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ruby/NEWS.md

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NEWS for Ruby 3.1.0

This document is a list of user visible feature changes since the 3.0.0 release, except for bug fixes.

Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.

Language changes

  • The block arguments can be now be anonymous, if the block will only be passed to another method. [Feature #11256]

    def foo(&)
  bar(&)
end

  • Pin operator now takes an expression. [Feature #17411]

    Prime.each_cons(2).lazy.find_all{_1 in [n, ^(n + 2)]}.take(3).to_a
#=> [[3, 5], [5, 7], [11, 13]]

  • Pin operator now supports instance, class, and global variables. [Feature #17724]

    @n = 5
Prime.each_cons(2).lazy.find{_1 in [n, ^@n]}
#=> [3, 5]

  • One-line pattern matching is no longer experimental.

  • Multiple assignment evaluation order has been made consistent with single assignment evaluation order. With single assignment, Ruby uses a left-to-right evaluation order. With this code:

    foo[0] = bar

    The following evaluation order is used:

    1. foo
    2. bar
    3. []= called on the result of foo

    In Ruby before 3.1.0, multiple assignment did not follow this evaluation order. With this code:

    ```ruby
foo[0], bar.baz = a, b
```

    Versions of Ruby before 3.1.0 would evaluate in the following order

    1. a
    2. b
    3. foo
    4. []= called on the result of foo
    5. bar
    6. baz= called on the result of bar

    Starting in Ruby 3.1.0, evaluation order is now consistent with single assignment, with the left hand side being evaluated before the right hand side:

    1. foo
    2. bar
    3. a
    4. b
    5. []= called on the result of foo
    6. baz= called on the result of bar

    [Bug #4443]

  • Values in Hash literals and keyword arguments can be omitted. [Feature #14579]

    For example,

    • {x:, y:} is a syntax sugar of {x: x, y: y}.
    • foo(x:, y:) is a syntax sugar of foo(x: x, y: y).

    Constant names, local variable names, and method names are allowed as key names. Note that a reserved word is considered as a local variable or method name even if it's a pseudo variable name such as self.

  • non main-Ractors can get instance variables (ivars) of classes/modules if ivars refer to shareable objects. [Feature #17592]

Command line options

Core classes updates

Outstanding ones only.

  • Array

  • Class

    • Class#descendants, which returns an array of classes directly or indirectly inheriting from the receiver, not including the receiver or singleton classes. [Feature #14394]

      class A; end
class B < A; end
class C < B; end
A.descendants    #=> [B, C]
B.descendants    #=> [C]
C.descendants    #=> []

    • Class#subclasses, which returns an array of classes directly inheriting from the receiver, not including singleton classes. [Feature #18273]

      class A; end
class B < A; end
class C < B; end
class D < A; end
A.subclasses    #=> [D, B]
B.subclasses    #=> [C]
C.subclasses    #=> []

  • Enumerable

    • Enumerable#compact is added. [Feature #17312]

    • Enumerable#tally now accepts an optional hash to count. [Feature #17744]

    • Enumerable#each_cons and each_slice to return a receiver. [GH-1509]

      [1, 2, 3].each_cons(2){}
# 3.0 => nil
# 3.1 => [1, 2, 3]

[1, 2, 3].each_slice(2){}
# 3.0 => nil
# 3.1 => [1, 2, 3]

  • Enumerator::Lazy

  • File

    • File.dirname now accepts an optional argument for the level to strip path components. [Feature #12194]

  • Integer

  • Kernel

    • Kernel#load now accepts a module as the second argument, and will load the file using the given module as the top level module. [Feature #6210]

  • MatchData

  • Module

    • Module#prepend now modifies the ancestor chain if the receiver already includes the argument. Module#prepend still does not modify the ancestor chain if the receiver has already prepended the argument. [Bug #17423]

    • Module#private, #public, #protected, and #module_function will now return their arguments. If a single argument is given, it is returned. If no arguments are given, nil is returned. If multiple arguments are given, they are returned as an array. [Feature #12495]

  • Process

    • Process._fork is added. This is a core method for fork(2). Do not call this method directly; it is called by existing fork methods: Kernel.#fork, Process.fork, and IO.popen("-"). Application monitoring libraries can overwride this method to hook fork event. [Feature #17795]

  • Struct

    • Passing only keyword arguments to Struct#initialize is warned. You need to use a Hash literal to set a Hash to a first member. [Feature #16806]

    • StructClass#keyword_init? is added [Feature #18008]

  • String

  • Queue

    • Queue#initialize now accepts an Enumerable of initial values. [Feature #17327]

  • Thread

  • Thread::Backtrace

    • Thread::Backtrace.limit, which returns the value to limit backtrace length set by --backtrace-limit command line option, is added. [Feature #17479]

