LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models

(For the radio communication technique, see LoRa.)

This repo contains the source code of the Python package loralib and several examples of how to integrate it with PyTorch models, such as those in Hugging Face. We only support PyTorch for now. See our paper for a detailed description of LoRA.

LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models
Edward J. Hu*, Yelong Shen*, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen
Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09685

Update 2/2023: LoRA is now supported by the State-of-the-art Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) library by Hugging Face.

LoRA reduces the number of trainable parameters by learning pairs of rank-decompostion matrices while freezing the original weights. This vastly reduces the storage requirement for large language models adapted to specific tasks and enables efficient task-switching during deployment all without introducing inference latency. LoRA also outperforms several other adaptation methods including adapter, prefix-tuning, and fine-tuning.

We obtain result comparable or superior to full finetuning on the GLUE benchmark using RoBERTa (Liu et al., 2019) base and large and DeBERTa (He et al., 2020) XXL 1.5B, while only training and storing a fraction of the parameters. Click the numbers below to download the RoBERTa and DeBERTa LoRA checkpoints.

		RoBERTa base Fine-tune	RoBERTa base LoRA	DeBERTa XXL Fine-tune	DeBERTa XXL LoRA
	# of Trainable Params.	125M	0.8M	1.5B	4.7M
	MNLI (m-Acc/mm-Acc)	87.6	87.5±.3/86.9±.3	91.7/91.9	91.9±.1/91.9±.2
	SST2 (Acc)	94.8	95.1±.2	97.2	96.9±.2
	MRPC (Acc)	90.2	89.7±.7	92.0	92.6±.6
	CoLA (Matthew's Corr)	63.6	63.4±1.2	72.0	72.4±1.1
	QNLI (Acc)	92.8	93.3±.3	96.0	96.0±.1
	QQP (Acc)	91.9	90.8±.1	92.7	92.9±.1
	RTE (Acc)	78.7	86.6±.7	93.9	94.9±.4
	STSB (Pearson/Spearman Corr)	91.2	91.5±.2/91.3±.2	92.9/92.6	93.0±.2/92.9±.3
	Average	86.40	87.24	91.06	91.32

Note: You still need the original pre-trained checkpoint from Hugging Face to use the LoRA checkpoints.

Fine-tuning numbers are taken from Liu et al. (2019) and He et al. (2020). We include confidence intervals on results from our experiments. Please follow the instructions in examples/NLU/ to reproduce our results.

On GPT-2, LoRA compares favorably to both full finetuning and other efficient tuning methods, such as adapter (Houlsby et al., 2019) and prefix tuning (Li and Liang, 2021). We evaluated on E2E NLG Challenge, DART, and WebNLG:

	Method	# of Trainable Params	E2E (BLEU)	DART (BLEU)	WebNLG (BLEU-U/S/A)
	GPT-2 M (Fine-Tune)	354.92M	68.2	46.0	30.4/63.2/47.6
	GPT-2 M (Adapter)	0.37M	66.3	42.4	45.1/54.5/50.2
	GPT-2 M (Prefix)	0.35M	69.7	45.7	44.1/63.1/54.4
	GPT-2 M (LoRA)	0.35M	70.4±.1	47.1±.2	46.7±.4/62.1±.2/55.3±.2
	GPT-2 L (Fine-Tune)	774.03M	68.5	46.5	41.7/64.6/54.2
	GPT-2 L (Adapter)	0.88M	69.1±.1	45.7±.1	49.8±.0/61.1±.0/56.0±.0
	GPT-2 L (Prefix)	0.77M	70.3	46.5	47.0/64.2/56.4
	GPT-2 L (LoRA)	0.77M	70.4±.1	47.5±.1	48.4±.3/64.0±.3/57.0±.1

Non-LoRA baselines, except for adapter on GPT-2 large, are taken from Li and Liang (2021). We include confidence intervals on results from our experiments.

Download the GPT-2 LoRA checkpoints:

• GPT-2 Medium E2E (1.5 MB)
• GPT-2 Medium DART (1.5 MB)
• GPT-2 Medium WebNLG (1.5 MB)
• GPT-2 Large E2E (2.3 MB)
• GPT-2 Large DART (2.3 MB)
• GPT-2 Large WebNLG (2.3 MB)

Please follow the instructions in examples/NLG/ to reproduce our result.

Repository Overview

(The initial release of this repo has been archived in the branch "snapshot-9-15-2021")

There are several directories in this repo:

• loralib/ contains the source code for the package loralib, which needs to be installed to run the examples we provide;
• examples/NLG/ contains an example implementation of LoRA in GPT-2 using our package, which can be used to reproduce the result in our paper;
• examples/NLU/ contains an example implementation of LoRA in RoBERTa and DeBERTa using our package, which produces competitive results on the GLUE benchmark;
• See how we use loralib in GPT-2, RoBERTa, and DeBERTa v2

Quickstart

1. Installing loralib is simply

pip install loralib
# Alternatively
# pip install git+https://github.com/microsoft/LoRA

2. You can choose to adapt some layers by replacing them with counterparts implemented in loralib. We only support nn.Linear, nn.Embedding, and nn.Conv2d for now. We also support a MergedLinear for cases where a single nn.Linear represents more than one layers, such as in some implementations of the attention qkv projection (see Additional Notes for more).

