception(argc, argv);
    }
    rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_enque(th, exc);
    rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
    return Qnil;
}

void
rb_threadptr_signal_raise(rb_thread_t *th, int sig)
{
    VALUE argv[2];

    argv[0] = rb_eSignal;
    argv[1] = INT2FIX(sig);
    rb_threadptr_raise(th->vm->main_thread, 2, argv);
}

void
rb_threadptr_signal_exit(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    VALUE argv[2];

    argv[0] = rb_eSystemExit;
    argv[1] = rb_str_new2("exit");
    rb_threadptr_raise(th->vm->main_thread, 2, argv);
}

#if defined(POSIX_SIGNAL) && defined(SIGSEGV) && defined(HAVE_SIGALTSTACK)
#define USE_SIGALTSTACK
#endif

void
ruby_thread_stack_overflow(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    th->raised_flag = 0;
#ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
    rb_exc_raise(sysstack_error);
#else
    th->errinfo = sysstack_error;
    TH_JUMP_TAG(th, TAG_RAISE);
#endif
}

int
rb_threadptr_set_raised(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    if (th->raised_flag & RAISED_EXCEPTION) {
	return 1;
    }
    th->raised_flag |= RAISED_EXCEPTION;
    return 0;
}

int
rb_threadptr_reset_raised(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    if (!(th->raised_flag & RAISED_EXCEPTION)) {
	return 0;
    }
    th->raised_flag &= ~RAISED_EXCEPTION;
    return 1;
}

static int
thread_fd_close_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t data)
{
    int fd = (int)data;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr((VALUE)key, th);

    if (th->waiting_fd == fd) {
	VALUE err = th->vm->special_exceptions[ruby_error_closed_stream];
	rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_enque(th, err);
	rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

void
rb_thread_fd_close(int fd)
{
    st_foreach(GET_THREAD()->vm->living_threads, thread_fd_close_i, (st_index_t)fd);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.raise
 *     thr.raise(string)
 *     thr.raise(exception [, string [, array]])
 *
 *  Raises an exception (see <code>Kernel::raise</code>) from <i>thr</i>. The
 *  caller does not have to be <i>thr</i>.
 *
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 *     a = Thread.new { sleep(200) }
 *     a.raise("Gotcha")
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     prog.rb:3: Gotcha (RuntimeError)
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `initialize'
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `new'
 *     	from prog.rb:2
 */

static VALUE
thread_raise_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th;
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    GetThreadPtr(self, target_th);
    rb_threadptr_raise(target_th, argc, argv);

    /* To perform Thread.current.raise as Kernel.raise */
    if (th == target_th) {
	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
    }
    return Qnil;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.exit        -> thr or nil
 *     thr.kill        -> thr or nil
 *     thr.terminate   -> thr or nil
 *
 *  Terminates <i>thr</i> and schedules another thread to be run. If this thread
 *  is already marked to be killed, <code>exit</code> returns the
 *  <code>Thread</code>. If this is the main thread, or the last thread, exits
 *  the process.
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_kill(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;

    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (th != GET_THREAD() && th->safe_level < 4) {
	rb_secure(4);
    }
    if (th->to_kill || th->status == THREAD_KILLED) {
	return thread;
    }
    if (th == th->vm->main_thread) {
	rb_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }

    thread_debug("rb_thread_kill: %p (%p)\n", (void *)th, (void *)th->thread_id);

    if (th == GET_THREAD()) {
	/* kill myself immediately */
	rb_threadptr_to_kill(th);
    }
    else {
	rb_threadptr_async_errinfo_enque(th, eKillSignal);
	rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
    }
    return thread;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.kill(thread)   -> thread
 *
 *  Causes the given <em>thread</em> to exit (see <code>Thread::exit</code>).
 *
 *     count = 0
 *     a = Thread.new { loop { count += 1 } }
 *     sleep(0.1)       #=> 0
 *     Thread.kill(a)   #=> #<Thread:0x401b3d30 dead>
 *     count            #=> 93947
 *     a.alive?         #=> false
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_kill(VALUE obj, VALUE th)
{
    return rb_thread_kill(th);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.exit   -> thread
 *
 *  Terminates the currently running thread and schedules another thread to be
 *  run. If this thread is already marked to be killed, <code>exit</code>
 *  returns the <code>Thread</code>. If this is the main thread, or the last
 *  thread, exit the process.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_exit(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    return rb_thread_kill(th->self);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.wakeup   -> thr
 *
 *  Marks <i>thr</i> as eligible for scheduling (it may still remain blocked on
 *  I/O, however). Does not invoke the scheduler (see <code>Thread#run</code>).
 *
 *     c = Thread.new { Thread.stop; puts "hey!" }
 *     sleep 0.1 while c.status!='sleep'
 *     c.wakeup
 *     c.join
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     hey!
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_wakeup(VALUE thread)
{
    if (!RTEST(rb_thread_wakeup_alive(thread))) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "killed thread");
    }
    return thread;
}

VALUE
rb_thread_wakeup_alive(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (th->status == THREAD_KILLED) {
	return Qnil;
    }
    rb_threadptr_ready(th);
    if (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED || th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER)
	th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
    return thread;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.run   -> thr
 *
 *  Wakes up <i>thr</i>, making it eligible for scheduling.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { puts "a"; Thread.stop; puts "c" }
 *     sleep 0.1 while a.status!='sleep'
 *     puts "Got here"
 *     a.run
 *     a.join
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     a
 *     Got here
 *     c
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_run(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_wakeup(thread);
    rb_thread_schedule();
    return thread;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.stop   -> nil
 *
 *  Stops execution of the current thread, putting it into a ``sleep'' state,
 *  and schedules execution of another thread.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { print "a"; Thread.stop; print "c" }
 *     sleep 0.1 while a.status!='sleep'
 *     print "b"
 *     a.run
 *     a.join
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     abc
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_stop(void)
{
    if (rb_thread_alone()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError,
		 "stopping only thread\n\tnote: use sleep to stop forever");
    }
    rb_thread_sleep_deadly();
    return Qnil;
}

static int
thread_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, void *data)
{
    VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr((VALUE)key, th);

    switch (th->status) {
      case THREAD_RUNNABLE:
      case THREAD_STOPPED:
      case THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER:
	rb_ary_push(ary, th->self);
      default:
	break;
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

/********************************************************************/

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.list   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an array of <code>Thread</code> objects for all threads that are
 *  either runnable or stopped.
 *
 *     Thread.new { sleep(200) }
 *     Thread.new { 1000000.times {|i| i*i } }
 *     Thread.new { Thread.stop }
 *     Thread.list.each {|t| p t}
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     #<Thread:0x401b3e84 sleep>
 *     #<Thread:0x401b3f38 run>
 *     #<Thread:0x401b3fb0 sleep>
 *     #<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_list(void)
{
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
    st_foreach(GET_THREAD()->vm->living_threads, thread_list_i, ary);
    return ary;
}

VALUE
rb_thread_current(void)
{
    return GET_THREAD()->self;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.current   -> thread
 *
 *  Returns the currently executing thread.
 *
 *     Thread.current   #=> #<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>
 */

static VALUE
thread_s_current(VALUE klass)
{
    return rb_thread_current();
}

VALUE
rb_thread_main(void)
{
    return GET_THREAD()->vm->main_thread->self;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.main   -> thread
 *
 *  Returns the main thread.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_main(VALUE klass)
{
    return rb_thread_main();
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the status of the global ``abort on exception'' condition.  The
 *  default is <code>false</code>. When set to <code>true</code>, or if the
 *  global <code>$DEBUG</code> flag is <code>true</code> (perhaps because the
 *  command line option <code>-d</code> was specified) all threads will abort
 *  (the process will <code>exit(0)</code>) if an exception is raised in any
 *  thread. See also <code>Thread::abort_on_exception=</code>.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_abort_exc(void)
{
    return GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_abort_on_exception ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception= boolean   -> true or false
 *
 *  When set to <code>true</code>, all threads will abort if an exception is
 *  raised. Returns the new state.
 *
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 *     t1 = Thread.new do
 *       puts  "In new thread"
 *       raise "Exception from thread"
 *     end
 *     sleep(1)
 *     puts "not reached"
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     In new thread
 *     prog.rb:4: Exception from thread (RuntimeError)
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `initialize'
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `new'
 *     	from prog.rb:2
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_abort_exc_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
{
    rb_secure(4);
    GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_abort_on_exception = RTEST(val);
    return val;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.abort_on_exception   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the status of the thread-local ``abort on exception'' condition for
 *  <i>thr</i>. The default is <code>false</code>. See also
 *  <code>Thread::abort_on_exception=</code>.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_abort_exc(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    return th->abort_on_exception ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.abort_on_exception= boolean   -> true or false
 *
 *  When set to <code>true</code>, causes all threads (including the main
 *  program) to abort if an exception is raised in <i>thr</i>. The process will
 *  effectively <code>exit(0)</code>.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_abort_exc_set(VALUE thread, VALUE val)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    rb_secure(4);

