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Nobuyoshi Nakada e2ef85b109 Finer granularity IBF dependendency
It depends on only `VALUE` definition.  Check for endianness and word
size instead of the platform name.
2023-11-09 16:01:01 +09:00
.github YJIT: Disable code GC (#8865) 2023-11-08 10:21:04 -05:00
basictest [wasm] bootstraptest, basictest: disable backquote literal tests 2022-01-19 11:19:06 +09:00
benchmark vm_getivar: assume the cached shape_id like have a common ancestor 2023-11-03 12:47:43 +01:00
bin Revert "[ruby/syntax_suggest] Introduce binstubs to set RUBYOPT for development" 2023-04-06 16:36:09 +09:00
bootstraptest YJIT: Inline basic Ruby methods (#8855) 2023-11-07 10:54:33 -05:00
ccan Fix -Wundef warnings 2022-10-26 18:57:26 +09:00
coroutine Do not use non-ASCII chars in sources 2023-11-05 02:14:26 +09:00
coverage
cygwin leaked-globals: check leaked symbols in libruby.so if enable-shared 2023-07-08 11:31:17 +09:00
defs Fix error when gems/src is read-only 2023-10-11 13:32:54 +09:00
doc YJIT: update yjit.md, add MPLR 2023 paper and bibtex (#8861) 2023-11-07 17:46:07 +00:00
enc Add `modencs` target to build encodings/transcoders as modules 2023-09-11 11:06:49 +09:00
ext [ruby/stringio] Development of 3.1.0 started. 2023-11-08 07:04:15 +00:00
gems Remove spaces added for ".pre.1" [ci skip] 2023-11-04 21:27:14 +09:00
include TypedData_Make_Struct0: cast RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA return pointer 2023-11-08 11:33:01 +01:00
internal Refactor rb_shape_transition_shape_capa out 2023-11-08 11:02:55 +01:00
lib [ruby/prism] Provide Parameters#signature for mirroring Method#parameters 2023-11-08 22:17:43 +00:00
libexec Removed executable of racc 2023-06-08 17:25:38 +09:00
man [Feature #19790] [DOC] Fix the manual page as crash report 2023-09-25 23:22:52 +09:00
misc LLDB: Dump table structs in Hash [ci skip] 2023-10-31 22:40:34 +09:00
missing Dump backtraces to an arbitrary stream when using libprocstat 2023-09-26 09:02:37 +09:00
prism Do not use non-ASCII chars in sources 2023-11-05 02:14:26 +09:00
sample Add all-ruby-quine as a sample code 2023-02-27 11:20:42 +09:00
spec [rubygems/rubygems] Fix daily Bundler CI 2023-11-09 10:34:48 +09:00
template Revert "Disable iseq-dumped builtin module for universal x86_64/arm64 binaries" 2023-11-09 16:01:01 +09:00
test Do not allow test-all to load the bundled gems 2023-11-09 14:17:13 +09:00
tool Ignore warnings about currently unsupported .debug_macinfo 2023-11-07 23:19:51 +09:00
wasm Simplify try-rescue loop 2023-08-08 08:34:53 +09:00
win32 [Feature #19244] Windows: Prefer USERPROFILE over HOMEPATH on startup as well 2023-10-27 10:16:18 +09:00
yjit YJIT: Disable code GC (#8865) 2023-11-08 10:21:04 -05:00
.appveyor.yml Try newer 2023-10-18 vcpkg [ci skip] 2023-10-25 23:57:15 +09:00
.dir-locals.el
.document [DOC] No document under win32 2023-05-27 02:07:47 +09:00
.editorconfig
.gdbinit Remove nd_entry from NODE_GASGN and NODE_GVAR 2023-08-23 07:59:54 +09:00
.git-blame-ignore-revs Add indentation to ignore revs [ci skip] 2023-09-29 00:57:09 +09:00
.gitattributes
.gitignore Ignore inputs to tool/update-NEWS-gemlist.rb 2023-10-19 16:31:26 -07:00
.indent.pro Update .indent.pro [ci skip] 2022-07-22 21:59:58 +09:00
.rdoc_options [DOC] Set the documentation title and main page 2022-02-21 13:08:06 +09:00
.rspec_parallel
.travis.yml .travis.yml: Add a RubyGems issue ticket link. 2023-11-03 17:12:27 +01:00
BSDL
CONTRIBUTING.md Improve documentation on contributing to Ruby 2022-05-11 10:59:24 -04:00
COPYING
COPYING.ja