# ===== Before =====
# layer = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)

# ===== After ======
import loralib as lora
# Add a pair of low-rank adaptation matrices with rank r=16
layer = lora.Linear(in_features, out_features, r=16)

3. Before the training loop begins, mark only LoRA parameters as trainable.

import loralib as lora
model = BigModel()
# This sets requires_grad to False for all parameters without the string "lora_" in their names
lora.mark_only_lora_as_trainable(model)
# Training loop
for batch in dataloader:
   ...

4. When saving a checkpoint, generate a state_dict that only contains LoRA parameters.

# ===== Before =====
# torch.save(model.state_dict(), checkpoint_path)
# ===== After =====
torch.save(lora.lora_state_dict(model), checkpoint_path)

5. When loading a checkpoint using load_state_dict, be sure to set strict=False.

# Load the pretrained checkpoint first
model.load_state_dict(torch.load('ckpt_pretrained.pt'), strict=False)
# Then load the LoRA checkpoint
model.load_state_dict(torch.load('ckpt_lora.pt'), strict=False)

Now training can proceed as usual.

Additional Notes

1. While we focus on a simple yet effect setup, namely adapting only the q and v projection in a Transformer, in our examples, LoRA can be apply to any subsets of pre-trained weights. We encourage you to explore different configurations, such as adapting the embedding layer by replacing nn.Embedding with lora.Embedding and/or adapting the MLP layers. It's very likely that the optimal configuration varies for different model architectures and tasks.

2. Some Transformer implementation uses a single nn.Linear for the projection matrices for query, key, and value. If one wishes to constrain the rank of the updates to the individual matrices, one has to either break it up into three separate matrices or use lora.MergedLinear. Make sure to modify the checkpoint accordingly if you choose to break up the layer.

# ===== Before =====
# qkv_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, 3*d_model)
# ===== After =====
# Break it up (remember to modify the pretrained checkpoint accordingly)
q_proj = lora.Linear(d_model, d_model, r=8)
k_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
v_proj = lora.Linear(d_model, d_model, r=8)
# Alternatively, use lora.MergedLinear (recommended)
qkv_proj = lora.MergedLinear(d_model, 3*d_model, r=8, enable_lora=[True, False, True])

3. Training bias vectors in tandem with LoRA might be a cost-efficient way to squeeze out extra task performance (if you tune the learning rate carefully). While we did not study its effect thoroughly in our paper, we make it easy to try in lora. You can mark some biases as trainable by passing "all" or "lora_only" to bias= when calling mark_only_lora_as_trainable. Remember to pass the corresponding bias= argument to lora_state_dict when saving a checkpoint.

# ===== Before =====
# lora.mark_only_lora_as_trainable(model) # Not training any bias vectors
# ===== After =====
# Training all bias vectors associated with modules we apply LoRA to 
lora.mark_only_lora_as_trainable(model, bias='lora_only')
# Alternatively, we can train *all* bias vectors in the model, including LayerNorm biases
lora.mark_only_lora_as_trainable(model, bias='all')
# When saving a checkpoint, use the same bias= ('all' or 'lora_only')
torch.save(lora.lora_state_dict(model, bias='all'), checkpoint_path)

4. Calling model.eval() will trigger the merging of LoRA parameters with the corresponding pretrained ones, which eliminates additional latency for subsequent forward passes. Calling model.train() again will undo the merge. This can be disabled by passing merge_weights=False to LoRA layers.

Contact

Please contact us or post an issue if you have any questions.

For questions related to the package loralib:

• Edward Hu (edward@edwardjhu.com)
• Phillip Wallis (phwallis@microsoft.com)
• Weizhu Chen (wzchen@microsoft.com)

The GPT-2 example:

• Phillip Wallis (phwallis@microsoft.com)
• Yelong Shen (yeshe@microsoft.com)

The RoBERTa/DeBERTa example:

• Lu Wang (luw@microsoft.com)

Acknowledgements

We thank in alphabetical order Jianfeng Gao, Jade Huang, Jiayuan Huang, Lisa Xiang Li, Xiaodong Liu, Yabin Liu, Benjamin Van Durme, Luis Vargas, Haoran Wei, Peter Welinder, and Greg Yang for providing valuable feedback.

Citation

@inproceedings{
hu2022lora,
title={Lo{RA}: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models},
author={Edward J Hu and Yelong Shen and Phillip Wallis and Zeyuan Allen-Zhu and Yuanzhi Li and Shean Wang and Lu Wang and Weizhu Chen},
booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations},
year={2022},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=nZeVKeeFYf9}
}

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