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591 строка
18 KiB
Plaintext
591 строка
18 KiB
Plaintext
== Packed \Data
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Certain Ruby core methods deal with packing and unpacking data:
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- \Method Array#pack:
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Formats each element in array +self+ into a binary string;
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returns that string.
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- \Method String#unpack:
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Extracts data from string +self+,
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forming objects that become the elements of a new array;
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returns that array.
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- \Method String#unpack1:
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Does the same, but unpacks and returns only the first extracted object.
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Each of these methods accepts a string +template+,
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consisting of zero or more _directive_ characters,
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each followed by zero or more _modifier_ characters.
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Examples (directive <tt>'C'</tt> specifies 'unsigned character'):
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[65].pack('C') # => "A" # One element, one directive.
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[65, 66].pack('CC') # => "AB" # Two elements, two directives.
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[65, 66].pack('C') # => "A" # Extra element is ignored.
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[65].pack('') # => "" # No directives.
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[65].pack('CC') # Extra directive raises ArgumentError.
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'A'.unpack('C') # => [65] # One character, one directive.
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'AB'.unpack('CC') # => [65, 66] # Two characters, two directives.
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'AB'.unpack('C') # => [65] # Extra character is ignored.
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'A'.unpack('CC') # => [65, nil] # Extra directive generates nil.
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'AB'.unpack('') # => [] # No directives.
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The string +template+ may contain any mixture of valid directives
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(directive <tt>'c'</tt> specifies 'signed character'):
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[65, -1].pack('cC') # => "A\xFF"
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"A\xFF".unpack('cC') # => [65, 255]
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The string +template+ may contain whitespace (which is ignored)
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and comments, each of which begins with character <tt>'#'</tt>
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and continues up to and including the next following newline:
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[0,1].pack(" C #foo \n C ") # => "\x00\x01"
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"\0\1".unpack(" C #foo \n C ") # => [0, 1]
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Any directive may be followed by either of these modifiers:
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- <tt>'*'</tt> - The directive is to be applied as many times as needed:
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[65, 66].pack('C*') # => "AB"
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'AB'.unpack('C*') # => [65, 66]
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- Integer +count+ - The directive is to be applied +count+ times:
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[65, 66].pack('C2') # => "AB"
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[65, 66].pack('C3') # Raises ArgumentError.
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'AB'.unpack('C2') # => [65, 66]
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'AB'.unpack('C3') # => [65, 66, nil]
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Note: Directives in <tt>%w[A a Z m]</tt> use +count+ differently;
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see {String Directives}[rdoc-ref:packed_data.rdoc@String+Directives].
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If elements don't fit the provided directive, only least significant bits are encoded:
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[257].pack("C").unpack("C") # => [1]
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=== Packing \Method
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\Method Array#pack accepts optional keyword argument
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+buffer+ that specifies the target string (instead of a new string):
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[65, 66].pack('C*', buffer: 'foo') # => "fooAB"
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The method can accept a block:
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# Packed string is passed to the block.
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[65, 66].pack('C*') {|s| p s } # => "AB"
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=== Unpacking Methods
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Methods String#unpack and String#unpack1 each accept
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an optional keyword argument +offset+ that specifies an offset
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into the string:
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'ABC'.unpack('C*', offset: 1) # => [66, 67]
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'ABC'.unpack1('C*', offset: 1) # => 66
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Both methods can accept a block:
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# Each unpacked object is passed to the block.
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ret = []
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"ABCD".unpack("C*") {|c| ret << c }
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ret # => [65, 66, 67, 68]
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# The single unpacked object is passed to the block.
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'AB'.unpack1('C*') {|ele| p ele } # => 65
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=== \Integer Directives
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Each integer directive specifies the packing or unpacking
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for one element in the input or output array.