GPL
KNOWNBUGS.rb
LEGAL Remove about ext/psych/yaml which is no longer bundled [ci skip] 2023-01-11 18:05:15 +09:00
NEWS.md Update default gems list at 8cd6c65af1 [ci skip] 2023-11-08 07:05:17 +00:00
README.EXT
README.EXT.ja
README.ja.md [DOC] Fixes for link fragments (#7981) 2023-06-28 09:05:43 -04:00
README.md [DOC] README.md: Remove Cirrus CI badge image. (#8785) 2023-10-27 15:53:43 +02:00
aclocal.m4
addr2line.c Fix build on FreeBSD 2023-09-26 02:07:32 +09:00
addr2line.h Dump backtraces to an arbitrary stream 2023-09-25 22:57:28 +09:00
array.c Keep write-barrier status after splicing array 2023-09-04 08:50:27 -04:00
array.rb [DOC] Improve doc guide compliance (#8221) 2023-08-15 14:43:58 -04:00
ast.c Remove duplicate to_path conversion 2023-11-02 10:06:03 +09:00
ast.rb ast.rb: Fix bug for source of multibyte characters 2023-11-05 00:54:22 +09:00
autogen.sh
bignum.c * expand tabs. [ci skip] 2023-06-30 14:59:34 +00:00
builtin.c Revert "Disable iseq-dumped builtin module for universal x86_64/arm64 binaries" 2023-11-09 16:01:01 +09:00
builtin.h Remove MJIT's builtin function compiler 2023-03-07 23:16:24 -08:00
class.c [Bug #19901] 2023-09-23 23:10:46 +02:00
common.mk Revert "Disable iseq-dumped builtin module for universal x86_64/arm64 binaries" 2023-11-09 16:01:01 +09:00
compar.c [DOC] Add doc for behavior when passing nil to Comparable#clamp(min, max) 2023-10-25 16:34:37 +09:00
compile.c Finer granularity IBF dependendency 2023-11-09 16:01:01 +09:00
complex.c [Feature #19474] Refactor NEWOBJ macros 2023-04-06 11:07:16 +01:00
configure.ac Revert "Disable iseq-dumped builtin module for universal x86_64/arm64 binaries" 2023-11-09 16:01:01 +09:00
constant.h Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
cont.c Call rb_jit_cont_init() even earlier 2023-10-19 17:12:09 -07:00
darray.h Implement weak references in the GC 2023-08-25 09:01:21 -04:00
debug.c M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
debug_counter.c Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
debug_counter.h Add Missing Counters to `rb_debug_counter_type` enum (#8297) 2023-08-25 15:27:56 -07:00
dir.c M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
dir.rb [rubygems/rubygems] Bundler: Update bundle-outdated(1) man 2023-07-24 23:58:06 +00:00
dln.c Update dln.c to fix error output from `dln_open()` 2023-03-21 19:10:19 +09:00
dln.h
dln_find.c Don't check for null pointer in calls to free 2023-06-30 09:13:31 -04:00
dmydln.c
dmyenc.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
dmyext.c
encindex.h Rename ENCINDEX_ASCII to ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT 2022-07-19 08:48:56 +02:00
encoding.c Mark Encoding as Write Barrier protected 2023-02-07 11:48:57 +01:00
enum.c [DOC] Missing comment markers 2023-09-27 16:18:05 +09:00
enumerator.c Fix [Bug #19632]: Disable external iterator for frozen enumerator (#7791) 2023-10-25 16:32:25 +09:00
error.c Implement embedded TypedData objects 2023-11-07 15:48:06 -05:00
eval.c M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
eval_error.c [Bug #19774] Fix segfault at `return` in `END` 2023-07-19 03:40:05 +09:00
eval_intern.h Add hints of tag jumps for optimization 2023-08-07 10:32:47 +09:00
eval_jump.c [Bug #19016] re-order error handling at cleanup 2022-11-22 00:33:19 +09:00
file.c [DOC] Missing comment markers 2023-09-27 16:18:05 +09:00
gc.c Implement embedded TypedData objects 2023-11-07 15:48:06 -05:00
gc.rb Add stat force_incremental_marking_finish_count 2023-08-15 15:18:05 -04:00
gem_prelude.rb Warn default gems which will be gemified in future 2023-07-28 14:57:10 +09:00
