Microsoft's C++ Standard Library

This is the official repository for Microsoft's implementation of the C++ Standard Library (also known as the STL), which ships as part of the MSVC toolset and the Visual Studio IDE.

• Our Changelog tracks which updates to this repository appear in each VS release.
• Our Status Chart displays our overall progress over time.
• Join our Discord server.

What This Repo Is Useful For

If you're a programmer who just wants to use the STL, you don't need this repo. Simply install the Visual Studio IDE and select the "Desktop development with C++" workload.

If you want to participate in the STL's development, welcome! You can report issues, comment on pull requests, and learn about what we're working on. You can also submit pull requests to fix bugs or add features: see CONTRIBUTING.md for more information.

Finally, you can take our code and use it in other apps and libraries (according to the terms of our license, like everything else).

GitHub Migration Status

We're in the process of moving all of our work on the STL to GitHub. Current status:

• Code: Done. Our source code is available under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exception. (See LICENSE.txt and NOTICE.txt for more information.)

• Build System: In progress. We're working on a CMake build system, which is currently capable of building one flavor of the STL (native desktop). We need to extend this to build all of the flavors required for the MSVC toolset (e.g. /clr, /clr:pure, OneCore, Spectre). Until that's done, we're keeping our legacy build system around in the stl/msbuild subdirectory. (We're keeping those files in this repo, even though they're unusable outside of Microsoft, because they need to be updated whenever source files are added/renamed/deleted. We'll delete the legacy machinery as soon as possible.)

• Tests: In progress. We rely on three test suites: std, tr1, and libcxx. We've partially ported std and tr1, and fully ported libcxx to run under lit using the various configurations/compilers we test internally.

• Continuous Integration: In progress. We've set up Azure Pipelines to validate changes to the repository. Currently, it builds the STL (native desktop for x86, x64, ARM, and ARM64). Also, it strictly verifies that all of our files have been formatted with clang-format and follow our other whitespace conventions.

• Contribution Guidelines: Coming soon. Working on the STL's code involves following many rules. We have codebase conventions, Standard requirements, Microsoft-specific requirements, binary compatibility (ABI) requirements, and more. We're eager to begin accepting features and fixes from the community, but in addition to setting up a CI system, we need to write down all of the rules that are currently stored in our brains. (The ABI rules may be useful to other C++ libraries.)

• Issues: In progress. We're going to use GitHub issues to track all of the things that we need to work on. This includes C++20 features, LWG issues, conformance bugs, performance improvements, and other todos. There are approximately 200 active bugs in the STL's Microsoft-internal database; we need to manually replicate all of them to GitHub issues. Currently, the cxx20 tag and LWG tag are done; every remaining work item is tracked by a GitHub issue. The bug tag and enhancement tag are being populated.

• Plans: In progress. We're writing up our Roadmap.

Goals

We're implementing the latest C++ Working Draft, currently N4910, which will eventually become the next C++ International Standard. The terms Working Draft (WD) and Working Paper (WP) are interchangeable; we often informally refer to these drafts as "the Standard" while being aware of the difference. (There are other relevant Standards; for example, supporting /std:c++14 and /std:c++17 involves understanding how the C++14 and C++17 Standards differ from the Working Paper, and we often need to refer to the C Standard Library and ECMAScript regular expression specifications.)

Our primary goals are conformance, performance, usability, and compatibility.

• Conformance: The Working Paper is a moving target; as features and LWG issue resolutions are added, we need to implement them. That can involve a lot of work, because the STL is required to behave in very specific ways and to handle users doing very unusual things.

• Performance: The STL needs to be extremely fast at runtime; speed is one of C++'s core strengths, and most C++ programs use the STL extensively. As a result, we spend more time on optimization than most general-purpose libraries. (However, we're wary of changes that improve some scenarios at the expense of others, or changes that make code significantly more complicated and fragile. That is, there's a "complexity budget" that must be spent carefully.)

• Usability: This includes parts of the programming experience like compiler throughput, diagnostic messages, and debugging checks. For example, we've extensively marked the STL with [[nodiscard]] attributes because this helps programmers avoid bugs.

• Compatibility: This includes binary compatibility and source compatibility. We're keeping VS 2022 binary-compatible with VS 2015/2017/2019, which restricts what we can change in VS 2022 updates. (We've found that significant changes are possible even though other changes are impossible, which we'll be documenting in our Contribution Guidelines soon.) While there are a few exceptions to this rule (e.g. if a feature is added to the Working Paper, we implement it, and then the feature is significantly changed before the International Standard is finalized, we reserve the right to break binary compatibility because /std:c++latest offers an experimental preview of such features), binary compatibility generally overrides all other considerations, even conformance. Source compatibility refers to being able to successfully recompile user code without changes. We consider source compatibility to be important, but not all-important; breaking source compatibility can be an acceptable cost, if done for the right reasons in the right way (e.g. in a controlled manner with escape hatches).