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==== 8-Bit \Integer Directives
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- <tt>'c'</tt> - 8-bit signed integer
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(like C <tt>signed char</tt>):
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[0, 1, 255].pack('c*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
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s = [0, 1, -1].pack('c*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
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s.unpack('c*') # => [0, 1, -1]
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- <tt>'C'</tt> - 8-bit unsigned integer
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(like C <tt>unsigned char</tt>):
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[0, 1, 255].pack('C*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
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s = [0, 1, -1].pack('C*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
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s.unpack('C*') # => [0, 1, 255]
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==== 16-Bit \Integer Directives
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- <tt>'s'</tt> - 16-bit signed integer, native-endian
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(like C <tt>int16_t</tt>):
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[513, -514].pack('s*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
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s = [513, 65022].pack('s*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
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s.unpack('s*') # => [513, -514]
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- <tt>'S'</tt> - 16-bit unsigned integer, native-endian
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(like C <tt>uint16_t</tt>):
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[513, -514].pack('S*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
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s = [513, 65022].pack('S*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
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s.unpack('S*') # => [513, 65022]
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- <tt>'n'</tt> - 16-bit network integer, big-endian:
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s = [0, 1, -1, 32767, -32768, 65535].pack('n*')
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# => "\x00\x00\x00\x01\xFF\xFF\x7F\xFF\x80\x00\xFF\xFF"
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s.unpack('n*')
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# => [0, 1, 65535, 32767, 32768, 65535]
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- <tt>'v'</tt> - 16-bit VAX integer, little-endian:
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s = [0, 1, -1, 32767, -32768, 65535].pack('v*')
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# => "\x00\x00\x01\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\x7F\x00\x80\xFF\xFF"
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s.unpack('v*')
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# => [0, 1, 65535, 32767, 32768, 65535]
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==== 32-Bit \Integer Directives
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- <tt>'l'</tt> - 32-bit signed integer, native-endian
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(like C <tt>int32_t</tt>):
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s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('l*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
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s.unpack('l*')
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# => [67305985, -50462977]
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- <tt>'L'</tt> - 32-bit unsigned integer, native-endian
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(like C <tt>uint32_t</tt>):
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s = [67305985, 4244504319].pack('L*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
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s.unpack('L*')
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# => [67305985, 4244504319]
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- <tt>'N'</tt> - 32-bit network integer, big-endian:
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s = [0,1,-1].pack('N*')
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# => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"
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s.unpack('N*')
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# => [0, 1, 4294967295]
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- <tt>'V'</tt> - 32-bit VAX integer, little-endian:
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s = [0,1,-1].pack('V*')
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# => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"
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s.unpack('v*')
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# => [0, 0, 1, 0, 65535, 65535]
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==== 64-Bit \Integer Directives
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- <tt>'q'</tt> - 64-bit signed integer, native-endian
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(like C <tt>int64_t</tt>):
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s = [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529].pack('q*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\a\b\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFB\xFA\xF9\xF8"
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s.unpack('q*')
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# => [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529]
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- <tt>'Q'</tt> - 64-bit unsigned integer, native-endian
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(like C <tt>uint64_t</tt>):
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s = [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087].pack('Q*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\a\b\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFB\xFA\xF9\xF8"
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s.unpack('Q*')
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# => [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087]
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==== Platform-Dependent \Integer Directives
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- <tt>'i'</tt> - Platform-dependent width signed integer,
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native-endian (like C <tt>int</tt>):
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s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('i*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
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s.unpack('i*')
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# => [67305985, -50462977]
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- <tt>'I'</tt> - Platform-dependent width unsigned integer,
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native-endian (like C <tt>unsigned int</tt>):
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s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('I*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
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s.unpack('I*')
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# => [67305985, 4244504319]
