_content/blog: gopls scalability blog post
Add a new blog post describing some of the scalability work we've been doing for gopls. Change-Id: Id9a9a328b2e29499d635d36e96f753f9a4787978 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/website/+/520995 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com> Auto-Submit: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com> LUCI-TryBot-Result: Go LUCI <golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com>
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---
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title: Scaling gopls for the growing Go ecosystem
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date: 2023-09-08
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by:
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- Robert Findley
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- Alan Donovan
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summary: As the Go ecosystem gets bigger, gopls must get smaller
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---
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<style type="text/css" scoped>
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.chart {
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width: 100%;
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}
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@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
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.chart {
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border-radius: 8px;
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}
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}
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</style>
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Earlier this summer, the Go team released version [v0.12](https://go.dev/s/gopls-v0.12)
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of [gopls](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/tools/gopls),
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the [language server](https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/) for Go, featuring a rewrite of its core that allows
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it to scale to larger codebases.
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This is the culmination of a year-long effort,
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and we're excited to share our progress, as well as talk a little bit about
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the new architecture and what it means for the future of gopls.
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Since the v0.12 release, we've fine-tuned the new design,
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focusing on making interactive queries (such as auto-completion or finding
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references) as fast as they were with v0.11,
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despite holding so much less state in memory.
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If you haven't already, we hope you'll try it out:
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```
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$ go install golang.org/x/tools/gopls@latest
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```
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We'd love to hear about your experience with it via this [brief survey](https://google.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_4SnGxpcSKN33WZw?s=blog).
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## Reductions in memory use and startup time {#results}
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Before we dive into the details, let's look at the results!
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The chart below shows the change to startup time and memory usage for 28
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of the most popular Go repositories on GitHub.
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These measurements were taken after opening a randomly selected Go file
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and waiting for gopls to fully load its state,
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and since we assume that the initial indexing is amortized over many editing sessions,
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we take these measurements the _second_ time we open the file.
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<div class="image">
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<img src="gopls-scalability/performance-improvements.svg" alt="Relative savings
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in memory and startup time" class="chart"/>
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</div>
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Across these repos, the savings average around 75%,
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but memory reductions are non-linear:
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as projects get larger, so does the relative decrease in memory usage.
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We'll explain this in more detail below.
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## Gopls and the evolving Go ecosystem {#background}
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Gopls provides language-agnostic editors with IDE-like features such as auto-completion,
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formatting, cross-references, and refactoring.
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Since its beginnings in 2018, gopls has consolidated many disparate command-line
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tools such as [guru](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/guru),
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[gorename](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/gorename),
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and [goimports](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports) and
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has become the [default backend for the VS Code Go extension](https://go.dev/blog/gopls-vscode-go)
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as well as many other editors and LSP plugins.
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Perhaps you’ve been using gopls through your editor without even knowing
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it---that’s the goal!
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Five years ago, gopls offered improved performance merely by maintaining a stateful session.
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Whereas older command-line tools had to start from scratch each time they executed,
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gopls could save intermediate results to significantly reduce latency.
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But all that state came with a cost, and over time we increasingly [heard from users](https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aclosed+in%3Atitle+gopls+memory)
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that gopls's high memory usage was barely tolerable.
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Meanwhile, the Go ecosystem was growing, with more code being written in
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larger repositories.
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[Go workspaces](https://go.dev/blog/get-familiar-with-workspaces) allowed
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developers to work on multiple modules simultaneously,
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and [containerized development](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/devcontainers/containers)
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put language servers in increasingly resource-constrained environments.
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Codebases were getting larger, and developer environments were getting smaller.
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We needed to change the way gopls scaled in order to keep up.
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## Revisiting gopls's compiler origins {#origins}
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In many ways, gopls resembles a compiler:
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it has to read, parse, type-check, and analyze Go source files,
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for which it uses many of the compiler [building blocks](https://github.com/golang/example/tree/master/gotypes#introduction)
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provided by the [Go standard library](https://pkg.go.dev/go) and [golang.org/x/tools](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/tools) module.
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These building blocks use the technique of "symbolic programming":
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in a running compiler there is a single object or "symbol" that stands for
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each function such as `fmt.Println`.
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Any reference to a function is represented as a pointer to its symbol.
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To test whether two references are talking about the same symbol,
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you don’t need to think about names.
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You just compare pointers. A pointer is much smaller than a string,
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and pointer comparison is very cheap, so symbols are an efficient way to
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represent a structure as complex as a program.
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In order to respond quickly to requests, gopls v0.11 held all these symbols in memory,
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as though gopls was **compiling your entire program at once**.
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The result was a memory footprint that was proportional to and much larger
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than the source code being edited (for example,
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typed syntax trees are typically 30x larger than the source text!).
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<!-- deps(gopls) = 18.5MB source, 542MB RAM -->
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## Separate compilation {#separate-compilation}
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The designers of the first compilers in the 1950s quickly discovered the
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limits of monolithic compilation.
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Their solution was to break the program into units and compile each unit separately.
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Separate compilation makes it possible to build a program that does not fit in memory,
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by doing it in small pieces.
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In Go, the units are packages. Compilation of different packages cannot
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be completely separated:
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when compiling a package P, the compiler still needs information about what's
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provided by the packages that P imports.
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To arrange this, the Go build system compiles all of P's imported packages before P itself,
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and the Go compiler writes a compact summary of each package's exported API.
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The summaries of P's imported packages are provided as inputs to the compilation of P itself.