golf_prelude.rb
goruby.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
hash.c [DOC] Update documentation for typical implementation of hash 2023-10-22 09:47:22 +00:00
hrtime.h Fix per-instance Regexp timeout (#6621) 2022-10-24 18:03:26 +09:00
id_table.c Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
id_table.h Transition complex objects to "too complex" shape 2022-12-15 10:06:04 -08:00
inits.c Rename YARP symbols to prism 2023-09-27 13:57:38 -04:00
insns.def YJIT: Fallback opt_getconstant_path for const_missing (#8623) 2023-10-13 08:52:23 -07:00
internal.h Don't redefine RB_OBJ_WRITE 2023-01-18 08:49:32 -05:00
io.c Raise TypeError for bad IO::Buffer.map argument (#8728) 2023-10-21 17:30:40 +13:00
io.rb Move IO#readline to Ruby 2023-09-28 10:43:45 -07:00
io_buffer.c Fix `io_buffer_get_string` default length computation. (#8427) 2023-09-14 20:37:43 +12:00
iseq.c [prism] Update to use new options APIs 2023-11-03 10:13:50 -04:00
iseq.h support `rescue` event for TracePoint 2023-08-01 22:46:17 +09:00
kernel.rb Update documentation for `yield_self` and `then` 2023-09-29 19:32:12 +09:00
lex.c.blt reserved_word: just use gperf 3.1 declaration 2022-09-21 11:44:09 +09:00
load.c [Bug #19985] Raise LoadError with the converted feature name 2023-11-06 17:58:47 +09:00
loadpath.c
localeinit.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
main.c Enable DEBUG_LOG feature on USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG 2023-03-01 17:18:43 +09:00
marshal.c Align the type of `num_entries` to `st_table` 2023-08-20 20:12:44 +09:00
marshal.rb
math.c [DOC] Missing comment markers 2023-09-27 16:18:05 +09:00
memory_view.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
method.h Try to fix compilation on m68k 2023-09-22 16:14:09 -04:00
mini_builtin.c Clean up OPT_STACK_CACHING (#8132) 2023-07-27 17:27:05 -07:00
miniinit.c
nilclass.rb
node.c Embed `rb_args_info` in `rb_node_args_t` 2023-10-30 00:19:43 +09:00
node.h Delete heredoc line mark references 2023-10-14 11:08:43 +09:00
node_dump.c Embed `rb_args_info` in `rb_node_args_t` 2023-10-30 00:19:43 +09:00
numeric.c [DOC] Fix the argument name in the Numeric#step doc 2023-10-15 13:47:58 +09:00
numeric.rb Rewrite Integer#times in Ruby (#8388) 2023-09-07 10:57:52 -07:00
object.c Handle running out of shapes in `Object#dup` 2023-10-31 12:07:54 -04:00
pack.c Reuse `natstr` if it equals `endstr` 2023-10-06 16:33:44 +09:00
pack.rb [DOC] Link to packed data doc (#6567) 2022-10-18 10:16:22 -05:00
parse.y Keep unused literal nodes 2023-10-31 17:49:12 +09:00
parser_bits.h [Feature #19719] Universal Parser 2023-06-12 18:23:48 +09:00
parser_node.h Change RNode structure from union to struct 2023-09-28 11:58:10 +09:00
parser_st.c Define `NO_SANITIZE` with reference to ext/bigdecimal/missing.c 2023-07-01 23:16:54 +09:00
parser_st.h Fix memory leak when copying ST tables 2023-06-29 11:16:50 -04:00
parser_value.h [Feature #19719] Universal Parser 2023-06-12 18:23:48 +09:00
prelude.rb Fix ruby_testoptions on RubyCI 2023-03-08 12:00:14 -08:00
prism_compile.c [PRISM] Always lookup idERROR_INFO consistently. 2023-11-08 20:28:58 -05:00
prism_compile.h [PRISM] ScopeNode doesn't need void * anymore 2023-10-25 18:18:35 -03:00
prism_init.c Move CRuby-specific prism files to top level 2023-09-28 09:44:16 -04:00
probes.d
probes_helper.h Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
proc.c [Feature #19362] Call `#initialize_dup` hook at `Proc#dup` 2023-10-26 17:28:50 +09:00