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==== Pointer Directives
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- <tt>'j'</tt> - 64-bit pointer-width signed integer,
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native-endian (like C <tt>intptr_t</tt>):
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s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('j*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"
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s.unpack('j*')
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# => [67305985, -50462977]
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- <tt>'j'</tt> - 64-bit pointer-width unsigned integer,
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native-endian (like C <tt>uintptr_t</tt>):
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s = [67305985, 4244504319].pack('J*')
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# => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x00"
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s.unpack('J*')
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# => [67305985, 4244504319]
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==== Other \Integer Directives
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- <tt>'U'</tt> - UTF-8 character:
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s = [4194304].pack('U*')
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# => "\xF8\x90\x80\x80\x80"
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s.unpack('U*')
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# => [4194304]
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- <tt>'w'</tt> - BER-encoded integer
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(see {BER enocding}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.690#BER_encoding]):
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s = [1073741823].pack('w*')
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# => "\x83\xFF\xFF\xFF\x7F"
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s.unpack('w*')
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# => [1073741823]
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==== Modifiers for \Integer Directives
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For directives in
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<tt>'i'</tt>,
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<tt>'I'</tt>,
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<tt>'s'</tt>,
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<tt>'S'</tt>,
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<tt>'l'</tt>,
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<tt>'L'</tt>,
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<tt>'q'</tt>,
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<tt>'Q'</tt>,
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<tt>'j'</tt>, and
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<tt>'J'</tt>,
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these modifiers may be suffixed:
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- <tt>'!'</tt> or <tt>'_'</tt> - Underlying platform’s native size.
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- <tt>'>'</tt> - Big-endian.
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- <tt>'<'</tt> - Little-endian.
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=== \Float Directives
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Each float directive specifies the packing or unpacking
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for one element in the input or output array.
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==== Single-Precision \Float Directives
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- <tt>'F'</tt> or <tt>'f'</tt> - Native format:
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s = [3.0].pack('F') # => "\x00\x00@@"
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s.unpack('F') # => [3.0]
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- <tt>'e'</tt> - Little-endian:
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s = [3.0].pack('e') # => "\x00\x00@@"
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s.unpack('e') # => [3.0]
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- <tt>'g'</tt> - Big-endian:
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s = [3.0].pack('g') # => "@@\x00\x00"
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s.unpack('g') # => [3.0]
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==== Double-Precision \Float Directives
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- <tt>'D'</tt> or <tt>'d'</tt> - Native format:
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s = [3.0].pack('D') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\b@"
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s.unpack('D') # => [3.0]
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- <tt>'E'</tt> - Little-endian:
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s = [3.0].pack('E') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\b@"
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s.unpack('E') # => [3.0]
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- <tt>'G'</tt> - Big-endian:
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s = [3.0].pack('G') # => "@\b\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
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s.unpack('G') # => [3.0]
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A float directive may be infinity or not-a-number:
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inf = 1.0/0.0 # => Infinity
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[inf].pack('f') # => "\x00\x00\x80\x7F"
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"\x00\x00\x80\x7F".unpack('f') # => [Infinity]
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nan = inf/inf # => NaN
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[nan].pack('f') # => "\x00\x00\xC0\x7F"
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"\x00\x00\xC0\x7F".unpack('f') # => [NaN]
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=== \String Directives
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Each string directive specifies the packing or unpacking
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for one byte in the input or output string.
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==== Binary \String Directives
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- <tt>'A'</tt> - Arbitrary binary string (space padded; count is width);
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+nil+ is treated as the empty string:
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['foo'].pack('A') # => "f"
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['foo'].pack('A*') # => "foo"
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['foo'].pack('A2') # => "fo"
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['foo'].pack('A4') # => "foo "
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[nil].pack('A') # => " "
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[nil].pack('A*') # => ""
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[nil].pack('A2') # => " "
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[nil].pack('A4') # => " "
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"foo\0".unpack('A') # => ["f"]
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"foo\0".unpack('A4') # => ["foo"]
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"foo\0bar".unpack('A10') # => ["foo\x00bar"] # Reads past "\0".
