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John Hawthorn f1b7424cbe FREE_AT_EXIT: Don't free main stack post-fork
When a forked process was started in a thread, this would result in a
double-free during the child process exit.

    RUBY_FREE_AT_EXIT=1 ./miniruby -e 'Thread.new { fork { } }.join; Process.waitpid'

This is because the main thread in the forked process was not the
initial VM thread, and the new thread's stack was freed as part of
objectspace iteration.

This change also allows rb_threadptr_root_fiber_release to run without
EC being available.
2023-12-22 18:07:22 -08:00
.github Shorten the workflow name 2023-12-17 21:17:19 -08:00
basictest [wasm] bootstraptest, basictest: disable backquote literal tests 2022-01-19 11:19:06 +09:00
benchmark Add benchmark for recent optimization to avoid implicit allocations 2023-12-07 11:27:55 -08:00
bin Resync prism delete bin/dot 2023-11-14 16:22:03 -05:00
bootstraptest Avoid underflow of rb_yjit_live_iseq_count 2023-12-21 20:43:01 -08:00
ccan Fix -Wundef warnings 2022-10-26 18:57:26 +09:00
coroutine coroutine/arm64: Skip saving/restoring x30 twice and use `autiasp` 2023-12-22 11:30:00 +09:00
coverage
cygwin windows-arm64 support (#8995) 2023-11-23 17:17:28 +09:00
defs Fix error when gems/src is read-only 2023-10-11 13:32:54 +09:00
doc RJIT: Clean up unnecessary documentation 2023-12-21 16:47:13 -08:00
enc Add `modencs` target to build encodings/transcoders as modules 2023-09-11 11:06:49 +09:00
ext [ruby/psych] Bump up 5.1.2 2023-12-19 11:07:47 +09:00
gems debug.gem v1.9.1 2023-12-22 12:45:31 +09:00
include Typo fixes for public headers [ci skip] 2023-12-21 20:34:49 -05:00
internal Correct free_on_exit env var to free_at_exit 2023-12-20 14:36:32 +09:00
lib Merge RubyGems-3.5.3 and Bundler-2.5.3 2023-12-23 09:34:26 +09:00
libexec [rubygems/rubygems] Use modern hashes consistently 2023-12-07 22:29:33 +00:00
man [ruby/irb] Add command line option to select which completor to use 2023-11-09 13:15:26 +00:00
misc YJIT: implement call fuzzer script (#9129) 2023-12-11 12:52:47 -05:00
missing Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
prism Revert all of commits after Prism 0.19.0 release 2023-12-16 11:08:51 +08:00
sample Add all-ruby-quine as a sample code 2023-02-27 11:20:42 +09:00
spec Merge RubyGems-3.5.3 and Bundler-2.5.3 2023-12-23 09:34:26 +09:00
template Revert "[Bug #19831] Remove duplicate library options" 2023-12-20 13:46:39 +09:00
test Merge RubyGems-3.5.3 and Bundler-2.5.3 2023-12-23 09:34:26 +09:00
tool RJIT: Distinguish Pointer with Array 2023-12-22 11:24:04 -08:00
wasm [wasm] Avoid malloc during longjmp 2023-11-23 02:15:42 +09:00
win32 windows-arm64 support (#8995) 2023-11-23 17:17:28 +09:00
yjit YJIT: Add stats option to RubyVM::YJIT.enable (#9297) 2023-12-19 11:47:27 -08:00
.appveyor.yml Try newer 2023-10-18 vcpkg [ci skip] 2023-10-25 23:57:15 +09:00
.dir-locals.el
.document [DOC] No document under win32 2023-05-27 02:07:47 +09:00
.editorconfig
.gdbinit Remove nd_entry from NODE_GASGN and NODE_GVAR 2023-08-23 07:59:54 +09:00
.git-blame-ignore-revs Add indentation to ignore revs [ci skip] 2023-09-29 00:57:09 +09:00
.gitattributes
.gitignore [prism] Ignore other generated files from prism 2023-11-16 12:14:24 -05:00
.indent.pro Update .indent.pro [ci skip] 2022-07-22 21:59:58 +09:00
.rdoc_options [DOC] Set the documentation title and main page 2022-02-21 13:08:06 +09:00
.rspec_parallel
.travis.yml .travis.yml: Try another way to be notified. 2023-12-22 15:06:47 +01:00
BSDL
CONTRIBUTING.md Improve documentation on contributing to Ruby 2022-05-11 10:59:24 -04:00