    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    th->abort_on_exception = RTEST(val);
    return val;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.group   -> thgrp or nil
 *
 *  Returns the <code>ThreadGroup</code> which contains <i>thr</i>, or nil if
 *  the thread is not a member of any group.
 *
 *     Thread.main.group   #=> #<ThreadGroup:0x4029d914>
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_group(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    VALUE group;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    group = th->thgroup;

    if (!group) {
	group = Qnil;
    }
    return group;
}

static const char *
thread_status_name(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    switch (th->status) {
      case THREAD_RUNNABLE:
	if (th->to_kill)
	    return "aborting";
	else
	    return "run";
      case THREAD_STOPPED:
      case THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER:
	return "sleep";
      case THREAD_KILLED:
	return "dead";
      default:
	return "unknown";
    }
}

static int
rb_threadptr_dead(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    return th->status == THREAD_KILLED;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.status   -> string, false or nil
 *
 *  Returns the status of <i>thr</i>: ``<code>sleep</code>'' if <i>thr</i> is
 *  sleeping or waiting on I/O, ``<code>run</code>'' if <i>thr</i> is executing,
 *  ``<code>aborting</code>'' if <i>thr</i> is aborting, <code>false</code> if
 *  <i>thr</i> terminated normally, and <code>nil</code> if <i>thr</i>
 *  terminated with an exception.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { raise("die now") }
 *     b = Thread.new { Thread.stop }
 *     c = Thread.new { Thread.exit }
 *     d = Thread.new { sleep }
 *     d.kill                  #=> #<Thread:0x401b3678 aborting>
 *     a.status                #=> nil
 *     b.status                #=> "sleep"
 *     c.status                #=> false
 *     d.status                #=> "aborting"
 *     Thread.current.status   #=> "run"
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_status(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (rb_threadptr_dead(th)) {
	if (!NIL_P(th->errinfo) && !FIXNUM_P(th->errinfo)
	    /* TODO */ ) {
	    return Qnil;
	}
	return Qfalse;
    }
    return rb_str_new2(thread_status_name(th));
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.alive?   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>thr</i> is running or sleeping.
 *
 *     thr = Thread.new { }
 *     thr.join                #=> #<Thread:0x401b3fb0 dead>
 *     Thread.current.alive?   #=> true
 *     thr.alive?              #=> false
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_alive_p(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (rb_threadptr_dead(th))
	return Qfalse;
    return Qtrue;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.stop?   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>thr</i> is dead or sleeping.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { Thread.stop }
 *     b = Thread.current
 *     a.stop?   #=> true
 *     b.stop?   #=> false
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_stop_p(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (rb_threadptr_dead(th))
	return Qtrue;
    if (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED || th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER)
	return Qtrue;
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.safe_level   -> integer
 *
 *  Returns the safe level in effect for <i>thr</i>. Setting thread-local safe
 *  levels can help when implementing sandboxes which run insecure code.
 *
 *     thr = Thread.new { $SAFE = 3; sleep }
 *     Thread.current.safe_level   #=> 0
 *     thr.safe_level              #=> 3
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_safe_level(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    return INT2NUM(th->safe_level);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   thr.inspect   -> string
 *
 * Dump the name, id, and status of _thr_ to a string.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_inspect(VALUE thread)
{
    const char *cname = rb_obj_classname(thread);
    rb_thread_t *th;
    const char *status;
    VALUE str;

    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    status = thread_status_name(th);
    str = rb_sprintf("#<%s:%p %s>", cname, (void *)thread, status);
    OBJ_INFECT(str, thread);

    return str;
}

VALUE
rb_thread_local_aref(VALUE thread, ID id)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    st_data_t val;

    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && th != GET_THREAD()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: thread locals");
    }
    if (!th->local_storage) {
	return Qnil;
    }
    if (st_lookup(th->local_storage, id, &val)) {
	return (VALUE)val;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr[sym]   -> obj or nil
 *
 *  Attribute Reference---Returns the value of a fiber-local variable (current thread's root fiber
 *  if not explicitely inside a Fiber), using either a symbol or a string name.
 *  If the specified variable does not exist, returns <code>nil</code>.
 *
 *     [
 *       Thread.new { Thread.current["name"] = "A" },
 *       Thread.new { Thread.current[:name]  = "B" },
 *       Thread.new { Thread.current["name"] = "C" }
 *     ].each do |th|
 *       th.join
 *       puts "#{th.inspect}: #{th[:name]}"
 *     end
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     #<Thread:0x00000002a54220 dead>: A
 *     #<Thread:0x00000002a541a8 dead>: B
 *     #<Thread:0x00000002a54130 dead>: C
 *
 *  Thread#[] and Thread#[]= are not thread-local but fiber-local.
 *  This confusion did not exist in Ruby 1.8 because
 *  fibers were only available since Ruby 1.9.
 *  Ruby 1.9 chooses that the methods behaves fiber-local to save
 *  following idiom for dynamic scope.
 *
 *    def meth(newvalue)
 *      begin
 *        oldvalue = Thread.current[:name]
 *        Thread.current[:name] = newvalue
 *        yield
 *      ensure
 *        Thread.current[:name] = oldvalue
 *      end
 *    end
 *
 *  The idiom may not work as dynamic scope if the methods are thread-local
 *  and a given block switches fiber.
 *
 *    f = Fiber.new {
 *      meth(1) {
 *        Fiber.yield
 *      }
 *    }
 *    meth(2) {
 *      f.resume
 *    }
 *    f.resume
 *    p Thread.current[:name]
 *    #=> nil if fiber-local
 *    #=> 2 if thread-local (The value 2 is leaked to outside of meth method.)
 *
 *  For thread-local variables, please see <code>Thread#thread_local_get</code>
 *  and <code>Thread#thread_local_set</code>.
 *
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_aref(VALUE thread, VALUE id)
{
    return rb_thread_local_aref(thread, rb_to_id(id));
}

VALUE
rb_thread_local_aset(VALUE thread, ID id, VALUE val)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && th != GET_THREAD()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't modify thread locals");
    }
    if (OBJ_FROZEN(thread)) {
	rb_error_frozen("thread locals");
    }
    if (!th->local_storage) {
	th->local_storage = st_init_numtable();
    }
    if (NIL_P(val)) {
	st_delete_wrap(th->local_storage, id);
	return Qnil;
    }
    st_insert(th->local_storage, id, val);
    return val;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr[sym] = obj   -> obj
 *
 *  Attribute Assignment---Sets or creates the value of a fiber-local variable,
 *  using either a symbol or a string. See also <code>Thread#[]</code>.  For
 *  thread-local variables, please see <code>Thread#thread_variable_set</code>
 *  and <code>Thread#thread_variable_get</code>.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_aset(VALUE self, VALUE id, VALUE val)
{
    return rb_thread_local_aset(self, rb_to_id(id), val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr.thread_variable_get(key)  -> obj or nil
 *
 *  Returns the value of a thread local variable that has been set.  Note that
 *  these are different than fiber local values.  For fiber local values,
 *  please see Thread#[] and Thread#[]=.
 *
 *  Thread local values are carried along with threads, and do not respect
 *  fibers.  For example:
 *
 *    Thread.new {
 *      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar") # set a thread local
 *      Thread.current["foo"] = "bar"                    # set a fiber local
 *
 *      Fiber.new {
 *        Fiber.yield [
 *          Thread.current.thread_variable_get("foo"), # get the thread local
 *          Thread.current["foo"],                     # get the fiber local
 *        ]
 *      }.resume
 *    }.join.value # => ['bar', nil]
 *
 *  The value "bar" is returned for the thread local, where nil is returned
 *  for the fiber local.  The fiber is executed in the same thread, so the
 *  thread local values are available.
 *
 *  See also Thread#[]
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variable_get(VALUE thread, VALUE id)
{
    VALUE locals;
    rb_thread_t *th;

    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && th != GET_THREAD()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't modify thread locals");
    }

    locals = rb_iv_get(thread, "locals");
    return rb_hash_aref(locals, ID2SYM(rb_to_id(id)));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr.thread_variable_set(key, value)
 *
 *  Sets a thread local with +key+ to +value+.  Note that these are local to
 *  threads, and not to fibers.  Please see Thread#thread_variable_get and
 *  Thread#[] for more information.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variable_set(VALUE thread, VALUE id, VALUE val)
{
    VALUE locals;
    rb_thread_t *th;

    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (rb_safe_level() >= 4 && th != GET_THREAD()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't modify thread locals");
    }
    if (OBJ_FROZEN(thread)) {
	rb_error_frozen("thread locals");
    }

    locals = rb_iv_get(thread, "locals");
    return rb_hash_aset(locals, ID2SYM(rb_to_id(id)), val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.key?(sym)   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given string (or symbol) exists as a
 *  fiber-local variable.
 *
 *     me = Thread.current
 *     me[:oliver] = "a"
 *     me.key?(:oliver)    #=> true
 *     me.key?(:stanley)   #=> false
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_key_p(VALUE self, VALUE key)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    ID id = rb_to_id(key);