process.c [DOC] RDoc for module Process (#8847) 2023-11-08 09:26:27 -05:00
ractor.c Add ST table to gen_ivtbl for complex shapes 2023-10-31 12:07:54 -04:00
ractor.rb `Ractor::Selector#empty?` 2023-03-03 00:08:02 +09:00
ractor_core.h M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
random.c [DOC] Improve Random::Formatter docs 2022-12-11 18:49:56 +02:00
range.c describe the assumption for Range#overlap?. 2023-10-13 00:00:58 +09:00
rational.c [Feature #19474] Refactor NEWOBJ macros 2023-04-06 11:07:16 +01:00
re.c [DOC] Indentation fix in comments of MatchData#inspect 2023-10-20 18:26:37 +09:00
regcomp.c Fix onigmo name table without st 2023-11-03 10:41:48 +09:00
regenc.c Prevent potential buffer overrun in onigmo 2022-10-25 17:02:43 +09:00
regenc.h Prevent potential buffer overflow on enclen 2022-12-12 16:21:31 +09:00
regerror.c
regexec.c Optimize regexp matching for look-around and atomic groups (#7931) 2023-10-30 13:10:42 +09:00
regint.h Optimize regexp matching for look-around and atomic groups (#7931) 2023-10-30 13:10:42 +09:00
regparse.c Improve error and memory handling 2023-11-08 08:05:58 -05:00
regparse.h Fix onigmo name table without st 2023-11-03 10:41:48 +09:00
regsyntax.c
rjit.c RJIT: Tweak the default call threshold 2023-04-26 18:19:48 -07:00
rjit.h RJIT: Add --rjit-verify-ctx option 2023-04-04 00:35:29 -07:00
rjit.rb RJIT: Implement --rjit-trace-exits 2023-03-12 15:15:08 -07:00
rjit_c.c `rb_bug` prints a newline after the message 2023-05-20 21:43:30 +09:00
rjit_c.h RJIT: Support entry with different PCs 2023-04-02 15:27:40 -07:00
rjit_c.rb Refactor rb_shape_transition_shape_capa out 2023-11-08 11:02:55 +01:00
ruby-runner.c Avoid duplicate path in library paths 2023-10-21 14:05:20 +09:00
ruby.c [prism] Update to use new options APIs 2023-11-03 10:13:50 -04:00
ruby_assert.h
ruby_atomic.h
ruby_parser.c Add printf format attributes to `rb_parser_config_t` 2023-10-20 07:15:24 +09:00
rubyparser.h Embed `rb_args_info` in `rb_node_args_t` 2023-10-30 00:19:43 +09:00
rubystub.c `ruby_init_setproctitle` declaration has moved to internal/missing.h 2022-08-31 15:31:47 +09:00
scheduler.c [DOC] Fix method docs of scheduler#io_read and scheduler#io_write 2023-09-10 19:39:28 +09:00
shape.c Refactor rb_shape_transition_shape_capa out 2023-11-08 11:02:55 +01:00
shape.h Refactor rb_shape_transition_shape_capa out 2023-11-08 11:02:55 +01:00
signal.c Reset signal handler before aborting due to sanitizer 2023-07-19 00:06:53 +09:00
siphash.c Fix and improve coroutines for Darwin (macOS) ppc/ppc64. (#5975) 2022-10-19 23:49:45 +13:00
siphash.h
sparc.c [DOC]Some link prefix replace 2022-04-09 17:43:46 +09:00
sprintf.c [Bug #19167] Remove useless conversion of classes for special const 2022-12-09 22:11:44 +09:00
st.c Define `NO_SANITIZE` with reference to ext/bigdecimal/missing.c 2023-07-01 23:16:54 +09:00
strftime.c Introduce encoding check macro 2022-12-02 01:31:27 +09:00
string.c String for string literal is not resizable 2023-11-08 00:59:45 +09:00
string.rb [DOC] Improve doc guide compliance (#8221) 2023-08-15 14:43:58 -04:00
struct.c [DOC] Improve doc guide compliance (#8221) 2023-08-15 14:43:58 -04:00
symbol.c Compile debugging code for symbol and ID always 2023-06-30 23:59:05 +09:00
symbol.h [Bug #19882] Reject tokens invalid as symbols 2023-09-15 17:27:36 +09:00
symbol.rb Remove (newly unneeded) remarks about aliases 2023-02-19 14:26:34 -08:00
thread.c fix `native_thread_destroy()` timing 2023-10-13 09:19:31 +09:00
thread_none.c fix `native_thread_destroy()` timing 2023-10-13 09:19:31 +09:00