COPYING
COPYING.ja
GPL
KNOWNBUGS.rb
LEGAL Remove about ext/psych/yaml which is no longer bundled [ci skip] 2023-01-11 18:05:15 +09:00
NEWS.md Update default gems list at 7d7a84e99f [ci skip] 2023-12-23 00:35:43 +00:00
README.EXT
README.EXT.ja
README.ja.md [DOC] Fixes for link fragments (#7981) 2023-06-28 09:05:43 -04:00
README.md [DOC] README.md: Remove Cirrus CI badge image. (#8785) 2023-10-27 15:53:43 +02:00
aclocal.m4
addr2line.c Fix build on FreeBSD 2023-09-26 02:07:32 +09:00
addr2line.h Dump backtraces to an arbitrary stream 2023-09-25 22:57:28 +09:00
array.c Fix ary_make_partial_step for compaction 2023-12-21 10:39:03 -05:00
array.rb [DOC] Improve doc guide compliance (#8221) 2023-08-15 14:43:58 -04:00
ast.c Remove duplicate to_path conversion 2023-11-02 10:06:03 +09:00
ast.rb ast.rb: Fix bug for source of multibyte characters 2023-11-05 00:54:22 +09:00
autogen.sh
bignum.c * expand tabs. [ci skip] 2023-06-30 14:59:34 +00:00
builtin.c Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
builtin.h Remove MJIT's builtin function compiler 2023-03-07 23:16:24 -08:00
class.c Set m_tbl right after allocation 2023-12-19 13:09:36 -08:00
common.mk Fix ext/socket/constdefs.c dependency [ci skip] 2023-12-17 20:14:41 +09:00
compar.c docs(compar.c): change class name in example 2023-12-11 08:56:37 +09:00
compile.c Introduce --parser runtime flag 2023-12-15 13:42:19 -05:00
complex.c RDoc for Complex 2023-12-19 17:29:09 -05:00
configure.ac KQueue support for M:N threads 2023-12-20 16:23:38 +09:00
constant.h Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
cont.c FREE_AT_EXIT: Don't free main stack post-fork 2023-12-22 18:07:22 -08:00
darray.h Implement weak references in the GC 2023-08-25 09:01:21 -04:00
debug.c M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
debug_counter.c Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
debug_counter.h Add Missing Counters to `rb_debug_counter_type` enum (#8297) 2023-08-25 15:27:56 -07:00
dir.c [DOC] Add links from `File::Constants` in dir.c to `File` constants 2023-12-18 20:17:44 +09:00
dir.rb [DOC] Fix doc/regexp.rdoc links 2023-11-14 15:56:57 +09:00
dln.c [wasm] dln.c: Guard `dladdr` use in symbol incompatibility check 2023-12-19 11:13:38 +09:00
dln.h dln_symbol: make dln_sym accessible Ruby internally 2023-12-14 17:39:42 +09:00
dln_find.c Don't check for null pointer in calls to free 2023-06-30 09:13:31 -04:00
dmydln.c dln_symbol: make dln_sym accessible Ruby internally 2023-12-14 17:39:42 +09:00
dmyenc.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
dmyext.c
encindex.h Rename ENCINDEX_ASCII to ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT 2022-07-19 08:48:56 +02:00
encoding.c Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
enum.c [DOC] Missing comment markers 2023-09-27 16:18:05 +09:00
enumerator.c Add `RUBY_REFERENCES` 2023-11-30 21:39:28 +09:00
error.c [DOC] Fix NoMethodError example of rendering (#9309) 2023-12-21 22:27:18 +02:00
eval.c [DOC] Adjust some new features wording/examples. (#9183) 2023-12-14 23:01:48 +02:00
eval_error.c [Bug #19774] Fix segfault at `return` in `END` 2023-07-19 03:40:05 +09:00
eval_intern.h [wasm] allocate Asyncify setjmp buffer in heap 2023-11-13 19:17:16 +09:00
eval_jump.c [Bug #19016] re-order error handling at cleanup 2022-11-22 00:33:19 +09:00
file.c [DOC] Add links from `File::Constants` to `File` constants 2023-12-18 20:17:44 +09:00
gc.c Correct free_on_exit env var to free_at_exit 2023-12-20 14:36:32 +09:00
gc.rb [DOC] documents of aliased methods 2023-12-18 20:17:43 +09:00