    GetThreadPtr(self, th);

    if (!th->local_storage) {
	return Qfalse;
    }
    if (st_lookup(th->local_storage, id, 0)) {
	return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

static int
thread_keys_i(ID key, VALUE value, VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(key));
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

static int
vm_living_thread_num(rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    return (int)vm->living_threads->num_entries;
}

int
rb_thread_alone(void)
{
    int num = 1;
    if (GET_THREAD()->vm->living_threads) {
	num = vm_living_thread_num(GET_THREAD()->vm);
	thread_debug("rb_thread_alone: %d\n", num);
    }
    return num == 1;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.keys   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an an array of the names of the fiber-local variables (as Symbols).
 *
 *     thr = Thread.new do
 *       Thread.current[:cat] = 'meow'
 *       Thread.current["dog"] = 'woof'
 *     end
 *     thr.join   #=> #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
 *     thr.keys   #=> [:dog, :cat]
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_keys(VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
    GetThreadPtr(self, th);

    if (th->local_storage) {
	st_foreach(th->local_storage, thread_keys_i, ary);
    }
    return ary;
}

static int
keys_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_push(ary, key);
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.thread_variables   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
 *
 *     thr = Thread.new do
 *       Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:cat, 'meow')
 *       Thread.current.thread_variable_set("dog", 'woof')
 *     end
 *     thr.join               #=> #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
 *     thr.thread_variables   #=> [:dog, :cat]
 *
 *  Note that these are not fiber local variables.  Please see Thread#[] and
 *  Thread#thread_variable_get for more details.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variables(VALUE thread)
{
    VALUE locals;
    VALUE ary;

    locals = rb_iv_get(thread, "locals");
    ary = rb_ary_new();
    rb_hash_foreach(locals, keys_i, ary);

    return ary;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.thread_variable?(key)   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given string (or symbol) exists as a
 *  thread-local variable.
 *
 *     me = Thread.current
 *     me.thread_variable_set(:oliver, "a")
 *     me.thread_variable?(:oliver)    #=> true
 *     me.thread_variable?(:stanley)   #=> false
 *
 *  Note that these are not fiber local variables.  Please see Thread#[] and
 *  Thread#thread_variable_get for more details.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variable_p(VALUE thread, VALUE key)
{
    VALUE locals;

    locals = rb_iv_get(thread, "locals");

    if (!RHASH(locals)->ntbl)
        return Qfalse;

    if (st_lookup(RHASH(locals)->ntbl, ID2SYM(rb_to_id(key)), 0)) {
	return Qtrue;
    }

    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.priority   -> integer
 *
 *  Returns the priority of <i>thr</i>. Default is inherited from the
 *  current thread which creating the new thread, or zero for the
 *  initial main thread; higher-priority thread will run more frequently
 *  than lower-priority threads (but lower-priority threads can also run).
 *
 *  This is just hint for Ruby thread scheduler.  It may be ignored on some
 *  platform.
 *
 *     Thread.current.priority   #=> 0
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_priority(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);
    return INT2NUM(th->priority);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.priority= integer   -> thr
 *
 *  Sets the priority of <i>thr</i> to <i>integer</i>. Higher-priority threads
 *  will run more frequently than lower-priority threads (but lower-priority
 *  threads can also run).
 *
 *  This is just hint for Ruby thread scheduler.  It may be ignored on some
 *  platform.
 *
 *     count1 = count2 = 0
 *     a = Thread.new do
 *           loop { count1 += 1 }
 *         end
 *     a.priority = -1
 *
 *     b = Thread.new do
 *           loop { count2 += 1 }
 *         end
 *     b.priority = -2
 *     sleep 1   #=> 1
 *     count1    #=> 622504
 *     count2    #=> 5832
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_priority_set(VALUE thread, VALUE prio)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    int priority;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    rb_secure(4);

#if USE_NATIVE_THREAD_PRIORITY
    th->priority = NUM2INT(prio);
    native_thread_apply_priority(th);
#else
    priority = NUM2INT(prio);
    if (priority > RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX) {
	priority = RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX;
    }
    else if (priority < RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN) {
	priority = RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN;
    }
    th->priority = priority;
#endif
    return INT2NUM(th->priority);
}

/* for IO */

#if defined(NFDBITS) && defined(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT)

/*
 * several Unix platforms support file descriptors bigger than FD_SETSIZE
 * in select(2) system call.
 *
 * - Linux 2.2.12 (?)
 * - NetBSD 1.2 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.25)
 *   select(2) documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
 *   http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?select++NetBSD-4.0
 * - FreeBSD 2.2 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.19)
 * - OpenBSD 2.0 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.4)
 *   select(2) documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
 *   http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=select&manpath=OpenBSD+4.4
 * - HP-UX documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
 *   http://docs.hp.com/en/B2355-60105/select.2.html
 * - Solaris 8 has select_large_fdset
 * - Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion)
 *   select(2) returns EINVAL if nfds is greater than FD_SET_SIZE and
 *   _DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT (or _DARWIN_C_SOURCE) isn't defined.
 *   http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#releasenotes/Darwin/SymbolVariantsRelNotes/_index.html
 *
 * When fd_set is not big enough to hold big file descriptors,
 * it should be allocated dynamically.
 * Note that this assumes fd_set is structured as bitmap.
 *
 * rb_fd_init allocates the memory.
 * rb_fd_term free the memory.
 * rb_fd_set may re-allocates bitmap.
 *
 * So rb_fd_set doesn't reject file descriptors bigger than FD_SETSIZE.
 */

void
rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    fds->maxfd = 0;
    fds->fdset = ALLOC(fd_set);
    FD_ZERO(fds->fdset);
}

void
rb_fd_init_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    size_t size = howmany(rb_fd_max(src), NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (size < sizeof(fd_set))
	size = sizeof(fd_set);
    dst->maxfd = src->maxfd;
    dst->fdset = xmalloc(size);
    memcpy(dst->fdset, src->fdset, size);
}

void
rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (fds->fdset) xfree(fds->fdset);
    fds->maxfd = 0;
    fds->fdset = 0;
}

void
rb_fd_zero(rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (fds->fdset)
	MEMZERO(fds->fdset, fd_mask, howmany(fds->maxfd, NFDBITS));
}

static void
rb_fd_resize(int n, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    size_t m = howmany(n + 1, NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);
    size_t o = howmany(fds->maxfd, NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (m < sizeof(fd_set)) m = sizeof(fd_set);
    if (o < sizeof(fd_set)) o = sizeof(fd_set);

    if (m > o) {
	fds->fdset = xrealloc(fds->fdset, m);
	memset((char *)fds->fdset + o, 0, m - o);
    }
    if (n >= fds->maxfd) fds->maxfd = n + 1;
}

void
rb_fd_set(int n, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    rb_fd_resize(n, fds);
    FD_SET(n, fds->fdset);
}

void
rb_fd_clr(int n, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (n >= fds->maxfd) return;
    FD_CLR(n, fds->fdset);
}

int
rb_fd_isset(int n, const rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (n >= fds->maxfd) return 0;
    return FD_ISSET(n, fds->fdset) != 0; /* "!= 0" avoids FreeBSD PR 91421 */
}

void
rb_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, const fd_set *src, int max)
{
    size_t size = howmany(max, NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (size < sizeof(fd_set)) size = sizeof(fd_set);
    dst->maxfd = max;
    dst->fdset = xrealloc(dst->fdset, size);
    memcpy(dst->fdset, src, size);
}

static void
rb_fd_rcopy(fd_set *dst, rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    size_t size = howmany(rb_fd_max(src), NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (size > sizeof(fd_set)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too large fdsets");
    }
    memcpy(dst, rb_fd_ptr(src), sizeof(fd_set));
}

void
rb_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    size_t size = howmany(rb_fd_max(src), NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (size < sizeof(fd_set))
	size = sizeof(fd_set);
    dst->maxfd = src->maxfd;
    dst->fdset = xrealloc(dst->fdset, size);
    memcpy(dst->fdset, src->fdset, size);
}

#ifdef __native_client__
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
           fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
#endif

int
rb_fd_select(int n, rb_fdset_t *readfds, rb_fdset_t *writefds, rb_fdset_t *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout)
{
    fd_set *r = NULL, *w = NULL, *e = NULL;
    if (readfds) {
        rb_fd_resize(n - 1, readfds);
        r = rb_fd_ptr(readfds);
    }
    if (writefds) {
        rb_fd_resize(n - 1, writefds);
        w = rb_fd_ptr(writefds);
    }
    if (exceptfds) {
        rb_fd_resize(n - 1, exceptfds);
        e = rb_fd_ptr(exceptfds);
    }
    return select(n, r, w, e, timeout);
}

#undef FD_ZERO
#undef FD_SET
#undef FD_CLR
#undef FD_ISSET

#define FD_ZERO(f)	rb_fd_zero(f)
#define FD_SET(i, f)	rb_fd_set((i), (f))
#define FD_CLR(i, f)	rb_fd_clr((i), (f))
#define FD_ISSET(i, f)	rb_fd_isset((i), (f))

#elif defined(_WIN32)

void
rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *set)
{
    set->capa = FD_SETSIZE;
    set->fdset = ALLOC(fd_set);
    FD_ZERO(set->fdset);
}

void
rb_fd_init_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    rb_fd_init(dst);
    rb_fd_dup(dst, src);
}

static void
rb_fd_rcopy(fd_set *dst, rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    int max = rb_fd_max(src);

    /* we assume src is the result of select() with dst, so dst should be
     * larger or equal than src. */
    if (max > FD_SETSIZE || (UINT)max > dst->fd_count) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too large fdsets");
    }

    memcpy(dst->fd_array, src->fdset->fd_array, max);
    dst->fd_count = max;
}

void
rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *set)
{
    xfree(set->fdset);
    set->fdset = NULL;
    set->capa = 0;
}

void
rb_fd_set(int fd, rb_fdset_t *set)
{
    unsigned int i;
    SOCKET s = rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fd);

    for (i = 0; i < set->fdset->fd_count; i++) {
        if (set->fdset->fd_array[i] == s) {
            return;
        }
    }
    if (set->fdset->fd_count >= (unsigned)set->capa) {
	set->capa = (set->fdset->fd_count / FD_SETSIZE + 1) * FD_SETSIZE;
	set->fdset = xrealloc(set->fdset, sizeof(unsigned int) + sizeof(SOCKET) * set->capa);
    }
    set->fdset->fd_array[set->fdset->fd_count++] = s;
}