  • $LOAD_PATH

  • Fiber Scheduler

    • Add support for Addrinfo.getaddrinfo using address_resolve hook. [Feature #17370]

    • Introduce non-blocking Timeout.timeout using timeout_after hook. [Feature #17470]

    • Introduce new scheduler hooks io_read and io_write along with a low level IO::Buffer for zero-copy read/write. [Feature #18020]

    • IO hooks io_wait, io_read, io_write, receive the original IO object where possible. [Bug #18003]

    • Make Monitor fiber-safe. [Bug #17827]

    • Replace copy coroutine with pthread implementation. [Feature #18015]

  • Refinement

    • New class which represents a module created by Module#refine. include and prepend are deprecated, and import_methods is added instead. [Bug #17429]

Stdlib updates

  • The following default gem are updated.
    • RubyGems
    • Bundler
    • RDoc 6.3.2
    • ReLine
    • JSON 2.6.1
    • Psych 4.0.2
    • FileUtils 1.6.0
    • Fiddle 1.1.0
    • StringIO 3.0.1
    • IO::Console 0.5.9
    • IO::Wait 0.2.0
    • CSV 3.2.1
    • Etc 1.3.0
    • Date 3.2.0
    • Zlib 2.1.1
    • StringScanner 3.0.1
    • IpAddr 1.2.2
    • Logger 1.4.4
    • OStruct 0.5.0
    • Irb
    • Racc 1.6.0
    • Delegate 0.2.0
    • Benchmark 0.2.0
    • CGI 0.3.0
    • Readline(C-ext) 0.1.3
    • Timeout 0.2.0
    • YAML 0.2.0
    • URI 0.11.0
    • OpenSSL
    • DidYouMean
    • Weakref 0.1.1
    • Tempfile 0.1.2
    • TmpDir 0.1.2
    • English 0.7.1
    • Net::Protocol 0.1.2
    • Net::Http 0.2.0
    • BigDecimal
    • OptionParser 0.2.0
    • Set 1.0.1
    • Find 0.1.1
    • Rinda 0.1.1
    • Erb 2.2.3
    • NKF 0.1.1
    • Base64 0.1.1
    • OpenUri 0.2.0
    • SecureRandom 0.1.1
    • Resolv 0.2.1
    • Resolv::Replace 0.1.0
    • Time 0.2.0
    • PP 0.2.1
    • Prettyprint 0.1.1
    • Drb 2.1.0
    • Pathname 0.2.0
    • Digest 3.1.0.pre2
    • Un 0.2.0
  • The following bundled gems are updated.
    • minitest 5.14.4
    • power_assert 2.0.1
    • rake 13.0.6
    • test-unit 3.5.0
    • rbs 1.6.2
    • typeprof 0.20.2
  • The following default gems are now bundled gems.
    • net-ftp
    • net-imap
    • net-pop
    • net-smtp
    • matrix
    • prime

Compatibility issues

Excluding feature bug fixes.

  • rb_io_wait_readable, rb_io_wait_writable and rb_wait_for_single_fd are deprecated in favour of rb_io_maybe_wait_readable, rb_io_maybe_wait_writable and rb_io_maybe_wait respectively. rb_thread_wait_fd and rb_thread_fd_writable are deprecated. [Bug #18003]

Stdlib compatibility issues

  • ERB#initialize warns safe_level and later arguments even without -w. [Feature #14256]

  • lib/debug.rb is replaced with debug.gem

C API updates

  • Documented. [GH-4815]

  • rb_gc_force_recycle is deprecated and has been changed to a no-op. [Feature #18290]

Implementation improvements

JIT

  • The default --jit-max-cache is changed from 100 to 10000.

  • JIT-ed code is no longer cancelled when a TracePoint for class events is enabled.

  • The JIT compiler no longer skips compilation of methods longer than 1000 instructions.

  • --jit-verbose and --jit-warning output "JIT cancel" when JIT-ed code is disabled because TracePoint or GC.compact is used.

  • RubyVM::MJIT is renamed to RubyVM::JIT. [Feature #17490]

YJIT: New experimental in-process JIT compiler

New JIT compiler available as an experimental feature. [Feature #18229]

See this blog post introducing the project.

  • Disabled by default, use --yjit command-line option to enable YJIT.

  • Performance improvements on most real-world software, up to 22% on railsbench, 39% on liquid-render.

  • Fast warm-up times.

  • Limited to macOS & Linux on x86-64 platforms for now.

Static analysis

RBS

TypeProf

Debugger

  • A new debugger debug.gem is bundled. debug.gem is fast debugger implementation and it provides many features like remote debugging, colorful REPL, IDE (VSCode) integration and more. It replaces lib/debug.rb standard library.

  • rdbg command is also installed into bin/ directory to start and control debugging execution.

error_highlight

A built-in gem, error_highlight, has been introduced. It includes fine-grained error location in backtrace:

$ ruby test.rb
test.rb:1:in `<main>': undefined method `time' for 1:Integer (NoMethodError)

1.time {}
 ^^^^^
Did you mean?  times

This gem is enabled by default. You can disable it by using a command-line option --disable-error_highlight. See the repository in detail.

Miscellaneous changes

  • lib/objspace/trace.rb is added, which is a tool for tracing the object allocation. Just by requiring this file, tracing is started immediately. Just by Kernel#p, you can investigate where an object was created. Note that just requiring this file brings a large performance overhead. This is only for debugging purpose. Do not use this in production. [Feature #17762]

  • Now exceptions raised in finalizers will be printed to STDERR, unless $VERBOSE is nil. [Feature #17798]