gem_prelude.rb Warn default gems which will be gemified in future 2023-07-28 14:57:10 +09:00
golf_prelude.rb
goruby.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
hash.c compare_by_identity: remove alloc for non-empty Hash 2023-12-18 14:51:16 -05:00
hrtime.h Fix per-instance Regexp timeout (#6621) 2022-10-24 18:03:26 +09:00
id_table.c Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
id_table.h Transition complex objects to "too complex" shape 2022-12-15 10:06:04 -08:00
inits.c Initialize interrupt queue before signal handlers (#9196) 2023-12-11 21:12:08 -08:00
insns.def Ensure f(**kw, &block) calls kw.to_hash before block.to_proc 2023-12-09 13:15:47 -08:00
internal.h Don't redefine RB_OBJ_WRITE 2023-01-18 08:49:32 -05:00
io.c MN: skip waiting on `read_nonblock' 2023-12-23 08:10:41 +09:00
io.rb Move IO#readline to Ruby 2023-09-28 10:43:45 -07:00
io_buffer.c Implement IO::Buffer on VWA 2023-12-19 09:13:20 -05:00
iseq.c Avoid underflow of rb_yjit_live_iseq_count 2023-12-21 20:43:01 -08:00
iseq.h Introduce --parser runtime flag 2023-12-15 13:42:19 -05:00
kernel.rb Update documentation for `yield_self` and `then` 2023-09-29 19:32:12 +09:00
lex.c.blt reserved_word: just use gperf 3.1 declaration 2022-09-21 11:44:09 +09:00
load.c Adjust styles [ci skip] 2023-12-17 00:21:00 +09:00
loadpath.c
localeinit.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
main.c Enable DEBUG_LOG feature on USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG 2023-03-01 17:18:43 +09:00
marshal.c Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
marshal.rb
math.c [DOC] Missing comment markers 2023-09-27 16:18:05 +09:00
memory_view.c Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
method.h Remove written-but-never-read `me->def.body.refined.owner` 2023-11-29 01:41:40 +00:00
mini_builtin.c [DOC] No document for internal or debug methods 2023-12-18 20:17:45 +09:00
miniinit.c Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
nilclass.rb
node.c Embed `rb_args_info` in `rb_node_args_t` 2023-10-30 00:19:43 +09:00
node.h Delete heredoc line mark references 2023-10-14 11:08:43 +09:00
node_dump.c Embed `rb_args_info` in `rb_node_args_t` 2023-10-30 00:19:43 +09:00
numeric.c Use free with ruby_dtoa 2023-12-07 09:23:02 -08:00
numeric.rb Rewrite Integer#times in Ruby (#8388) 2023-09-07 10:57:52 -07:00
object.c Re-embed when removing Object instance variables 2023-12-06 11:34:07 -05:00
pack.c Reuse `natstr` if it equals `endstr` 2023-10-06 16:33:44 +09:00
pack.rb [DOC] Link to packed data doc (#6567) 2022-10-18 10:16:22 -05:00
parse.y Extract `forwarding_arg_check` function 2023-12-22 23:08:10 +09:00
parser_bits.h [Feature #19719] Universal Parser 2023-06-12 18:23:48 +09:00
parser_node.h Change RNode structure from union to struct 2023-09-28 11:58:10 +09:00
parser_st.c check modifcation whil ar->st 2023-12-15 11:58:43 +09:00
parser_st.h Fix memory leak when copying ST tables 2023-06-29 11:16:50 -04:00
parser_value.h [Feature #19719] Universal Parser 2023-06-12 18:23:48 +09:00
prelude.rb Fix ruby_testoptions on RubyCI 2023-03-08 12:00:14 -08:00
prism_compile.c [PRISM] Correct the jump target for redo in FOR_NODE 2023-12-19 22:50:59 +00:00
prism_compile.h Introduce --parser runtime flag 2023-12-15 13:42:19 -05:00
prism_init.c Move CRuby-specific prism files to top level 2023-09-28 09:44:16 -04:00
probes.d
probes_helper.h Stop exporting symbols for MJIT 2023-03-06 21:59:23 -08:00
proc.c Remove unused macros 2023-12-12 17:24:17 -05:00
process.c KQueue support for M:N threads 2023-12-20 16:23:38 +09:00