#undef FD_ZERO
#undef FD_SET
#undef FD_CLR
#undef FD_ISSET

#define FD_ZERO(f)	rb_fd_zero(f)
#define FD_SET(i, f)	rb_fd_set((i), (f))
#define FD_CLR(i, f)	rb_fd_clr((i), (f))
#define FD_ISSET(i, f)	rb_fd_isset((i), (f))

#else
#define rb_fd_rcopy(d, s) (*(d) = *(s))
#endif

static int
do_select(int n, rb_fdset_t *read, rb_fdset_t *write, rb_fdset_t *except,
	  struct timeval *timeout)
{
    int UNINITIALIZED_VAR(result);
    int lerrno;
    rb_fdset_t UNINITIALIZED_VAR(orig_read);
    rb_fdset_t UNINITIALIZED_VAR(orig_write);
    rb_fdset_t UNINITIALIZED_VAR(orig_except);
    double limit = 0;
    struct timeval wait_rest;
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();

    if (timeout) {
	limit = timeofday();
	limit += (double)timeout->tv_sec+(double)timeout->tv_usec*1e-6;
	wait_rest = *timeout;
	timeout = &wait_rest;
    }

    if (read)
	rb_fd_init_copy(&orig_read, read);
    if (write)
	rb_fd_init_copy(&orig_write, write);
    if (except)
	rb_fd_init_copy(&orig_except, except);

  retry:
    lerrno = 0;

    BLOCKING_REGION({
	    result = native_fd_select(n, read, write, except, timeout, th);
	    if (result < 0) lerrno = errno;
	}, ubf_select, th, FALSE);

    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);

    errno = lerrno;

    if (result < 0) {
	switch (errno) {
	  case EINTR:
#ifdef ERESTART
	  case ERESTART:
#endif
	    if (read)
		rb_fd_dup(read, &orig_read);
	    if (write)
		rb_fd_dup(write, &orig_write);
	    if (except)
		rb_fd_dup(except, &orig_except);

	    if (timeout) {
		double d = limit - timeofday();

		wait_rest.tv_sec = (time_t)d;
		wait_rest.tv_usec = (int)((d-(double)wait_rest.tv_sec)*1e6);
		if (wait_rest.tv_sec < 0)  wait_rest.tv_sec = 0;
		if (wait_rest.tv_usec < 0) wait_rest.tv_usec = 0;
	    }

	    goto retry;
	  default:
	    break;
	}
    }

    if (read)
	rb_fd_term(&orig_read);
    if (write)
	rb_fd_term(&orig_write);
    if (except)
	rb_fd_term(&orig_except);

    return result;
}

static void
rb_thread_wait_fd_rw(int fd, int read)
{
    int result = 0;
    int events = read ? RB_WAITFD_IN : RB_WAITFD_OUT;

    thread_debug("rb_thread_wait_fd_rw(%d, %s)\n", fd, read ? "read" : "write");

    if (fd < 0) {
	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "closed stream");
    }
    if (rb_thread_alone()) return;
    while (result <= 0) {
	result = rb_wait_for_single_fd(fd, events, NULL);

	if (result < 0) {
	    rb_sys_fail(0);
	}
    }

    thread_debug("rb_thread_wait_fd_rw(%d, %s): done\n", fd, read ? "read" : "write");
}

void
rb_thread_wait_fd(int fd)
{
    rb_thread_wait_fd_rw(fd, 1);
}

int
rb_thread_fd_writable(int fd)
{
    rb_thread_wait_fd_rw(fd, 0);
    return TRUE;
}

int
rb_thread_select(int max, fd_set * read, fd_set * write, fd_set * except,
		 struct timeval *timeout)
{
    rb_fdset_t fdsets[3];
    rb_fdset_t *rfds = NULL;
    rb_fdset_t *wfds = NULL;
    rb_fdset_t *efds = NULL;
    int retval;

    if (read) {
	rfds = &fdsets[0];
	rb_fd_init(rfds);
	rb_fd_copy(rfds, read, max);
    }
    if (write) {
	wfds = &fdsets[1];
	rb_fd_init(wfds);
	rb_fd_copy(wfds, write, max);
    }
    if (except) {
	efds = &fdsets[2];
	rb_fd_init(efds);
	rb_fd_copy(efds, except, max);
    }

    retval = rb_thread_fd_select(max, rfds, wfds, efds, timeout);

    if (rfds) {
	rb_fd_rcopy(read, rfds);
	rb_fd_term(rfds);
    }
    if (wfds) {
	rb_fd_rcopy(write, wfds);
	rb_fd_term(wfds);
    }
    if (efds) {
	rb_fd_rcopy(except, efds);
	rb_fd_term(efds);
    }

    return retval;
}

int
rb_thread_fd_select(int max, rb_fdset_t * read, rb_fdset_t * write, rb_fdset_t * except,
		    struct timeval *timeout)
{
    if (!read && !write && !except) {
	if (!timeout) {
	    rb_thread_sleep_forever();
	    return 0;
	}
	rb_thread_wait_for(*timeout);
	return 0;
    }

    if (read) {
	rb_fd_resize(max - 1, read);
    }
    if (write) {
	rb_fd_resize(max - 1, write);
    }
    if (except) {
	rb_fd_resize(max - 1, except);
    }
    return do_select(max, read, write, except, timeout);
}

/*
 * poll() is supported by many OSes, but so far Linux is the only
 * one we know of that supports using poll() in all places select()
 * would work.
 */
#if defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(__linux__)
#  define USE_POLL
#endif

#ifdef USE_POLL

/* The same with linux kernel. TODO: make platform independent definition. */
#define POLLIN_SET (POLLRDNORM | POLLRDBAND | POLLIN | POLLHUP | POLLERR)
#define POLLOUT_SET (POLLWRBAND | POLLWRNORM | POLLOUT | POLLERR)
#define POLLEX_SET (POLLPRI)

#define TIMET_MAX (~(time_t)0 <= 0 ? (time_t)((~(unsigned_time_t)0) >> 1) : (time_t)(~(unsigned_time_t)0))
#define TIMET_MIN (~(time_t)0 <= 0 ? (time_t)(((unsigned_time_t)1) << (sizeof(time_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) : (time_t)0)

#ifndef HAVE_PPOLL
/* TODO: don't ignore sigmask */
int
ppoll(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds,
      const struct timespec *ts, const sigset_t *sigmask)
{
    int timeout_ms;

    if (ts) {
	int tmp, tmp2;

	if (ts->tv_sec > TIMET_MAX/1000)
	    timeout_ms = -1;
	else {
	    tmp = ts->tv_sec * 1000;
	    tmp2 = ts->tv_nsec / (1000 * 1000);
	    if (TIMET_MAX - tmp < tmp2)
		timeout_ms = -1;
	    else
		timeout_ms = tmp + tmp2;
	}
    }
    else
	timeout_ms = -1;

    return poll(fds, nfds, timeout_ms);
}
#endif

/*
 * returns a mask of events
 */
int
rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *tv)
{
    struct pollfd fds;
    int result, lerrno;
    double limit = 0;
    struct timespec ts;
    struct timespec *timeout = NULL;
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();

    if (tv) {
	ts.tv_sec = tv->tv_sec;
	ts.tv_nsec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
	limit = timeofday();
	limit += (double)tv->tv_sec + (double)tv->tv_usec * 1e-6;
	timeout = &ts;
    }

    fds.fd = fd;
    fds.events = (short)events;

retry:
    lerrno = 0;
    BLOCKING_REGION({
	result = ppoll(&fds, 1, timeout, NULL);
	if (result < 0) lerrno = errno;
    }, ubf_select, th, FALSE);

    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);

    if (result < 0) {
	errno = lerrno;
	switch (errno) {
	  case EINTR:
#ifdef ERESTART
	  case ERESTART:
#endif
	    if (timeout) {
		double d = limit - timeofday();

		ts.tv_sec = (long)d;
		ts.tv_nsec = (long)((d - (double)ts.tv_sec) * 1e9);
		if (ts.tv_sec < 0)
		    ts.tv_sec = 0;
		if (ts.tv_nsec < 0)
		    ts.tv_nsec = 0;
	    }
	    goto retry;
	}
	return -1;
    }

    if (fds.revents & POLLNVAL) {
	errno = EBADF;
	return -1;
    }

    /*
     * POLLIN, POLLOUT have a different meanings from select(2)'s read/write bit.
     * Therefore we need fix it up.
     */
    result = 0;
    if (fds.revents & POLLIN_SET)
	result |= RB_WAITFD_IN;
    if (fds.revents & POLLOUT_SET)
	result |= RB_WAITFD_OUT;
    if (fds.revents & POLLEX_SET)
	result |= RB_WAITFD_PRI;

    return result;
}
#else /* ! USE_POLL - implement rb_io_poll_fd() using select() */
static rb_fdset_t *
init_set_fd(int fd, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    rb_fd_init(fds);
    rb_fd_set(fd, fds);

    return fds;
}

struct select_args {
    union {
	int fd;
	int error;
    } as;
    rb_fdset_t *read;
    rb_fdset_t *write;
    rb_fdset_t *except;
    struct timeval *tv;
};