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Gopls v0.12 brings separate compilation to gopls,
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reusing the same package summary format used by the compiler.
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The idea is simple, but there’s subtlety in the details.
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We rewrote each algorithm that previously inspected the data structure representing the entire program,
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so that it now works on one package at a time and saves per-package results to files,
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just like a compiler emitting object code.
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For example, finding all references to a function used to be as easy as
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searching the program data structure for all occurrences of a particular pointer value.
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Now, when gopls processes each package, it must construct and save an index
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that associates each identifier location in the source code with the name
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of the symbol to which it refers.
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At query time, gopls loads and searches these indexes.
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Other global queries, such as "find implementations",
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use similar techniques.
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Like the `go build` command, gopls now uses a [file-based cache](https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/tools/+/master:gopls/internal/lsp/filecache/filecache.go;l=5;drc=6f567c8090cb88f13a71b19595bf88c6b27dbeed)
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store to record summaries of information computed from each package,
|
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including the type of each declaration, the index of cross-references,
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and the method set of each type.
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Since the cache is persisted across processes,
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you’ll notice that the second time you start gopls in your workspace,
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it becomes ready to serve much more quickly,
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and if you run two gopls instances, they work together synergistically.
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|
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<div class="image">
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<img src="gopls-scalability/separate-compilation.png" alt="separate compilation" class="chart"/>
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</div>
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The result of this change is that gopls's memory use is proportional to
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the number of open packages and their direct imports.
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This is why we observe sublinear scaling in the chart above:
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as repositories get larger, the fraction of the project observed by any
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one open package gets smaller.
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## Fine-grained invalidation {#invalidation}
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When you make a change in one package, it's only necessary to recompile
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the packages that import that one,
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directly or indirectly.
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This idea is the basis of all incremental build systems since Make in the 1970s,
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and gopls has been using it since its inception.
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In effect, every keystroke in your LSP-enabled editor starts an incremental build!
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However, in a large project, indirect dependencies add up,
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making these incremental rebuilds too slow.
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It turns out that a lot of this work isn't strictly necessary,
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because most changes, such as adding a statement within an existing function,
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don't affect the import summaries.
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If you make a small change in one file, we have to recompile its package,
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but if the change does not affect the import summary, we don't have to compile any other packages.
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The effect of the change is "pruned". A change that does affect the import
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summary requires recompiling the packages that directly import that package,
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but most such changes won't affect the import summaries of _those_ packages,
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in which case the effect is still pruned and avoids recompiling indirect importers.
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Thanks to this pruning, it is rare for a change in a low-level package to
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require recompiling _all_ the packages that indirectly depend on that package.
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Pruned incremental rebuilds make the amount of work proportional to the
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scope of each change.
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This is not a new idea: it was introduced by [Vesta](https://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/Compaq-DEC/SRC-RR-177.pdf)
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and also used in [`go build`](https://go.dev/doc/go1.10#build).
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The v0.12 release introduces a similar pruning technique to gopls,
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going one step further to implement a faster pruning heuristic based on syntactic analysis.
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By keeping a simplified graph of symbol references in memory,
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gopls can quickly determine whether a change in package `c` can possibly
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affect package `a` through a chain of references.
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|
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<div class="image">
|
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<img src="gopls-scalability/precise-pruning.png" alt="fine-grained invalidation" class="chart"/>
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||||
</div>
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In the example above, there's no chain of references from `a` to `c`,
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so a is not exposed to changes in c even though it indirectly depends on it.
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## New possibilities {#new-possibilities}
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While we're happy with the performance improvements we've achieved,
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we're also excited about several gopls features that are feasible now that
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gopls is no longer constrained by memory.
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The first is robust static analysis. Previously,
|
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our static analysis driver had to operate on gopls's in-memory representation of packages,
|
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so it couldn't analyze dependencies:
|
||||
doing so would pull in too much additional code.
|
||||
With that requirement removed, we were able to include a new analysis driver
|
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in gopls v0.12 that analyzes all dependencies,
|
||||
resulting in greater precision.
|
||||
For example, gopls now reports diagnostics for `Printf` formatting mistakes
|
||||
even in your user-defined wrappers around `fmt.Printf`.
|
||||
Notably, `go vet` has provided this level of precision for years,
|
||||
but gopls was unable to do this in real time after each edit. Now it can.
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The second is [simpler workspace configuration](https://go.dev/issue/57979)
|
||||
and [improved handling for build tags](https://go.dev/issue/29202).
|
||||
These two features both amount to gopls "doing the right thing" when you
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||||
open any Go file on your machine,
|
||||
but both were infeasible without the optimization work because (for example)
|
||||
each build configuration multiplies the memory footprint!
|
||||
|
||||
## Try it out! {#try}
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to scalability and performance improvements,
|
||||
we've also fixed [numerous](https://github.com/golang/go/milestone/282?closed=1)
|
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[reported bugs](https://github.com/golang/go/milestone/318?closed=1) and
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||||
many unreported ones that we discovered while improving test coverage during the transition.
|
||||
|
||||
To install the latest gopls:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ go install golang.org/x/tools/gopls@latest
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Please try it out and fill out the [survey](https://google.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_4SnGxpcSKN33WZw?s=blog) ---
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||||
and if you should encounter a bug,
|
||||
[report it](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/new/choose) and we will fix it.
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Различия файлов скрыты, потому что одна или несколько строк слишком длинны
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После Ширина: | Высота: | Размер: 79 KiB |
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После Ширина: | Высота: | Размер: 147 KiB |
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