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"foo ".unpack('A') # => ["f"]
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"foo ".unpack('A4') # => ["foo"]
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"foo".unpack('A4') # => ["foo"]
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russian = "\u{442 435 441 442}" # => "тест"
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russian.size # => 4
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russian.bytesize # => 8
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[russian].pack('A') # => "\xD1"
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[russian].pack('A*') # => "\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82"
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russian.unpack('A') # => ["\xD1"]
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russian.unpack('A2') # => ["\xD1\x82"]
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russian.unpack('A4') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5"]
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russian.unpack('A*') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82"]
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- <tt>'a'</tt> - Arbitrary binary string (null padded; count is width):
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["foo"].pack('a') # => "f"
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["foo"].pack('a*') # => "foo"
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["foo"].pack('a2') # => "fo"
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["foo\0"].pack('a4') # => "foo\x00"
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[nil].pack('a') # => "\x00"
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[nil].pack('a*') # => ""
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[nil].pack('a2') # => "\x00\x00"
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[nil].pack('a4') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00"
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"foo\0".unpack('a') # => ["f"]
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"foo\0".unpack('a4') # => ["foo\x00"]
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"foo ".unpack('a4') # => ["foo "]
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"foo".unpack('a4') # => ["foo"]
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"foo\0bar".unpack('a4') # => ["foo\x00"] # Reads past "\0".
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- <tt>'Z'</tt> - Same as <tt>'a'</tt>,
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except that null is added or ignored with <tt>'*'</tt>:
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["foo"].pack('Z*') # => "foo\x00"
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[nil].pack('Z*') # => "\x00"
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"foo\0".unpack('Z*') # => ["foo"]
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"foo".unpack('Z*') # => ["foo"]
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"foo\0bar".unpack('Z*') # => ["foo"] # Does not read past "\0".
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==== Bit \String Directives
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- <tt>'B'</tt> - Bit string (high byte first):
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['11111111' + '00000000'].pack('B*') # => "\xFF\x00"
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['10000000' + '01000000'].pack('B*') # => "\x80@"
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['1'].pack('B0') # => ""
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['1'].pack('B1') # => "\x80"
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['1'].pack('B2') # => "\x80\x00"
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['1'].pack('B3') # => "\x80\x00"
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['1'].pack('B4') # => "\x80\x00\x00"
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['1'].pack('B5') # => "\x80\x00\x00"
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['1'].pack('B6') # => "\x80\x00\x00\x00"
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"\xff\x00".unpack("B*") # => ["1111111100000000"]
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"\x01\x02".unpack("B*") # => ["0000000100000010"]
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"".unpack("B0") # => [""]
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"\x80".unpack("B1") # => ["1"]