static VALUE
select_single(VALUE ptr)
{
    struct select_args *args = (struct select_args *)ptr;
    int r;

    r = rb_thread_fd_select(args->as.fd + 1,
                            args->read, args->write, args->except, args->tv);
    if (r == -1)
	args->as.error = errno;
    if (r > 0) {
	r = 0;
	if (args->read && rb_fd_isset(args->as.fd, args->read))
	    r |= RB_WAITFD_IN;
	if (args->write && rb_fd_isset(args->as.fd, args->write))
	    r |= RB_WAITFD_OUT;
	if (args->except && rb_fd_isset(args->as.fd, args->except))
	    r |= RB_WAITFD_PRI;
    }
    return (VALUE)r;
}

static VALUE
select_single_cleanup(VALUE ptr)
{
    struct select_args *args = (struct select_args *)ptr;

    if (args->read) rb_fd_term(args->read);
    if (args->write) rb_fd_term(args->write);
    if (args->except) rb_fd_term(args->except);

    return (VALUE)-1;
}

int
rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *tv)
{
    rb_fdset_t rfds, wfds, efds;
    struct select_args args;
    int r;
    VALUE ptr = (VALUE)&args;

    args.as.fd = fd;
    args.read = (events & RB_WAITFD_IN) ? init_set_fd(fd, &rfds) : NULL;
    args.write = (events & RB_WAITFD_OUT) ? init_set_fd(fd, &wfds) : NULL;
    args.except = (events & RB_WAITFD_PRI) ? init_set_fd(fd, &efds) : NULL;
    args.tv = tv;

    r = (int)rb_ensure(select_single, ptr, select_single_cleanup, ptr);
    if (r == -1)
	errno = args.as.error;

    return r;
}
#endif /* ! USE_POLL */

/*
 * for GC
 */

#ifdef USE_CONSERVATIVE_STACK_END
void
rb_gc_set_stack_end(VALUE **stack_end_p)
{
    VALUE stack_end;
    *stack_end_p = &stack_end;
}
#endif

void
rb_gc_save_machine_context(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
#ifdef __ia64
    th->machine_register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp();
#endif
    setjmp(th->machine_regs);
}

/*
 *
 */

void
rb_threadptr_check_signal(rb_thread_t *mth)
{
    /* mth must be main_thread */
    if (rb_signal_buff_size() > 0) {
	/* wakeup main thread */
	rb_threadptr_trap_interrupt(mth);
    }
}

static void
timer_thread_function(void *arg)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM(); /* TODO: fix me for Multi-VM */

    /* for time slice */
    if (!vm->running_thread->yielding) {
	RUBY_VM_SET_TIMER_INTERRUPT(vm->running_thread);
    }

    /* check signal */
    rb_threadptr_check_signal(vm->main_thread);

#if 0
    /* prove profiler */
    if (vm->prove_profile.enable) {
	rb_thread_t *th = vm->running_thread;

	if (vm->during_gc) {
	    /* GC prove profiling */
	}
    }
#endif
}

void
rb_thread_stop_timer_thread(int close_anyway)
{
    if (timer_thread_id && native_stop_timer_thread(close_anyway)) {
	native_reset_timer_thread();
    }
}

void
rb_thread_reset_timer_thread(void)
{
    native_reset_timer_thread();
}

void
rb_thread_start_timer_thread(void)
{
    system_working = 1;
    rb_thread_create_timer_thread();
}

static int
clear_coverage_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t dummy)
{
    int i;
    VALUE lines = (VALUE)val;

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(lines); i++) {
	if (RARRAY_PTR(lines)[i] != Qnil) {
	    RARRAY_PTR(lines)[i] = INT2FIX(0);
	}
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

static void
clear_coverage(void)
{
    VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
    if (RTEST(coverages)) {
	st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(coverages), clear_coverage_i, 0);
    }
}

static void
rb_thread_atfork_internal(int (*atfork)(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t))
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    rb_vm_t *vm = th->vm;
    VALUE thval = th->self;
    vm->main_thread = th;

    gvl_atfork(th->vm);
    st_foreach(vm->living_threads, atfork, (st_data_t)th);
    st_clear(vm->living_threads);
    st_insert(vm->living_threads, thval, (st_data_t)th->thread_id);
    vm->sleeper = 0;
    clear_coverage();
}

static int
terminate_atfork_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t current_th)
{
    VALUE thval = key;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);

    if (th != (rb_thread_t *)current_th) {
	if (th->keeping_mutexes) {
	    rb_mutex_abandon_all(th->keeping_mutexes);
	}
	th->keeping_mutexes = NULL;
	thread_cleanup_func(th, TRUE);
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

void
rb_thread_atfork(void)
{
    rb_thread_atfork_internal(terminate_atfork_i);
    GET_THREAD()->join_list = NULL;

    /* We don't want reproduce CVE-2003-0900. */
    rb_reset_random_seed();
}

static int
terminate_atfork_before_exec_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t current_th)
{
    VALUE thval = key;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);

    if (th != (rb_thread_t *)current_th) {
	thread_cleanup_func_before_exec(th);
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

void
rb_thread_atfork_before_exec(void)
{
    rb_thread_atfork_internal(terminate_atfork_before_exec_i);
}

struct thgroup {
    int enclosed;
    VALUE group;
};

static size_t
thgroup_memsize(const void *ptr)
{
    return ptr ? sizeof(struct thgroup) : 0;
}

static const rb_data_type_t thgroup_data_type = {
    "thgroup",
    {NULL, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, thgroup_memsize,},
};

/*
 * Document-class: ThreadGroup
 *
 *  <code>ThreadGroup</code> provides a means of keeping track of a number of
 *  threads as a group. A <code>Thread</code> can belong to only one
 *  <code>ThreadGroup</code> at a time; adding a thread to a new group will
 *  remove it from any previous group.
 *
 *  Newly created threads belong to the same group as the thread from which they
 *  were created.
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE group;
    struct thgroup *data;

    group = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    data->enclosed = 0;
    data->group = group;

    return group;
}

struct thgroup_list_params {
    VALUE ary;
    VALUE group;
};

static int
thgroup_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t data)
{
    VALUE thread = (VALUE)key;
    VALUE ary = ((struct thgroup_list_params *)data)->ary;
    VALUE group = ((struct thgroup_list_params *)data)->group;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (th->thgroup == group) {
	rb_ary_push(ary, thread);
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.list   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an array of all existing <code>Thread</code> objects that belong to
 *  this group.
 *
 *     ThreadGroup::Default.list   #=> [#<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>]
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_list(VALUE group)
{
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
    struct thgroup_list_params param;

    param.ary = ary;
    param.group = group;
    st_foreach(GET_THREAD()->vm->living_threads, thgroup_list_i, (st_data_t) & param);
    return ary;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.enclose   -> thgrp
 *
 *  Prevents threads from being added to or removed from the receiving
 *  <code>ThreadGroup</code>. New threads can still be started in an enclosed
 *  <code>ThreadGroup</code>.
 *
 *     ThreadGroup::Default.enclose        #=> #<ThreadGroup:0x4029d914>
 *     thr = Thread::new { Thread.stop }   #=> #<Thread:0x402a7210 sleep>
 *     tg = ThreadGroup::new               #=> #<ThreadGroup:0x402752d4>
 *     tg.add thr
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     ThreadError: can't move from the enclosed thread group
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_enclose(VALUE group)
{
    struct thgroup *data;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(group, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    data->enclosed = 1;

    return group;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.enclosed?   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns <code>true</code> if <em>thgrp</em> is enclosed. See also
 *  ThreadGroup#enclose.
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_enclosed_p(VALUE group)
{
    struct thgroup *data;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(group, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    if (data->enclosed)
	return Qtrue;
    return Qfalse;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.add(thread)   -> thgrp
 *
 *  Adds the given <em>thread</em> to this group, removing it from any other
 *  group to which it may have previously belonged.
 *
 *     puts "Initial group is #{ThreadGroup::Default.list}"
 *     tg = ThreadGroup.new
 *     t1 = Thread.new { sleep }
 *     t2 = Thread.new { sleep }
 *     puts "t1 is #{t1}"
 *     puts "t2 is #{t2}"
 *     tg.add(t1)
 *     puts "Initial group now #{ThreadGroup::Default.list}"
 *     puts "tg group now #{tg.list}"
 *
 *  <em>produces:</em>
 *
 *     Initial group is #<Thread:0x401bdf4c>
 *     t1 is #<Thread:0x401b3c90>
 *     t2 is #<Thread:0x401b3c18>
 *     Initial group now #<Thread:0x401b3c18>#<Thread:0x401bdf4c>
 *     tg group now #<Thread:0x401b3c90>
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_add(VALUE group, VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    struct thgroup *data;

    rb_secure(4);
    GetThreadPtr(thread, th);

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(group)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't move to the frozen thread group");
    }
    TypedData_Get_Struct(group, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    if (data->enclosed) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't move to the enclosed thread group");
    }

    if (!th->thgroup) {
	return Qnil;
    }

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(th->thgroup)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't move from the frozen thread group");
    }
    TypedData_Get_Struct(th->thgroup, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    if (data->enclosed) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError,
		 "can't move from the enclosed thread group");
    }

    th->thgroup = group;
    return group;
}


/*
 *  Document-class: Mutex
 *
 *  Mutex implements a simple semaphore that can be used to coordinate access to
 *  shared data from multiple concurrent threads.
 *
 *  Example:
 *
 *    require 'thread'
 *    semaphore = Mutex.new
 *
 *    a = Thread.new {
 *      semaphore.synchronize {
 *        # access shared resource
 *      }
 *    }
 *
 *    b = Thread.new {
 *      semaphore.synchronize {
 *        # access shared resource
 *      }
 *    }
 *
 */