thread_none.h M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
thread_pthread.c thread_pthread.c: unbreak 10.5 Intel by restoring accidentally deleted macro 2023-11-01 23:29:15 +09:00
thread_pthread.h M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
thread_pthread_mn.c Cast up before multiplication 2023-10-29 21:27:49 +09:00
thread_sync.c M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
thread_sync.rb thread_sync.c: Clarify and document the behavior of timeout == 0 2022-10-17 16:56:00 +02:00
thread_win32.c fix `native_thread_destroy()` timing 2023-10-13 09:19:31 +09:00
thread_win32.h M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
time.c Use embedded TypedData for Time objects 2023-11-07 15:48:06 -05:00
timev.h Fix crash in Time on 32-bit systems 2023-04-04 11:12:07 -04:00
timev.rb [DOC] Improve doc guide compliance (#8221) 2023-08-15 14:43:58 -04:00
trace_point.rb [DOC] Remove Document-class from trace_point.rb 2023-08-14 11:48:39 -04:00
transcode.c Adjust indent [ci skip] 2023-10-27 17:01:44 +09:00
transcode_data.h Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
universal_parser.c Manage `rb_strterm_t` without imemo 2023-10-14 11:08:43 +09:00
util.c Remove duplicate `#include <string.h>` [ci skip] 2023-08-27 23:21:20 +09:00
variable.c Refactor rb_shape_transition_shape_capa out 2023-11-08 11:02:55 +01:00
variable.h Add ST table to gen_ivtbl for complex shapes 2023-10-31 12:07:54 -04:00
version.c YJIT: Add RubyVM::YJIT.enable (#8705) 2023-10-19 10:54:35 -07:00
version.h Allow changing RUBY_PATCHLEVEL_STR if RUBY_PATCHLEVEL == -1 (#8578) 2023-10-03 09:19:54 -07:00
vm.c Use a functional red-black tree for indexing the shapes 2023-10-24 10:52:06 -07:00
vm_args.c Make Kernel#lambda raise when given non-literal block 2023-09-12 11:25:07 -04:00
vm_backtrace.c [Feature #10602] Add new API rb_profile_thread_frames() 2023-10-31 11:16:18 +09:00
vm_callinfo.h Use reference counting to avoid memory leak in kwargs 2023-10-01 10:55:19 -04:00
vm_core.h YJIT: port call threshold logic from Rust to C for performance (#8628) 2023-10-12 10:05:34 -04:00
vm_debug.h Allow `RUBY_DEBUG_LOG` format to be empty 2022-08-06 10:52:00 +09:00
vm_dump.c Fix leaked symbols on FreeBSD [ci skip] 2023-10-12 15:07:42 +09:00
vm_eval.c Suppress nonnull warning from gcc 13 2023-11-07 23:19:51 +09:00
vm_exec.c Remove an unused argument in vm_exec_core 2023-07-27 17:31:27 -07:00
vm_exec.h Clean up OPT_STACK_CACHING (#8132) 2023-07-27 17:27:05 -07:00
vm_insnhelper.c Use shape capacity transitions for generic ivars 2023-11-03 10:15:32 -04:00
vm_insnhelper.h Move the PC regardless of the leaf flag (#8232) 2023-08-16 20:28:33 -07:00
vm_method.c YJIT: Add RubyVM::YJIT.enable (#8705) 2023-10-19 10:54:35 -07:00
vm_opts.h Clean up OPT_STACK_CACHING (#8132) 2023-07-27 17:27:05 -07:00
vm_sync.c M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
vm_sync.h `USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG` doesn't check `RUBY_DEVEL` 2021-12-29 00:22:02 +09:00
vm_trace.c [Bug #18487] [DOC] Remove stale note in `set_trace_func` document 2023-09-04 10:35:26 +09:00
vsnprintf.c Fix compiler warning with compiling on 32 bit 2023-04-13 16:44:01 -04:00
warning.rb [DOC] [Bug #19290] fix formatting 2023-01-01 14:50:39 +09:00
weakmap.c Fix crash in WeakMap during compaction 2023-09-06 14:20:23 -04:00
yjit.c YJIT: Add RubyVM::YJIT.enable (#8705) 2023-10-19 10:54:35 -07:00
yjit.h YJIT: Always define method codegen table at boot (#8807) 2023-11-02 09:15:48 -07:00
yjit.rb YJIT: refactor format_number (#8869) 2023-11-08 10:37:19 -05:00