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"\x80".unpack("B2") # => ["10"]
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"\x80".unpack("B3") # => ["100"]
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- <tt>'b'</tt> - Bit string (low byte first):
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['11111111' + '00000000'].pack('b*') # => "\xFF\x00"
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['10000000' + '01000000'].pack('b*') # => "\x01\x02"
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['1'].pack('b0') # => ""
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['1'].pack('b1') # => "\x01"
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['1'].pack('b2') # => "\x01\x00"
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['1'].pack('b3') # => "\x01\x00"
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['1'].pack('b4') # => "\x01\x00\x00"
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['1'].pack('b5') # => "\x01\x00\x00"
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['1'].pack('b6') # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00"
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"\xff\x00".unpack("b*") # => ["1111111100000000"]
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"\x01\x02".unpack("b*") # => ["1000000001000000"]
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"".unpack("b0") # => [""]
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"\x01".unpack("b1") # => ["1"]
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"\x01".unpack("b2") # => ["10"]
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"\x01".unpack("b3") # => ["100"]
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==== Hex \String Directives
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|
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- <tt>'H'</tt> - Hex string (high nibble first):
|
||
|
||
['10ef'].pack('H*') # => "\x10\xEF"
|
||
['10ef'].pack('H0') # => ""
|
||
['10ef'].pack('H3') # => "\x10\xE0"
|
||
['10ef'].pack('H5') # => "\x10\xEF\x00"
|
||
|
||
['fff'].pack('H3') # => "\xFF\xF0"
|
||
['fff'].pack('H4') # => "\xFF\xF0"
|
||
['fff'].pack('H5') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00"
|
||
['fff'].pack('H6') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00"
|
||
['fff'].pack('H7') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00\x00"
|
||
['fff'].pack('H8') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00\x00"
|
||
|
||
"\x10\xef".unpack('H*') # => ["10ef"]
|
||
"\x10\xef".unpack('H0') # => [""]
|
||
"\x10\xef".unpack('H1') # => ["1"]
|
||
"\x10\xef".unpack('H2') # => ["10"]
|
||
"\x10\xef".unpack('H3') # => ["10e"]
|
||
"\x10\xef".unpack('H4') # => ["10ef"]
|
||
"\x10\xef".unpack('H5') # => ["10ef"]
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'h'</tt> - Hex string (low nibble first):
|
||
|
||
['10ef'].pack('h*') # => "\x01\xFE"
|
||
['10ef'].pack('h0') # => ""
|
||
['10ef'].pack('h3') # => "\x01\x0E"
|
||
['10ef'].pack('h5') # => "\x01\xFE\x00"
|
||
|
||
['fff'].pack('h3') # => "\xFF\x0F"
|
||
['fff'].pack('h4') # => "\xFF\x0F"
|
||
['fff'].pack('h5') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00"
|
||
['fff'].pack('h6') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00"
|
||
['fff'].pack('h7') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00\x00"
|
||
['fff'].pack('h8') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00\x00"
|
||
|
||
"\x01\xfe".unpack('h*') # => ["10ef"]
|
||
"\x01\xfe".unpack('h0') # => [""]
|
||
"\x01\xfe".unpack('h1') # => ["1"]
|
||
"\x01\xfe".unpack('h2') # => ["10"]
|
||
"\x01\xfe".unpack('h3') # => ["10e"]
|
||
"\x01\xfe".unpack('h4') # => ["10ef"]
|
||
"\x01\xfe".unpack('h5') # => ["10ef"]
|
||
|
||
==== Pointer \String Directives
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'P'</tt> - Pointer to a structure (fixed-length string):
|
||
|
||
s = ['abc'].pack('P') # => "\xE0O\x7F\xE5\xA1\x01\x00\x00"
|
||
s.unpack('P*') # => ["abc"]
|
||
".".unpack("P") # => []
|
||
("\0" * 8).unpack("P") # => [nil]
|
||
[nil].pack("P") # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'p'</tt> - Pointer to a null-terminated string:
|
||
|
||
s = ['abc'].pack('p') # => "(\xE4u\xE5\xA1\x01\x00\x00"
|
||
s.unpack('p*') # => ["abc"]
|
||
".".unpack("p") # => []
|
||
("\0" * 8).unpack("p") # => [nil]
|
||
[nil].pack("p") # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