#define GetMutexPtr(obj, tobj) \
    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), rb_mutex_t, &mutex_data_type, (tobj))

static const char *rb_mutex_unlock_th(rb_mutex_t *mutex, rb_thread_t volatile *th);

#define mutex_mark NULL

static void
mutex_free(void *ptr)
{
    if (ptr) {
	rb_mutex_t *mutex = ptr;
	if (mutex->th) {
	    /* rb_warn("free locked mutex"); */
	    const char *err = rb_mutex_unlock_th(mutex, mutex->th);
	    if (err) rb_bug("%s", err);
	}
	native_mutex_destroy(&mutex->lock);
	native_cond_destroy(&mutex->cond);
    }
    ruby_xfree(ptr);
}

static size_t
mutex_memsize(const void *ptr)
{
    return ptr ? sizeof(rb_mutex_t) : 0;
}

static const rb_data_type_t mutex_data_type = {
    "mutex",
    {mutex_mark, mutex_free, mutex_memsize,},
};

VALUE
rb_obj_is_mutex(VALUE obj)
{
    if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &mutex_data_type)) {
	return Qtrue;
    }
    else {
	return Qfalse;
    }
}

static VALUE
mutex_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE volatile obj;
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;

    obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_mutex_t, &mutex_data_type, mutex);
    native_mutex_initialize(&mutex->lock);
    native_cond_initialize(&mutex->cond, RB_CONDATTR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
    return obj;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Mutex.new   -> mutex
 *
 *  Creates a new Mutex
 */
static VALUE
mutex_initialize(VALUE self)
{
    return self;
}

VALUE
rb_mutex_new(void)
{
    return mutex_alloc(rb_cMutex);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    mutex.locked?  -> true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if this lock is currently held by some thread.
 */
VALUE
rb_mutex_locked_p(VALUE self)
{
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;
    GetMutexPtr(self, mutex);
    return mutex->th ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

static void
mutex_locked(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE self)
{
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;
    GetMutexPtr(self, mutex);

    if (th->keeping_mutexes) {
	mutex->next_mutex = th->keeping_mutexes;
    }
    th->keeping_mutexes = mutex;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    mutex.try_lock  -> true or false
 *
 * Attempts to obtain the lock and returns immediately. Returns +true+ if the
 * lock was granted.
 */
VALUE
rb_mutex_trylock(VALUE self)
{
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;
    VALUE locked = Qfalse;
    GetMutexPtr(self, mutex);

    native_mutex_lock(&mutex->lock);
    if (mutex->th == 0) {
	mutex->th = GET_THREAD();
	locked = Qtrue;

	mutex_locked(GET_THREAD(), self);
    }
    native_mutex_unlock(&mutex->lock);

    return locked;
}

static int
lock_func(rb_thread_t *th, rb_mutex_t *mutex, int timeout_ms)
{
    int interrupted = 0;
    int err = 0;

    mutex->cond_waiting++;
    for (;;) {
	if (!mutex->th) {
	    mutex->th = th;
	    break;
	}
	if (RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(th)) {
	    interrupted = 1;
	    break;
	}
	if (err == ETIMEDOUT) {
	    interrupted = 2;
	    break;
	}

	if (timeout_ms) {
	    struct timespec timeout_rel;
	    struct timespec timeout;

	    timeout_rel.tv_sec = 0;
	    timeout_rel.tv_nsec = timeout_ms * 1000 * 1000;
	    timeout = native_cond_timeout(&mutex->cond, timeout_rel);
	    err = native_cond_timedwait(&mutex->cond, &mutex->lock, &timeout);
	}
	else {
	    native_cond_wait(&mutex->cond, &mutex->lock);
	    err = 0;
	}
    }
    mutex->cond_waiting--;

    return interrupted;
}

static void
lock_interrupt(void *ptr)
{
    rb_mutex_t *mutex = (rb_mutex_t *)ptr;
    native_mutex_lock(&mutex->lock);
    if (mutex->cond_waiting > 0)
	native_cond_broadcast(&mutex->cond);
    native_mutex_unlock(&mutex->lock);
}

/*
 * At maximum, only one thread can use cond_timedwait and watch deadlock
 * periodically. Multiple polling thread (i.e. concurrent deadlock check)
 * introduces new race conditions. [Bug #6278] [ruby-core:44275]
 */
static const rb_thread_t *patrol_thread = NULL;

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    mutex.lock  -> self
 *
 * Attempts to grab the lock and waits if it isn't available.
 * Raises +ThreadError+ if +mutex+ was locked by the current thread.
 */
VALUE
rb_mutex_lock(VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;
    GetMutexPtr(self, mutex);

    /* When running trap handler */
    if (!mutex->allow_trap && th->interrupt_mask & TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't be called from trap context");
    }

    if (rb_mutex_trylock(self) == Qfalse) {
	if (mutex->th == GET_THREAD()) {
	    rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "deadlock; recursive locking");
	}

	while (mutex->th != th) {
	    int interrupted;
	    enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;
	    int timeout_ms = 0;
	    struct rb_unblock_callback oldubf;

	    set_unblock_function(th, lock_interrupt, mutex, &oldubf, FALSE);
	    th->status = THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER;
	    th->locking_mutex = self;

	    native_mutex_lock(&mutex->lock);
	    th->vm->sleeper++;
	    /*
	     * Carefully! while some contended threads are in lock_func(),
	     * vm->sleepr is unstable value. we have to avoid both deadlock
	     * and busy loop.
	     */
	    if ((vm_living_thread_num(th->vm) == th->vm->sleeper) &&
		!patrol_thread) {
		timeout_ms = 100;
		patrol_thread = th;
	    }

	    GVL_UNLOCK_BEGIN();
	    interrupted = lock_func(th, mutex, timeout_ms);
	    native_mutex_unlock(&mutex->lock);
	    GVL_UNLOCK_END();

	    if (patrol_thread == th)
		patrol_thread = NULL;

	    reset_unblock_function(th, &oldubf);

	    th->locking_mutex = Qfalse;
	    if (mutex->th && interrupted == 2) {
		rb_check_deadlock(th->vm);
	    }
	    if (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER) {
		th->status = prev_status;
	    }
	    th->vm->sleeper--;

	    if (mutex->th == th) mutex_locked(th, self);

	    if (interrupted) {
		RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th);
	    }
	}
    }
    return self;
}

static const char *
rb_mutex_unlock_th(rb_mutex_t *mutex, rb_thread_t volatile *th)
{
    const char *err = NULL;

    native_mutex_lock(&mutex->lock);

    if (mutex->th == 0) {
	err = "Attempt to unlock a mutex which is not locked";
    }
    else if (mutex->th != th) {
	err = "Attempt to unlock a mutex which is locked by another thread";
    }
    else {
	mutex->th = 0;
	if (mutex->cond_waiting > 0)
	    native_cond_signal(&mutex->cond);
    }

    native_mutex_unlock(&mutex->lock);

    if (!err) {
	rb_mutex_t *volatile *th_mutex = &th->keeping_mutexes;
	while (*th_mutex != mutex) {
	    th_mutex = &(*th_mutex)->next_mutex;
	}
	*th_mutex = mutex->next_mutex;
	mutex->next_mutex = NULL;
    }

    return err;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    mutex.unlock    -> self
 *
 * Releases the lock.
 * Raises +ThreadError+ if +mutex+ wasn't locked by the current thread.
 */
VALUE
rb_mutex_unlock(VALUE self)
{
    const char *err;
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;
    GetMutexPtr(self, mutex);

    /* When running trap handler */
    if (!mutex->allow_trap && GET_THREAD()->interrupt_mask & TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't be called from trap context");
    }

    err = rb_mutex_unlock_th(mutex, GET_THREAD());
    if (err) rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "%s", err);

    return self;
}

static void
rb_mutex_abandon_all(rb_mutex_t *mutexes)
{
    rb_mutex_t *mutex;

    while (mutexes) {
	mutex = mutexes;
	mutexes = mutex->next_mutex;
	mutex->th = 0;
	mutex->next_mutex = 0;
    }
}

static VALUE
rb_mutex_sleep_forever(VALUE time)
{
    sleep_forever(GET_THREAD(), 1, 0); /* permit spurious check */
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
rb_mutex_wait_for(VALUE time)
{
    struct timeval *t = (struct timeval *)time;
    sleep_timeval(GET_THREAD(), *t, 0); /* permit spurious check */
    return Qnil;
}

VALUE
rb_mutex_sleep(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
{
    time_t beg, end;
    struct timeval t;

    if (!NIL_P(timeout)) {
        t = rb_time_interval(timeout);
    }
    rb_mutex_unlock(self);
    beg = time(0);
    if (NIL_P(timeout)) {
	rb_ensure(rb_mutex_sleep_forever, Qnil, rb_mutex_lock, self);
    }
    else {
	rb_ensure(rb_mutex_wait_for, (VALUE)&t, rb_mutex_lock, self);
    }
    end = time(0) - beg;
    return INT2FIX(end);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    mutex.sleep(timeout = nil)    -> number
 *
 * Releases the lock and sleeps +timeout+ seconds if it is given and
 * non-nil or forever.  Raises +ThreadError+ if +mutex+ wasn't locked by
 * the current thread.
 *
 * Note that this method can wakeup without explicit Thread#wakeup call.
 * For example, receiving signal and so on.
 */
static VALUE
mutex_sleep(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE timeout;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &timeout);
    return rb_mutex_sleep(self, timeout);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    mutex.synchronize { ... }    -> result of the block
 *
 * Obtains a lock, runs the block, and releases the lock when the block
 * completes.  See the example under +Mutex+.
 */