Non-Goals

There are things that we aren't interested in doing with this project, for various reasons (most importantly, we need to focus development effort on our goals). Some examples:

• Non-goal: Porting to other platforms.

• Non-goal: Adding non-Standard extensions.

• Non-goal: Implementing Technical Specifications. (We're prioritizing features in the Working Paper. Occasionally, we might implement some or all of a TS, often when we're working on the specification itself.)

If you're proposing a feature to WG21 (the C++ Standardization Committee), you're welcome (and encouraged!) to use our code as a base for a proof-of-concept implementation. These non-goals simply mean that we're unable to consider pull requests for a proposed feature until it has been voted into a Working Paper. After that happens, we'll be delighted to review a production-ready pull request.

Reporting Issues

You can report STL bugs here, where they'll be directly reviewed by maintainers. You can also report STL bugs through Developer Community, or the VS IDE (Help > Send Feedback > Report a Problem...).

Please help us efficiently process bug reports by following these rules:

• Only STL bugs should be reported here. If it's a bug in the compiler, CRT, or IDE, please report it through Developer Community or Report A Problem. If it's a bug in the Windows SDK, please report it through the Feedback Hub app. If you aren't sure, try to reduce your test case and see if you can eliminate the STL's involvement while still reproducing the bug.

• You should be reasonably confident that you're looking at an actual implementation bug, instead of undefined behavior or surprising-yet-Standard behavior. Comparing against other implementations can help (but remember that implementations can differ while conforming to the Standard); try Godbolt's Compiler Explorer. If you still aren't sure, ask the nearest C++ expert.

• You should prepare a self-contained command-line test case, ideally as small as possible. We need a source file, a command line, what happened (e.g. a compiler error, runtime misbehavior), and what you expected to happen. By "self-contained", we mean that your source file has to avoid including code that we don't have. Ideally, only CRT and STL headers should be included. If you have to include other MSVC libraries, or the Windows SDK, to trigger an STL bug, that's okay. But if you need parts of your own source code to trigger the STL bug, you need to extract that for us. (On Developer Community, we'll accept zipped IDE projects if you have no other way to reproduce a bug, but this is very time-consuming for us to reduce.)

• A good title is helpful. We prefer "<header_name>: Short description of your issue". You don't usually need to mention std:: or C++. For example, "<type_traits>: is_cute should be true for enum class FluffyKittens".

It's okay if you report an apparent STL bug that turns out to be a compiler bug, or surprising-yet-Standard behavior. Just try to follow these rules, so we can spend more time fixing bugs and implementing features.

How To Build With The Visual Studio IDE

1. Install Visual Studio 2022 17.4 Preview 1 or later.
   • Select "Windows 11 SDK (10.0.22000.0)" in the VS Installer.
   • We recommend selecting "C++ CMake tools for Windows" in the VS Installer. This will ensure that you're using supported versions of CMake and Ninja.
   • Otherwise, install CMake 3.23 or later, and Ninja 1.11.0 or later.
   • We recommend selecting "Python 3 64-bit" in the VS Installer.
   • Otherwise, make sure Python 3.9 or later is available to CMake.
2. Open Visual Studio, and choose the "Clone or check out code" option. Enter the URL of this repository, https://github.com/microsoft/STL.
3. Open a terminal in the IDE with Ctrl + ` (by default) or press on "View" in the top bar, and then "Terminal".
4. In the terminal, invoke git submodule update --init --progress
5. Choose the architecture you wish to build in the IDE, and build as you would any other project. All necessary CMake settings are set by CMakeSettings.json.

How To Build With A Native Tools Command Prompt

1. Install Visual Studio 2022 17.4 Preview 1 or later.
   • Select "Windows 11 SDK (10.0.22000.0)" in the VS Installer.
   • We recommend selecting "C++ CMake tools for Windows" in the VS Installer. This will ensure that you're using supported versions of CMake and Ninja.
   • Otherwise, install CMake 3.23 or later, and Ninja 1.11.0 or later.
   • We recommend selecting "Python 3 64-bit" in the VS Installer.
   • Otherwise, make sure Python 3.9 or later is available to CMake.
2. Open a command prompt.
3. Change directories to a location where you'd like a clone of this STL repository.
4. git clone https://github.com/microsoft/STL --recurse-submodules

To build the x86 target:

