98 строки
3.0 KiB
Plaintext
98 строки
3.0 KiB
Plaintext
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BSD Secure Levels Linux Security Module
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Michael A. Halcrow <mike@halcrow.us>
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Introduction
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Under the BSD Secure Levels security model, sets of policies are
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associated with levels. Levels range from -1 to 2, with -1 being the
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weakest and 2 being the strongest. These security policies are
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enforced at the kernel level, so not even the superuser is able to
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disable or circumvent them. This hardens the machine against attackers
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who gain root access to the system.
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Levels and Policies
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Level -1 (Permanently Insecure):
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- Cannot increase the secure level
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Level 0 (Insecure):
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- Cannot ptrace the init process
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Level 1 (Default):
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- /dev/mem and /dev/kmem are read-only
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- IMMUTABLE and APPEND extended attributes, if set, may not be unset
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- Cannot load or unload kernel modules
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- Cannot write directly to a mounted block device
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- Cannot perform raw I/O operations
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- Cannot perform network administrative tasks
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- Cannot setuid any file
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Level 2 (Secure):
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- Cannot decrement the system time
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- Cannot write to any block device, whether mounted or not
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- Cannot unmount any mounted filesystems
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Compilation
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To compile the BSD Secure Levels LSM, seclvl.ko, enable the
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SECURITY_SECLVL configuration option. This is found under Security
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options -> BSD Secure Levels in the kernel configuration menu.
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Basic Usage
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Once the machine is in a running state, with all the necessary modules
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loaded and all the filesystems mounted, you can load the seclvl.ko
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module:
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# insmod seclvl.ko
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The module defaults to secure level 1, except when compiled directly
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into the kernel, in which case it defaults to secure level 0. To raise
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the secure level to 2, the administrator writes ``2'' to the
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seclvl/seclvl file under the sysfs mount point (assumed to be /sys in
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these examples):
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# echo -n "2" > /sys/seclvl/seclvl
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Alternatively, you can initialize the module at secure level 2 with
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the initlvl module parameter:
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# insmod seclvl.ko initlvl=2
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At this point, it is impossible to remove the module or reduce the
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secure level. If the administrator wishes to have the option of doing
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so, he must provide a module parameter, sha1_passwd, that specifies
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the SHA1 hash of the password that can be used to reduce the secure
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level to 0.
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To generate this SHA1 hash, the administrator can use OpenSSL:
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# echo -n "boogabooga" | openssl sha1
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abeda4e0f33defa51741217592bf595efb8d289c
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In order to use password-instigated secure level reduction, the SHA1
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crypto module must be loaded or compiled into the kernel:
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# insmod sha1.ko
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The administrator can then insmod the seclvl module, including the
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SHA1 hash of the password:
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# insmod seclvl.ko
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sha1_passwd=abeda4e0f33defa51741217592bf595efb8d289c
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To reduce the secure level, write the password to seclvl/passwd under
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your sysfs mount point:
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# echo -n "boogabooga" > /sys/seclvl/passwd
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The September 2004 edition of Sys Admin Magazine has an article about
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the BSD Secure Levels LSM. I encourage you to refer to that article
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for a more in-depth treatment of this security module:
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http://www.samag.com/documents/s=9304/sam0409a/0409a.htm
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