VALUE
rb_mutex_synchronize(VALUE mutex, VALUE (*func)(VALUE arg), VALUE arg)
{
    rb_mutex_lock(mutex);
    return rb_ensure(func, arg, rb_mutex_unlock, mutex);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    mutex.synchronize { ... }    -> result of the block
 *
 * Obtains a lock, runs the block, and releases the lock when the block
 * completes.  See the example under +Mutex+.
 */
static VALUE
rb_mutex_synchronize_m(VALUE self, VALUE args)
{
    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
	rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "must be called with a block");
    }

    return rb_mutex_synchronize(self, rb_yield, Qnil);
}

void rb_mutex_allow_trap(VALUE self, int val)
{
    rb_mutex_t *m;
    GetMutexPtr(self, m);

    m->allow_trap = val;
}

/*
 * Document-class: ThreadShield
 */
static void
thread_shield_mark(void *ptr)
{
    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)ptr);
}

static const rb_data_type_t thread_shield_data_type = {
    "thread_shield",
    {thread_shield_mark, 0, 0,},
};

static VALUE
thread_shield_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &thread_shield_data_type, (void *)mutex_alloc(0));
}

#define GetThreadShieldPtr(obj) ((VALUE)rb_check_typeddata((obj), &thread_shield_data_type))
#define THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK (FL_USER0|FL_USER1|FL_USER2|FL_USER3|FL_USER4|FL_USER5|FL_USER6|FL_USER7|FL_USER8|FL_USER9|FL_USER10|FL_USER11|FL_USER12|FL_USER13|FL_USER14|FL_USER15|FL_USER16|FL_USER17|FL_USER18|FL_USER19)
#define THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT (FL_USHIFT)
#define rb_thread_shield_waiting(b) (int)((RBASIC(b)->flags&THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK)>>THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT)

static inline void
rb_thread_shield_waiting_inc(VALUE b)
{
    unsigned int w = rb_thread_shield_waiting(b);
    w++;
    if (w > (unsigned int)(THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK>>THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT))
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "waiting count overflow");
    RBASIC(b)->flags &= ~THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK;
    RBASIC(b)->flags |= ((VALUE)w << THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT);
}

static inline void
rb_thread_shield_waiting_dec(VALUE b)
{
    unsigned int w = rb_thread_shield_waiting(b);
    if (!w) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "waiting count underflow");
    w--;
    RBASIC(b)->flags &= ~THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK;
    RBASIC(b)->flags |= ((VALUE)w << THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT);
}

VALUE
rb_thread_shield_new(void)
{
    VALUE thread_shield = thread_shield_alloc(rb_cThreadShield);
    rb_mutex_lock((VALUE)DATA_PTR(thread_shield));
    return thread_shield;
}

/*
 * Wait a thread shield.
 *
 * Returns
 *  true:  acquired the thread shield
 *  false: the thread shield was destroyed and no other threads waiting
 *  nil:   the thread shield was destroyed but still in use
 */
VALUE
rb_thread_shield_wait(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = GetThreadShieldPtr(self);
    rb_mutex_t *m;

    if (!mutex) return Qfalse;
    GetMutexPtr(mutex, m);
    if (m->th == GET_THREAD()) return Qnil;
    rb_thread_shield_waiting_inc(self);
    rb_mutex_lock(mutex);
    rb_thread_shield_waiting_dec(self);
    if (DATA_PTR(self)) return Qtrue;
    rb_mutex_unlock(mutex);
    return rb_thread_shield_waiting(self) > 0 ? Qnil : Qfalse;
}

/*
 * Release a thread shield, and return true if it has waiting threads.
 */
VALUE
rb_thread_shield_release(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = GetThreadShieldPtr(self);
    rb_mutex_unlock(mutex);
    return rb_thread_shield_waiting(self) > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

/*
 * Release and destroy a thread shield, and return true if it has waiting threads.
 */
VALUE
rb_thread_shield_destroy(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = GetThreadShieldPtr(self);
    DATA_PTR(self) = 0;
    rb_mutex_unlock(mutex);
    return rb_thread_shield_waiting(self) > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

/* variables for recursive traversals */
static ID recursive_key;

/*
 * Returns the current "recursive list" used to detect recursion.
 * This list is a hash table, unique for the current thread and for
 * the current __callee__.
 */

static VALUE
recursive_list_access(void)
{
    volatile VALUE hash = rb_thread_local_aref(rb_thread_current(), recursive_key);
    VALUE sym = ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func());
    VALUE list;
    if (NIL_P(hash) || !RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH)) {
	hash = rb_hash_new();
	OBJ_UNTRUST(hash);
	rb_thread_local_aset(rb_thread_current(), recursive_key, hash);
	list = Qnil;
    }
    else {
	list = rb_hash_aref(hash, sym);
    }
    if (NIL_P(list) || !RB_TYPE_P(list, T_HASH)) {
	list = rb_hash_new();
	OBJ_UNTRUST(list);
	rb_hash_aset(hash, sym, list);
    }
    return list;
}

/*
 * Returns Qtrue iff obj_id (or the pair <obj, paired_obj>) is already
 * in the recursion list.
 * Assumes the recursion list is valid.
 */

static VALUE
recursive_check(VALUE list, VALUE obj_id, VALUE paired_obj_id)
{
    VALUE pair_list = rb_hash_lookup2(list, obj_id, Qundef);
    if (pair_list == Qundef)
	return Qfalse;
    if (paired_obj_id) {
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(pair_list, T_HASH)) {
	if (pair_list != paired_obj_id)
	    return Qfalse;
	}
	else {
	if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(pair_list, paired_obj_id)))
	    return Qfalse;
	}
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

/*
 * Pushes obj_id (or the pair <obj_id, paired_obj_id>) in the recursion list.
 * For a single obj_id, it sets list[obj_id] to Qtrue.
 * For a pair, it sets list[obj_id] to paired_obj_id if possible,
 * otherwise list[obj_id] becomes a hash like:
 *   {paired_obj_id_1 => true, paired_obj_id_2 => true, ... }
 * Assumes the recursion list is valid.
 */

static void
recursive_push(VALUE list, VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj)
{
    VALUE pair_list;

    if (!paired_obj) {
	rb_hash_aset(list, obj, Qtrue);
    }
    else if ((pair_list = rb_hash_lookup2(list, obj, Qundef)) == Qundef) {
	rb_hash_aset(list, obj, paired_obj);
    }
    else {
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(pair_list, T_HASH)){
	    VALUE other_paired_obj = pair_list;
	    pair_list = rb_hash_new();
	    OBJ_UNTRUST(pair_list);
	    rb_hash_aset(pair_list, other_paired_obj, Qtrue);
	    rb_hash_aset(list, obj, pair_list);
	}
	rb_hash_aset(pair_list, paired_obj, Qtrue);
    }
}

/*
 * Pops obj_id (or the pair <obj_id, paired_obj_id>) from the recursion list.
 * For a pair, if list[obj_id] is a hash, then paired_obj_id is
 * removed from the hash and no attempt is made to simplify
 * list[obj_id] from {only_one_paired_id => true} to only_one_paired_id
 * Assumes the recursion list is valid.
 */

static void
recursive_pop(VALUE list, VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj)
{
    if (paired_obj) {
	VALUE pair_list = rb_hash_lookup2(list, obj, Qundef);
	if (pair_list == Qundef) {
	    VALUE symname = rb_inspect(ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()));
	    VALUE thrname = rb_inspect(rb_thread_current());
	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid inspect_tbl pair_list for %s in %s",
		     StringValuePtr(symname), StringValuePtr(thrname));
	}
	if (RB_TYPE_P(pair_list, T_HASH)) {
	    rb_hash_delete(pair_list, paired_obj);
	    if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(pair_list)) {
		return; /* keep hash until is empty */
	    }
	}
    }
    rb_hash_delete(list, obj);
}

struct exec_recursive_params {
    VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int);
    VALUE list;
    VALUE obj;
    VALUE objid;
    VALUE pairid;
    VALUE arg;
};

static VALUE
exec_recursive_i(VALUE tag, struct exec_recursive_params *p)
{
    VALUE result = Qundef;
    int state;

    recursive_push(p->list, p->objid, p->pairid);
    PUSH_TAG();
    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
	result = (*p->func)(p->obj, p->arg, FALSE);
    }
    POP_TAG();
    recursive_pop(p->list, p->objid, p->pairid);
    if (state)
	JUMP_TAG(state);
    return result;
}