|
||
|
||
==== Other \String Directives
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'M'</tt> - Quoted printable, MIME encoding;
|
||
text mode, but input must use LF and output LF;
|
||
(see {RFC 2045}[https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt]):
|
||
|
||
["a b c\td \ne"].pack('M') # => "a b c\td =\n\ne=\n"
|
||
["\0"].pack('M') # => "=00=\n"
|
||
|
||
["a"*1023].pack('M') == ("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n" # => true
|
||
("a"*73+"=\na=\n").unpack('M') == ["a"*74] # => true
|
||
(("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n").unpack('M') == ["a"*1023] # => true
|
||
|
||
"a b c\td =\n\ne=\n".unpack('M') # => ["a b c\td \ne"]
|
||
"=00=\n".unpack('M') # => ["\x00"]
|
||
|
||
"pre=31=32=33after".unpack('M') # => ["pre123after"]
|
||
"pre=\nafter".unpack('M') # => ["preafter"]
|
||
"pre=\r\nafter".unpack('M') # => ["preafter"]
|
||
"pre=".unpack('M') # => ["pre="]
|
||
"pre=\r".unpack('M') # => ["pre=\r"]
|
||
"pre=hoge".unpack('M') # => ["pre=hoge"]
|
||
"pre==31after".unpack('M') # => ["pre==31after"]
|
||
"pre===31after".unpack('M') # => ["pre===31after"]
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'m'</tt> - Base64 encoded string;
|
||
count specifies input bytes between each newline,
|
||
rounded down to nearest multiple of 3;
|
||
if count is zero, no newlines are added;
|
||
(see {RFC 4648}[https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4648.txt]):
|
||
|
||
[""].pack('m') # => ""
|
||
["\0"].pack('m') # => "AA==\n"
|
||
["\0\0"].pack('m') # => "AAA=\n"
|
||
["\0\0\0"].pack('m') # => "AAAA\n"
|
||
["\377"].pack('m') # => "/w==\n"
|
||
["\377\377"].pack('m') # => "//8=\n"
|
||
["\377\377\377"].pack('m') # => "////\n"
|
||
|
||
"".unpack('m') # => [""]
|
||
"AA==\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00"]
|
||
"AAA=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00"]
|
||
"AAAA\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00\x00"]
|
||
"/w==\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF"]
|
||
"//8=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF\xFF"]
|
||
"////\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF\xFF\xFF"]
|
||
"A\n".unpack('m') # => [""]
|
||
"AA\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00"]
|
||
"AA=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00"]
|
||
"AAA\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00"]
|
||
|
||
[""].pack('m0') # => ""
|
||
["\0"].pack('m0') # => "AA=="
|
||
["\0\0"].pack('m0') # => "AAA="
|
||
["\0\0\0"].pack('m0') # => "AAAA"
|
||
["\377"].pack('m0') # => "/w=="
|
||
["\377\377"].pack('m0') # => "//8="
|
||
["\377\377\377"].pack('m0') # => "////"
|
||
|
||
"".unpack('m0') # => [""]
|
||
"AA==".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00"]
|
||
"AAA=".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00\x00"]
|
||
"AAAA".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00\x00\x00"]
|
||
"/w==".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF"]
|
||
"//8=".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF\xFF"]
|
||
"////".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF\xFF\xFF"]
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'u'</tt> - UU-encoded string:
|
||
|
||
[0].pack("U") # => "\u0000"
|
||
[0x3fffffff].pack("U") # => "\xFC\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF"
|
||
[0x40000000].pack("U") # => "\xFD\x80\x80\x80\x80\x80"
|
||
[0x7fffffff].pack("U") # => "\xFD\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF"
|
||
|
||
=== Offset Directives
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'@'</tt> - Begin packing at the given byte offset;
|
||
for packing, null fill if necessary:
|
||
|
||
[1, 2].pack("C@0C") # => "\x02"
|
||
[1, 2].pack("C@1C") # => "\x01\x02"
|
||
[1, 2].pack("C@5C") # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02"
|
||
|
||
"\x01\x00\x00\x02".unpack("C@3C") # => [1, 2]
|
||
"\x00".unpack("@1C") # => [nil]
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'X'</tt> - Back up a byte:
|
||
|
||
[0, 1, 2].pack("CCXC") # => "\x00\x02"
|
||
[0, 1, 2].pack("CCX2C") # => "\x02"
|
||
"\x00\x02".unpack("CCXC") # => [0, 2, 2]
|
||
|
||
=== Null Byte Direcive
|
||
|
||
- <tt>'x'</tt> - Null byte:
|
||
|
||
[].pack("x0") # => ""
|
||
[].pack("x") # => "\x00"
|
||
[].pack("x8") # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
|
||
"\x00\x00\x02".unpack("CxC") # => [0, 2]
|