ractor.c Use main_thread->ec from rb_vm_main_ractor_ec 2023-12-21 09:17:22 -08:00
ractor.rb remove `Ractor::Selector` from Ruby level 2023-12-16 01:00:01 +09:00
ractor_core.h Revert "allow enabling Prism via flag or env var" 2023-12-06 10:21:12 +09:00
random.c Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
range.c [Bug #19977] Fix (nil..nil) === x not to raise TypeError 2023-12-22 16:15:33 +09:00
rational.c [Feature #19474] Refactor NEWOBJ macros 2023-04-06 11:07:16 +01:00
re.c [DOC] State MatchData#[] when multiple captures with the same name 2023-12-19 13:48:51 +09:00
regcomp.c Fix onigmo name table without st 2023-11-03 10:41:48 +09:00
regenc.c Prevent potential buffer overrun in onigmo 2022-10-25 17:02:43 +09:00
regenc.h Prevent potential buffer overflow on enclen 2022-12-12 16:21:31 +09:00
regerror.c
regexec.c Fix regex match cache out-of-bounds access 2023-11-16 10:23:15 +01:00
regint.h Optimize regexp matching for look-around and atomic groups (#7931) 2023-10-30 13:10:42 +09:00
regparse.c Improve error and memory handling 2023-11-08 08:05:58 -05:00
regparse.h Fix onigmo name table without st 2023-11-03 10:41:48 +09:00
regsyntax.c
rjit.c RJIT: Make --rjit-trace actually work 2023-12-21 21:46:19 -08:00
rjit.h RJIT: Add --rjit-trace to allow TracePoint during JIT 2023-12-21 21:05:13 -08:00
rjit.rb RJIT: Clean up unnecessary documentation 2023-12-21 16:47:13 -08:00
rjit_c.c RJIT: Correct the type of rb_vm_insns_count 2023-12-19 00:02:38 -08:00
rjit_c.h RJIT: Share rb_vm_insns_count for vm_insns_count 2023-12-18 23:55:40 -08:00
rjit_c.rb RJIT: Distinguish Pointer with Array 2023-12-22 11:24:04 -08:00
ruby-runner.c Win32: ruby-runner is unnecessary on Windows in favor of SxS [ci skip] 2023-12-04 10:02:38 +09:00
ruby.c RJIT: Add --rjit-trace to allow TracePoint during JIT 2023-12-21 21:05:13 -08:00
ruby_assert.h
ruby_atomic.h
ruby_parser.c Add printf format attributes to `rb_parser_config_t` 2023-10-20 07:15:24 +09:00
rubyparser.h Fix typo in a comment [ci skip] 2023-12-08 01:20:15 +09:00
rubystub.c `ruby_init_setproctitle` declaration has moved to internal/missing.h 2022-08-31 15:31:47 +09:00
scheduler.c [DOC] Fix method docs of scheduler#io_read and scheduler#io_write 2023-09-10 19:39:28 +09:00
shape.c Fix a grammar issue in the shape performance warning message 2023-12-20 09:28:45 +01:00
shape.h Use 32-bit integers for redblack_id_t 2023-12-04 13:57:12 -05:00
signal.c signal.c: Fix undefined `reset_sigmask` use on Emscripten 2023-12-19 12:40:43 +09:00
siphash.c Fix and improve coroutines for Darwin (macOS) ppc/ppc64. (#5975) 2022-10-19 23:49:45 +13:00
siphash.h
sparc.c [DOC]Some link prefix replace 2022-04-09 17:43:46 +09:00
sprintf.c [Bug #19167] Remove useless conversion of classes for special const 2022-12-09 22:11:44 +09:00
st.c check modifcation whil ar->st 2023-12-15 11:58:43 +09:00
strftime.c Introduce encoding check macro 2022-12-02 01:31:27 +09:00
string.c Stir the hash value more with encoding index 2023-12-17 00:30:00 +09:00
string.rb [DOC] Fix doc/regexp.rdoc links 2023-11-14 15:56:57 +09:00
struct.c [DOC] Improve doc guide compliance (#8221) 2023-08-15 14:43:58 -04:00
symbol.c Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
symbol.h [Bug #19882] Reject tokens invalid as symbols 2023-09-15 17:27:36 +09:00
symbol.rb Remove (newly unneeded) remarks about aliases 2023-02-19 14:26:34 -08:00
thread.c MN: skip waiting on fiber schedulers 2023-12-23 08:10:41 +09:00
thread_none.c fix `native_thread_destroy()` timing 2023-10-13 09:19:31 +09:00