1. Open an "x86 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS 2022 Preview".
2. Change directories to the previously cloned STL directory.
3. cmake -G Ninja -S . -B out\build\x86
4. ninja -C out\build\x86

To build the x64 target (recommended):

1. Open an "x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS 2022 Preview".
2. Change directories to the previously cloned STL directory.
3. cmake -G Ninja -S . -B out\build\x64
4. ninja -C out\build\x64

How To Consume

Consumption of the built library is largely based on the build system you're using. There are at least 2 directories you need to hook up. Assuming you built the x64 target with the Visual Studio IDE, with the STL repository cloned to C:\Dev\STL, build outputs will end up at C:\Dev\STL\out\build\x64\out. Ensure that the inc directory is searched for headers, and that lib\{architecture} is searched for link libraries, before any defaults supplied by MSVC. The names of the import and static libraries are the same as those that ship with MSVC. As a result, the compiler /MD, /MDd, /MT, or /MTd switches will work without modification of your build scripts or command-line muscle memory.

Should you choose to use the DLL flavors, the DLLs to deploy are built to bin\{architecture}. Note that the DLLs generated by the CMake build system here have a suffix, defaulting to _oss, which distinguishes them from the binaries that ship with MSVC. That avoids any conflict with the DLLs installed by the redistributables into System32, and ensures that other components wanting to be a "guest in your process", like print drivers and shell extensions, see the export surface of the STL they were built with. Otherwise, the "msvcp140.dll" you deployed in the same directory as your .exe would "win" over the versions in System32.

Complete Example Using x64 DLL Flavor

The compiler looks for include directories according to the INCLUDE environment variable, and the linker looks for import library directories according to the LIB environment variable, and the Windows loader will (eventually) look for DLL dependencies according to directories in the PATH environment variable. From an "x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS 2022 Preview":

C:\Users\username\Desktop>set INCLUDE=C:\Dev\STL\out\build\x64\out\inc;%INCLUDE%

C:\Users\username\Desktop>set LIB=C:\Dev\STL\out\build\x64\out\lib\amd64;%LIB%

C:\Users\username\Desktop>set PATH=C:\Dev\STL\out\build\x64\out\bin\amd64;%PATH%

C:\Users\username\Desktop>type example.cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    std::cout << "Hello STL OSS world!\n";
}

C:\Users\username\Desktop>cl /nologo /EHsc /W4 /WX /MDd /std:c++latest .\example.cpp
example.cpp

C:\Users\username\Desktop>.\example.exe
Hello STL OSS world!

C:\Users\username\Desktop>dumpbin /IMPORTS .\example.exe | findstr msvcp
    msvcp140d_oss.dll

How To Run The Tests With A Native Tools Command Prompt

1. Follow either How To Build With A Native Tools Command Prompt or How To Build With The Visual Studio IDE.
2. Acquire Python 3.9 or newer and have it on the PATH (or run it directly using its absolute or relative path).
3. Have LLVM's bin directory on the PATH (so clang-cl.exe is available).
   • We recommend selecting "C++ Clang tools for Windows" in the VS Installer. This will automatically add LLVM to the PATH of the x86 and x64 Native Tools Command Prompts, and will ensure that you're using a supported version.
   • Otherwise, use LLVM's installer and choose to add LLVM to your PATH during installation.
4. Follow the instructions below.

Running All The Tests

After configuring and building the project, running ctest from the build output directory will run all the tests. CTest will only display the standard error output of tests that failed. In order to get more details from CTest's lit invocations, run the tests with ctest -V.

Running A Subset Of The Tests

${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}\tests\utils\stl-lit\stl-lit.py can be invoked on a subdirectory of a testsuite and will execute all the tests under that subdirectory. This can mean executing the entirety of a single testsuite, running all tests under a category in libcxx, or running a single test in std and tr1.

Examples

These examples assume that your current directory is C:\Dev\STL\out\build\x64.

• This command will run all of the testsuites with verbose output.
  • ctest -V
• This command will also run all of the testsuites.
  • python tests\utils\stl-lit\stl-lit.py ..\..\..\llvm-project\libcxx\test ..\..\..\tests\std ..\..\..\tests\tr1
• This command will run all of the std testsuite.
  • python tests\utils\stl-lit\stl-lit.py ..\..\..\tests\std
• If you want to run a subset of a testsuite, you need to point it to the right place in the sources. The following will run the single test found under VSO_0000000_any_calling_conventions.
  • python tests\utils\stl-lit\stl-lit.py ..\..\..\tests\std\tests\VSO_0000000_any_calling_conventions
• You can invoke stl-lit with any arbitrary subdirectory of a testsuite. In libcxx this allows you to have finer control over what category of tests you would like to run. The following will run all the libcxx map tests.
  • python tests\utils\stl-lit\stl-lit.py ..\..\..\llvm-project\libcxx\test\std\containers\associative\map

Interpreting The Results Of Tests

CTest

When running the tests via CTest, all of the testsuites are considered to be a single test. If any single test in a testsuite fails, CTest will simply report that the stl test failed.