README.md

Actions Status: MinGW Actions Status: RJIT Actions Status: Ubuntu Actions Status: Windows AppVeyor status Travis Status

What is Ruby?

Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often used for web development. It also offers many scripting features to process plain text and serialized files, or manage system tasks. It is simple, straightforward, and extensible.

Features of Ruby

  • Simple Syntax
  • Normal Object-oriented Features (e.g. class, method calls)
  • Advanced Object-oriented Features (e.g. mix-in, singleton-method)
  • Operator Overloading
  • Exception Handling
  • Iterators and Closures
  • Garbage Collection
  • Dynamic Loading of Object Files (on some architectures)
  • Highly Portable (works on many Unix-like/POSIX compatible platforms as well as Windows, macOS, etc.) cf. https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/maintainers_md.html#label-Platform+Maintainers

How to get Ruby

For a complete list of ways to install Ruby, including using third-party tools like rvm, see:

https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/

You can download release packages and the snapshot of the repository. If you want to download whole versions of Ruby, please visit https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/releases/.

Download with Git

The mirror of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following command:

$ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git

There are some other branches under development. Try the following command to see the list of branches:

$ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git

You may also want to use https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git (actual master of Ruby source) if you are a committer.

How to build

See Building Ruby

Ruby home page

https://www.ruby-lang.org/

Documentation

Mailing list

There is a mailing list to discuss Ruby. To subscribe to this list, please send the following phrase:

join

in the mail subject (not body) to the address ruby-talk-request@ml.ruby-lang.org.

Copying

See the file COPYING.

Feedback

Questions about the Ruby language can be asked on the Ruby-Talk mailing list or on websites like https://stackoverflow.com.

Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read "Reporting Issues" for more information.

Contributing

See "Contributing to Ruby", which includes setup and build instructions.

The Author

Ruby was originally designed and developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz) in 1995.

matz@ruby-lang.org