thread_none.h M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
thread_pthread.c MN: ceil timeout milli seconds 2023-12-23 05:56:02 +09:00
thread_pthread.h M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
thread_pthread_mn.c skip `MAP_STACK` on FreeBSD 2023-12-20 17:00:55 +09:00
thread_sync.c [DOC] Adjust some new features wording/examples. (#9183) 2023-12-14 23:01:48 +02:00
thread_sync.rb thread_sync.c: Clarify and document the behavior of timeout == 0 2022-10-17 16:56:00 +02:00
thread_win32.c fix `native_thread_destroy()` timing 2023-10-13 09:19:31 +09:00
thread_win32.h M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
time.c [DOC] Markup class name `Time` as code 2023-12-02 21:48:00 +09:00
timev.h Fix crash in Time on 32-bit systems 2023-04-04 11:12:07 -04:00
timev.rb [DOC] Markup class name `Time` as code 2023-12-02 21:48:00 +09:00
trace_point.rb [DOC] Adjust some new features wording/examples. (#9183) 2023-12-14 23:01:48 +02:00
transcode.c Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
transcode_data.h Expand tabs [ci skip] 2022-07-21 09:42:04 -07:00
universal_parser.c Manage `rb_strterm_t` without imemo 2023-10-14 11:08:43 +09:00
util.c Remove duplicate `#include <string.h>` [ci skip] 2023-08-27 23:21:20 +09:00
variable.c [DOC] Adjust some new features wording/examples. (#9183) 2023-12-14 23:01:48 +02:00
variable.h Free everything at shutdown 2023-12-07 15:52:35 -05:00
version.c Introduce --parser runtime flag 2023-12-15 13:42:19 -05:00
version.h Allow changing RUBY_PATCHLEVEL_STR if RUBY_PATCHLEVEL == -1 (#8578) 2023-10-03 09:19:54 -07:00
vm.c FREE_AT_EXIT: Don't free main stack post-fork 2023-12-22 18:07:22 -08:00
vm_args.c Prevent modification of splat array inside setup_parameters_complex 2023-12-07 11:27:55 -08:00
vm_backtrace.c Make rb_profile_frames return 0 for NULL ec 2023-12-21 15:23:19 -08:00
vm_callinfo.h Support tracing of struct member accessor methods 2023-12-07 10:29:33 -08:00
vm_core.h Change the semantics of rb_postponed_job_register 2023-12-10 15:00:37 +09:00
vm_debug.h Allow `RUBY_DEBUG_LOG` format to be empty 2022-08-06 10:52:00 +09:00
vm_dump.c windows-arm64 support (#8995) 2023-11-23 17:17:28 +09:00
vm_eval.c Support tracing of struct member accessor methods 2023-12-07 10:29:33 -08:00
vm_exec.c RJIT: Correct the macro that defines rb_vm_insns_count 2023-12-19 00:06:21 -08:00
vm_exec.h Clean up OPT_STACK_CACHING (#8132) 2023-07-27 17:27:05 -07:00
vm_insnhelper.c Support tracing of struct member accessor methods 2023-12-07 10:29:33 -08:00
vm_insnhelper.h RJIT: Share rb_vm_insns_count for vm_insns_count 2023-12-18 23:55:40 -08:00
vm_method.c Remove written-but-never-read `me->def.body.refined.owner` 2023-11-29 01:41:40 +00:00
vm_opts.h Clean up OPT_STACK_CACHING (#8132) 2023-07-27 17:27:05 -07:00
vm_sync.c M:N thread scheduler for Ractors 2023-10-12 14:47:01 +09:00
vm_sync.h `USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG` doesn't check `RUBY_DEVEL` 2021-12-29 00:22:02 +09:00
vm_trace.c Remove EC argument from clean_hooks_check 2023-12-22 18:07:22 -08:00
vsnprintf.c Use free with ruby_dtoa 2023-12-07 09:23:02 -08:00
warning.rb [DOC] [Bug #19290] fix formatting 2023-01-01 14:50:39 +09:00
weakmap.c [DOC] Enhance docs for WeakMap and WeakKeyMap (#9160) 2023-12-14 23:33:33 +02:00
yjit.c YJIT: Add stats option to RubyVM::YJIT.enable (#9297) 2023-12-19 11:47:27 -08:00
yjit.h YJIT: Always define method codegen table at boot (#8807) 2023-11-02 09:15:48 -07:00
yjit.rb YJIT: Add stats option to RubyVM::YJIT.enable (#9297) 2023-12-19 11:47:27 -08:00