Example:

0% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) = 2441.55 sec

The following tests FAILED:
      1 - stl (Failed)

The primary utility of CTest in this case is to conveniently invoke stl-lit.py with the correct set of arguments.

CTest will output everything that was sent to stderr for each of the failed testsuites, which can be used to identify which individual test within the testsuite failed. It can sometimes be helpful to run CTest with the -V option in order to see the stdout of the tests.

stl-lit

When running the tests directly via the generated stl-lit.py script the result of each test will be printed. The format of each result is {Result Code}: {Testsuite Name} :: {Test Name}:{Configuration Number}.

Example:

-- Testing: 28 tests, 12 workers --
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:01 (1 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:11 (2 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:02 (3 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:03 (4 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:00 (5 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:04 (6 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:05 (7 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:09 (8 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:06 (9 of 28)
UNSUPPORTED: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:20 (10 of 28)
UNSUPPORTED: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:21 (11 of 28)
UNSUPPORTED: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:22 (12 of 28)
UNSUPPORTED: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:23 (13 of 28)
UNSUPPORTED: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:24 (14 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:07 (15 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:08 (16 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:10 (17 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:16 (18 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:17 (19 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:14 (20 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:12 (21 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:13 (22 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:19 (23 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:18 (24 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:15 (25 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:25 (26 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:26 (27 of 28)
PASS: tr1 :: tests/cwchar1:27 (28 of 28)

Testing Time: 3.96s
  Expected Passes    : 23
  Unsupported Tests  : 5

In the above example we see that 23 tests succeeded and 5 were unsupported.

Result Code Values

Our tests use the standard lit result codes, and an undocumented result code: SKIPPED. For our tests, only the PASS, XFAIL, XPASS, FAIL, UNSUPPORTED, and SKIPPED result codes are relevant.

The PASS and FAIL result codes are self-explanatory. We want our tests to PASS and not FAIL.

The XPASS and XFAIL result codes are less obvious. XPASS is actually a failure result and indicates that we expected a test to fail but it passed. XFAIL is a successful result and indicates that we expected the test to fail and it did. Typically an XPASS result means that the expected_results.txt file for the testsuite needs to be modified. If the XPASS result is a test legitimately passing, the usual course of action would be to remove a FAIL entry from the expected_results.txt. However, some tests from libcxx mark themselves as XFAIL (meaning they expect to fail) for features they have added tests for but have yet to implement in libcxx. If the STL implements those features first the tests will begin passing unexpectedly for us and return XPASS results. In order to resolve this it is necessary to add a PASS entry to the expected_results.txt of the testsuite in question.

The UNSUPPORTED result code means that the requirements for a test are not met and so it will not be run. Currently all tests which use the /clr or /clr:pure options are unsupported. Also, the /BE option is unsupported for x86.

The SKIPPED result code indicates that a given test was explicitly skipped by adding a SKIPPED entry to the expected_results.txt. A test may be skipped for a number of reasons, which include, but are not limited to:

• being an incorrect test
• taking a very long time to run
• failing or passing for the incorrect reason

Debugging Individual Tests

While stl-lit is super awesome in finding out that something is wrong or not even compiling, it is not really helpful in debugging what is going wrong. However, debugging individual tests is rather simple given some additional steps. Let's assume we want to debug a new feature with tests located in tests\std\tests\GH_XXXX_meow.

As always, build the STL from your branch and run the tests:

C:\STL\out\build\x64> ninja
C:\STL\out\build\x64> python tests\utils\stl-lit\stl-lit.py -v C:\STL\tests\std\tests\GH_XXXX_meow

Let's assume one of the tests fails an assert and we want to debug that configuration. stl-lit will conveniently print the build command, which is far too long to provide here in full. The important part is to add the following options to provide debug symbols: /Zi /Fdbark.pdb.

You can replace bark with any descriptive name you like. Add these before the "-link" option in the command line and recompile. Example:

C:\STL\out\build\x64>cl "C:\STL\tests\std\tests\GH_XXXX_meow\test.cpp" [... more arguments ...]
"-FeC:\STL\out\build\x64\tests\std\tests\GH_XXXX_meow\Output\02\GH_XXXX_meow.exe" /Zi /Fdbark.pdb "-link"
[... more arguments ...]