/*
 * Calls func(obj, arg, recursive), where recursive is non-zero if the
 * current method is called recursively on obj, or on the pair <obj, pairid>
 * If outer is 0, then the innermost func will be called with recursive set
 * to Qtrue, otherwise the outermost func will be called. In the latter case,
 * all inner func are short-circuited by throw.
 * Implementation details: the value thrown is the recursive list which is
 * proper to the current method and unlikely to be catched anywhere else.
 * list[recursive_key] is used as a flag for the outermost call.
 */

static VALUE
exec_recursive(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE pairid, VALUE arg, int outer)
{
    VALUE result = Qundef;
    struct exec_recursive_params p;
    int outermost;
    p.list = recursive_list_access();
    p.objid = rb_obj_id(obj);
    p.obj = obj;
    p.pairid = pairid;
    p.arg = arg;
    outermost = outer && !recursive_check(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0);

    if (recursive_check(p.list, p.objid, pairid)) {
	if (outer && !outermost) {
	    rb_throw_obj(p.list, p.list);
	}
	return (*func)(obj, arg, TRUE);
    }
    else {
	p.func = func;

	if (outermost) {
	    recursive_push(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0);
	    result = rb_catch_obj(p.list, exec_recursive_i, (VALUE)&p);
	    recursive_pop(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0);
	    if (result == p.list) {
		result = (*func)(obj, arg, TRUE);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    result = exec_recursive_i(0, &p);
	}
    }
    *(volatile struct exec_recursive_params *)&p;
    return result;
}

/*
 * Calls func(obj, arg, recursive), where recursive is non-zero if the
 * current method is called recursively on obj
 */

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, 0, arg, 0);
}

/*
 * Calls func(obj, arg, recursive), where recursive is non-zero if the
 * current method is called recursively on the ordered pair <obj, paired_obj>
 */

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive_paired(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj, VALUE arg)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, rb_obj_id(paired_obj), arg, 0);
}

/*
 * If recursion is detected on the current method and obj, the outermost
 * func will be called with (obj, arg, Qtrue). All inner func will be
 * short-circuited using throw.
 */

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive_outer(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, 0, arg, 1);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.backtrace    -> array
 *
 *  Returns the current back trace of the _thr_.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_backtrace_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE thval)
{
    return vm_thread_backtrace(argc, argv, thval);
}

static VALUE
rb_thread_backtrace_locations_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE thval)
{
    return vm_thread_backtrace_locations(argc, argv, thval);
}

/*
 *  Document-class: ThreadError
 *
 *  Raised when an invalid operation is attempted on a thread.
 *
 *  For example, when no other thread has been started:
 *
 *     Thread.stop
 *
 *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
 *
 *     ThreadError: stopping only thread
 */

/*
 *  +Thread+ encapsulates the behavior of a thread of
 *  execution, including the main thread of the Ruby script.
 *
 *  In the descriptions of the methods in this class, the parameter _sym_
 *  refers to a symbol, which is either a quoted string or a
 *  +Symbol+ (such as <code>:name</code>).
 */

void
Init_Thread(void)
{
#undef rb_intern
#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)

    VALUE cThGroup;
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();

    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "new", thread_s_new, -1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "start", thread_start, -2);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "fork", thread_start, -2);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "main", rb_thread_s_main, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "current", thread_s_current, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "stop", rb_thread_stop, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "kill", rb_thread_s_kill, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "exit", rb_thread_exit, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "pass", thread_s_pass, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "list", rb_thread_list, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception", rb_thread_s_abort_exc, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception=", rb_thread_s_abort_exc_set, 1);
#if THREAD_DEBUG < 0
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "DEBUG", rb_thread_s_debug, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "DEBUG=", rb_thread_s_debug_set, 1);
#endif
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "control_interrupt", rb_thread_s_control_interrupt, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "check_interrupt", rb_thread_s_check_interrupt, 1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "initialize", thread_initialize, -2);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "raise", thread_raise_m, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "join", thread_join_m, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "value", thread_value, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "kill", rb_thread_kill, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "terminate", rb_thread_kill, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "exit", rb_thread_kill, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "run", rb_thread_run, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "wakeup", rb_thread_wakeup, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "[]", rb_thread_aref, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "[]=", rb_thread_aset, 2);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "key?", rb_thread_key_p, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "keys", rb_thread_keys, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "priority", rb_thread_priority, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "priority=", rb_thread_priority_set, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "status", rb_thread_status, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variable_get", rb_thread_variable_get, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variable_set", rb_thread_variable_set, 2);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variables", rb_thread_variables, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variable?", rb_thread_variable_p, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "alive?", rb_thread_alive_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "stop?", rb_thread_stop_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception", rb_thread_abort_exc, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception=", rb_thread_abort_exc_set, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "safe_level", rb_thread_safe_level, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "group", rb_thread_group, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "backtrace", rb_thread_backtrace_m, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "backtrace_locations", rb_thread_backtrace_locations_m, -1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "inspect", rb_thread_inspect, 0);

    closed_stream_error = rb_exc_new2(rb_eIOError, "stream closed");
    OBJ_TAINT(closed_stream_error);
    OBJ_FREEZE(closed_stream_error);

    cThGroup = rb_define_class("ThreadGroup", rb_cObject);
    rb_define_alloc_func(cThGroup, thgroup_s_alloc);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "list", thgroup_list, 0);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "enclose", thgroup_enclose, 0);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "enclosed?", thgroup_enclosed_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "add", thgroup_add, 1);

    {
	th->thgroup = th->vm->thgroup_default = rb_obj_alloc(cThGroup);
	rb_define_const(cThGroup, "Default", th->thgroup);
    }

    rb_cMutex = rb_define_class("Mutex", rb_cObject);
    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cMutex, mutex_alloc);
    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "initialize", mutex_initialize, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "locked?", rb_mutex_locked_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "try_lock", rb_mutex_trylock, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "lock", rb_mutex_lock, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "unlock", rb_mutex_unlock, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "sleep", mutex_sleep, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cMutex, "synchronize", rb_mutex_synchronize_m, 0);

    recursive_key = rb_intern("__recursive_key__");
    rb_eThreadError = rb_define_class("ThreadError", rb_eStandardError);

    /* init thread core */
    {
	/* main thread setting */
	{
	    /* acquire global vm lock */
	    gvl_init(th->vm);
	    gvl_acquire(th->vm, th);
	    native_mutex_initialize(&th->interrupt_lock);

	    th->async_errinfo_queue = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
	    th->async_errinfo_queue_checked = 0;
	    th->async_errinfo_mask_stack = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);

	    th->interrupt_mask = 0;
	}
    }

    rb_thread_create_timer_thread();

    /* suppress warnings on cygwin, mingw and mswin.*/
    (void)native_mutex_trylock;
}

int
ruby_native_thread_p(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_thread_from_native();

    return th != 0;
}

static int
check_deadlock_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, int *found)
{
    VALUE thval = key;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);

    if (th->status != THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER || RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(th)) {
	*found = 1;
    }
    else if (th->locking_mutex) {
	rb_mutex_t *mutex;
	GetMutexPtr(th->locking_mutex, mutex);

	native_mutex_lock(&mutex->lock);
	if (mutex->th == th || (!mutex->th && mutex->cond_waiting)) {
	    *found = 1;
	}
	native_mutex_unlock(&mutex->lock);
    }

    return (*found) ? ST_STOP : ST_CONTINUE;
}

#ifdef DEBUG_DEADLOCK_CHECK
static int
debug_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, int *found)
{
    VALUE thval = key;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);

    printf("th:%p %d %d", th, th->status, th->interrupt_flag);
    if (th->locking_mutex) {
	rb_mutex_t *mutex;
	GetMutexPtr(th->locking_mutex, mutex);

	native_mutex_lock(&mutex->lock);
	printf(" %p %d\n", mutex->th, mutex->cond_waiting);
	native_mutex_unlock(&mutex->lock);
    }
    else
	puts("");

    return ST_CONTINUE;
}
#endif

static void
rb_check_deadlock(rb_vm_t *vm)
{
    int found = 0;

    if (vm_living_thread_num(vm) > vm->sleeper) return;
    if (vm_living_thread_num(vm) < vm->sleeper) rb_bug("sleeper must not be more than vm_living_thread_num(vm)");
    if (patrol_thread && patrol_thread != GET_THREAD()) return;

    st_foreach(vm->living_threads, check_deadlock_i, (st_data_t)&found);

    if (!found) {
	VALUE argv[2];
	argv[0] = rb_eFatal;
	argv[1] = rb_str_new2("No live threads left. Deadlock?");
#ifdef DEBUG_DEADLOCK_CHECK
	printf("%d %d %p %p\n", vm->living_threads->num_entries, vm->sleeper, GET_THREAD(), vm->main_thread);
	st_foreach(vm->living_threads, debug_i, (st_data_t)0);
#endif
	vm->sleeper--;
	rb_threadptr_raise(vm->main_thread, 2, argv);
    }
}

static void
update_coverage(rb_event_flag_t event, VALUE proc, VALUE self, ID id, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE coverage = GET_THREAD()->cfp->iseq->coverage;
    if (coverage && RBASIC(coverage)->klass == 0) {
	long line = rb_sourceline() - 1;
	long count;
	if (RARRAY_PTR(coverage)[line] == Qnil) {
	    return;
	}
	count = FIX2LONG(RARRAY_PTR(coverage)[line]) + 1;
	if (POSFIXABLE(count)) {
	    RARRAY_PTR(coverage)[line] = LONG2FIX(count);
	}
    }
}

VALUE
rb_get_coverages(void)
{
    return GET_VM()->coverages;
}

void
rb_set_coverages(VALUE coverages)
{
    GET_VM()->coverages = coverages;
    rb_add_event_hook(update_coverage, RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE, Qnil);
}

void
rb_reset_coverages(void)
{
    GET_VM()->coverages = Qfalse;
    rb_remove_event_hook(update_coverage);
}