README.md

Actions Status: MinGW Actions Status: RJIT Actions Status: Ubuntu Actions Status: Windows AppVeyor status Travis Status

What is Ruby?

Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often used for web development. It also offers many scripting features to process plain text and serialized files, or manage system tasks. It is simple, straightforward, and extensible.

Features of Ruby

  • Simple Syntax
  • Normal Object-oriented Features (e.g. class, method calls)
  • Advanced Object-oriented Features (e.g. mix-in, singleton-method)
  • Operator Overloading
  • Exception Handling
  • Iterators and Closures
  • Garbage Collection
  • Dynamic Loading of Object Files (on some architectures)
  • Highly Portable (works on many Unix-like/POSIX compatible platforms as well as Windows, macOS, etc.) cf. https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/maintainers_md.html#label-Platform+Maintainers

How to get Ruby

For a complete list of ways to install Ruby, including using third-party tools like rvm, see:

https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/

You can download release packages and the snapshot of the repository. If you want to download whole versions of Ruby, please visit https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/releases/.

Download with Git

The mirror of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following command:

$ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git

There are some other branches under development. Try the following command to see the list of branches:

$ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git

You may also want to use https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git (actual master of Ruby source) if you are a committer.

How to build

See Building Ruby

Ruby home page

https://www.ruby-lang.org/

Documentation

Mailing list

There is a mailing list to discuss Ruby. To subscribe to this list, please send the following phrase:

join

in the mail subject (not body) to the address ruby-talk-request@ml.ruby-lang.org.

Copying

See the file COPYING.

Feedback

Questions about the Ruby language can be asked on the Ruby-Talk mailing list or on websites like https://stackoverflow.com.

Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read "Reporting Issues" for more information.

Contributing

See "Contributing to Ruby", which includes setup and build instructions.

The Author

Ruby was originally designed and developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz) in 1995.

matz@ruby-lang.org