diff --git a/example_test.go b/example_test.go
index fc2f793b..7155a159 100644
--- a/example_test.go
+++ b/example_test.go
@@ -26,9 +26,13 @@ func ExampleConfig() {
 		},
 	}
 
+	// use PKCE to protect against CSRF attacks
+	// https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-oauth-security-topics-22.html#name-countermeasures-6
+	verifier := oauth2.GenerateVerifier()
+
 	// Redirect user to consent page to ask for permission
 	// for the scopes specified above.
-	url := conf.AuthCodeURL("state", oauth2.AccessTypeOffline)
+	url := conf.AuthCodeURL("state", oauth2.AccessTypeOffline, oauth2.S256ChallengeOption(verifier))
 	fmt.Printf("Visit the URL for the auth dialog: %v", url)
 
 	// Use the authorization code that is pushed to the redirect
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ func ExampleConfig() {
 	if _, err := fmt.Scan(&code); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	tok, err := conf.Exchange(ctx, code)
+	tok, err := conf.Exchange(ctx, code, oauth2.VerifierOption(verifier))
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/oauth2.go b/oauth2.go
index 86a70e77..90a2c3d6 100644
--- a/oauth2.go
+++ b/oauth2.go
@@ -144,15 +144,19 @@ func SetAuthURLParam(key, value string) AuthCodeOption {
 // AuthCodeURL returns a URL to OAuth 2.0 provider's consent page
 // that asks for permissions for the required scopes explicitly.
 //
-// State is a token to protect the user from CSRF attacks. You must
-// always provide a non-empty string and validate that it matches the
-// state query parameter on your redirect callback.
-// See http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-10.12 for more info.
+// State is an opaque value used by the client to maintain state between the
+// request and callback. The authorization server includes this value when
+// redirecting the user agent back to the client.
 //
 // Opts may include AccessTypeOnline or AccessTypeOffline, as well
 // as ApprovalForce.
-// It can also be used to pass the PKCE challenge.
-// See https://www.oauth.com/oauth2-servers/pkce/ for more info.
+//
+// To protect against CSRF attacks, opts should include a PKCE challenge
+// (S256ChallengeOption). Not all servers support PKCE. An alternative is to
+// generate a random state parameter and verify it after exchange.
+// See https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6749#section-10.12 (predating
+// PKCE), https://www.oauth.com/oauth2-servers/pkce/ and
+// https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-oauth-v2-1-09.html#name-cross-site-request-forgery (describing both approaches)
 func (c *Config) AuthCodeURL(state string, opts ...AuthCodeOption) string {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	buf.WriteString(c.Endpoint.AuthURL)
@@ -167,7 +171,6 @@ func (c *Config) AuthCodeURL(state string, opts ...AuthCodeOption) string {
 		v.Set("scope", strings.Join(c.Scopes, " "))
 	}
 	if state != "" {
-		// TODO(light): Docs say never to omit state; don't allow empty.
 		v.Set("state", state)
 	}
 	for _, opt := range opts {
@@ -212,10 +215,11 @@ func (c *Config) PasswordCredentialsToken(ctx context.Context, username, passwor
 // The provided context optionally controls which HTTP client is used. See the HTTPClient variable.
 //
 // The code will be in the *http.Request.FormValue("code"). Before
-// calling Exchange, be sure to validate FormValue("state").
+// calling Exchange, be sure to validate FormValue("state") if you are
+// using it to protect against CSRF attacks.
 //
-// Opts may include the PKCE verifier code if previously used in AuthCodeURL.
-// See https://www.oauth.com/oauth2-servers/pkce/ for more info.
+// If using PKCE to protect against CSRF attacks, opts should include a
+// VerifierOption.
 func (c *Config) Exchange(ctx context.Context, code string, opts ...AuthCodeOption) (*Token, error) {
 	v := url.Values{
 		"grant_type": {"authorization_code"},
diff --git a/pkce.go b/pkce.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50593b6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkce.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+package oauth2
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"net/url"
+)
+
+const (
+	codeChallengeKey       = "code_challenge"
+	codeChallengeMethodKey = "code_challenge_method"
+	codeVerifierKey        = "code_verifier"
+)
+
+// GenerateVerifier generates a PKCE code verifier with 32 octets of randomness.
+// This follows recommendations in RFC 7636.
+//
+// A fresh verifier should be generated for each authorization.
+// S256ChallengeOption(verifier) should then be passed to Config.AuthCodeURL
+// (or Config.DeviceAccess) and VerifierOption(verifier) to Config.Exchange
+// (or Config.DeviceAccessToken).
+func GenerateVerifier() string {
+	// "RECOMMENDED that the output of a suitable random number generator be
+	// used to create a 32-octet sequence.  The octet sequence is then
+	// base64url-encoded to produce a 43-octet URL-safe string to use as the
+	// code verifier."
+	// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7636#section-4.1
+	data := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(data); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
+}
+
+// VerifierOption returns a PKCE code verifier AuthCodeOption. It should be
+// passed to Config.Exchange or Config.DeviceAccessToken only.
+func VerifierOption(verifier string) AuthCodeOption {
+	return setParam{k: codeVerifierKey, v: verifier}
+}
+
+// S256ChallengeFromVerifier returns a PKCE code challenge derived from verifier with method S256.
+//
+// Prefer to use S256ChallengeOption where possible.
+func S256ChallengeFromVerifier(verifier string) string {
+	sha := sha256.Sum256([]byte(verifier))
+	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(sha[:])
+}
+
+// S256ChallengeOption derives a PKCE code challenge derived from verifier with
+// method S256. It should be passed to Config.AuthCodeURL or Config.DeviceAccess
+// only.
+func S256ChallengeOption(verifier string) AuthCodeOption {
+	return challengeOption{
+		challenge_method: "S256",
+		challenge:        S256ChallengeFromVerifier(verifier),
+	}
+}
+
+type challengeOption struct{ challenge_method, challenge string }
+
+func (p challengeOption) setValue(m url.Values) {
+	m.Set(codeChallengeMethodKey, p.challenge_method)
+	m.Set(codeChallengeKey, p.challenge)
+}