You can now start debugging the test via:

devenv "C:\STL\out\build\x64\tests\std\tests\GH_XXXX_meow\Output\02\GH_XXXX_meow.exe"
       "C:\STL\tests\std\tests\GH_XXXX_meow\test.cpp"

However, this might not work right away, as Visual Studio may complain about a missing msvcp140_oss.dll. The reason is that the STL builds those and other DLLs itself and we should under no circumstances overwrite the installed ones. If you are testing one of the configurations with dynamic linkage (/MD or /MDd) the easiest solution is to add the build folder to your path:

set PATH=C:\STL\out\build\x64\out\bin\amd64;%PATH%

Benchmarking

For performance-sensitive code – containers, algorithms, and the like – you may wish to write and/or run benchmarks, and the STL team will likely run any benchmarks we do have in our PR process. Additionally, if you are writing a "performance improvement" PR, please add and run benchmarks to show that the PR does, in fact, improve performance.

The benchmarking code is located in benchmarks. Adding a new benchmark is as easy as adding a new file to benchmarks/src, and then adding add_benchmark(<name> <source_file>) to benchmarks/CMakeLists.txt. You may also modify an existing benchmark file. We use Google's Benchmark library, so you may find their documentation helpful, and you can also read the existing code for how we use it.

To run benchmarks, you'll need to configure the STL with the -DSTL_BUILD_BENCHMARKING=ON option:

cmake -B out\bench -S . -G Ninja -DSTL_BUILD_BENCHMARKING=ON
cmake --build out\bench

You can then run your benchmark with:

out\bench\benchmarks\benchmark-<benchmark-name> --benchmark_out=<file> --benchmark_out_format=csv

And then you can copy this csv file into Excel, or another spreadsheet program. For example:

out\bench\benchmarks\benchmark-std_copy --benchmark_out=benchmark-std_copy-results.csv --benchmark_out_format=csv

If you want to see all the other flags you can pass, run:

out\bench\benchmarks\benchmark-<benchmark-name> --help

Editing And Testing The Debugger Visualizer

Modify The Visualizer

To modify how components are visualized in the debugger, edit the file stl\debugger\STL.natvis. For more information on how to modify this file, check the natvis documentation.

Test Your Changes

You can add the natvis file to any Visual Studio C++ project if you right click your project > Add > Existing Item and select the STL.natvis file. After doing this you should be able to see your changes in a Visual Studio debugging session.

Block Diagram

The STL is built atop other compiler support libraries that ship with Windows and Visual Studio, like the UCRT, VCRuntime, and VCStartup. The following diagram describes the dependencies between those components and their ship vehicles.

flowchart TB
    classDef default text-align:left
    subgraph VisualStudioSubgraph[Visual Studio]
        direction TB
        STLNode("<b>STL</b>
        This repo; provides C++ Standard Library headers, separately
        compiled implementations of most of the iostreams functionality,
        and a few runtime support components like std::exception_ptr.")
        subgraph VCRuntimeSubgraph[VCRuntime]
            direction TB
            VCStartupNode("<b>VCStartup</b>
            Provides compiler support mechanisms that
            live in each binary; such as machinery to
            call constructors and destructors for global
            variables, the entry point, and the /GS cookie.

            Merged into static and import libraries of VCRuntime.")
            VCRuntimeNode("<b>VCRuntime</b>
            Provides compiler support mechanisms that can be
            shared between binaries; code that the compiler calls
            on your behalf, such as the C++ exception handling
            runtime, string.h intrinsics, math intrinsics, and
            declarations for CPU-vendor-specific intrinsics.")
        end
    end
    subgraph WindowsSDKSubgraph[Windows SDK]
        UniversalCRTNode("<b>Universal CRT</b>
        Windows component that provides C library support, such as printf,
        C locales, and some POSIX-like shims for the Windows API, like _stat.")
    end
    STLNode ==> VCRuntimeSubgraph & UniversalCRTNode
    VCStartupNode ==> VCRuntimeNode ==> UniversalCRTNode

Contributing

This project welcomes contributions and suggestions. Most contributions require you to agree to a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) declaring that you have the right to, and actually do, grant us the rights to use your contribution. For details, visit https://cla.opensource.microsoft.com.

When you submit a pull request, a CLA bot will automatically determine whether you need to provide a CLA and decorate the PR appropriately (e.g., status check, comment). Simply follow the instructions provided by the bot. You will only need to do this once across all repos using our CLA.

See CONTRIBUTING.md for more information.

Code Of Conduct

This project has adopted the Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct. For more information see the Code of Conduct FAQ or contact opencode@microsoft.com with any additional questions or comments.

License

Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.

SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception