microsoft
/
WSL2-Linux-Kernel
зеркало из https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git
1
0
Форкнуть 0
Код Задачи Пакеты Проекты Релизы Вики Активность

Pull release into acpica branch

This commit is contained in:
Len Brown 2005-12-06 17:31:30 -05:00
Родитель 378b2556f4 9115a6c787
Коммит 3d5271f988
6324 изменённых файлов: 410495 добавлений и 241632 удалений
Показать статистику Скачать Patch файл Скачать Diff файл Показать все файлы Свернуть все файлы

30
.gitignore поставляемый Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
#
# NOTE! Don't add files that are generated in specific
# subdirectories here. Add them in the ".gitignore" file
# in that subdirectory instead.
#
# Normal rules
#
.*
*.o
*.a
*.s
*.ko
*.mod.c
#
# Top-level generic files
#
vmlinux*
System.map
Module.symvers
#
# Generated include files
#
include/asm
include/config
include/linux/autoconf.h
include/linux/compile.h
include/linux/version.h

26
CREDITS
Просмотреть файл

@ -611,8 +611,7 @@ S: USA
N: Randolph Chung
E: tausq@debian.org
D: Linux/PA-RISC hacker
S: Los Altos, CA 94022
S: USA
S: Hong Kong
N: Juan Jose Ciarlante
W: http://juanjox.kernelnotes.org/
@ -1097,7 +1096,7 @@ S: 80050-430 - Curitiba - Paran
S: Brazil
N: Kumar Gala
E: kumar.gala@freescale.com
E: galak@kernel.crashing.org
D: Embedded PowerPC 6xx/7xx/74xx/82xx/83xx/85xx support
S: Austin, Texas 78729
S: USA
@ -2247,6 +2246,12 @@ S: 249 Nichols Avenue
S: Syracuse, New York 13206
S: USA
N: Kyle McMartin
E: kyle@parisc-linux.org
D: Linux/PARISC hacker
D: AD1889 sound driver
S: Ottawa, Canada
N: Dirk Melchers
E: dirk@merlin.nbg.sub.org
D: 8 bit XT hard disk driver for OMTI5520
@ -3399,6 +3404,15 @@ S: Chudenicka 8
S: 10200 Prague 10, Hostivar
S: Czech Republic
N: Thibaut Varene
E: T-Bone@parisc-linux.org
W: http://www.parisc-linux.org/
P: 1024D/B7D2F063 E67C 0D43 A75E 12A5 BB1C FA2F 1E32 C3DA B7D2 F063
D: PA-RISC port minion, PDC and GSCPS2 drivers, debuglocks and other bits
D: Some bits in an ARM port, S1D13XXX FB driver, random patches here and there
D: AD1889 sound driver
S: Paris, France
N: Heikki Vatiainen
E: hessu@cs.tut.fi
D: Co-author of Multi-Protocol Over ATM (MPOA), some LANE hacks
@ -3636,11 +3650,9 @@ S: Beaverton, OR 97005
S: USA
N: Michal Wronski
E: wrona@mat.uni.torun.pl
W: http://www.mat.uni.torun.pl/~wrona
E: Michal.Wronski@motorola.com
D: POSIX message queues fs (with K. Benedyczak)
S: ul. Teczowa 23/12
S: 80-680 Gdansk-Sobieszewo
S: Krakow
S: Poland
N: Frank Xia

6
Documentation/00-INDEX
Просмотреть файл

@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ DMA-mapping.txt
- info for PCI drivers using DMA portably across all platforms.
DocBook/
- directory with DocBook templates etc. for kernel documentation.
HOWTO
- The process and procedures of how to do Linux kernel development.
IO-mapping.txt
- how to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers.
IPMI.txt
@ -256,6 +258,10 @@ specialix.txt
- info on hardware/driver for specialix IO8+ multiport serial card.
spinlocks.txt
- info on using spinlocks to provide exclusive access in kernel.
stable_api_nonsense.txt
- info on why the kernel does not have a stable in-kernel api or abi.
stable_kernel_rules.txt
- rules and procedures for the -stable kernel releases.
stallion.txt
- info on using the Stallion multiport serial driver.
svga.txt

23
Documentation/Changes
Просмотреть файл

@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ o isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 # isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
o nfs-utils 1.0.5 # showmount --version
o procps 3.2.0 # ps --version
o oprofile 0.9 # oprofiled --version
o udev 058 # udevinfo -V
o udev 071 # udevinfo -V
Kernel compilation
==================
@ -139,9 +139,14 @@ You'll probably want to upgrade.
Ksymoops
--------
If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you'll need a 2.4
version of ksymoops to decode the report; see REPORTING-BUGS in the
root of the Linux source for more information.
If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
In the 2.6 kernel it is generally preferred to build the kernel with
CONFIG_KALLSYMS so that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is
(this also produces better output than ksymoops).
If for some reason your kernel is not build with CONFIG_KALLSYMS and
you have no way to rebuild and reproduce the Oops with that option, then
you can still decode that Oops with ksymoops.
Module-Init-Tools
-----------------
@ -237,6 +242,12 @@ udev
udev is a userspace application for populating /dev dynamically with
only entries for devices actually present. udev replaces devfs.
FUSE
----
Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
options 'direct_io' and 'kernel_cache' won't work.
Networking
==========
@ -390,6 +401,10 @@ udev
----
o <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html>
FUSE
----
o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>
Networking
**********

50
Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
Просмотреть файл

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ DOCBOOKS := wanbook.xml z8530book.xml mcabook.xml videobook.xml \
kernel-hacking.xml kernel-locking.xml deviceiobook.xml \
procfs-guide.xml writing_usb_driver.xml \
sis900.xml kernel-api.xml journal-api.xml lsm.xml usb.xml \
gadget.xml libata.xml mtdnand.xml librs.xml
gadget.xml libata.xml mtdnand.xml librs.xml rapidio.xml
###
# The build process is as follows (targets):
@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ DOCBOOKS := wanbook.xml z8530book.xml mcabook.xml videobook.xml \
# +--> DIR=file (htmldocs)
# +--> man/ (mandocs)
# for PDF and PS output you can choose between xmlto and docbook-utils tools
PDF_METHOD = $(prefer-db2x)
PS_METHOD = $(prefer-db2x)
###
# The targets that may be used.
.PHONY: xmldocs sgmldocs psdocs pdfdocs htmldocs mandocs installmandocs
@ -93,27 +99,39 @@ C-procfs-example = procfs_example.xml
C-procfs-example2 = $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(C-procfs-example))
$(obj)/procfs-guide.xml: $(C-procfs-example2)
###
# Rules to generate postscript, PDF and HTML
# db2html creates a directory. Generate a html file used for timestamp
notfoundtemplate = echo "*** You have to install docbook-utils or xmlto ***"; \
exit 1
db2xtemplate = db2TYPE -o $(dir $@) $<
xmltotemplate = xmlto TYPE $(XMLTOFLAGS) -o $(dir $@) $<
quiet_cmd_db2ps = XMLTO $@
cmd_db2ps = xmlto ps $(XMLTOFLAGS) -o $(dir $@) $<
# determine which methods are available
ifeq ($(shell which db2ps >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo found),found)
use-db2x = db2x
prefer-db2x = db2x
else
use-db2x = notfound
prefer-db2x = $(use-xmlto)
endif
ifeq ($(shell which xmlto >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo found),found)
use-xmlto = xmlto
prefer-xmlto = xmlto
else
use-xmlto = notfound
prefer-xmlto = $(use-db2x)
endif
# the commands, generated from the chosen template
quiet_cmd_db2ps = PS $@
cmd_db2ps = $(subst TYPE,ps, $($(PS_METHOD)template))
%.ps : %.xml
@(which xmlto > /dev/null 2>&1) || \
(echo "*** You need to install xmlto ***"; \
exit 1)
$(call cmd,db2ps)
quiet_cmd_db2pdf = XMLTO $@
cmd_db2pdf = xmlto pdf $(XMLTOFLAGS) -o $(dir $@) $<
quiet_cmd_db2pdf = PDF $@
cmd_db2pdf = $(subst TYPE,pdf, $($(PDF_METHOD)template))
%.pdf : %.xml
@(which xmlto > /dev/null 2>&1) || \
(echo "*** You need to install xmlto ***"; \
exit 1)
$(call cmd,db2pdf)
quiet_cmd_db2html = XMLTO $@
quiet_cmd_db2html = HTML $@
cmd_db2html = xmlto xhtml $(XMLTOFLAGS) -o $(patsubst %.html,%,$@) $< && \
echo '<a HREF="$(patsubst %.html,%,$(notdir $@))/index.html"> \
Goto $(patsubst %.html,%,$(notdir $@))</a><p>' > $@
@ -127,7 +145,7 @@ quiet_cmd_db2html = XMLTO $@
@if [ ! -z "$(PNG-$(basename $(notdir $@)))" ]; then \
cp $(PNG-$(basename $(notdir $@))) $(patsubst %.html,%,$@); fi
quiet_cmd_db2man = XMLTO $@
quiet_cmd_db2man = MAN $@
cmd_db2man = if grep -q refentry $<; then xmlto man $(XMLTOFLAGS) -o $(obj)/man $< ; gzip -f $(obj)/man/*.9; fi
%.9 : %.xml
@(which xmlto > /dev/null 2>&1) || \

2
Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl
Просмотреть файл

@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ an example.
</para>
<sect1><title>Journal Level</title>
!Efs/jbd/journal.c
!Efs/jbd/recovery.c
!Ifs/jbd/recovery.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Transasction Level</title>
!Efs/jbd/transaction.c

25
Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl
Просмотреть файл

@ -68,9 +68,7 @@ X!Iinclude/linux/kobject.h
<sect1><title>Kernel utility functions</title>
!Iinclude/linux/kernel.h
<!-- This needs to clean up to make kernel-doc happy
X!Ekernel/printk.c
-->
!Ekernel/printk.c
!Ekernel/panic.c
!Ekernel/sys.c
!Ekernel/rcupdate.c
@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ X!Ilib/string.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>User Space Memory Access</title>
!Iinclude/asm-i386/uaccess.h
!Iarch/i386/lib/usercopy.c
!Earch/i386/lib/usercopy.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>More Memory Management Functions</title>
!Iinclude/linux/rmap.h
@ -174,7 +172,6 @@ X!Ilib/string.c
<title>The Linux VFS</title>
<sect1><title>The Filesystem types</title>
!Iinclude/linux/fs.h
!Einclude/linux/fs.h
</sect1>
<sect1><title>The Directory Cache</title>
!Efs/dcache.c
@ -239,9 +236,11 @@ X!Ilib/string.c
<title>Network device support</title>
<sect1><title>Driver Support</title>
!Enet/core/dev.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>8390 Based Network Cards</title>
!Edrivers/net/8390.c
!Enet/ethernet/eth.c
!Iinclude/linux/etherdevice.h
<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source
X!Enet/core/wireless.c
-->
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Synchronous PPP</title>
!Edrivers/net/wan/syncppp.c
@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ X!Ekernel/module.c
<chapter id="hardware">
<title>Hardware Interfaces</title>
<sect1><title>Interrupt Handling</title>
!Ikernel/irq/manage.c
!Ekernel/irq/manage.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Resources Management</title>
@ -286,7 +285,9 @@ X!Edrivers/pci/search.c
-->
!Edrivers/pci/msi.c
!Edrivers/pci/bus.c
!Edrivers/pci/hotplug.c
<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source
X!Edrivers/pci/hotplug.c
-->
!Edrivers/pci/probe.c
!Edrivers/pci/rom.c
</sect1>
@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ X!Edrivers/pnp/system.c
<chapter id="blkdev">
<title>Block Devices</title>
!Edrivers/block/ll_rw_blk.c
!Eblock/ll_rw_blk.c
</chapter>
<chapter id="miscdev">
@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ KAO -->
!Edrivers/video/modedb.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Frame Buffer Macintosh Video Mode Database</title>
!Idrivers/video/macmodes.c
!Edrivers/video/macmodes.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Frame Buffer Fonts</title>
<para>

1072
Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl
Просмотреть файл

Разница между файлами не показана из-за своего большого размера Загрузить разницу

160
Documentation/DocBook/rapidio.tmpl Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY rapidio SYSTEM "rapidio.xml">
]>
<book id="RapidIO-Guide">
<bookinfo>
<title>RapidIO Subsystem Guide</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Matt</firstname>
<surname>Porter</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>mporter@kernel.crashing.org</email>
<email>mporter@mvista.com</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2005</year>
<holder>MontaVista Software, Inc.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>
This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
</para>
<para>
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU General Public License for more details.
</para>
<para>
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307 USA
</para>
<para>
For more details see the file COPYING in the source
distribution of Linux.
</para>
</legalnotice>
</bookinfo>
<toc></toc>
<chapter id="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>
RapidIO is a high speed switched fabric interconnect with
features aimed at the embedded market. RapidIO provides
support for memory-mapped I/O as well as message-based
transactions over the switched fabric network. RapidIO has
a standardized discovery mechanism not unlike the PCI bus
standard that allows simple detection of devices in a
network.
</para>
<para>
This documentation is provided for developers intending
to support RapidIO on new architectures, write new drivers,
or to understand the subsystem internals.
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id="bugs">
<title>Known Bugs and Limitations</title>
<sect1>
<title>Bugs</title>
<para>None. ;)</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Limitations</title>
<para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Access/management of RapidIO memory regions is not supported</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Multiple host enumeration is not supported</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="drivers">
<title>RapidIO driver interface</title>
<para>
Drivers are provided a set of calls in order
to interface with the subsystem to gather info
on devices, request/map memory region resources,
and manage mailboxes/doorbells.
</para>
<sect1>
<title>Functions</title>
!Iinclude/linux/rio_drv.h
!Edrivers/rapidio/rio-driver.c
!Edrivers/rapidio/rio.c
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="internals">
<title>Internals</title>
<para>
This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the RapidIO
subsystem.
</para>
<sect1><title>Structures</title>
!Iinclude/linux/rio.h
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Enumeration and Discovery</title>
!Idrivers/rapidio/rio-scan.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Driver functionality</title>
!Idrivers/rapidio/rio.c
!Idrivers/rapidio/rio-access.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Device model support</title>
!Idrivers/rapidio/rio-driver.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Sysfs support</title>
!Idrivers/rapidio/rio-sysfs.c
</sect1>
<sect1><title>PPC32 support</title>
!Iarch/ppc/kernel/rio.c
!Earch/ppc/syslib/ppc85xx_rio.c
!Iarch/ppc/syslib/ppc85xx_rio.c
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="credits">
<title>Credits</title>
<para>
The following people have contributed to the RapidIO
subsystem directly or indirectly:
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Matt Porter<email>mporter@kernel.crashing.org</email></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Randy Vinson<email>rvinson@mvista.com</email></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Dan Malek<email>dan@embeddedalley.com</email></para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
<para>
The following people have contributed to this document:
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Matt Porter<email>mporter@kernel.crashing.org</email></para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
</chapter>
</book>

1
Documentation/DocBook/stylesheet.xsl
Просмотреть файл

@ -3,4 +3,5 @@
<param name="chunk.quietly">1</param>
<param name="funcsynopsis.style">ansi</param>
<param name="funcsynopsis.tabular.threshold">80</param>
<!-- <param name="paper.type">A4</param> -->
</stylesheet>

2
Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl
Просмотреть файл

@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
!Edrivers/usb/core/hcd.c
!Edrivers/usb/core/hcd-pci.c
!Edrivers/usb/core/buffer.c
!Idrivers/usb/core/buffer.c
</chapter>
<chapter>

3
Documentation/DocBook/writing_usb_driver.tmpl
Просмотреть файл

@ -345,8 +345,7 @@ if (!retval) {
<programlisting>
static inline void skel_delete (struct usb_skel *dev)
{
if (dev->bulk_in_buffer != NULL)
kfree (dev->bulk_in_buffer);
kfree (dev->bulk_in_buffer);
if (dev->bulk_out_buffer != NULL)
usb_buffer_free (dev->udev, dev->bulk_out_size,
dev->bulk_out_buffer,

618
Documentation/HOWTO Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
HOWTO do Linux kernel development
---------------------------------
This is the be-all, end-all document on this topic. It contains
instructions on how to become a Linux kernel developer and how to learn
to work with the Linux kernel development community. It tries to not
contain anything related to the technical aspects of kernel programming,
but will help point you in the right direction for that.
If anything in this document becomes out of date, please send in patches
to the maintainer of this file, who is listed at the bottom of the
document.
Introduction
------------
So, you want to learn how to become a Linux kernel developer? Or you
have been told by your manager, "Go write a Linux driver for this
device." This document's goal is to teach you everything you need to
know to achieve this by describing the process you need to go through,
and hints on how to work with the community. It will also try to
explain some of the reasons why the community works like it does.
The kernel is written mostly in C, with some architecture-dependent
parts written in assembly. A good understanding of C is required for
kernel development. Assembly (any architecture) is not required unless
you plan to do low-level development for that architecture. Though they
are not a good substitute for a solid C education and/or years of
experience, the following books are good for, if anything, reference:
- "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie [Prentice Hall]
- "Practical C Programming" by Steve Oualline [O'Reilly]
The kernel is written using GNU C and the GNU toolchain. While it
adheres to the ISO C89 standard, it uses a number of extensions that are
not featured in the standard. The kernel is a freestanding C
environment, with no reliance on the standard C library, so some
portions of the C standard are not supported. Arbitrary long long
divisions and floating point are not allowed. It can sometimes be
difficult to understand the assumptions the kernel has on the toolchain
and the extensions that it uses, and unfortunately there is no
definitive reference for them. Please check the gcc info pages (`info
gcc`) for some information on them.
Please remember that you are trying to learn how to work with the
existing development community. It is a diverse group of people, with
high standards for coding, style and procedure. These standards have
been created over time based on what they have found to work best for
such a large and geographically dispersed team. Try to learn as much as
possible about these standards ahead of time, as they are well
documented; do not expect people to adapt to you or your company's way
of doing things.
Legal Issues
------------
The Linux kernel source code is released under the GPL. Please see the
file, COPYING, in the main directory of the source tree, for details on
the license. If you have further questions about the license, please
contact a lawyer, and do not ask on the Linux kernel mailing list. The
people on the mailing lists are not lawyers, and you should not rely on
their statements on legal matters.
For common questions and answers about the GPL, please see:
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html
Documentation
------------
The Linux kernel source tree has a large range of documents that are
invaluable for learning how to interact with the kernel community. When
new features are added to the kernel, it is recommended that new
documentation files are also added which explain how to use the feature.
When a kernel change causes the interface that the kernel exposes to
userspace to change, it is recommended that you send the information or
a patch to the manual pages explaining the change to the manual pages
maintainer at mtk-manpages@gmx.net.
Here is a list of files that are in the kernel source tree that are
required reading:
README
This file gives a short background on the Linux kernel and describes
what is necessary to do to configure and build the kernel. People
who are new to the kernel should start here.
Documentation/Changes
This file gives a list of the minimum levels of various software
packages that are necessary to build and run the kernel
successfully.
Documentation/CodingStyle
This describes the Linux kernel coding style, and some of the
rationale behind it. All new code is expected to follow the
guidelines in this document. Most maintainers will only accept
patches if these rules are followed, and many people will only
review code if it is in the proper style.
Documentation/SubmittingPatches
Documentation/SubmittingDrivers
These files describe in explicit detail how to successfully create
and send a patch, including (but not limited to):
- Email contents
- Email format
- Who to send it to
Following these rules will not guarantee success (as all patches are
subject to scrutiny for content and style), but not following them
will almost always prevent it.
Other excellent descriptions of how to create patches properly are:
"The Perfect Patch"
http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt
"Linux kernel patch submission format"
http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html
Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt
This file describes the rationale behind the conscious decision to
not have a stable API within the kernel, including things like:
- Subsystem shim-layers (for compatibility?)
- Driver portability between Operating Systems.
- Mitigating rapid change within the kernel source tree (or
preventing rapid change)
This document is crucial for understanding the Linux development
philosophy and is very important for people moving to Linux from
development on other Operating Systems.
Documentation/SecurityBugs
If you feel you have found a security problem in the Linux kernel,
please follow the steps in this document to help notify the kernel
developers, and help solve the issue.
Documentation/ManagementStyle
This document describes how Linux kernel maintainers operate and the
shared ethos behind their methodologies. This is important reading
for anyone new to kernel development (or anyone simply curious about
it), as it resolves a lot of common misconceptions and confusion
about the unique behavior of kernel maintainers.
Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt
This file describes the rules on how the stable kernel releases
happen, and what to do if you want to get a change into one of these
releases.
Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
A list of external documentation that pertains to kernel
development. Please consult this list if you do not find what you
are looking for within the in-kernel documentation.
Documentation/applying-patches.txt
A good introduction describing exactly what a patch is and how to
apply it to the different development branches of the kernel.
The kernel also has a large number of documents that can be
automatically generated from the source code itself. This includes a
full description of the in-kernel API, and rules on how to handle
locking properly. The documents will be created in the
Documentation/DocBook/ directory and can be generated as PDF,
Postscript, HTML, and man pages by running:
make pdfdocs
make psdocs
make htmldocs
make mandocs
respectively from the main kernel source directory.
Becoming A Kernel Developer
---------------------------
If you do not know anything about Linux kernel development, you should
look at the Linux KernelNewbies project:
http://kernelnewbies.org
It consists of a helpful mailing list where you can ask almost any type
of basic kernel development question (make sure to search the archives
first, before asking something that has already been answered in the
past.) It also has an IRC channel that you can use to ask questions in
real-time, and a lot of helpful documentation that is useful for
learning about Linux kernel development.
The website has basic information about code organization, subsystems,
and current projects (both in-tree and out-of-tree). It also describes
some basic logistical information, like how to compile a kernel and
apply a patch.
If you do not know where you want to start, but you want to look for
some task to start doing to join into the kernel development community,
go to the Linux Kernel Janitor's project:
http://janitor.kernelnewbies.org/
It is a great place to start. It describes a list of relatively simple
problems that need to be cleaned up and fixed within the Linux kernel
source tree. Working with the developers in charge of this project, you
will learn the basics of getting your patch into the Linux kernel tree,
and possibly be pointed in the direction of what to go work on next, if
you do not already have an idea.
If you already have a chunk of code that you want to put into the kernel
tree, but need some help getting it in the proper form, the
kernel-mentors project was created to help you out with this. It is a
mailing list, and can be found at:
http://selenic.com/mailman/listinfo/kernel-mentors
Before making any actual modifications to the Linux kernel code, it is
imperative to understand how the code in question works. For this
purpose, nothing is better than reading through it directly (most tricky
bits are commented well), perhaps even with the help of specialized
tools. One such tool that is particularly recommended is the Linux
Cross-Reference project, which is able to present source code in a
self-referential, indexed webpage format. An excellent up-to-date
repository of the kernel code may be found at:
http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/
The development process
-----------------------
Linux kernel development process currently consists of a few different
main kernel "branches" and lots of different subsystem-specific kernel
branches. These different branches are:
- main 2.6.x kernel tree
- 2.6.x.y -stable kernel tree
- 2.6.x -git kernel patches
- 2.6.x -mm kernel patches
- subsystem specific kernel trees and patches
2.6.x kernel tree
-----------------
2.6.x kernels are maintained by Linus Torvalds, and can be found on
kernel.org in the pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ directory. Its development
process is as follows:
- As soon as a new kernel is released a two weeks window is open,
during this period of time maintainers can submit big diffs to
Linus, usually the patches that have already been included in the
-mm kernel for a few weeks. The preferred way to submit big changes
is using git (the kernel's source management tool, more information
can be found at http://git.or.cz/) but plain patches are also just
fine.
- After two weeks a -rc1 kernel is released it is now possible to push
only patches that do not include new features that could affect the
stability of the whole kernel. Please note that a whole new driver
(or filesystem) might be accepted after -rc1 because there is no
risk of causing regressions with such a change as long as the change
is self-contained and does not affect areas outside of the code that
is being added. git can be used to send patches to Linus after -rc1
is released, but the patches need to also be sent to a public
mailing list for review.
- A new -rc is released whenever Linus deems the current git tree to
be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing. The goal is to
release a new -rc kernel every week.
- Process continues until the kernel is considered "ready", the
process should last around 6 weeks.
It is worth mentioning what Andrew Morton wrote on the linux-kernel
mailing list about kernel releases:
"Nobody knows when a kernel will be released, because it's
released according to perceived bug status, not according to a
preconceived timeline."
2.6.x.y -stable kernel tree
---------------------------
Kernels with 4 digit versions are -stable kernels. They contain
relatively small and critical fixes for security problems or significant
regressions discovered in a given 2.6.x kernel.
This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable
kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental
versions.
If no 2.6.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 2.6.x
kernel is the current stable kernel.
2.6.x.y are maintained by the "stable" team <stable@kernel.org>, and are
released almost every other week.
The file Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt in the kernel tree
documents what kinds of changes are acceptable for the -stable tree, and
how the release process works.
2.6.x -git patches
------------------
These are daily snapshots of Linus' kernel tree which are managed in a
git repository (hence the name.) These patches are usually released
daily and represent the current state of Linus' tree. They are more
experimental than -rc kernels since they are generated automatically
without even a cursory glance to see if they are sane.
2.6.x -mm kernel patches
------------------------
These are experimental kernel patches released by Andrew Morton. Andrew
takes all of the different subsystem kernel trees and patches and mushes
them together, along with a lot of patches that have been plucked from
the linux-kernel mailing list. This tree serves as a proving ground for
new features and patches. Once a patch has proved its worth in -mm for
a while Andrew or the subsystem maintainer pushes it on to Linus for
inclusion in mainline.
It is heavily encouraged that all new patches get tested in the -mm tree
before they are sent to Linus for inclusion in the main kernel tree.
These kernels are not appropriate for use on systems that are supposed
to be stable and they are more risky to run than any of the other
branches.
If you wish to help out with the kernel development process, please test
and use these kernel releases and provide feedback to the linux-kernel
mailing list if you have any problems, and if everything works properly.
In addition to all the other experimental patches, these kernels usually
also contain any changes in the mainline -git kernels available at the
time of release.
The -mm kernels are not released on a fixed schedule, but usually a few
-mm kernels are released in between each -rc kernel (1 to 3 is common).
Subsystem Specific kernel trees and patches
-------------------------------------------
A number of the different kernel subsystem developers expose their
development trees so that others can see what is happening in the
different areas of the kernel. These trees are pulled into the -mm
kernel releases as described above.
Here is a list of some of the different kernel trees available:
git trees:
- Kbuild development tree, Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sam/kbuild.git
- ACPI development tree, Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lenb/linux-acpi-2.6.git
- Block development tree, Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux-2.6-block.git
- DRM development tree, Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6.git
- ia64 development tree, Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux-2.6.git
- ieee1394 development tree, Jody McIntyre <scjody@modernduck.com>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/scjody/ieee1394.git
- infiniband, Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/roland/infiniband.git
- libata, Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/libata-dev.git
- network drivers, Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/netdev-2.6.git
- pcmcia, Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brodo/pcmcia-2.6.git
- SCSI, James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>
kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi-misc-2.6.git
Other git kernel trees can be found listed at http://kernel.org/git
quilt trees:
- USB, PCI, Driver Core, and I2C, Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/gregkh/gregkh-2.6/
Bug Reporting
-------------
bugzilla.kernel.org is where the Linux kernel developers track kernel
bugs. Users are encouraged to report all bugs that they find in this
tool. For details on how to use the kernel bugzilla, please see:
http://test.kernel.org/bugzilla/faq.html
The file REPORTING-BUGS in the main kernel source directory has a good
template for how to report a possible kernel bug, and details what kind
of information is needed by the kernel developers to help track down the
problem.
Mailing lists
-------------
As some of the above documents describe, the majority of the core kernel
developers participate on the Linux Kernel Mailing list. Details on how
to subscribe and unsubscribe from the list can be found at:
http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-kernel
There are archives of the mailing list on the web in many different
places. Use a search engine to find these archives. For example:
http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel
It is highly recommended that you search the archives about the topic
you want to bring up, before you post it to the list. A lot of things
already discussed in detail are only recorded at the mailing list
archives.
Most of the individual kernel subsystems also have their own separate
mailing list where they do their development efforts. See the
MAINTAINERS file for a list of what these lists are for the different
groups.
Many of the lists are hosted on kernel.org. Information on them can be
found at:
http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html
Please remember to follow good behavioral habits when using the lists.
Though a bit cheesy, the following URL has some simple guidelines for
interacting with the list (or any list):
http://www.albion.com/netiquette/
If multiple people respond to your mail, the CC: list of recipients may
get pretty large. Don't remove anybody from the CC: list without a good
reason, or don't reply only to the list address. Get used to receiving the
mail twice, one from the sender and the one from the list, and don't try
to tune that by adding fancy mail-headers, people will not like it.
Remember to keep the context and the attribution of your replies intact,
keep the "John Kernelhacker wrote ...:" lines at the top of your reply, and
add your statements between the individual quoted sections instead of
writing at the top of the mail.
If you add patches to your mail, make sure they are plain readable text
as stated in Documentation/SubmittingPatches. Kernel developers don't
want to deal with attachments or compressed patches; they may want
to comment on individual lines of your patch, which works only that way.
Make sure you use a mail program that does not mangle spaces and tab
characters. A good first test is to send the mail to yourself and try
to apply your own patch by yourself. If that doesn't work, get your
mail program fixed or change it until it works.
Above all, please remember to show respect to other subscribers.
Working with the community
--------------------------
The goal of the kernel community is to provide the best possible kernel
there is. When you submit a patch for acceptance, it will be reviewed
on its technical merits and those alone. So, what should you be
expecting?
- criticism
- comments
- requests for change
- requests for justification
- silence
Remember, this is part of getting your patch into the kernel. You have
to be able to take criticism and comments about your patches, evaluate
them at a technical level and either rework your patches or provide
clear and concise reasoning as to why those changes should not be made.
If there are no responses to your posting, wait a few days and try
again, sometimes things get lost in the huge volume.
What should you not do?
- expect your patch to be accepted without question
- become defensive
- ignore comments
- resubmit the patch without making any of the requested changes
In a community that is looking for the best technical solution possible,
there will always be differing opinions on how beneficial a patch is.
You have to be cooperative, and willing to adapt your idea to fit within
the kernel. Or at least be willing to prove your idea is worth it.
Remember, being wrong is acceptable as long as you are willing to work
toward a solution that is right.
It is normal that the answers to your first patch might simply be a list
of a dozen things you should correct. This does _not_ imply that your
patch will not be accepted, and it is _not_ meant against you
personally. Simply correct all issues raised against your patch and
resend it.
Differences between the kernel community and corporate structures
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The kernel community works differently than most traditional corporate
development environments. Here are a list of things that you can try to
do to try to avoid problems:
Good things to say regarding your proposed changes:
- "This solves multiple problems."
- "This deletes 2000 lines of code."
- "Here is a patch that explains what I am trying to describe."
- "I tested it on 5 different architectures..."
- "Here is a series of small patches that..."
- "This increases performance on typical machines..."
Bad things you should avoid saying:
- "We did it this way in AIX/ptx/Solaris, so therefore it must be
good..."
- "I've being doing this for 20 years, so..."
- "This is required for my company to make money"
- "This is for our Enterprise product line."
- "Here is my 1000 page design document that describes my idea"
- "I've been working on this for 6 months..."
- "Here's a 5000 line patch that..."
- "I rewrote all of the current mess, and here it is..."
- "I have a deadline, and this patch needs to be applied now."
Another way the kernel community is different than most traditional
software engineering work environments is the faceless nature of
interaction. One benefit of using email and irc as the primary forms of
communication is the lack of discrimination based on gender or race.
The Linux kernel work environment is accepting of women and minorities
because all you are is an email address. The international aspect also
helps to level the playing field because you can't guess gender based on
a person's name. A man may be named Andrea and a woman may be named Pat.
Most women who have worked in the Linux kernel and have expressed an
opinion have had positive experiences.
The language barrier can cause problems for some people who are not
comfortable with English. A good grasp of the language can be needed in
order to get ideas across properly on mailing lists, so it is
recommended that you check your emails to make sure they make sense in
English before sending them.
Break up your changes
---------------------
The Linux kernel community does not gladly accept large chunks of code
dropped on it all at once. The changes need to be properly introduced,
discussed, and broken up into tiny, individual portions. This is almost
the exact opposite of what companies are used to doing. Your proposal
should also be introduced very early in the development process, so that
you can receive feedback on what you are doing. It also lets the
community feel that you are working with them, and not simply using them
as a dumping ground for your feature. However, don't send 50 emails at
one time to a mailing list, your patch series should be smaller than
that almost all of the time.
The reasons for breaking things up are the following:
1) Small patches increase the likelihood that your patches will be
applied, since they don't take much time or effort to verify for
correctness. A 5 line patch can be applied by a maintainer with
barely a second glance. However, a 500 line patch may take hours to
review for correctness (the time it takes is exponentially
proportional to the size of the patch, or something).
Small patches also make it very easy to debug when something goes
wrong. It's much easier to back out patches one by one than it is
to dissect a very large patch after it's been applied (and broken
something).
2) It's important not only to send small patches, but also to rewrite
and simplify (or simply re-order) patches before submitting them.
Here is an analogy from kernel developer Al Viro:
"Think of a teacher grading homework from a math student. The
teacher does not want to see the student's trials and errors
before they came up with the solution. They want to see the
cleanest, most elegant answer. A good student knows this, and
would never submit her intermediate work before the final
solution."
The same is true of kernel development. The maintainers and
reviewers do not want to see the thought process behind the
solution to the problem one is solving. They want to see a
simple and elegant solution."
It may be challenging to keep the balance between presenting an elegant
solution and working together with the community and discussing your
unfinished work. Therefore it is good to get early in the process to
get feedback to improve your work, but also keep your changes in small
chunks that they may get already accepted, even when your whole task is
not ready for inclusion now.
Also realize that it is not acceptable to send patches for inclusion
that are unfinished and will be "fixed up later."
Justify your change
-------------------
Along with breaking up your patches, it is very important for you to let
the Linux community know why they should add this change. New features
must be justified as being needed and useful.
Document your change
--------------------
When sending in your patches, pay special attention to what you say in
the text in your email. This information will become the ChangeLog
information for the patch, and will be preserved for everyone to see for
all time. It should describe the patch completely, containing:
- why the change is necessary
- the overall design approach in the patch
- implementation details
- testing results
For more details on what this should all look like, please see the
ChangeLog section of the document:
"The Perfect Patch"
http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt
All of these things are sometimes very hard to do. It can take years to
perfect these practices (if at all). It's a continuous process of
improvement that requires a lot of patience and determination. But
don't give up, it's possible. Many have done it before, and each had to
start exactly where you are now.
----------
Thanks to Paolo Ciarrocchi who allowed the "Development Process" section
to be based on text he had written, and to Randy Dunlap and Gerrit
Huizenga for some of the list of things you should and should not say.
Also thanks to Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers,
Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi
Kleen, Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop,
David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, and Alex Shepard for
their review, comments, and contributions. Without their help, this
document would not have been possible.
Maintainer: Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>

174
Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -10,14 +10,22 @@
This guide describes the basics of Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI),
the advantages of using MSI over traditional interrupt mechanisms,
and how to enable your driver to use MSI or MSI-X. Also included is
a Frequently Asked Questions.
a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) section.
1.1 Terminology
PCI devices can be single-function or multi-function. In either case,
when this text talks about enabling or disabling MSI on a "device
function," it is referring to one specific PCI device and function and
not to all functions on a PCI device (unless the PCI device has only
one function).
2. Copyright 2003 Intel Corporation
3. What is MSI/MSI-X?
Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI), as described in the PCI Local Bus
Specification Revision 2.3 or latest, is an optional feature, and a
Specification Revision 2.3 or later, is an optional feature, and a
required feature for PCI Express devices. MSI enables a device function
to request service by sending an Inbound Memory Write on its PCI bus to
the FSB as a Message Signal Interrupt transaction. Because MSI is
@ -27,7 +35,7 @@ supported.
A PCI device that supports MSI must also support pin IRQ assertion
interrupt mechanism to provide backward compatibility for systems that
do not support MSI. In Systems, which support MSI, the bus driver is
do not support MSI. In systems which support MSI, the bus driver is
responsible for initializing the message address and message data of
the device function's MSI/MSI-X capability structure during device
initial configuration.
@ -61,17 +69,17 @@ over the MSI capability structure as described below.
- MSI and MSI-X both support per-vector masking. Per-vector
masking is an optional extension of MSI but a required
feature for MSI-X. Per-vector masking provides the kernel
the ability to mask/unmask MSI when servicing its software
interrupt service routing handler. If per-vector masking is
feature for MSI-X. Per-vector masking provides the kernel the
ability to mask/unmask a single MSI while running its
interrupt service routine. If per-vector masking is
not supported, then the device driver should provide the
hardware/software synchronization to ensure that the device
generates MSI when the driver wants it to do so.
4. Why use MSI?
As a benefit the simplification of board design, MSI allows board
designers to remove out of band interrupt routing. MSI is another
As a benefit to the simplification of board design, MSI allows board
designers to remove out-of-band interrupt routing. MSI is another
step towards a legacy-free environment.
Due to increasing pressure on chipset and processor packages to
@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ support. As a result, the PCI Express technology requires MSI
support for better interrupt performance.
Using MSI enables the device functions to support two or more
vectors, which can be configured to target different CPU's to
vectors, which can be configured to target different CPUs to
increase scalability.
5. Configuring a driver to use MSI/MSI-X
@ -119,13 +127,13 @@ pci_enable_msi() explicitly.
int pci_enable_msi(struct pci_dev *dev)
With this new API, any existing device driver, which like to have
MSI enabled on its device function, must call this API to enable MSI
With this new API, a device driver that wants to have MSI
enabled on its device function must call this API to enable MSI.
A successful call will initialize the MSI capability structure
with ONE vector, regardless of whether a device function is
capable of supporting multiple messages. This vector replaces the
pre-assigned dev->irq with a new MSI vector. To avoid the conflict
of new assigned vector with existing pre-assigned vector requires
pre-assigned dev->irq with a new MSI vector. To avoid a conflict
of the new assigned vector with existing pre-assigned vector requires
a device driver to call this API before calling request_irq().
5.2.2 API pci_disable_msi
@ -137,14 +145,14 @@ when a device driver is unloading. This API restores dev->irq with
the pre-assigned IOAPIC vector and switches a device's interrupt
mode to PCI pin-irq assertion/INTx emulation mode.
Note that a device driver should always call free_irq() on MSI vector
it has done request_irq() on before calling this API. Failure to do
so results a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI enabled and
Note that a device driver should always call free_irq() on the MSI vector
that it has done request_irq() on before calling this API. Failure to do
so results in a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI enabled and
leaks its vector.
5.2.3 MSI mode vs. legacy mode diagram
The below diagram shows the events, which switches the interrupt
The below diagram shows the events which switch the interrupt
mode on the MSI-capable device function between MSI mode and
PIN-IRQ assertion mode.
@ -155,9 +163,9 @@ PIN-IRQ assertion mode.
------------ pci_disable_msi ------------------------
Figure 1.0 MSI Mode vs. Legacy Mode
Figure 1. MSI Mode vs. Legacy Mode
In Figure 1.0, a device operates by default in legacy mode. Legacy
In Figure 1, a device operates by default in legacy mode. Legacy
in this context means PCI pin-irq assertion or PCI-Express INTx
emulation. A successful MSI request (using pci_enable_msi()) switches
a device's interrupt mode to MSI mode. A pre-assigned IOAPIC vector
@ -166,11 +174,11 @@ assigned MSI vector will replace dev->irq.
To return back to its default mode, a device driver should always call
pci_disable_msi() to undo the effect of pci_enable_msi(). Note that a
device driver should always call free_irq() on MSI vector it has done
request_irq() on before calling pci_disable_msi(). Failure to do so
results a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI enabled and
device driver should always call free_irq() on the MSI vector it has
done request_irq() on before calling pci_disable_msi(). Failure to do
so results in a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI enabled and
leaks its vector. Otherwise, the PCI subsystem restores a device's
dev->irq with a pre-assigned IOAPIC vector and marks released
dev->irq with a pre-assigned IOAPIC vector and marks the released
MSI vector as unused.
Once being marked as unused, there is no guarantee that the PCI
@ -178,8 +186,8 @@ subsystem will reserve this MSI vector for a device. Depending on
the availability of current PCI vector resources and the number of
MSI/MSI-X requests from other drivers, this MSI may be re-assigned.
For the case where the PCI subsystem re-assigned this MSI vector
another driver, a request to switching back to MSI mode may result
For the case where the PCI subsystem re-assigns this MSI vector to
another driver, a request to switch back to MSI mode may result
in being assigned a different MSI vector or a failure if no more
vectors are available.
@ -208,12 +216,12 @@ Unlike the function pci_enable_msi(), the function pci_enable_msix()
does not replace the pre-assigned IOAPIC dev->irq with a new MSI
vector because the PCI subsystem writes the 1:1 vector-to-entry mapping
into the field vector of each element contained in a second argument.
Note that the pre-assigned IO-APIC dev->irq is valid only if the device
operates in PIN-IRQ assertion mode. In MSI-X mode, any attempt of
Note that the pre-assigned IOAPIC dev->irq is valid only if the device
operates in PIN-IRQ assertion mode. In MSI-X mode, any attempt at
using dev->irq by the device driver to request for interrupt service
may result unpredictabe behavior.
For each MSI-X vector granted, a device driver is responsible to call
For each MSI-X vector granted, a device driver is responsible for calling
other functions like request_irq(), enable_irq(), etc. to enable
this vector with its corresponding interrupt service handler. It is
a device driver's choice to assign all vectors with the same
@ -224,13 +232,13 @@ service handler.
The PCI 3.0 specification has implementation notes that MMIO address
space for a device's MSI-X structure should be isolated so that the
software system can set different page for controlling accesses to
the MSI-X structure. The implementation of MSI patch requires the PCI
software system can set different pages for controlling accesses to the
MSI-X structure. The implementation of MSI support requires the PCI
subsystem, not a device driver, to maintain full control of the MSI-X
table/MSI-X PBA and MMIO address space of the MSI-X table/MSI-X PBA.
A device driver is prohibited from requesting the MMIO address space
of the MSI-X table/MSI-X PBA. Otherwise, the PCI subsystem will fail
enabling MSI-X on its hardware device when it calls the function
table/MSI-X PBA (Pending Bit Array) and MMIO address space of the MSI-X
table/MSI-X PBA. A device driver is prohibited from requesting the MMIO
address space of the MSI-X table/MSI-X PBA. Otherwise, the PCI subsystem
will fail enabling MSI-X on its hardware device when it calls the function
pci_enable_msix().
5.3.2 Handling MSI-X allocation
@ -274,9 +282,9 @@ For the case where fewer MSI-X vectors are allocated to a function
than requested, the function pci_enable_msix() will return the
maximum number of MSI-X vectors available to the caller. A device
driver may re-send its request with fewer or equal vectors indicated
in a return. For example, if a device driver requests 5 vectors, but
the number of available vectors is 3 vectors, a value of 3 will be a
return as a result of pci_enable_msix() call. A function could be
in the return. For example, if a device driver requests 5 vectors, but
the number of available vectors is 3 vectors, a value of 3 will be
returned as a result of pci_enable_msix() call. A function could be
designed for its driver to use only 3 MSI-X table entries as
different combinations as ABC--, A-B-C, A--CB, etc. Note that this
patch does not support multiple entries with the same vector. Such
@ -285,49 +293,46 @@ as ABBCC, AABCC, BCCBA, etc will result as a failure by the function
pci_enable_msix(). Below are the reasons why supporting multiple
entries with the same vector is an undesirable solution.
- The PCI subsystem can not determine which entry, which
generated the message, to mask/unmask MSI while handling
- The PCI subsystem cannot determine the entry that
generated the message to mask/unmask MSI while handling
software driver ISR. Attempting to walk through all MSI-X
table entries (2048 max) to mask/unmask any match vector
is an undesirable solution.
- Walk through all MSI-X table entries (2048 max) to handle
- Walking through all MSI-X table entries (2048 max) to handle
SMP affinity of any match vector is an undesirable solution.
5.3.4 API pci_enable_msix
int pci_enable_msix(struct pci_dev *dev, u32 *entries, int nvec)
int pci_enable_msix(struct pci_dev *dev, struct msix_entry *entries, int nvec)
This API enables a device driver to request the PCI subsystem
for enabling MSI-X messages on its hardware device. Depending on
to enable MSI-X messages on its hardware device. Depending on
the availability of PCI vectors resources, the PCI subsystem enables
either all or nothing.
either all or none of the requested vectors.
Argument dev points to the device (pci_dev) structure.
Argument 'dev' points to the device (pci_dev) structure.
Argument entries is a pointer of unsigned integer type. The number of
elements is indicated in argument nvec. The content of each element
will be mapped to the following struct defined in /driver/pci/msi.h.
Argument 'entries' is a pointer to an array of msix_entry structs.
The number of entries is indicated in argument 'nvec'.
struct msix_entry is defined in /driver/pci/msi.h:
struct msix_entry {
u16 vector; /* kernel uses to write alloc vector */
u16 entry; /* driver uses to specify entry */
};
A device driver is responsible for initializing the field entry of
each element with unique entry supported by MSI-X table. Otherwise,
A device driver is responsible for initializing the field 'entry' of
each element with a unique entry supported by MSI-X table. Otherwise,
-EINVAL will be returned as a result. A successful return of zero
indicates the PCI subsystem completes initializing each of requested
indicates the PCI subsystem completed initializing each of the requested
entries of the MSI-X table with message address and message data.
Last but not least, the PCI subsystem will write the 1:1
vector-to-entry mapping into the field vector of each element. A
device driver is responsible of keeping track of allocated MSI-X
vector-to-entry mapping into the field 'vector' of each element. A
device driver is responsible for keeping track of allocated MSI-X
vectors in its internal data structure.
Argument nvec is an integer indicating the number of messages
requested.
A return of zero indicates that the number of MSI-X vectors is
A return of zero indicates that the number of MSI-X vectors was
successfully allocated. A return of greater than zero indicates
MSI-X vector shortage. Or a return of less than zero indicates
a failure. This failure may be a result of duplicate entries
@ -341,12 +346,12 @@ void pci_disable_msix(struct pci_dev *dev)
This API should always be used to undo the effect of pci_enable_msix()
when a device driver is unloading. Note that a device driver should
always call free_irq() on all MSI-X vectors it has done request_irq()
on before calling this API. Failure to do so results a BUG_ON() and
on before calling this API. Failure to do so results in a BUG_ON() and
a device will be left with MSI-X enabled and leaks its vectors.
5.3.6 MSI-X mode vs. legacy mode diagram
The below diagram shows the events, which switches the interrupt
The below diagram shows the events which switch the interrupt
mode on the MSI-X capable device function between MSI-X mode and
PIN-IRQ assertion mode (legacy).
@ -356,22 +361,22 @@ PIN-IRQ assertion mode (legacy).
| | ===============> | |
------------ pci_disable_msix ------------------------
Figure 2.0 MSI-X Mode vs. Legacy Mode
Figure 2. MSI-X Mode vs. Legacy Mode
In Figure 2.0, a device operates by default in legacy mode. A
In Figure 2, a device operates by default in legacy mode. A
successful MSI-X request (using pci_enable_msix()) switches a
device's interrupt mode to MSI-X mode. A pre-assigned IOAPIC vector
stored in dev->irq will be saved by the PCI subsystem; however,
unlike MSI mode, the PCI subsystem will not replace dev->irq with
assigned MSI-X vector because the PCI subsystem already writes the 1:1
vector-to-entry mapping into the field vector of each element
vector-to-entry mapping into the field 'vector' of each element
specified in second argument.
To return back to its default mode, a device driver should always call
pci_disable_msix() to undo the effect of pci_enable_msix(). Note that
a device driver should always call free_irq() on all MSI-X vectors it
has done request_irq() on before calling pci_disable_msix(). Failure
to do so results a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI-X
to do so results in a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI-X
enabled and leaks its vectors. Otherwise, the PCI subsystem switches a
device function's interrupt mode from MSI-X mode to legacy mode and
marks all allocated MSI-X vectors as unused.
@ -383,53 +388,56 @@ MSI/MSI-X requests from other drivers, these MSI-X vectors may be
re-assigned.
For the case where the PCI subsystem re-assigned these MSI-X vectors
to other driver, a request to switching back to MSI-X mode may result
to other drivers, a request to switch back to MSI-X mode may result
being assigned with another set of MSI-X vectors or a failure if no
more vectors are available.
5.4 Handling function implementng both MSI and MSI-X capabilities
5.4 Handling function implementing both MSI and MSI-X capabilities
For the case where a function implements both MSI and MSI-X
capabilities, the PCI subsystem enables a device to run either in MSI
mode or MSI-X mode but not both. A device driver determines whether it
wants MSI or MSI-X enabled on its hardware device. Once a device
driver requests for MSI, for example, it is prohibited to request for
driver requests for MSI, for example, it is prohibited from requesting
MSI-X; in other words, a device driver is not permitted to ping-pong
between MSI mod MSI-X mode during a run-time.
5.5 Hardware requirements for MSI/MSI-X support
MSI/MSI-X support requires support from both system hardware and
individual hardware device functions.
5.5.1 System hardware support
Since the target of MSI address is the local APIC CPU, enabling
MSI/MSI-X support in Linux kernel is dependent on whether existing
system hardware supports local APIC. Users should verify their
system whether it runs when CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC=y.
MSI/MSI-X support in the Linux kernel is dependent on whether existing
system hardware supports local APIC. Users should verify that their
system supports local APIC operation by testing that it runs when
CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC=y.
In SMP environment, CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC is automatically set;
however, in UP environment, users must manually set
CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC. Once CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC=y, setting
CONFIG_PCI_MSI enables the VECTOR based scheme and
the option for MSI-capable device drivers to selectively enable
MSI/MSI-X.
CONFIG_PCI_MSI enables the VECTOR based scheme and the option for
MSI-capable device drivers to selectively enable MSI/MSI-X.
Note that CONFIG_X86_IO_APIC setting is irrelevant because MSI/MSI-X
vector is allocated new during runtime and MSI/MSI-X support does not
depend on BIOS support. This key independency enables MSI/MSI-X
support on future IOxAPIC free platform.
support on future IOxAPIC free platforms.
5.5.2 Device hardware support
The hardware device function supports MSI by indicating the
MSI/MSI-X capability structure on its PCI capability list. By
default, this capability structure will not be initialized by
the kernel to enable MSI during the system boot. In other words,
the device function is running on its default pin assertion mode.
Note that in many cases the hardware supporting MSI have bugs,
which may result in system hang. The software driver of specific
MSI-capable hardware is responsible for whether calling
which may result in system hangs. The software driver of specific
MSI-capable hardware is responsible for deciding whether to call
pci_enable_msi or not. A return of zero indicates the kernel
successfully initializes the MSI/MSI-X capability structure of the
successfully initialized the MSI/MSI-X capability structure of the
device function. The device function is now running on MSI/MSI-X mode.
5.6 How to tell whether MSI/MSI-X is enabled on device function
@ -439,10 +447,10 @@ pci_enable_msi()/pci_enable_msix() indicates to a device driver that
its device function is initialized successfully and ready to run in
MSI/MSI-X mode.
At the user level, users can use command 'cat /proc/interrupts'
to display the vector allocated for a device and its interrupt
MSI/MSI-X mode ("PCI MSI"/"PCI MSIX"). Below shows below MSI mode is
enabled on a SCSI Adaptec 39320D Ultra320.
At the user level, users can use the command 'cat /proc/interrupts'
to display the vectors allocated for devices and their interrupt
MSI/MSI-X modes ("PCI-MSI"/"PCI-MSI-X"). Below shows MSI mode is
enabled on a SCSI Adaptec 39320D Ultra320 controller.
CPU0 CPU1
0: 324639 0 IO-APIC-edge timer
@ -453,8 +461,8 @@ enabled on a SCSI Adaptec 39320D Ultra320.
15: 1 0 IO-APIC-edge ide1
169: 0 0 IO-APIC-level uhci-hcd
185: 0 0 IO-APIC-level uhci-hcd
193: 138 10 PCI MSI aic79xx
201: 30 0 PCI MSI aic79xx
193: 138 10 PCI-MSI aic79xx
201: 30 0 PCI-MSI aic79xx
225: 30 0 IO-APIC-level aic7xxx
233: 30 0 IO-APIC-level aic7xxx
NMI: 0 0
@ -490,8 +498,8 @@ target address set as 0xfeexxxxx, as conformed to PCI
specification 2.3 or latest, then it should work.
Q4. From the driver point of view, if the MSI is lost because
of the errors occur during inbound memory write, then it may
wait for ever. Is there a mechanism for it to recover?
of errors occurring during inbound memory write, then it may
wait forever. Is there a mechanism for it to recover?
A4. Since the target of the transaction is an inbound memory
write, all transaction termination conditions (Retry,

122
Documentation/RCU/torture.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
RCU Torture Test Operation
CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST
The CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST config option is available for all RCU
implementations. It creates an rcutorture kernel module that can
be loaded to run a torture test. The test periodically outputs
status messages via printk(), which can be examined via the dmesg
command (perhaps grepping for "rcutorture"). The test is started
when the module is loaded, and stops when the module is unloaded.
However, actually setting this config option to "y" results in the system
running the test immediately upon boot, and ending only when the system
is taken down. Normally, one will instead want to build the system
with CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST=m and to use modprobe and rmmod to control
the test, perhaps using a script similar to the one shown at the end of
this document. Note that you will need CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD in order
to be able to end the test.
MODULE PARAMETERS
This module has the following parameters:
nreaders This is the number of RCU reading threads supported.
The default is twice the number of CPUs. Why twice?
To properly exercise RCU implementations with preemptible
read-side critical sections.
stat_interval The number of seconds between output of torture
statistics (via printk()). Regardless of the interval,
statistics are printed when the module is unloaded.
Setting the interval to zero causes the statistics to
be printed -only- when the module is unloaded, and this
is the default.
verbose Enable debug printk()s. Default is disabled.
OUTPUT
The statistics output is as follows:
rcutorture: --- Start of test: nreaders=16 stat_interval=0 verbose=0
rcutorture: rtc: 0000000000000000 ver: 1916 tfle: 0 rta: 1916 rtaf: 0 rtf: 1915
rcutorture: Reader Pipe: 1466408 9747 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rcutorture: Reader Batch: 1464477 11678 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rcutorture: Free-Block Circulation: 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 0
rcutorture: --- End of test
The command "dmesg | grep rcutorture:" will extract this information on
most systems. On more esoteric configurations, it may be necessary to
use other commands to access the output of the printk()s used by
the RCU torture test. The printk()s use KERN_ALERT, so they should
be evident. ;-)
The entries are as follows:
o "ggp": The number of counter flips (or batches) since boot.
o "rtc": The hexadecimal address of the structure currently visible
to readers.
o "ver": The number of times since boot that the rcutw writer task
has changed the structure visible to readers.
o "tfle": If non-zero, indicates that the "torture freelist"
containing structure to be placed into the "rtc" area is empty.
This condition is important, since it can fool you into thinking
that RCU is working when it is not. :-/
o "rta": Number of structures allocated from the torture freelist.
o "rtaf": Number of allocations from the torture freelist that have
failed due to the list being empty.
o "rtf": Number of frees into the torture freelist.
o "Reader Pipe": Histogram of "ages" of structures seen by readers.
If any entries past the first two are non-zero, RCU is broken.
And rcutorture prints the error flag string "!!!" to make sure
you notice. The age of a newly allocated structure is zero,
it becomes one when removed from reader visibility, and is
incremented once per grace period subsequently -- and is freed
after passing through (RCU_TORTURE_PIPE_LEN-2) grace periods.
The output displayed above was taken from a correctly working
RCU. If you want to see what it looks like when broken, break
it yourself. ;-)
o "Reader Batch": Another histogram of "ages" of structures seen
by readers, but in terms of counter flips (or batches) rather
than in terms of grace periods. The legal number of non-zero
entries is again two. The reason for this separate view is
that it is easier to get the third entry to show up in the
"Reader Batch" list than in the "Reader Pipe" list.
o "Free-Block Circulation": Shows the number of torture structures
that have reached a given point in the pipeline. The first element
should closely correspond to the number of structures allocated,
the second to the number that have been removed from reader view,
and all but the last remaining to the corresponding number of
passes through a grace period. The last entry should be zero,
as it is only incremented if a torture structure's counter
somehow gets incremented farther than it should.
USAGE
The following script may be used to torture RCU:
#!/bin/sh
modprobe rcutorture
sleep 100
rmmod rcutorture
dmesg | grep rcutorture:
The output can be manually inspected for the error flag of "!!!".
One could of course create a more elaborate script that automatically
checked for such errors.

2
Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -772,8 +772,6 @@ RCU pointer/list traversal:
list_for_each_entry_rcu
list_for_each_continue_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of new
list_for_each_entry_continue_rcu)
hlist_for_each_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of
hlist_for_each_entry_rcu)
hlist_for_each_entry_rcu
RCU pointer update:

86
Documentation/SubmittingPatches
Просмотреть файл

@ -301,8 +301,84 @@ now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just
point out some special detail about the sign-off.
12) The canonical patch format
12) More references for submitting patches
The canonical patch subject line is:
Subject: [PATCH 001/123] subsystem: summary phrase
The canonical patch message body contains the following:
- A "from" line specifying the patch author.
- An empty line.
- The body of the explanation, which will be copied to the
permanent changelog to describe this patch.
- The "Signed-off-by:" lines, described above, which will
also go in the changelog.
- A marker line containing simply "---".
- Any additional comments not suitable for the changelog.
- The actual patch (diff output).
The Subject line format makes it very easy to sort the emails
alphabetically by subject line - pretty much any email reader will
support that - since because the sequence number is zero-padded,
the numerical and alphabetic sort is the same.
The "subsystem" in the email's Subject should identify which
area or subsystem of the kernel is being patched.
The "summary phrase" in the email's Subject should concisely
describe the patch which that email contains. The "summary
phrase" should not be a filename. Do not use the same "summary
phrase" for every patch in a whole patch series.
Bear in mind that the "summary phrase" of your email becomes
a globally-unique identifier for that patch. It propagates
all the way into the git changelog. The "summary phrase" may
later be used in developer discussions which refer to the patch.
People will want to google for the "summary phrase" to read
discussion regarding that patch.
A couple of example Subjects:
Subject: [patch 2/5] ext2: improve scalability of bitmap searching
Subject: [PATCHv2 001/207] x86: fix eflags tracking
The "from" line must be the very first line in the message body,
and has the form:
From: Original Author <author@example.com>
The "from" line specifies who will be credited as the author of the
patch in the permanent changelog. If the "from" line is missing,
then the "From:" line from the email header will be used to determine
the patch author in the changelog.
The explanation body will be committed to the permanent source
changelog, so should make sense to a competent reader who has long
since forgotten the immediate details of the discussion that might
have led to this patch.
The "---" marker line serves the essential purpose of marking for patch
handling tools where the changelog message ends.
One good use for the additional comments after the "---" marker is for
a diffstat, to show what files have changed, and the number of inserted
and deleted lines per file. A diffstat is especially useful on bigger
patches. Other comments relevant only to the moment or the maintainer,
not suitable for the permanent changelog, should also go here.
See more details on the proper patch format in the following
references.
13) More references for submitting patches
Andrew Morton, "The perfect patch" (tpp).
<http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt>
@ -310,6 +386,14 @@ Andrew Morton, "The perfect patch" (tpp).
Jeff Garzik, "Linux kernel patch submission format."
<http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html>
Greg KH, "How to piss off a kernel subsystem maintainer"
<http://www.kroah.com/log/2005/03/31/>
Kernel Documentation/CodingStyle
<http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/source/Documentation/CodingStyle>
Linus Torvald's mail on the canonical patch format:
<http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/4/7/183>
-----------------------------------

7
Documentation/arm/README
Просмотреть файл

@ -8,10 +8,9 @@ Compilation of kernel
---------------------
In order to compile ARM Linux, you will need a compiler capable of
generating ARM ELF code with GNU extensions. GCC 2.95.1, EGCS
1.1.2, and GCC 3.3 are known to be good compilers. Fortunately, you
needn't guess. The kernel will report an error if your compiler is
a recognized offender.
generating ARM ELF code with GNU extensions. GCC 3.3 is known to be
a good compiler. Fortunately, you needn't guess. The kernel will report
an error if your compiler is a recognized offender.
To build ARM Linux natively, you shouldn't have to alter the ARCH = line
in the top level Makefile. However, if you don't have the ARM Linux ELF

41
Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/Overview.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ Adding New Machines
Any large scale modifications, or new drivers should be discussed
on the ARM kernel mailing list (linux-arm-kernel) before being
attempted.
attempted. See http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/mailinglists/ for the
mailing list information.
NAND
@ -120,6 +121,43 @@ Clock Management
various clock units
Platform Data
-------------
Whenever a device has platform specific data that is specified
on a per-machine basis, care should be taken to ensure the
following:
1) that default data is not left in the device to confuse the
driver if a machine does not set it at startup
2) the data should (if possible) be marked as __initdata,
to ensure that the data is thrown away if the machine is
not the one currently in use.
The best way of doing this is to make a function that
kmalloc()s an area of memory, and copies the __initdata
and then sets the relevant device's platform data. Making
the function `__init` takes care of ensuring it is discarded
with the rest of the initialisation code
static __init void s3c24xx_xxx_set_platdata(struct xxx_data *pd)
{
struct s3c2410_xxx_mach_info *npd;
npd = kmalloc(sizeof(struct s3c2410_xxx_mach_info), GFP_KERNEL);
if (npd) {
memcpy(npd, pd, sizeof(struct s3c2410_xxx_mach_info));
s3c_device_xxx.dev.platform_data = npd;
} else {
printk(KERN_ERR "no memory for xxx platform data\n");
}
}
Note, since the code is marked as __init, it should not be
exported outside arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/, or exported to
modules via EXPORT_SYMBOL() and related functions.
Port Contributors
-----------------
@ -149,6 +187,7 @@ Document Changes
06 Mar 2005 - BJD - Added Christer Weinigel
08 Mar 2005 - BJD - Added LCVR to list of people, updated introduction
08 Mar 2005 - BJD - Added section on adding machines
09 Sep 2005 - BJD - Added section on platform data
Document Author
---------------

2
Documentation/arm/VFP/release-notes.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This release has been validated against the SoftFloat-2b library by
John R. Hauser using the TestFloat-2a test suite. Details of this
library and test suite can be found at:
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jhauser/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html
http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html
The operations which have been tested with this package are:

4
Documentation/arm/memory.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
Kernel Memory Layout on ARM Linux
Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
May 21, 2004 (2.6.6)
November 17, 2005 (2.6.15)
This document describes the virtual memory layout which the Linux
kernel uses for ARM processors. It indicates which regions are
@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ ff000000 ffbfffff Reserved for future expansion of DMA
mapping region.
VMALLOC_END feffffff Free for platform use, recommended.
VMALLOC_END must be aligned to a 2MB
boundary.
VMALLOC_START VMALLOC_END-1 vmalloc() / ioremap() space.
Memory returned by vmalloc/ioremap will

27
Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -115,6 +115,33 @@ boolean is return which indicates whether the resulting counter value
is negative. It requires explicit memory barrier semantics around the
operation.
Then:
int atomic_cmpxchg(atomic_t *v, int old, int new);
This performs an atomic compare exchange operation on the atomic value v,
with the given old and new values. Like all atomic_xxx operations,
atomic_cmpxchg will only satisfy its atomicity semantics as long as all
other accesses of *v are performed through atomic_xxx operations.
atomic_cmpxchg requires explicit memory barriers around the operation.
The semantics for atomic_cmpxchg are the same as those defined for 'cas'
below.
Finally:
int atomic_add_unless(atomic_t *v, int a, int u);
If the atomic value v is not equal to u, this function adds a to v, and
returns non zero. If v is equal to u then it returns zero. This is done as
an atomic operation.
atomic_add_unless requires explicit memory barriers around the operation.
atomic_inc_not_zero, equivalent to atomic_add_unless(v, 1, 0)
If a caller requires memory barrier semantics around an atomic_t
operation which does not return a value, a set of interfaces are
defined which accomplish this:

117
Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -906,9 +906,20 @@ Aside:
4. The I/O scheduler
I/O schedulers are now per queue. They should be runtime switchable and modular
but aren't yet. Jens has most bits to do this, but the sysfs implementation is
missing.
I/O scheduler, a.k.a. elevator, is implemented in two layers. Generic dispatch
queue and specific I/O schedulers. Unless stated otherwise, elevator is used
to refer to both parts and I/O scheduler to specific I/O schedulers.
Block layer implements generic dispatch queue in ll_rw_blk.c and elevator.c.
The generic dispatch queue is responsible for properly ordering barrier
requests, requeueing, handling non-fs requests and all other subtleties.
Specific I/O schedulers are responsible for ordering normal filesystem
requests. They can also choose to delay certain requests to improve
throughput or whatever purpose. As the plural form indicates, there are
multiple I/O schedulers. They can be built as modules but at least one should
be built inside the kernel. Each queue can choose different one and can also
change to another one dynamically.
A block layer call to the i/o scheduler follows the convention elv_xxx(). This
calls elevator_xxx_fn in the elevator switch (drivers/block/elevator.c). Oh,
@ -921,44 +932,36 @@ keeping work.
The functions an elevator may implement are: (* are mandatory)
elevator_merge_fn called to query requests for merge with a bio
elevator_merge_req_fn " " " with another request
elevator_merge_req_fn called when two requests get merged. the one
which gets merged into the other one will be
never seen by I/O scheduler again. IOW, after
being merged, the request is gone.
elevator_merged_fn called when a request in the scheduler has been
involved in a merge. It is used in the deadline
scheduler for example, to reposition the request
if its sorting order has changed.
*elevator_next_req_fn returns the next scheduled request, or NULL
if there are none (or none are ready).
elevator_dispatch_fn fills the dispatch queue with ready requests.
I/O schedulers are free to postpone requests by
not filling the dispatch queue unless @force
is non-zero. Once dispatched, I/O schedulers
are not allowed to manipulate the requests -
they belong to generic dispatch queue.
*elevator_add_req_fn called to add a new request into the scheduler
elevator_add_req_fn called to add a new request into the scheduler
elevator_queue_empty_fn returns true if the merge queue is empty.
Drivers shouldn't use this, but rather check
if elv_next_request is NULL (without losing the
request if one exists!)
elevator_remove_req_fn This is called when a driver claims ownership of
the target request - it now belongs to the
driver. It must not be modified or merged.
Drivers must not lose the request! A subsequent
call of elevator_next_req_fn must return the
_next_ request.
elevator_requeue_req_fn called to add a request to the scheduler. This
is used when the request has alrnadebeen
returned by elv_next_request, but hasn't
completed. If this is not implemented then
elevator_add_req_fn is called instead.
elevator_former_req_fn
elevator_latter_req_fn These return the request before or after the
one specified in disk sort order. Used by the
block layer to find merge possibilities.
elevator_completed_req_fn called when a request is completed. This might
come about due to being merged with another or
when the device completes the request.
elevator_completed_req_fn called when a request is completed.
elevator_may_queue_fn returns true if the scheduler wants to allow the
current context to queue a new request even if
@ -967,13 +970,33 @@ elevator_may_queue_fn returns true if the scheduler wants to allow the
elevator_set_req_fn
elevator_put_req_fn Must be used to allocate and free any elevator
specific storate for a request.
specific storage for a request.
elevator_activate_req_fn Called when device driver first sees a request.
I/O schedulers can use this callback to
determine when actual execution of a request
starts.
elevator_deactivate_req_fn Called when device driver decides to delay
a request by requeueing it.
elevator_init_fn
elevator_exit_fn Allocate and free any elevator specific storage
for a queue.
4.2 I/O scheduler implementation
4.2 Request flows seen by I/O schedulers
All requests seens by I/O schedulers strictly follow one of the following three
flows.
set_req_fn ->
i. add_req_fn -> (merged_fn ->)* -> dispatch_fn -> activate_req_fn ->
(deactivate_req_fn -> activate_req_fn ->)* -> completed_req_fn
ii. add_req_fn -> (merged_fn ->)* -> merge_req_fn
iii. [none]
-> put_req_fn
4.3 I/O scheduler implementation
The generic i/o scheduler algorithm attempts to sort/merge/batch requests for
optimal disk scan and request servicing performance (based on generic
principles and device capabilities), optimized for:
@ -993,18 +1016,7 @@ request in sort order to prevent binary tree lookups.
This arrangement is not a generic block layer characteristic however, so
elevators may implement queues as they please.
ii. Last merge hint
The last merge hint is part of the generic queue layer. I/O schedulers must do
some management on it. For the most part, the most important thing is to make
sure q->last_merge is cleared (set to NULL) when the request on it is no longer
a candidate for merging (for example if it has been sent to the driver).
The last merge performed is cached as a hint for the subsequent request. If
sequential data is being submitted, the hint is used to perform merges without
any scanning. This is not sufficient when there are multiple processes doing
I/O though, so a "merge hash" is used by some schedulers.
iii. Merge hash
ii. Merge hash
AS and deadline use a hash table indexed by the last sector of a request. This
enables merging code to quickly look up "back merge" candidates, even when
multiple I/O streams are being performed at once on one disk.
@ -1013,29 +1025,8 @@ multiple I/O streams are being performed at once on one disk.
are far less common than "back merges" due to the nature of most I/O patterns.
Front merges are handled by the binary trees in AS and deadline schedulers.
iv. Handling barrier cases
A request with flags REQ_HARDBARRIER or REQ_SOFTBARRIER must not be ordered
around. That is, they must be processed after all older requests, and before
any newer ones. This includes merges!
In AS and deadline schedulers, barriers have the effect of flushing the reorder
queue. The performance cost of this will vary from nothing to a lot depending
on i/o patterns and device characteristics. Obviously they won't improve
performance, so their use should be kept to a minimum.
v. Handling insertion position directives
A request may be inserted with a position directive. The directives are one of
ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK, ELEVATOR_INSERT_FRONT, ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT.
ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT is a general directive for non-barrier requests.
ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK is used to insert a barrier to the back of the queue.
ELEVATOR_INSERT_FRONT is used to insert a barrier to the front of the queue, and
overrides the ordering requested by any previous barriers. In practice this is
harmless and required, because it is used for SCSI requeueing. This does not
require flushing the reorder queue, so does not impose a performance penalty.
vi. Plugging the queue to batch requests in anticipation of opportunities for
merge/sort optimizations
iii. Plugging the queue to batch requests in anticipation of opportunities for
merge/sort optimizations
This is just the same as in 2.4 so far, though per-device unplugging
support is anticipated for 2.5. Also with a priority-based i/o scheduler,
@ -1069,11 +1060,11 @@ Aside:
blk_kick_queue() to unplug a specific queue (right away ?)
or optionally, all queues, is in the plan.
4.3 I/O contexts
4.4 I/O contexts
I/O contexts provide a dynamically allocated per process data area. They may
be used in I/O schedulers, and in the block layer (could be used for IO statis,
priorities for example). See *io_context in drivers/block/ll_rw_blk.c, and
as-iosched.c for an example of usage in an i/o scheduler.
priorities for example). See *io_context in block/ll_rw_blk.c, and as-iosched.c
for an example of usage in an i/o scheduler.
5. Scalability related changes

9
Documentation/cachetlb.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -49,9 +49,6 @@ changes occur:
page table operations such as what happens during
fork, and exec.
Platform developers note that generic code will always
invoke this interface without mm->page_table_lock held.
3) void flush_tlb_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
@ -72,9 +69,6 @@ changes occur:
call flush_tlb_page (see below) for each entry which may be
modified.
Platform developers note that generic code will always
invoke this interface with mm->page_table_lock held.
4) void flush_tlb_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr)
This time we need to remove the PAGE_SIZE sized translation
@ -93,9 +87,6 @@ changes occur:
This is used primarily during fault processing.
Platform developers note that generic code will always
invoke this interface with mm->page_table_lock held.
5) void flush_tlb_pgtables(struct mm_struct *mm,
unsigned long start, unsigned long end)

29
Documentation/cciss.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -133,3 +133,32 @@ hardware and it is important to prevent the kernel from attempting to directly
access these devices too, as if the array controller were merely a SCSI
controller in the same way that we are allowing it to access SCSI tape drives.
SCSI error handling for tape drives and medium changers
-------------------------------------------------------
The linux SCSI mid layer provides an error handling protocol which
kicks into gear whenever a SCSI command fails to complete within a
certain amount of time (which can vary depending on the command).
The cciss driver participates in this protocol to some extent. The
normal protocol is a four step process. First the device is told
to abort the command. If that doesn't work, the device is reset.
If that doesn't work, the SCSI bus is reset. If that doesn't work
the host bus adapter is reset. Because the cciss driver is a block
driver as well as a SCSI driver and only the tape drives and medium
changers are presented to the SCSI mid layer, and unlike more
straightforward SCSI drivers, disk i/o continues through the block
side during the SCSI error recovery process, the cciss driver only
implements the first two of these actions, aborting the command, and
resetting the device. Additionally, most tape drives will not oblige
in aborting commands, and sometimes it appears they will not even
obey a reset coommand, though in most circumstances they will. In
the case that the command cannot be aborted and the device cannot be
reset, the device will be set offline.
In the event the error handling code is triggered and a tape drive is
successfully reset or the tardy command is successfully aborted, the
tape drive may still not allow i/o to continue until some command
is issued which positions the tape to a known position. Typically you
must rewind the tape (by issuing "mt -f /dev/st0 rewind" for example)
before i/o can proceed again to a tape drive which was reset.

4
Documentation/connector/cn_test.c
Просмотреть файл

@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
#include <linux/skbuff.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
#include "connector.h"
#include <linux/connector.h>
static struct cb_id cn_test_id = { 0x123, 0x456 };
static char cn_test_name[] = "cn_test";
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ static int cn_test_want_notify(void)
req->first = cn_test_id.val + 20;
req->range = 10;
NETLINK_CB(skb).dst_groups = ctl->group;
NETLINK_CB(skb).dst_group = ctl->group;
//netlink_broadcast(nls, skb, 0, ctl->group, GFP_ATOMIC);
netlink_unicast(nls, skb, 0, 0);

44
Documentation/connector/connector.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -131,3 +131,47 @@ Netlink itself is not reliable protocol, that means that messages can
be lost due to memory pressure or process' receiving queue overflowed,
so caller is warned must be prepared. That is why struct cn_msg [main
connector's message header] contains u32 seq and u32 ack fields.
/*****************************************/
Userspace usage.
/*****************************************/
2.6.14 has a new netlink socket implementation, which by default does not
allow to send data to netlink groups other than 1.
So, if to use netlink socket (for example using connector)
with different group number userspace application must subscribe to
that group. It can be achieved by following pseudocode:
s = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_DGRAM, NETLINK_CONNECTOR);
l_local.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
l_local.nl_groups = 12345;
l_local.nl_pid = 0;
if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&l_local, sizeof(struct sockaddr_nl)) == -1) {
perror("bind");
close(s);
return -1;
}
{
int on = l_local.nl_groups;
setsockopt(s, 270, 1, &on, sizeof(on));
}
Where 270 above is SOL_NETLINK, and 1 is a NETLINK_ADD_MEMBERSHIP socket
option. To drop multicast subscription one should call above socket option
with NETLINK_DROP_MEMBERSHIP parameter which is defined as 0.
2.6.14 netlink code only allows to select a group which is less or equal to
the maximum group number, which is used at netlink_kernel_create() time.
In case of connector it is CN_NETLINK_USERS + 0xf, so if you want to use
group number 12345, you must increment CN_NETLINK_USERS to that number.
Additional 0xf numbers are allocated to be used by non-in-kernel users.
Due to this limitation, group 0xffffffff does not work now, so one can
not use add/remove connector's group notifications, but as far as I know,
only cn_test.c test module used it.
Some work in netlink area is still being done, so things can be changed in
2.6.15 timeframe, if it will happen, documentation will be updated for that
kernel.

2
Documentation/cpusets.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ the available CPU and Memory resources amongst the requesting tasks.
But larger systems, which benefit more from careful processor and
memory placement to reduce memory access times and contention,
and which typically represent a larger investment for the customer,
can benefit from explictly placing jobs on properly sized subsets of
can benefit from explicitly placing jobs on properly sized subsets of
the system.
This can be especially valuable on:

38
Documentation/dell_rbu.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ The driver load creates the following directories under the /sys file system.
/sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/data
/sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/image_type
/sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/data
/sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/packet_size
The driver supports two types of update mechanism; monolithic and packetized.
These update mechanism depends upon the BIOS currently running on the system.
@ -47,8 +48,26 @@ By default the driver uses monolithic memory for the update type. This can be
changed to packets during the driver load time by specifying the load
parameter image_type=packet. This can also be changed later as below
echo packet > /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/image_type
Also echoing either mono ,packet or init in to image_type will free up the
memory allocated by the driver.
In packet update mode the packet size has to be given before any packets can
be downloaded. It is done as below
echo XXXX > /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/packet_size
In the packet update mechanism, the user neesd to create a new file having
packets of data arranged back to back. It can be done as follows
The user creates packets header, gets the chunk of the BIOS image and
placs it next to the packetheader; now, the packetheader + BIOS image chunk
added to geather should match the specified packet_size. This makes one
packet, the user needs to create more such packets out of the entire BIOS
image file and then arrange all these packets back to back in to one single
file.
This file is then copied to /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/data.
Once this file gets to the driver, the driver extracts packet_size data from
the file and spreads it accross the physical memory in contiguous packet_sized
space.
This method makes sure that all the packets get to the driver in a single operation.
In monolithic update the user simply get the BIOS image (.hdr file) and copies
to the data file as is without any change to the BIOS image itself.
Do the steps below to download the BIOS image.
1) echo 1 > /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/loading
@ -58,7 +77,10 @@ Do the steps below to download the BIOS image.
The /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/ entries will remain till the following is
done.
echo -1 > /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/loading.
Until this step is completed the drivr cannot be unloaded.
Until this step is completed the driver cannot be unloaded.
Also echoing either mono ,packet or init in to image_type will free up the
memory allocated by the driver.
If an user by accident executes steps 1 and 3 above without executing step 2;
it will make the /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/ entries to disappear.
The entries can be recreated by doing the following
@ -66,15 +88,11 @@ echo init > /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/image_type
NOTE: echoing init in image_type does not change it original value.
Also the driver provides /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/data readonly file to
read back the image downloaded. This is useful in case of packet update
mechanism where the above steps 1,2,3 will repeated for every packet.
By reading the /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/data file all packet data
downloaded can be verified in a single file.
The packets are arranged in this file one after the other in a FIFO order.
read back the image downloaded.
NOTE:
This driver requires a patch for firmware_class.c which has the addition
of request_firmware_nowait_nohotplug function to wortk
This driver requires a patch for firmware_class.c which has the modified
request_firmware_nowait function.
Also after updating the BIOS image an user mdoe application neeeds to execute
code which message the BIOS update request to the BIOS. So on the next reboot
the BIOS knows about the new image downloaded and it updates it self.

74
Documentation/device-mapper/snapshot.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
Device-mapper snapshot support
==============================
Device-mapper allows you, without massive data copying:
*) To create snapshots of any block device i.e. mountable, saved states of
the block device which are also writable without interfering with the
original content;
*) To create device "forks", i.e. multiple different versions of the
same data stream.
In both cases, dm copies only the chunks of data that get changed and
uses a separate copy-on-write (COW) block device for storage.
There are two dm targets available: snapshot and snapshot-origin.
*) snapshot-origin <origin>
which will normally have one or more snapshots based on it.
Reads will be mapped directly to the backing device. For each write, the
original data will be saved in the <COW device> of each snapshot to keep
its visible content unchanged, at least until the <COW device> fills up.
*) snapshot <origin> <COW device> <persistent?> <chunksize>
A snapshot of the <origin> block device is created. Changed chunks of
<chunksize> sectors will be stored on the <COW device>. Writes will
only go to the <COW device>. Reads will come from the <COW device> or
from <origin> for unchanged data. <COW device> will often be
smaller than the origin and if it fills up the snapshot will become
useless and be disabled, returning errors. So it is important to monitor
the amount of free space and expand the <COW device> before it fills up.
<persistent?> is P (Persistent) or N (Not persistent - will not survive
after reboot).
The difference is that for transient snapshots less metadata must be
saved on disk - they can be kept in memory by the kernel.
How this is used by LVM2
========================
When you create the first LVM2 snapshot of a volume, four dm devices are used:
1) a device containing the original mapping table of the source volume;
2) a device used as the <COW device>;
3) a "snapshot" device, combining #1 and #2, which is the visible snapshot
volume;
4) the "original" volume (which uses the device number used by the original
source volume), whose table is replaced by a "snapshot-origin" mapping
from device #1.
A fixed naming scheme is used, so with the following commands:
lvcreate -L 1G -n base volumeGroup
lvcreate -L 100M --snapshot -n snap volumeGroup/base
we'll have this situation (with volumes in above order):
# dmsetup table|grep volumeGroup
volumeGroup-base-real: 0 2097152 linear 8:19 384
volumeGroup-snap-cow: 0 204800 linear 8:19 2097536
volumeGroup-snap: 0 2097152 snapshot 254:11 254:12 P 16
volumeGroup-base: 0 2097152 snapshot-origin 254:11
# ls -lL /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-*
brw------- 1 root root 254, 11 29 ago 18:15 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-base-real
brw------- 1 root root 254, 12 29 ago 18:15 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-snap-cow
brw------- 1 root root 254, 13 29 ago 18:15 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-snap
brw------- 1 root root 254, 10 29 ago 18:14 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-base

12
Documentation/devices.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -2903,14 +2903,14 @@ Your cooperation is appreciated.
196 = /dev/dvb/adapter3/video0 first video decoder of fourth card
216 char USB BlueTooth devices
0 = /dev/ttyUB0 First USB BlueTooth device
1 = /dev/ttyUB1 Second USB BlueTooth device
216 char Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY devices
0 = /dev/rfcomm0 First Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY device
1 = /dev/rfcomm1 Second Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY device
...
217 char USB BlueTooth devices (alternate devices)
0 = /dev/cuub0 Callout device for ttyUB0
1 = /dev/cuub1 Callout device for ttyUB1
217 char Bluetooth RFCOMM TTY devices (alternate devices)
0 = /dev/curf0 Callout device for rfcomm0
1 = /dev/curf1 Callout device for rfcomm1
...
218 char The Logical Company bus Unibus/Qbus adapters

68
Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ struct device_driver {
int (*probe) (struct device * dev);
int (*remove) (struct device * dev);
int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, pm_message_t state, u32 level);
int (*resume) (struct device * dev, u32 level);
int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume) (struct device * dev);
};
@ -194,69 +194,13 @@ device; i.e. anything in the device's driver_data field.
If the device is still present, it should quiesce the device and place
it into a supported low-power state.
int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, pm_message_t state, u32 level);
int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, pm_message_t state);
suspend is called to put the device in a low power state. There are
several stages to successfully suspending a device, which is denoted in
the @level parameter. Breaking the suspend transition into several
stages affords the platform flexibility in performing device power
management based on the requirements of the system and the
user-defined policy.
suspend is called to put the device in a low power state.
SUSPEND_NOTIFY notifies the device that a suspend transition is about
to happen. This happens on system power state transitions to verify
that all devices can successfully suspend.
int (*resume) (struct device * dev);
A driver may choose to fail on this call, which should cause the
entire suspend transition to fail. A driver should fail only if it
knows that the device will not be able to be resumed properly when the
system wakes up again. It could also fail if it somehow determines it
is in the middle of an operation too important to stop.
SUSPEND_DISABLE tells the device to stop I/O transactions. When it
stops transactions, or what it should do with unfinished transactions
is a policy of the driver. After this call, the driver should not
accept any other I/O requests.
SUSPEND_SAVE_STATE tells the device to save the context of the
hardware. This includes any bus-specific hardware state and
device-specific hardware state. A pointer to this saved state can be
stored in the device's saved_state field.
SUSPEND_POWER_DOWN tells the driver to place the device in the low
power state requested.
Whether suspend is called with a given level is a policy of the
platform. Some levels may be omitted; drivers must not assume the
reception of any level. However, all levels must be called in the
order above; i.e. notification will always come before disabling;
disabling the device will come before suspending the device.
All calls are made with interrupts enabled, except for the
SUSPEND_POWER_DOWN level.
int (*resume) (struct device * dev, u32 level);
Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state. Like the
suspend transition, it happens in several stages.
RESUME_POWER_ON tells the driver to set the power state to the state
before the suspend call (The device could have already been in a low
power state before the suspend call to put in a lower power state).
RESUME_RESTORE_STATE tells the driver to restore the state saved by
the SUSPEND_SAVE_STATE suspend call.
RESUME_ENABLE tells the driver to start accepting I/O transactions
again. Depending on driver policy, the device may already have pending
I/O requests.
RESUME_POWER_ON is called with interrupts disabled. The other resume
levels are called with interrupts enabled.
As with the various suspend stages, the driver must not assume that
any other resume calls have been or will be made. Each call should be
self-contained and not dependent on any external state.
Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state.
Attributes

2
Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ When a driver is registered, the bus's list of devices is iterated
over. bus->match() is called for each device that is not already
claimed by a driver.
When a device is successfully bound to a device, device->driver is
When a device is successfully bound to a driver, device->driver is
set, the device is added to a per-driver list of devices, and a
symlink is created in the driver's sysfs directory that points to the
device's physical directory:

64
Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
How to get the Nebula, PCTV and Twinhan DST cards working
=========================================================
How to get the Nebula, PCTV, FusionHDTV Lite and Twinhan DST cards working
==========================================================================
This class of cards has a bt878a as the PCI interface, and
require the bttv driver.
@ -26,27 +26,31 @@ Furthermore you need to enable
In general you need to load the bttv driver, which will handle the gpio and
i2c communication for us, plus the common dvb-bt8xx device driver.
The frontends for Nebula (nxt6000), Pinnacle PCTV (cx24110) and
TwinHan (dst) are loaded automatically by the dvb-bt8xx device driver.
The frontends for Nebula (nxt6000), Pinnacle PCTV (cx24110), TwinHan (dst),
FusionHDTV DVB-T Lite (mt352) and FusionHDTV5 Lite (lgdt330x) are loaded
automatically by the dvb-bt8xx device driver.
3a) Nebula / Pinnacle PCTV
--------------------------
3a) Nebula / Pinnacle PCTV / FusionHDTV Lite
---------------------------------------------
$ modprobe bttv (normally bttv is being loaded automatically by kmod)
$ modprobe dvb-bt8xx (or just place dvb-bt8xx in /etc/modules for automatic loading)
$ modprobe dvb-bt8xx
(or just place dvb-bt8xx in /etc/modules for automatic loading)
3b) TwinHan and Clones
--------------------------
$ modprobe bttv i2c_hw=1 card=0x71
$ modprobe bttv card=0x71
$ modprobe dvb-bt8xx
$ modprobe dst
The value 0x71 will override the PCI type detection for dvb-bt8xx,
which is necessary for TwinHan cards.
which is necessary for TwinHan cards. Omission of this parameter might result
in a system lockup.
If you're having an older card (blue color circuit) and card=0x71 locks
If you're having an older card (blue color PCB) and card=0x71 locks up
your machine, try using 0x68, too. If that does not work, ask on the
mailing list.
@ -64,11 +68,47 @@ verbose=0 means complete disabling of messages
dst_addons takes values 0 and 0x20. A value of 0 means it is a FTA card.
0x20 means it has a Conditional Access slot.
The autodected values are determined bythe cards 'response
string' which you can see in your logs e.g.
The autodetected values are determined by the cards 'response string'
which you can see in your logs e.g.
dst_get_device_id: Recognise [DSTMCI]
If you need to sent in bug reports on the dst, please do send in a complete
log with the verbose=4 module parameter. For general usage, the default setting
of verbose=1 is ideal.
4) Multiple cards
--------------------------
If you happen to be running multiple cards, it would be advisable to load
the bttv module with the card id. This would help to solve any module loading
problems that you might face.
For example, if you have a Twinhan and Clones card along with a FusionHDTV5 Lite
$ modprobe bttv card=0x71 card=0x87
Here the order of the card id is important and should be the same as that of the
physical order of the cards. Here card=0x71 represents the Twinhan and clones
and card=0x87 represents Fusion HDTV5 Lite. These arguments can also be
specified in decimal, rather than hex:
$ modprobe bttv card=113 card=135
Some examples of card-id's
Pinnacle Sat 0x5e (94)
Nebula Digi TV 0x68 (104)
PC HDTV 0x70 (112)
Twinhan 0x71 (113)
FusionHDTV DVB-T Lite 0x80 (128)
FusionHDTV5 Lite 0x87 (135)
For a full list of card-id's, see the V4L Documentation within the kernel
source: linux/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.bttv
If you have problems with this please do ask on the mailing list.
--
Authors: Richard Walker, Jamie Honan, Michael Hunold, Manu Abraham

37
Documentation/dvb/cards.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ o Frontends drivers:
- dib3000mb : DiBcom 3000-MB demodulator
DVB-S/C/T:
- dst : TwinHan DST Frontend
ATSC:
- nxt200x : Nxtwave NXT2002 & NXT2004
- or51211 : or51211 based (pcHDTV HD2000 card)
- or51132 : or51132 based (pcHDTV HD3000 card)
- bcm3510 : Broadcom BCM3510
- lgdt330x : LG Electronics DT3302 & DT3303
o Cards based on the Phillips saa7146 multimedia PCI bridge chip:
@ -62,6 +68,10 @@ o Cards based on the Conexant Bt8xx PCI bridge:
- Nebula Electronics DigiTV
- TwinHan DST
- Avermedia DVB-T
- ChainTech digitop DST-1000 DVB-S
- pcHDTV HD-2000 TV
- DViCO FusionHDTV DVB-T Lite
- DViCO FusionHDTV5 Lite
o Technotrend / Hauppauge DVB USB devices:
- Nova USB
@ -83,3 +93,30 @@ o DiBcom DVB-T USB based devices:
- DiBcom USB2.0 DVB-T reference device (non-public)
o Experimental support for the analog module of the Siemens DVB-C PCI card
o Cards based on the Conexant cx2388x PCI bridge:
- ADS Tech Instant TV DVB-T PCI
- ATI HDTV Wonder
- digitalnow DNTV Live! DVB-T
- DViCO FusionHDTV DVB-T1
- DViCO FusionHDTV DVB-T Plus
- DViCO FusionHDTV3 Gold-Q
- DViCO FusionHDTV3 Gold-T
- DViCO FusionHDTV5 Gold
- Hauppauge Nova-T DVB-T
- KWorld/VStream XPert DVB-T
- pcHDTV HD3000 HDTV
- TerraTec Cinergy 1400 DVB-T
- WinFast DTV1000-T
o Cards based on the Phillips saa7134 PCI bridge:
- Medion 7134
- Pinnacle PCTV 300i DVB-T + PAL
- LifeView FlyDVB-T DUO
- Typhoon DVB-T Duo Digital/Analog Cardbus
- Philips TOUGH DVB-T reference design
- Philips EUROPA V3 reference design
- Compro Videomate DVB-T300
- Compro Videomate DVB-T200
- AVerMedia AVerTVHD MCE A180

17
Documentation/dvb/contributors.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -75,5 +75,22 @@ Ernst Peinlich <e.peinlich@inode.at>
Peter Beutner <p.beutner@gmx.net>
for the IR code for the ttusb-dec driver
Wilson Michaels <wilsonmichaels@earthlink.net>
for the lgdt330x frontend driver, and various bugfixes
Michael Krufky <mkrufky@m1k.net>
for maintaining v4l/dvb inter-tree dependencies
Taylor Jacob <rtjacob@earthlink.net>
for the nxt2002 frontend driver
Jean-Francois Thibert <jeanfrancois@sagetv.com>
for the nxt2004 frontend driver
Kirk Lapray <kirk.lapray@gmail.com>
for the or51211 and or51132 frontend drivers, and
for merging the nxt2002 and nxt2004 modules into a
single nxt200x frontend driver.
(If you think you should be in this list, but you are not, drop a
line to the DVB mailing list)

1
Documentation/dvb/faq.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ Some very frequently asked questions about linuxtv-dvb
Metzler Bros. DVB development; alternate drivers and
DVB utilities, include dvb-mpegtools and tuxzap.
http://www.linuxstb.org/
http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvbtools/
Dave Chapman's dvbtools package, including
dvbstream and dvbtune

19
Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware
Просмотреть файл

@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use File::Temp qw/ tempdir /;
use IO::Handle;
@components = ( "sp8870", "sp887x", "tda10045", "tda10046", "av7110", "dec2000t",
"dec2540t", "dec3000s", "vp7041", "dibusb", "nxt2002",
"dec2540t", "dec3000s", "vp7041", "dibusb", "nxt2002", "nxt2004",
"or51211", "or51132_qam", "or51132_vsb");
# Check args
@ -252,6 +252,23 @@ sub nxt2002 {
$outfile;
}
sub nxt2004 {
my $sourcefile = "AVerTVHD_MCE_A180_Drv_v1.2.2.16.zip";
my $url = "http://www.aver.com/support/Drivers/$sourcefile";
my $hash = "111cb885b1e009188346d72acfed024c";
my $outfile = "dvb-fe-nxt2004.fw";
my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
checkstandard();
wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
verify("$tmpdir/3xHybrid.sys", $hash);
extract("$tmpdir/3xHybrid.sys", 465304, 9584, $outfile);
$outfile;
}
sub or51211 {
my $fwfile = "dvb-fe-or51211.fw";
my $url = "http://linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/$fwfile";

2
Documentation/early-userspace/README
Просмотреть файл

@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ the image from specifications.
CPIO ARCHIVE method
You can create a cpio archive that contains the early userspace image.
Youre cpio archive should be specified in CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE and it
Your cpio archive should be specified in CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE and it
will be used directly. Only a single cpio file may be specified in
CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE and directory and file names are not allowed in
combination with a cpio archive.

152
Documentation/fb/fbcon.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
The Framebuffer Console
=======================
The framebuffer console (fbcon), as its name implies, is a text
console running on top of the framebuffer device. It has the functionality of
any standard text console driver, such as the VGA console, with the added
features that can be attributed to the graphical nature of the framebuffer.
In the x86 architecture, the framebuffer console is optional, and
some even treat it as a toy. For other architectures, it is the only available
display device, text or graphical.
What are the features of fbcon? The framebuffer console supports
high resolutions, varying font types, display rotation, primitive multihead,
etc. Theoretically, multi-colored fonts, blending, aliasing, and any feature
made available by the underlying graphics card are also possible.
A. Configuration
The framebuffer console can be enabled by using your favorite kernel
configuration tool. It is under Device Drivers->Graphics Support->Support for
framebuffer devices->Framebuffer Console Support. Select 'y' to compile
support statically, or 'm' for module support. The module will be fbcon.
In order for fbcon to activate, at least one framebuffer driver is
required, so choose from any of the numerous drivers available. For x86
systems, they almost universally have VGA cards, so vga16fb and vesafb will
always be available. However, using a chipset-specific driver will give you
more speed and features, such as the ability to change the video mode
dynamically.
To display the penguin logo, choose any logo available in Logo
Configuration->Boot up logo.
Also, you will need to select at least one compiled-in fonts, but if
you don't do anything, the kernel configuration tool will select one for you,
usually an 8x16 font.
GOTCHA: A common bug report is enabling the framebuffer without enabling the
framebuffer console. Depending on the driver, you may get a blanked or
garbled display, but the system still boots to completion. If you are
fortunate to have a driver that does not alter the graphics chip, then you
will still get a VGA console.
B. Loading
Possible scenarios:
1. Driver and fbcon are compiled statically
Usually, fbcon will automatically take over your console. The notable
exception is vesafb. It needs to be explicitly activated with the
vga= boot option parameter.
2. Driver is compiled statically, fbcon is compiled as a module
Depending on the driver, you either get a standard console, or a
garbled display, as mentioned above. To get a framebuffer console,
do a 'modprobe fbcon'.
3. Driver is compiled as a module, fbcon is compiled statically
You get your standard console. Once the driver is loaded with
'modprobe xxxfb', fbcon automatically takes over the console with
the possible exception of using the fbcon=map:n option. See below.
4. Driver and fbcon are compiled as a module.
You can load them in any order. Once both are loaded, fbcon will take
over the console.
C. Boot options
The framebuffer console has several, largely unknown, boot options
that can change its behavior.
1. fbcon=font:<name>
Select the initial font to use. The value 'name' can be any of the
compiled-in fonts: VGA8x16, 7x14, 10x18, VGA8x8, MINI4x6, RomanLarge,
SUN8x16, SUN12x22, ProFont6x11, Acorn8x8, PEARL8x8.
Note, not all drivers can handle font with widths not divisible by 8,
such as vga16fb.
2. fbcon=scrollback:<value>[k]
The scrollback buffer is memory that is used to preserve display
contents that has already scrolled past your view. This is accessed
by using the Shift-PageUp key combination. The value 'value' is any
integer. It defaults to 32KB. The 'k' suffix is optional, and will
multiply the 'value' by 1024.
3. fbcon=map:<0123>
This is an interesting option. It tells which driver gets mapped to
which console. The value '0123' is a sequence that gets repeated until
the total length is 64 which is the number of consoles available. In
the above example, it is expanded to 012301230123... and the mapping
will be:
tty | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...
fb | 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 ...
('cat /proc/fb' should tell you what the fb numbers are)
One side effect that may be useful is using a map value that exceeds
the number of loaded fb drivers. For example, if only one driver is
available, fb0, adding fbcon=map:1 tells fbcon not to take over the
console.
Later on, when you want to map the console the to the framebuffer
device, you can use the con2fbmap utility.
4. fbcon=vc:<n1>-<n2>
This option tells fbcon to take over only a range of consoles as
specified by the values 'n1' and 'n2'. The rest of the consoles
outside the given range will still be controlled by the standard
console driver.
NOTE: For x86 machines, the standard console is the VGA console which
is typically located on the same video card. Thus, the consoles that
are controlled by the VGA console will be garbled.
4. fbcon=rotate:<n>
This option changes the orientation angle of the console display. The
value 'n' accepts the following:
0 - normal orientation (0 degree)
1 - clockwise orientation (90 degrees)
2 - upside down orientation (180 degrees)
3 - counterclockwise orientation (270 degrees)
The angle can be changed anytime afterwards by 'echoing' the same
numbers to any one of the 2 attributes found in
/sys/class/graphics/fb{x}
con_rotate - rotate the display of the active console
con_rotate_all - rotate the display of all consoles
Console rotation will only become available if Console Rotation
Support is compiled in your kernel.
NOTE: This is purely console rotation. Any other applications that
use the framebuffer will remain at their 'normal'orientation.
Actually, the underlying fb driver is totally ignorant of console
rotation.
---
Antonino Daplas <adaplas@pol.net>

4
Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -146,10 +146,10 @@ pmipal Use the protected mode interface for palette changes.
mtrr:n setup memory type range registers for the vesafb framebuffer
where n:
0 - disabled (equivalent to nomtrr)
0 - disabled (equivalent to nomtrr) (default)
1 - uncachable
2 - write-back
3 - write-combining (default)
3 - write-combining
4 - write-through
If you see the following in dmesg, choose the type that matches the

64
Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -25,6 +25,13 @@ Who: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
---------------------------
What: drivers depending on OBSOLETE_OSS_DRIVER
When: January 2006
Why: OSS drivers with ALSA replacements
Who: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
---------------------------
What: RCU API moves to EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL
When: April 2006
Files: include/linux/rcupdate.h, kernel/rcupdate.c
@ -60,6 +67,21 @@ Who: Jody McIntyre <scjody@steamballoon.com>
---------------------------
What: Video4Linux API 1 ioctls and video_decoder.h from Video devices.
When: July 2006
Why: V4L1 AP1 was replaced by V4L2 API. during migration from 2.4 to 2.6
series. The old API have lots of drawbacks and don't provide enough
means to work with all video and audio standards. The newer API is
already available on the main drivers and should be used instead.
Newer drivers should use v4l_compat_translate_ioctl function to handle
old calls, replacing to newer ones.
Decoder iocts are using internally to allow video drivers to
communicate with video decoders. This should also be improved to allow
V4L2 calls being translated into compatible internal ioctls.
Who: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@brturbo.com.br>
---------------------------
What: i2c sysfs name change: in1_ref, vid deprecated in favour of cpu0_vid
When: November 2005
Files: drivers/i2c/chips/adm1025.c, drivers/i2c/chips/adm1026.c
@ -69,6 +91,22 @@ Who: Grant Coady <gcoady@gmail.com>
---------------------------
What: remove EXPORT_SYMBOL(panic_timeout)
When: April 2006
Files: kernel/panic.c
Why: No modular usage in the kernel.
Who: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
---------------------------
What: remove EXPORT_SYMBOL(insert_resource)
When: April 2006
Files: kernel/resource.c
Why: No modular usage in the kernel.
Who: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
---------------------------
What: PCMCIA control ioctl (needed for pcmcia-cs [cardmgr, cardctl])
When: November 2005
Files: drivers/pcmcia/: pcmcia_ioctl.c
@ -95,3 +133,29 @@ Why: This interface has been obsoleted by the new layer3-independent
to link against API-compatible library on top of libnfnetlink_queue
instead of the current 'libipq'.
Who: Harald Welte <laforge@netfilter.org>
---------------------------
What: EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_hash)
When: January 2006
Why: Too low-level interface. Use lookup_one_len or lookup_create instead.
Who: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
---------------------------
What: START_ARRAY ioctl for md
When: July 2006
Files: drivers/md/md.c
Why: Not reliable by design - can fail when most needed.
Alternatives exist
Who: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
---------------------------
What: au1x00_uart driver
When: January 2006
Why: The 8250 serial driver now has the ability to deal with the differences
between the standard 8250 family of UARTs and their slightly strange
brother on Alchemy SOCs. The loss of features is not considered an
issue.
Who: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>

2
Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -216,4 +216,4 @@ due to an incompatibility with the Amiga floppy controller.
If you are interested in an Amiga Emulator for Linux, look at
http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~crux/uae.html
http://www.freiburg.linux.de/~uae/

173
Documentation/filesystems/dentry-locking.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
RCU-based dcache locking model
==============================
On many workloads, the most common operation on dcache is to look up a
dentry, given a parent dentry and the name of the child. Typically,
for every open(), stat() etc., the dentry corresponding to the
pathname will be looked up by walking the tree starting with the first
component of the pathname and using that dentry along with the next
component to look up the next level and so on. Since it is a frequent
operation for workloads like multiuser environments and web servers,
it is important to optimize this path.
Prior to 2.5.10, dcache_lock was acquired in d_lookup and thus in
every component during path look-up. Since 2.5.10 onwards, fast-walk
algorithm changed this by holding the dcache_lock at the beginning and
walking as many cached path component dentries as possible. This
significantly decreases the number of acquisition of
dcache_lock. However it also increases the lock hold time
significantly and affects performance in large SMP machines. Since
2.5.62 kernel, dcache has been using a new locking model that uses RCU
to make dcache look-up lock-free.
The current dcache locking model is not very different from the
existing dcache locking model. Prior to 2.5.62 kernel, dcache_lock
protected the hash chain, d_child, d_alias, d_lru lists as well as
d_inode and several other things like mount look-up. RCU-based changes
affect only the way the hash chain is protected. For everything else
the dcache_lock must be taken for both traversing as well as
updating. The hash chain updates too take the dcache_lock. The
significant change is the way d_lookup traverses the hash chain, it
doesn't acquire the dcache_lock for this and rely on RCU to ensure
that the dentry has not been *freed*.
Dcache locking details
======================
For many multi-user workloads, open() and stat() on files are very
frequently occurring operations. Both involve walking of path names to
find the dentry corresponding to the concerned file. In 2.4 kernel,
dcache_lock was held during look-up of each path component. Contention
and cache-line bouncing of this global lock caused significant
scalability problems. With the introduction of RCU in Linux kernel,
this was worked around by making the look-up of path components during
path walking lock-free.
Safe lock-free look-up of dcache hash table
===========================================
Dcache is a complex data structure with the hash table entries also
linked together in other lists. In 2.4 kernel, dcache_lock protected
all the lists. We applied RCU only on hash chain walking. The rest of
the lists are still protected by dcache_lock. Some of the important
changes are :
1. The deletion from hash chain is done using hlist_del_rcu() macro
which doesn't initialize next pointer of the deleted dentry and
this allows us to walk safely lock-free while a deletion is
happening.
2. Insertion of a dentry into the hash table is done using
hlist_add_head_rcu() which take care of ordering the writes - the
writes to the dentry must be visible before the dentry is
inserted. This works in conjunction with hlist_for_each_rcu() while
walking the hash chain. The only requirement is that all
initialization to the dentry must be done before
hlist_add_head_rcu() since we don't have dcache_lock protection
while traversing the hash chain. This isn't different from the
existing code.
3. The dentry looked up without holding dcache_lock by cannot be
returned for walking if it is unhashed. It then may have a NULL
d_inode or other bogosity since RCU doesn't protect the other
fields in the dentry. We therefore use a flag DCACHE_UNHASHED to
indicate unhashed dentries and use this in conjunction with a
per-dentry lock (d_lock). Once looked up without the dcache_lock,
we acquire the per-dentry lock (d_lock) and check if the dentry is
unhashed. If so, the look-up is failed. If not, the reference count
of the dentry is increased and the dentry is returned.
4. Once a dentry is looked up, it must be ensured during the path walk
for that component it doesn't go away. In pre-2.5.10 code, this was
done holding a reference to the dentry. dcache_rcu does the same.
In some sense, dcache_rcu path walking looks like the pre-2.5.10
version.
5. All dentry hash chain updates must take the dcache_lock as well as
the per-dentry lock in that order. dput() does this to ensure that
a dentry that has just been looked up in another CPU doesn't get
deleted before dget() can be done on it.
6. There are several ways to do reference counting of RCU protected
objects. One such example is in ipv4 route cache where deferred
freeing (using call_rcu()) is done as soon as the reference count
goes to zero. This cannot be done in the case of dentries because
tearing down of dentries require blocking (dentry_iput()) which
isn't supported from RCU callbacks. Instead, tearing down of
dentries happen synchronously in dput(), but actual freeing happens
later when RCU grace period is over. This allows safe lock-free
walking of the hash chains, but a matched dentry may have been
partially torn down. The checking of DCACHE_UNHASHED flag with
d_lock held detects such dentries and prevents them from being
returned from look-up.
Maintaining POSIX rename semantics
==================================
Since look-up of dentries is lock-free, it can race against a
concurrent rename operation. For example, during rename of file A to
B, look-up of either A or B must succeed. So, if look-up of B happens
after A has been removed from the hash chain but not added to the new
hash chain, it may fail. Also, a comparison while the name is being
written concurrently by a rename may result in false positive matches
violating rename semantics. Issues related to race with rename are
handled as described below :
1. Look-up can be done in two ways - d_lookup() which is safe from
simultaneous renames and __d_lookup() which is not. If
__d_lookup() fails, it must be followed up by a d_lookup() to
correctly determine whether a dentry is in the hash table or
not. d_lookup() protects look-ups using a sequence lock
(rename_lock).
2. The name associated with a dentry (d_name) may be changed if a
rename is allowed to happen simultaneously. To avoid memcmp() in
__d_lookup() go out of bounds due to a rename and false positive
comparison, the name comparison is done while holding the
per-dentry lock. This prevents concurrent renames during this
operation.
3. Hash table walking during look-up may move to a different bucket as
the current dentry is moved to a different bucket due to rename.
But we use hlists in dcache hash table and they are
null-terminated. So, even if a dentry moves to a different bucket,
hash chain walk will terminate. [with a list_head list, it may not
since termination is when the list_head in the original bucket is
reached]. Since we redo the d_parent check and compare name while
holding d_lock, lock-free look-up will not race against d_move().
4. There can be a theoretical race when a dentry keeps coming back to
original bucket due to double moves. Due to this look-up may
consider that it has never moved and can end up in a infinite loop.
But this is not any worse that theoretical livelocks we already
have in the kernel.
Important guidelines for filesystem developers related to dcache_rcu
====================================================================
1. Existing dcache interfaces (pre-2.5.62) exported to filesystem
don't change. Only dcache internal implementation changes. However
filesystems *must not* delete from the dentry hash chains directly
using the list macros like allowed earlier. They must use dcache
APIs like d_drop() or __d_drop() depending on the situation.
2. d_flags is now protected by a per-dentry lock (d_lock). All access
to d_flags must be protected by it.
3. For a hashed dentry, checking of d_count needs to be protected by
d_lock.
Papers and other documentation on dcache locking
================================================
1. Scaling dcache with RCU (http://linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=7124).
2. http://lse.sourceforge.net/locking/dcache/dcache.html

5
Documentation/filesystems/devfs/README
Просмотреть файл

@ -1812,11 +1812,6 @@ it may overflow the messages buffer, but try to get as much of it as
you can
if you get an Oops, run ksymoops to decode it so that the
names of the offending functions are provided. A non-decoded Oops is
pretty useless
send a copy of your devfsd configuration file(s)
send the bug report to me first.

5
Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ set using tune2fs(8). Kernel-determined defaults are indicated by (*).
bsddf (*) Makes `df' act like BSD.
minixdf Makes `df' act like Minix.
check Check block and inode bitmaps at mount time
(requires CONFIG_EXT2_CHECK).
check=none, nocheck (*) Don't do extra checking of bitmaps on mount
(check=normal and check=strict options removed)
@ -371,9 +369,8 @@ The kernel source file:/usr/src/linux/fs/ext2/
e2fsprogs (e2fsck) http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/
Design & Implementation http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/ext2intro.html
Journaling (ext3) ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/sct/fs/jfs/
Hashed Directories http://kernelnewbies.org/~phillips/htree/
Filesystem Resizing http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net/
Compression (*) http://www.netspace.net.au/~reiter/e2compr/
Compression (*) http://e2compr.sourceforge.net/
Implementations for:
Windows 95/98/NT/2000 http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/Explore2fs.htm

42
Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -50,9 +50,14 @@ userspace utilities, etc.
Features
========
- This is a complete rewrite of the NTFS driver that used to be in the kernel.
This new driver implements NTFS read support and is functionally equivalent
to the old ntfs driver.
- This is a complete rewrite of the NTFS driver that used to be in the 2.4 and
earlier kernels. This new driver implements NTFS read support and is
functionally equivalent to the old ntfs driver and it also implements limited
write support. The biggest limitation at present is that files/directories
cannot be created or deleted. See below for the list of write features that
are so far supported. Another limitation is that writing to compressed files
is not implemented at all. Also, neither read nor write access to encrypted
files is so far implemented.
- The new driver has full support for sparse files on NTFS 3.x volumes which
the old driver isn't happy with.
- The new driver supports execution of binaries due to mmap() now being
@ -78,7 +83,20 @@ Features
- The new driver supports fsync(2), fdatasync(2), and msync(2).
- The new driver supports readv(2) and writev(2).
- The new driver supports access time updates (including mtime and ctime).
- The new driver supports truncate(2) and open(2) with O_TRUNC. But at present
only very limited support for highly fragmented files, i.e. ones which have
their data attribute split across multiple extents, is included. Another
limitation is that at present truncate(2) will never create sparse files,
since to mark a file sparse we need to modify the directory entry for the
file and we do not implement directory modifications yet.
- The new driver supports write(2) which can both overwrite existing data and
extend the file size so that you can write beyond the existing data. Also,
writing into sparse regions is supported and the holes are filled in with
clusters. But at present only limited support for highly fragmented files,
i.e. ones which have their data attribute split across multiple extents, is
included. Another limitation is that write(2) will never create sparse
files, since to mark a file sparse we need to modify the directory entry for
the file and we do not implement directory modifications yet.
Supported mount options
=======================
@ -439,6 +457,22 @@ ChangeLog
Note, a technical ChangeLog aimed at kernel hackers is in fs/ntfs/ChangeLog.
2.1.25:
- Write support is now extended with write(2) being able to both
overwrite existing file data and to extend files. Also, if a write
to a sparse region occurs, write(2) will fill in the hole. Note,
mmap(2) based writes still do not support writing into holes or
writing beyond the initialized size.
- Write support has a new feature and that is that truncate(2) and
open(2) with O_TRUNC are now implemented thus files can be both made
smaller and larger.
- Note: Both write(2) and truncate(2)/open(2) with O_TRUNC still have
limitations in that they
- only provide limited support for highly fragmented files.
- only work on regular, i.e. uncompressed and unencrypted files.
- never create sparse files although this will change once directory
operations are implemented.
- Lots of bug fixes and enhancements across the board.
2.1.24:
- Support journals ($LogFile) which have been modified by chkdsk. This
means users can boot into Windows after we marked the volume dirty.

195
Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
ramfs, rootfs and initramfs
October 17, 2005
Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
=============================
What is ramfs?
--------------
Ramfs is a very simple filesystem that exports Linux's disk caching
mechanisms (the page cache and dentry cache) as a dynamically resizable
ram-based filesystem.
Normally all files are cached in memory by Linux. Pages of data read from
backing store (usually the block device the filesystem is mounted on) are kept
around in case it's needed again, but marked as clean (freeable) in case the
Virtual Memory system needs the memory for something else. Similarly, data
written to files is marked clean as soon as it has been written to backing
store, but kept around for caching purposes until the VM reallocates the
memory. A similar mechanism (the dentry cache) greatly speeds up access to
directories.
With ramfs, there is no backing store. Files written into ramfs allocate
dentries and page cache as usual, but there's nowhere to write them to.
This means the pages are never marked clean, so they can't be freed by the
VM when it's looking to recycle memory.
The amount of code required to implement ramfs is tiny, because all the
work is done by the existing Linux caching infrastructure. Basically,
you're mounting the disk cache as a filesystem. Because of this, ramfs is not
an optional component removable via menuconfig, since there would be negligible
space savings.
ramfs and ramdisk:
------------------
The older "ram disk" mechanism created a synthetic block device out of
an area of ram and used it as backing store for a filesystem. This block
device was of fixed size, so the filesystem mounted on it was of fixed
size. Using a ram disk also required unnecessarily copying memory from the
fake block device into the page cache (and copying changes back out), as well
as creating and destroying dentries. Plus it needed a filesystem driver
(such as ext2) to format and interpret this data.
Compared to ramfs, this wastes memory (and memory bus bandwidth), creates
unnecessary work for the CPU, and pollutes the CPU caches. (There are tricks
to avoid this copying by playing with the page tables, but they're unpleasantly
complicated and turn out to be about as expensive as the copying anyway.)
More to the point, all the work ramfs is doing has to happen _anyway_,
since all file access goes through the page and dentry caches. The ram
disk is simply unnecessary, ramfs is internally much simpler.
Another reason ramdisks are semi-obsolete is that the introduction of
loopback devices offered a more flexible and convenient way to create
synthetic block devices, now from files instead of from chunks of memory.
See losetup (8) for details.
ramfs and tmpfs:
----------------
One downside of ramfs is you can keep writing data into it until you fill
up all memory, and the VM can't free it because the VM thinks that files
should get written to backing store (rather than swap space), but ramfs hasn't
got any backing store. Because of this, only root (or a trusted user) should
be allowed write access to a ramfs mount.
A ramfs derivative called tmpfs was created to add size limits, and the ability
to write the data to swap space. Normal users can be allowed write access to
tmpfs mounts. See Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt for more information.
What is rootfs?
---------------
Rootfs is a special instance of ramfs, which is always present in 2.6 systems.
(It's used internally as the starting and stopping point for searches of the
kernel's doubly-linked list of mount points.)
Most systems just mount another filesystem over it and ignore it. The
amount of space an empty instance of ramfs takes up is tiny.
What is initramfs?
------------------
All 2.6 Linux kernels contain a gzipped "cpio" format archive, which is
extracted into rootfs when the kernel boots up. After extracting, the kernel
checks to see if rootfs contains a file "init", and if so it executes it as PID
1. If found, this init process is responsible for bringing the system the
rest of the way up, including locating and mounting the real root device (if
any). If rootfs does not contain an init program after the embedded cpio
archive is extracted into it, the kernel will fall through to the older code
to locate and mount a root partition, then exec some variant of /sbin/init
out of that.
All this differs from the old initrd in several ways:
- The old initrd was a separate file, while the initramfs archive is linked
into the linux kernel image. (The directory linux-*/usr is devoted to
generating this archive during the build.)
- The old initrd file was a gzipped filesystem image (in some file format,
such as ext2, that had to be built into the kernel), while the new
initramfs archive is a gzipped cpio archive (like tar only simpler,
see cpio(1) and Documentation/early-userspace/buffer-format.txt).
- The program run by the old initrd (which was called /initrd, not /init) did
some setup and then returned to the kernel, while the init program from
initramfs is not expected to return to the kernel. (If /init needs to hand
off control it can overmount / with a new root device and exec another init
program. See the switch_root utility, below.)
- When switching another root device, initrd would pivot_root and then
umount the ramdisk. But initramfs is rootfs: you can neither pivot_root
rootfs, nor unmount it. Instead delete everything out of rootfs to
free up the space (find -xdev / -exec rm '{}' ';'), overmount rootfs
with the new root (cd /newmount; mount --move . /; chroot .), attach
stdin/stdout/stderr to the new /dev/console, and exec the new init.
Since this is a remarkably persnickity process (and involves deleting
commands before you can run them), the klibc package introduced a helper
program (utils/run_init.c) to do all this for you. Most other packages
(such as busybox) have named this command "switch_root".
Populating initramfs:
---------------------
The 2.6 kernel build process always creates a gzipped cpio format initramfs
archive and links it into the resulting kernel binary. By default, this
archive is empty (consuming 134 bytes on x86). The config option
CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE (for some reason buried under devices->block devices
in menuconfig, and living in usr/Kconfig) can be used to specify a source for
the initramfs archive, which will automatically be incorporated into the
resulting binary. This option can point to an existing gzipped cpio archive, a
directory containing files to be archived, or a text file specification such
as the following example:
dir /dev 755 0 0
nod /dev/console 644 0 0 c 5 1
nod /dev/loop0 644 0 0 b 7 0
dir /bin 755 1000 1000
slink /bin/sh busybox 777 0 0
file /bin/busybox initramfs/busybox 755 0 0
dir /proc 755 0 0
dir /sys 755 0 0
dir /mnt 755 0 0
file /init initramfs/init.sh 755 0 0
One advantage of the text file is that root access is not required to
set permissions or create device nodes in the new archive. (Note that those
two example "file" entries expect to find files named "init.sh" and "busybox" in
a directory called "initramfs", under the linux-2.6.* directory. See
Documentation/early-userspace/README for more details.)
If you don't already understand what shared libraries, devices, and paths
you need to get a minimal root filesystem up and running, here are some
references:
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/
The "klibc" package (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc) is
designed to be a tiny C library to statically link early userspace
code against, along with some related utilities. It is BSD licensed.
I use uClibc (http://www.uclibc.org) and busybox (http://www.busybox.net)
myself. These are LGPL and GPL, respectively.
In theory you could use glibc, but that's not well suited for small embedded
uses like this. (A "hello world" program statically linked against glibc is
over 400k. With uClibc it's 7k. Also note that glibc dlopens libnss to do
name lookups, even when otherwise statically linked.)
Future directions:
------------------
Today (2.6.14), initramfs is always compiled in, but not always used. The
kernel falls back to legacy boot code that is reached only if initramfs does
not contain an /init program. The fallback is legacy code, there to ensure a
smooth transition and allowing early boot functionality to gradually move to
"early userspace" (I.E. initramfs).
The move to early userspace is necessary because finding and mounting the real
root device is complex. Root partitions can span multiple devices (raid or
separate journal). They can be out on the network (requiring dhcp, setting a
specific mac address, logging into a server, etc). They can live on removable
media, with dynamically allocated major/minor numbers and persistent naming
issues requiring a full udev implementation to sort out. They can be
compressed, encrypted, copy-on-write, loopback mounted, strangely partitioned,
and so on.
This kind of complexity (which inevitably includes policy) is rightly handled
in userspace. Both klibc and busybox/uClibc are working on simple initramfs
packages to drop into a kernel build, and when standard solutions are ready
and widely deployed, the kernel's legacy early boot code will become obsolete
and a candidate for the feature removal schedule.
But that's a while off yet.

414
Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
Original author: Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
Last updated on August 25, 2005
Last updated on October 28, 2005
Copyright (C) 1999 Richard Gooch
Copyright (C) 2005 Pekka Enberg
@ -11,62 +11,61 @@
This file is released under the GPLv2.
What is it?
===========
Introduction
============
The Virtual File System (otherwise known as the Virtual Filesystem
Switch) is the software layer in the kernel that provides the
filesystem interface to userspace programs. It also provides an
abstraction within the kernel which allows different filesystem
implementations to coexist.
The Virtual File System (also known as the Virtual Filesystem Switch)
is the software layer in the kernel that provides the filesystem
interface to userspace programs. It also provides an abstraction
within the kernel which allows different filesystem implementations to
coexist.
VFS system calls open(2), stat(2), read(2), write(2), chmod(2) and so
on are called from a process context. Filesystem locking is described
in the document Documentation/filesystems/Locking.
A Quick Look At How It Works
============================
Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
------------------------------
In this section I'll briefly describe how things work, before
launching into the details. I'll start with describing what happens
when user programs open and manipulate files, and then look from the
other view which is how a filesystem is supported and subsequently
mounted.
The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2), and similar system
calls. The pathname argument that is passed to them is used by the VFS
to search through the directory entry cache (also known as the dentry
cache or dcache). This provides a very fast look-up mechanism to
translate a pathname (filename) into a specific dentry. Dentries live
in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist only for performance.
The dentry cache is meant to be a view into your entire filespace. As
most computers cannot fit all dentries in the RAM at the same time,
some bits of the cache are missing. In order to resolve your pathname
into a dentry, the VFS may have to resort to creating dentries along
the way, and then loading the inode. This is done by looking up the
inode.
Opening a File
--------------
The Inode Object
----------------
The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2) and similar system
calls. The pathname argument is used by the VFS to search through the
directory entry cache (dentry cache or "dcache"). This provides a very
fast look-up mechanism to translate a pathname (filename) into a
specific dentry.
An individual dentry usually has a pointer to an inode. Inodes are
filesystem objects such as regular files, directories, FIFOs and other
beasts. They live either on the disc (for block device filesystems)
or in the memory (for pseudo filesystems). Inodes that live on the
disc are copied into the memory when required and changes to the inode
are written back to disc. A single inode can be pointed to by multiple
dentries (hard links, for example, do this).
An individual dentry usually has a pointer to an inode. Inodes are the
things that live on disc drives, and can be regular files (you know:
those things that you write data into), directories, FIFOs and other
beasts. Dentries live in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist
only for performance. Inodes live on disc and are copied into memory
when required. Later any changes are written back to disc. The inode
that lives in RAM is a VFS inode, and it is this which the dentry
points to. A single inode can be pointed to by multiple dentries
(think about hardlinks).
To look up an inode requires that the VFS calls the lookup() method of
the parent directory inode. This method is installed by the specific
filesystem implementation that the inode lives in. Once the VFS has
the required dentry (and hence the inode), we can do all those boring
things like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek at the inode
data. The stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the VFS has the
dentry, it peeks at the inode data and passes some of it back to
userspace.
The dcache is meant to be a view into your entire filespace. Unlike
Linus, most of us losers can't fit enough dentries into RAM to cover
all of our filespace, so the dcache has bits missing. In order to
resolve your pathname into a dentry, the VFS may have to resort to
creating dentries along the way, and then loading the inode. This is
done by looking up the inode.
To look up an inode (usually read from disc) requires that the VFS
calls the lookup() method of the parent directory inode. This method
is installed by the specific filesystem implementation that the inode
lives in. There will be more on this later.
Once the VFS has the required dentry (and hence the inode), we can do
all those boring things like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek
at the inode data. The stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the
VFS has the dentry, it peeks at the inode data and passes some of it
back to userspace.
The File Object
---------------
Opening a file requires another operation: allocation of a file
structure (this is the kernel-side implementation of file
@ -74,51 +73,39 @@ descriptors). The freshly allocated file structure is initialized with
a pointer to the dentry and a set of file operation member functions.
These are taken from the inode data. The open() file method is then
called so the specific filesystem implementation can do it's work. You
can see that this is another switch performed by the VFS.
The file structure is placed into the file descriptor table for the
process.
can see that this is another switch performed by the VFS. The file
structure is placed into the file descriptor table for the process.
Reading, writing and closing files (and other assorted VFS operations)
is done by using the userspace file descriptor to grab the appropriate
file structure, and then calling the required file structure method
function to do whatever is required.
For as long as the file is open, it keeps the dentry "open" (in use),
which in turn means that the VFS inode is still in use.
All VFS system calls (i.e. open(2), stat(2), read(2), write(2),
chmod(2) and so on) are called from a process context. You should
assume that these calls are made without any kernel locks being
held. This means that the processes may be executing the same piece of
filesystem or driver code at the same time, on different
processors. You should ensure that access to shared resources is
protected by appropriate locks.
file structure, and then calling the required file structure method to
do whatever is required. For as long as the file is open, it keeps the
dentry in use, which in turn means that the VFS inode is still in use.
Registering and Mounting a Filesystem
-------------------------------------
=====================================
If you want to support a new kind of filesystem in the kernel, all you
need to do is call register_filesystem(). You pass a structure
describing the filesystem implementation (struct file_system_type)
which is then added to an internal table of supported filesystems. You
can do:
To register and unregister a filesystem, use the following API
functions:
% cat /proc/filesystems
#include <linux/fs.h>
to see what filesystems are currently available on your system.
extern int register_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
extern int unregister_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
When a request is made to mount a block device onto a directory in
your filespace the VFS will call the appropriate method for the
specific filesystem. The dentry for the mount point will then be
updated to point to the root inode for the new filesystem.
The passed struct file_system_type describes your filesystem. When a
request is made to mount a device onto a directory in your filespace,
the VFS will call the appropriate get_sb() method for the specific
filesystem. The dentry for the mount point will then be updated to
point to the root inode for the new filesystem.
It's now time to look at things in more detail.
You can see all filesystems that are registered to the kernel in the
file /proc/filesystems.
struct file_system_type
=======================
-----------------------
This describes the filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following
members are defined:
@ -197,8 +184,14 @@ A fill_super() method implementation has the following arguments:
int silent: whether or not to be silent on error
The Superblock Object
=====================
A superblock object represents a mounted filesystem.
struct super_operations
=======================
-----------------------
This describes how the VFS can manipulate the superblock of your
filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined:
@ -286,9 +279,9 @@ or bottom half).
a superblock. The second parameter indicates whether the method
should wait until the write out has been completed. Optional.
write_super_lockfs: called when VFS is locking a filesystem and forcing
it into a consistent state. This function is currently used by the
Logical Volume Manager (LVM).
write_super_lockfs: called when VFS is locking a filesystem and
forcing it into a consistent state. This method is currently
used by the Logical Volume Manager (LVM).
unlockfs: called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable
again.
@ -317,8 +310,14 @@ field. This is a pointer to a "struct inode_operations" which
describes the methods that can be performed on individual inodes.
The Inode Object
================
An inode object represents an object within the filesystem.
struct inode_operations
=======================
-----------------------
This describes how the VFS can manipulate an inode in your
filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined:
@ -394,51 +393,62 @@ otherwise noted.
will probably need to call d_instantiate() just as you would
in the create() method
rename: called by the rename(2) system call to rename the object to
have the parent and name given by the second inode and dentry.
readlink: called by the readlink(2) system call. Only required if
you want to support reading symbolic links
follow_link: called by the VFS to follow a symbolic link to the
inode it points to. Only required if you want to support
symbolic links. This function returns a void pointer cookie
symbolic links. This method returns a void pointer cookie
that is passed to put_link().
put_link: called by the VFS to release resources allocated by
follow_link(). The cookie returned by follow_link() is passed to
to this function as the last parameter. It is used by filesystems
such as NFS where page cache is not stable (i.e. page that was
installed when the symbolic link walk started might not be in the
page cache at the end of the walk).
follow_link(). The cookie returned by follow_link() is passed
to to this method as the last parameter. It is used by
filesystems such as NFS where page cache is not stable
(i.e. page that was installed when the symbolic link walk
started might not be in the page cache at the end of the
walk).
truncate: called by the VFS to change the size of a file. The i_size
field of the inode is set to the desired size by the VFS before
this function is called. This function is called by the truncate(2)
system call and related functionality.
truncate: called by the VFS to change the size of a file. The
i_size field of the inode is set to the desired size by the
VFS before this method is called. This method is called by
the truncate(2) system call and related functionality.
permission: called by the VFS to check for access rights on a POSIX-like
filesystem.
setattr: called by the VFS to set attributes for a file. This function is
called by chmod(2) and related system calls.
setattr: called by the VFS to set attributes for a file. This method
is called by chmod(2) and related system calls.
getattr: called by the VFS to get attributes of a file. This function is
called by stat(2) and related system calls.
getattr: called by the VFS to get attributes of a file. This method
is called by stat(2) and related system calls.
setxattr: called by the VFS to set an extended attribute for a file.
Extended attribute is a name:value pair associated with an inode. This
function is called by setxattr(2) system call.
Extended attribute is a name:value pair associated with an
inode. This method is called by setxattr(2) system call.
getxattr: called by the VFS to retrieve the value of an extended attribute
name. This function is called by getxattr(2) function call.
getxattr: called by the VFS to retrieve the value of an extended
attribute name. This method is called by getxattr(2) function
call.
listxattr: called by the VFS to list all extended attributes for a given
file. This function is called by listxattr(2) system call.
listxattr: called by the VFS to list all extended attributes for a
given file. This method is called by listxattr(2) system call.
removexattr: called by the VFS to remove an extended attribute from a file.
This function is called by removexattr(2) system call.
removexattr: called by the VFS to remove an extended attribute from
a file. This method is called by removexattr(2) system call.
The Address Space Object
========================
The address space object is used to identify pages in the page cache.
struct address_space_operations
===============================
-------------------------------
This describes how the VFS can manipulate mapping of a file to page cache in
your filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined:
@ -502,8 +512,14 @@ struct address_space_operations {
it. An example implementation can be found in fs/ext2/xip.c.
The File Object
===============
A file object represents a file opened by a process.
struct file_operations
======================
----------------------
This describes how the VFS can manipulate an open file. As of kernel
2.6.13, the following members are defined:
@ -661,7 +677,7 @@ of child dentries. Child dentries are basically like files in a
directory.
Directory Entry Cache APIs
Directory Entry Cache API
--------------------------
There are a number of functions defined which permit a filesystem to
@ -705,178 +721,24 @@ manipulate dentries:
and the dentry is returned. The caller must use d_put()
to free the dentry when it finishes using it.
RCU-based dcache locking model
------------------------------
On many workloads, the most common operation on dcache is
to look up a dentry, given a parent dentry and the name
of the child. Typically, for every open(), stat() etc.,
the dentry corresponding to the pathname will be looked
up by walking the tree starting with the first component
of the pathname and using that dentry along with the next
component to look up the next level and so on. Since it
is a frequent operation for workloads like multiuser
environments and web servers, it is important to optimize
this path.
Prior to 2.5.10, dcache_lock was acquired in d_lookup and thus
in every component during path look-up. Since 2.5.10 onwards,
fast-walk algorithm changed this by holding the dcache_lock
at the beginning and walking as many cached path component
dentries as possible. This significantly decreases the number
of acquisition of dcache_lock. However it also increases the
lock hold time significantly and affects performance in large
SMP machines. Since 2.5.62 kernel, dcache has been using
a new locking model that uses RCU to make dcache look-up
lock-free.
The current dcache locking model is not very different from the existing
dcache locking model. Prior to 2.5.62 kernel, dcache_lock
protected the hash chain, d_child, d_alias, d_lru lists as well
as d_inode and several other things like mount look-up. RCU-based
changes affect only the way the hash chain is protected. For everything
else the dcache_lock must be taken for both traversing as well as
updating. The hash chain updates too take the dcache_lock.
The significant change is the way d_lookup traverses the hash chain,
it doesn't acquire the dcache_lock for this and rely on RCU to
ensure that the dentry has not been *freed*.
For further information on dentry locking, please refer to the document
Documentation/filesystems/dentry-locking.txt.
Dcache locking details
----------------------
Resources
=========
For many multi-user workloads, open() and stat() on files are
very frequently occurring operations. Both involve walking
of path names to find the dentry corresponding to the
concerned file. In 2.4 kernel, dcache_lock was held
during look-up of each path component. Contention and
cache-line bouncing of this global lock caused significant
scalability problems. With the introduction of RCU
in Linux kernel, this was worked around by making
the look-up of path components during path walking lock-free.
(Note some of these resources are not up-to-date with the latest kernel
version.)
Creating Linux virtual filesystems. 2002
<http://lwn.net/Articles/13325/>
Safe lock-free look-up of dcache hash table
===========================================
The Linux Virtual File-system Layer by Neil Brown. 1999
<http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/linux-commentary/vfs.html>
Dcache is a complex data structure with the hash table entries
also linked together in other lists. In 2.4 kernel, dcache_lock
protected all the lists. We applied RCU only on hash chain
walking. The rest of the lists are still protected by dcache_lock.
Some of the important changes are :
A tour of the Linux VFS by Michael K. Johnson. 1996
<http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/fs/vfstour.html>
1. The deletion from hash chain is done using hlist_del_rcu() macro which
doesn't initialize next pointer of the deleted dentry and this
allows us to walk safely lock-free while a deletion is happening.
2. Insertion of a dentry into the hash table is done using
hlist_add_head_rcu() which take care of ordering the writes -
the writes to the dentry must be visible before the dentry
is inserted. This works in conjunction with hlist_for_each_rcu()
while walking the hash chain. The only requirement is that
all initialization to the dentry must be done before hlist_add_head_rcu()
since we don't have dcache_lock protection while traversing
the hash chain. This isn't different from the existing code.
3. The dentry looked up without holding dcache_lock by cannot be
returned for walking if it is unhashed. It then may have a NULL
d_inode or other bogosity since RCU doesn't protect the other
fields in the dentry. We therefore use a flag DCACHE_UNHASHED to
indicate unhashed dentries and use this in conjunction with a
per-dentry lock (d_lock). Once looked up without the dcache_lock,
we acquire the per-dentry lock (d_lock) and check if the
dentry is unhashed. If so, the look-up is failed. If not, the
reference count of the dentry is increased and the dentry is returned.
4. Once a dentry is looked up, it must be ensured during the path
walk for that component it doesn't go away. In pre-2.5.10 code,
this was done holding a reference to the dentry. dcache_rcu does
the same. In some sense, dcache_rcu path walking looks like
the pre-2.5.10 version.
5. All dentry hash chain updates must take the dcache_lock as well as
the per-dentry lock in that order. dput() does this to ensure
that a dentry that has just been looked up in another CPU
doesn't get deleted before dget() can be done on it.
6. There are several ways to do reference counting of RCU protected
objects. One such example is in ipv4 route cache where
deferred freeing (using call_rcu()) is done as soon as
the reference count goes to zero. This cannot be done in
the case of dentries because tearing down of dentries
require blocking (dentry_iput()) which isn't supported from
RCU callbacks. Instead, tearing down of dentries happen
synchronously in dput(), but actual freeing happens later
when RCU grace period is over. This allows safe lock-free
walking of the hash chains, but a matched dentry may have
been partially torn down. The checking of DCACHE_UNHASHED
flag with d_lock held detects such dentries and prevents
them from being returned from look-up.
Maintaining POSIX rename semantics
==================================
Since look-up of dentries is lock-free, it can race against
a concurrent rename operation. For example, during rename
of file A to B, look-up of either A or B must succeed.
So, if look-up of B happens after A has been removed from the
hash chain but not added to the new hash chain, it may fail.
Also, a comparison while the name is being written concurrently
by a rename may result in false positive matches violating
rename semantics. Issues related to race with rename are
handled as described below :
1. Look-up can be done in two ways - d_lookup() which is safe
from simultaneous renames and __d_lookup() which is not.
If __d_lookup() fails, it must be followed up by a d_lookup()
to correctly determine whether a dentry is in the hash table
or not. d_lookup() protects look-ups using a sequence
lock (rename_lock).
2. The name associated with a dentry (d_name) may be changed if
a rename is allowed to happen simultaneously. To avoid memcmp()
in __d_lookup() go out of bounds due to a rename and false
positive comparison, the name comparison is done while holding the
per-dentry lock. This prevents concurrent renames during this
operation.
3. Hash table walking during look-up may move to a different bucket as
the current dentry is moved to a different bucket due to rename.
But we use hlists in dcache hash table and they are null-terminated.
So, even if a dentry moves to a different bucket, hash chain
walk will terminate. [with a list_head list, it may not since
termination is when the list_head in the original bucket is reached].
Since we redo the d_parent check and compare name while holding
d_lock, lock-free look-up will not race against d_move().
4. There can be a theoretical race when a dentry keeps coming back
to original bucket due to double moves. Due to this look-up may
consider that it has never moved and can end up in a infinite loop.
But this is not any worse that theoretical livelocks we already
have in the kernel.
Important guidelines for filesystem developers related to dcache_rcu
====================================================================
1. Existing dcache interfaces (pre-2.5.62) exported to filesystem
don't change. Only dcache internal implementation changes. However
filesystems *must not* delete from the dentry hash chains directly
using the list macros like allowed earlier. They must use dcache
APIs like d_drop() or __d_drop() depending on the situation.
2. d_flags is now protected by a per-dentry lock (d_lock). All
access to d_flags must be protected by it.
3. For a hashed dentry, checking of d_count needs to be protected
by d_lock.
Papers and other documentation on dcache locking
================================================
1. Scaling dcache with RCU (http://linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=7124).
2. http://lse.sourceforge.net/locking/dcache/dcache.html
A small trail through the Linux kernel by Andries Brouwer. 2001
<http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/vfs/trail.html>

142
Documentation/filesystems/xfs.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -19,15 +19,43 @@ Mount Options
When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
biosize=size
Sets the preferred buffered I/O size (default size is 64K).
"size" must be expressed as the logarithm (base2) of the
desired I/O size.
Valid values for this option are 14 through 16, inclusive
(i.e. 16K, 32K, and 64K bytes). On machines with a 4K
pagesize, 13 (8K bytes) is also a valid size.
The preferred buffered I/O size can also be altered on an
individual file basis using the ioctl(2) system call.
allocsize=size
Sets the buffered I/O end-of-file preallocation size when
doing delayed allocation writeout (default size is 64KiB).
Valid values for this option are page size (typically 4KiB)
through to 1GiB, inclusive, in power-of-2 increments.
attr2/noattr2
The options enable/disable (default is disabled for backward
compatibility on-disk) an "opportunistic" improvement to be
made in the way inline extended attributes are stored on-disk.
When the new form is used for the first time (by setting or
removing extended attributes) the on-disk superblock feature
bit field will be updated to reflect this format being in use.
barrier
Enables the use of block layer write barriers for writes into
the journal and unwritten extent conversion. This allows for
drive level write caching to be enabled, for devices that
support write barriers.
dmapi
Enable the DMAPI (Data Management API) event callouts.
Use with the "mtpt" option.
grpid/bsdgroups and nogrpid/sysvgroups
These options define what group ID a newly created file gets.
When grpid is set, it takes the group ID of the directory in
which it is created; otherwise (the default) it takes the fsgid
of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit
set, in which case it takes the gid from the parent directory,
and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself.
ihashsize=value
Sets the number of hash buckets available for hashing the
in-memory inodes of the specified mount point. If a value
of zero is used, the value selected by the default algorithm
will be displayed in /proc/mounts.
ikeep/noikeep
When inode clusters are emptied of inodes, keep them around
@ -35,12 +63,31 @@ When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
and is still the default for now. Using the noikeep option,
inode clusters are returned to the free space pool.
inode64
Indicates that XFS is allowed to create inodes at any location
in the filesystem, including those which will result in inode
numbers occupying more than 32 bits of significance. This is
provided for backwards compatibility, but causes problems for
backup applications that cannot handle large inode numbers.
largeio/nolargeio
If "nolargeio" is specified, the optimal I/O reported in
st_blksize by stat(2) will be as small as possible to allow user
applications to avoid inefficient read/modify/write I/O.
If "largeio" specified, a filesystem that has a "swidth" specified
will return the "swidth" value (in bytes) in st_blksize. If the
filesystem does not have a "swidth" specified but does specify
an "allocsize" then "allocsize" (in bytes) will be returned
instead.
If neither of these two options are specified, then filesystem
will behave as if "nolargeio" was specified.
logbufs=value
Set the number of in-memory log buffers. Valid numbers range
from 2-8 inclusive.
The default value is 8 buffers for filesystems with a
blocksize of 64K, 4 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize
of 32K, 3 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 16K
blocksize of 64KiB, 4 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize
of 32KiB, 3 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 16KiB
and 2 buffers for all other configurations. Increasing the
number of buffers may increase performance on some workloads
at the cost of the memory used for the additional log buffers
@ -49,10 +96,10 @@ When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
logbsize=value
Set the size of each in-memory log buffer.
Size may be specified in bytes, or in kilobytes with a "k" suffix.
Valid sizes for version 1 and version 2 logs are 16384 (16k) and
32768 (32k). Valid sizes for version 2 logs also include
Valid sizes for version 1 and version 2 logs are 16384 (16k) and
32768 (32k). Valid sizes for version 2 logs also include
65536 (64k), 131072 (128k) and 262144 (256k).
The default value for machines with more than 32MB of memory
The default value for machines with more than 32MiB of memory
is 32768, machines with less memory use 16384 by default.
logdev=device and rtdev=device
@ -62,6 +109,11 @@ When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
optional, and the log section can be separate from the data
section or contained within it.
mtpt=mountpoint
Use with the "dmapi" option. The value specified here will be
included in the DMAPI mount event, and should be the path of
the actual mountpoint that is used.
noalign
Data allocations will not be aligned at stripe unit boundaries.
@ -91,13 +143,17 @@ When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
O_SYNC writes can be lost if the system crashes.
If timestamp updates are critical, use the osyncisosync option.
quota/usrquota/uqnoenforce
uquota/usrquota/uqnoenforce/quota
User disk quota accounting enabled, and limits (optionally)
enforced.
enforced. Refer to xfs_quota(8) for further details.
grpquota/gqnoenforce
gquota/grpquota/gqnoenforce
Group disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally)
enforced.
enforced. Refer to xfs_quota(8) for further details.
pquota/prjquota/pqnoenforce
Project disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally)
enforced. Refer to xfs_quota(8) for further details.
sunit=value and swidth=value
Used to specify the stripe unit and width for a RAID device or
@ -113,15 +169,21 @@ When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
The "swidth" option is required if the "sunit" option has been
specified, and must be a multiple of the "sunit" value.
swalloc
Data allocations will be rounded up to stripe width boundaries
when the current end of file is being extended and the file
size is larger than the stripe width size.
sysctls
=======
The following sysctls are available for the XFS filesystem:
fs.xfs.stats_clear (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 1)
Setting this to "1" clears accumulated XFS statistics
Setting this to "1" clears accumulated XFS statistics
in /proc/fs/xfs/stat. It then immediately resets to "0".
fs.xfs.xfssyncd_centisecs (Min: 100 Default: 3000 Max: 720000)
The interval at which the xfssyncd thread flushes metadata
out to disk. This thread will flush log activity out, and
@ -143,9 +205,9 @@ The following sysctls are available for the XFS filesystem:
XFS_ERRLEVEL_HIGH: 5
fs.xfs.panic_mask (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 127)
Causes certain error conditions to call BUG(). Value is a bitmask;
Causes certain error conditions to call BUG(). Value is a bitmask;
AND together the tags which represent errors which should cause panics:
XFS_NO_PTAG 0
XFS_PTAG_IFLUSH 0x00000001
XFS_PTAG_LOGRES 0x00000002
@ -155,7 +217,7 @@ The following sysctls are available for the XFS filesystem:
XFS_PTAG_SHUTDOWN_IOERROR 0x00000020
XFS_PTAG_SHUTDOWN_LOGERROR 0x00000040
This option is intended for debugging only.
This option is intended for debugging only.
fs.xfs.irix_symlink_mode (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 1)
Controls whether symlinks are created with mode 0777 (default)
@ -164,25 +226,37 @@ The following sysctls are available for the XFS filesystem:
fs.xfs.irix_sgid_inherit (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 1)
Controls files created in SGID directories.
If the group ID of the new file does not match the effective group
ID or one of the supplementary group IDs of the parent dir, the
ISGID bit is cleared if the irix_sgid_inherit compatibility sysctl
ID or one of the supplementary group IDs of the parent dir, the
ISGID bit is cleared if the irix_sgid_inherit compatibility sysctl
is set.
fs.xfs.restrict_chown (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max: 1)
Controls whether unprivileged users can use chown to "give away"
a file to another user.
fs.xfs.inherit_sync (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max 1)
Setting this to "1" will cause the "sync" flag set
by the chattr(1) command on a directory to be
fs.xfs.inherit_sync (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max: 1)
Setting this to "1" will cause the "sync" flag set
by the xfs_io(8) chattr command on a directory to be
inherited by files in that directory.
fs.xfs.inherit_nodump (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max 1)
Setting this to "1" will cause the "nodump" flag set
by the chattr(1) command on a directory to be
fs.xfs.inherit_nodump (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max: 1)
Setting this to "1" will cause the "nodump" flag set
by the xfs_io(8) chattr command on a directory to be
inherited by files in that directory.
fs.xfs.inherit_noatime (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max 1)
Setting this to "1" will cause the "noatime" flag set
by the chattr(1) command on a directory to be
fs.xfs.inherit_noatime (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max: 1)
Setting this to "1" will cause the "noatime" flag set
by the xfs_io(8) chattr command on a directory to be
inherited by files in that directory.
fs.xfs.inherit_nosymlinks (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max: 1)
Setting this to "1" will cause the "nosymlinks" flag set
by the xfs_io(8) chattr command on a directory to be
inherited by files in that directory.
fs.xfs.rotorstep (Min: 1 Default: 1 Max: 256)
In "inode32" allocation mode, this option determines how many
files the allocator attempts to allocate in the same allocation
group before moving to the next allocation group. The intent
is to control the rate at which the allocator moves between
allocation groups when allocating extents for new files.

1
Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c
Просмотреть файл

@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include "linux/firmware.h"

2
Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_firmware_class.c
Просмотреть файл

@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/firmware.h>

10
Documentation/floppy.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ FAQ list:
=========
A FAQ list may be found in the fdutils package (see below), and also
at http://fdutils.linux.lu/FAQ.html
at <http://fdutils.linux.lu/faq.html>.
LILO configuration options (Thinkpad users, read this)
@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ It also contains additional documentation about the floppy driver.
The latest version can be found at fdutils homepage:
http://fdutils.linux.lu
The fdutils-5.4 release can be found at:
http://fdutils.linux.lu/fdutils-5.4.src.tar.gz
http://www.tux.org/pub/knaff/fdutils/fdutils-5.4.src.tar.gz
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/fdutils-5.4.src.tar.gz
The fdutils releases can be found at:
http://fdutils.linux.lu/download.html
http://www.tux.org/pub/knaff/fdutils/
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/
Reporting problems about the floppy driver
==========================================

32
Documentation/hpet.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
High Precision Event Timer Driver for Linux
The High Precision Event Timer (HPET) hardware is the future replacement for the 8254 and Real
Time Clock (RTC) periodic timer functionality. Each HPET can have up two 32 timers. It is possible
to configure the first two timers as legacy replacements for 8254 and RTC periodic. A specification
done by INTEL and Microsoft can be found at http://www.intel.com/labs/platcomp/hpet/hpetspec.htm.
The High Precision Event Timer (HPET) hardware is the future replacement
for the 8254 and Real Time Clock (RTC) periodic timer functionality.
Each HPET can have up two 32 timers. It is possible to configure the
first two timers as legacy replacements for 8254 and RTC periodic timers.
A specification done by Intel and Microsoft can be found at
<http://www.intel.com/hardwaredesign/hpetspec.htm>.
The driver supports detection of HPET driver allocation and initialization of the HPET before the
driver module_init routine is called. This enables platform code which uses timer 0 or 1 as the
main timer to intercept HPET initialization. An example of this initialization can be found in
The driver supports detection of HPET driver allocation and initialization
of the HPET before the driver module_init routine is called. This enables
platform code which uses timer 0 or 1 as the main timer to intercept HPET
initialization. An example of this initialization can be found in
arch/i386/kernel/time_hpet.c.
The driver provides two APIs which are very similar to the API found in the rtc.c driver.
There is a user space API and a kernel space API. An example user space program is provided
below.
The driver provides two APIs which are very similar to the API found in
the rtc.c driver. There is a user space API and a kernel space API.
An example user space program is provided below.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
@ -290,9 +293,8 @@ The kernel API has three interfaces exported from the driver:
hpet_unregister(struct hpet_task *tp)
hpet_control(struct hpet_task *tp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
The kernel module using this interface fills in the ht_func and ht_data members of the
hpet_task structure before calling hpet_register. hpet_control simply vectors to the hpet_ioctl
routine and has the same commands and respective arguments as the user API. hpet_unregister
The kernel module using this interface fills in the ht_func and ht_data
members of the hpet_task structure before calling hpet_register.
hpet_control simply vectors to the hpet_ioctl routine and has the same
commands and respective arguments as the user API. hpet_unregister
is used to terminate usage of the HPET timer reserved by hpet_register.

8
Documentation/hwmon/it87
Просмотреть файл

@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ Kernel driver it87
Supported chips:
* IT8705F
Prefix: 'it87'
Addresses scanned: from Super I/O config space, or default ISA 0x290 (8 I/O ports)
Addresses scanned: from Super I/O config space (8 I/O ports)
Datasheet: Publicly available at the ITE website
http://www.ite.com.tw/
* IT8712F
Prefix: 'it8712'
Addresses scanned: I2C 0x28 - 0x2f
from Super I/O config space, or default ISA 0x290 (8 I/O ports)
from Super I/O config space (8 I/O ports)
Datasheet: Publicly available at the ITE website
http://www.ite.com.tw/
* SiS950 [clone of IT8705F]
Prefix: 'sis950'
Addresses scanned: from Super I/O config space, or default ISA 0x290 (8 I/O ports)
Prefix: 'it87'
Addresses scanned: from Super I/O config space (8 I/O ports)
Datasheet: No longer be available
Author: Christophe Gauthron <chrisg@0-in.com>

47
Documentation/hwmon/lm90
Просмотреть файл

@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ Supported chips:
http://www.national.com/pf/LM/LM86.html
* Analog Devices ADM1032
Prefix: 'adm1032'
Addresses scanned: I2C 0x4c
Addresses scanned: I2C 0x4c and 0x4d
Datasheet: Publicly available at the Analog Devices website
http://products.analog.com/products/info.asp?product=ADM1032
http://www.analog.com/en/prod/0,2877,ADM1032,00.html
* Analog Devices ADT7461
Prefix: 'adt7461'
Addresses scanned: I2C 0x4c
Addresses scanned: I2C 0x4c and 0x4d
Datasheet: Publicly available at the Analog Devices website
http://products.analog.com/products/info.asp?product=ADT7461
http://www.analog.com/en/prod/0,2877,ADT7461,00.html
Note: Only if in ADM1032 compatibility mode
* Maxim MAX6657
Prefix: 'max6657'
@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ increased resolution of the remote temperature measurement.
The different chipsets of the family are not strictly identical, although
very similar. This driver doesn't handle any specific feature for now,
but could if there ever was a need for it. For reference, here comes a
non-exhaustive list of specific features:
with the exception of SMBus PEC. For reference, here comes a non-exhaustive
list of specific features:
LM90:
* Filter and alert configuration register at 0xBF.
@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ ADM1032:
* Conversion averaging.
* Up to 64 conversions/s.
* ALERT is triggered by open remote sensor.
* SMBus PEC support for Write Byte and Receive Byte transactions.
ADT7461
* Extended temperature range (breaks compatibility)
@ -119,3 +120,37 @@ The lm90 driver will not update its values more frequently than every
other second; reading them more often will do no harm, but will return
'old' values.
PEC Support
-----------
The ADM1032 is the only chip of the family which supports PEC. It does
not support PEC on all transactions though, so some care must be taken.
When reading a register value, the PEC byte is computed and sent by the
ADM1032 chip. However, in the case of a combined transaction (SMBus Read
Byte), the ADM1032 computes the CRC value over only the second half of
the message rather than its entirety, because it thinks the first half
of the message belongs to a different transaction. As a result, the CRC
value differs from what the SMBus master expects, and all reads fail.
For this reason, the lm90 driver will enable PEC for the ADM1032 only if
the bus supports the SMBus Send Byte and Receive Byte transaction types.
These transactions will be used to read register values, instead of
SMBus Read Byte, and PEC will work properly.
Additionally, the ADM1032 doesn't support SMBus Send Byte with PEC.
Instead, it will try to write the PEC value to the register (because the
SMBus Send Byte transaction with PEC is similar to a Write Byte transaction
without PEC), which is not what we want. Thus, PEC is explicitely disabled
on SMBus Send Byte transactions in the lm90 driver.
PEC on byte data transactions represents a significant increase in bandwidth
usage (+33% for writes, +25% for reads) in normal conditions. With the need
to use two SMBus transaction for reads, this overhead jumps to +50%. Worse,
two transactions will typically mean twice as much delay waiting for
transaction completion, effectively doubling the register cache refresh time.
I guess reliability comes at a price, but it's quite expensive this time.
So, as not everyone might enjoy the slowdown, PEC can be disabled through
sysfs. Just write 0 to the "pec" file and PEC will be disabled. Write 1
to that file to enable PEC again.

8
Documentation/hwmon/smsc47b397
Просмотреть файл

@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Kernel driver smsc47b397
Supported chips:
* SMSC LPC47B397-NC
* SMSC SCH5307-NS
Prefix: 'smsc47b397'
Addresses scanned: none, address read from Super I/O config space
Datasheet: In this file
@ -12,11 +13,14 @@ Authors: Mark M. Hoffman <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
November 23, 2004
The following specification describes the SMSC LPC47B397-NC sensor chip
The following specification describes the SMSC LPC47B397-NC[1] sensor chip
(for which there is no public datasheet available). This document was
provided by Craig Kelly (In-Store Broadcast Network) and edited/corrected
by Mark M. Hoffman <mhoffman@lightlink.com>.
[1] And SMSC SCH5307-NS, which has a different device ID but is otherwise
compatible.
* * * * *
Methods for detecting the HP SIO and reading the thermal data on a dc7100.
@ -127,7 +131,7 @@ OUT DX,AL
The registers of interest for identifying the SIO on the dc7100 are Device ID
(0x20) and Device Rev (0x21).
The Device ID will read 0X6F
The Device ID will read 0x6F (for SCH5307-NS, 0x81)
The Device Rev currently reads 0x01
Obtaining the HWM Base Address.

7
Documentation/hwmon/smsc47m1
Просмотреть файл

@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ Supported chips:
http://www.smsc.com/main/datasheets/47m14x.pdf
http://www.smsc.com/main/tools/discontinued/47m15x.pdf
http://www.smsc.com/main/datasheets/47m192.pdf
* SMSC LPC47M997
Addresses scanned: none, address read from Super I/O config space
Prefix: 'smsc47m1'
Datasheet: none
Authors:
Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>,
@ -30,6 +34,9 @@ The 47M15x and 47M192 chips contain a full 'hardware monitoring block'
in addition to the fan monitoring and control. The hardware monitoring
block is not supported by the driver.
No documentation is available for the 47M997, but it has the same device
ID as the 47M15x and 47M192 chips and seems to be compatible.
Fan rotation speeds are reported in RPM (rotations per minute). An alarm is
triggered if the rotation speed has dropped below a programmable limit. Fan
readings can be divided by a programmable divider (1, 2, 4 or 8) to give

3
Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface
Просмотреть файл

@ -272,3 +272,6 @@ beep_mask Bitmask for beep.
eeprom Raw EEPROM data in binary form.
Read only.
pec Enable or disable PEC (SMBus only)
Read/Write

17
Documentation/hwmon/via686a
Просмотреть файл

@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ Authors:
Module Parameters
-----------------
force_addr=0xaddr Set the I/O base address. Useful for Asus A7V boards
that don't set the address in the BIOS. Does not do a
force_addr=0xaddr Set the I/O base address. Useful for boards that
don't set the address in the BIOS. Look for a BIOS
upgrade before resorting to this. Does not do a
PCI force; the via686a must still be present in lspci.
Don't use this unless the driver complains that the
base address is not set.
@ -63,3 +64,15 @@ miss once-only alarms.
The driver only updates its values each 1.5 seconds; reading it more often
will do no harm, but will return 'old' values.
Known Issues
------------
This driver handles sensors integrated in some VIA south bridges. It is
possible that a motherboard maker used a VT82C686A/B chip as part of a
product design but was not interested in its hardware monitoring features,
in which case the sensor inputs will not be wired. This is the case of
the Asus K7V, A7V and A7V133 motherboards, to name only a few of them.
So, if you need the force_addr parameter, and end up with values which
don't seem to make any sense, don't look any further: your chip is simply
not wired for hardware monitoring.

1
Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i810
Просмотреть файл

@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ Kernel driver i2c-i810
Supported adapters:
* Intel 82810, 82810-DC100, 82810E, and 82815 (GMCH)
* Intel 82845G (GMCH)
Authors:
Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,

29
Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro
Просмотреть файл

@ -4,17 +4,16 @@ Supported adapters:
* VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C596A/B
Datasheet: Sometimes available at the VIA website
* VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C686A/B
* VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C686A/B
Datasheet: Sometimes available at the VIA website
* VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8231, VT8233, VT8233A, VT8235, VT8237
Datasheet: available on request from Via
* VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8231, VT8233, VT8233A, VT8235, VT8237R
Datasheet: available on request from VIA
Authors:
Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
Kyösti Mälkki <kmalkki@cc.hut.fi>,
Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
Kyösti Mälkki <kmalkki@cc.hut.fi>,
Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>,
Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Module Parameters
-----------------
@ -28,20 +27,22 @@ Description
-----------
i2c-viapro is a true SMBus host driver for motherboards with one of the
supported VIA southbridges.
supported VIA south bridges.
Your lspci -n listing must show one of these :
device 1106:3050 (VT82C596 function 3)
device 1106:3051 (VT82C596 function 3)
device 1106:3050 (VT82C596A function 3)
device 1106:3051 (VT82C596B function 3)
device 1106:3057 (VT82C686 function 4)
device 1106:3074 (VT8233)
device 1106:3147 (VT8233A)
device 1106:8235 (VT8231)
devide 1106:3177 (VT8235)
devide 1106:3227 (VT8237)
device 1106:8235 (VT8231 function 4)
device 1106:3177 (VT8235)
device 1106:3227 (VT8237R)
If none of these show up, you should look in the BIOS for settings like
enable ACPI / SMBus or even USB.
Except for the oldest chips (VT82C596A/B, VT82C686A and most probably
VT8231), this driver supports I2C block transactions. Such transactions
are mainly useful to read from and write to EEPROMs.

38
Documentation/i2c/chips/x1205 Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
Kernel driver x1205
===================
Supported chips:
* Xicor X1205 RTC
Prefix: 'x1205'
Addresses scanned: none
Datasheet: http://www.intersil.com/cda/deviceinfo/0,1477,X1205,00.html
Authors:
Karen Spearel <kas11@tampabay.rr.com>,
Alessandro Zummo <a.zummo@towertech.it>
Description
-----------
This module aims to provide complete access to the Xicor X1205 RTC.
Recently Xicor has merged with Intersil, but the chip is
still sold under the Xicor brand.
This chip is located at address 0x6f and uses a 2-byte register addressing.
Two bytes need to be written to read a single register, while most
other chips just require one and take the second one as the data
to be written. To prevent corrupting unknown chips, the user must
explicitely set the probe parameter.
example:
modprobe x1205 probe=0,0x6f
The module supports one more option, hctosys, which is used to set the
software clock from the x1205. On systems where the x1205 is the
only hardware rtc, this parameter could be used to achieve a correct
date/time earlier in the system boot sequence.
example:
modprobe x1205 probe=0,0x6f hctosys=1

7
Documentation/i2c/functionality
Просмотреть файл

@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ For the most up-to-date list of functionality constants, please check
I2C_FUNC_I2C Plain i2c-level commands (Pure SMBus
adapters typically can not do these)
I2C_FUNC_10BIT_ADDR Handles the 10-bit address extensions
I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING Knows about the I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR,
I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR and I2C_M_REV_DIR_NOSTART
flags (which modify the i2c protocol!)
I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING Knows about the I2C_M_IGNORE_NAK,
I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR, I2C_M_NOSTART and
I2C_M_NO_RD_ACK flags (which modify the
I2C protocol!)
I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_QUICK Handles the SMBus write_quick command
I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE Handles the SMBus read_byte command
I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE Handles the SMBus write_byte command

2
Documentation/i2c/porting-clients
Просмотреть файл

@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Technical changes:
exit and exit_free. For i2c+isa drivers, labels should be named
ERROR0, ERROR1 and ERROR2. Don't forget to properly set err before
jumping to error labels. By the way, labels should be left-aligned.
Use memset to fill the client and data area with 0x00.
Use kzalloc instead of kmalloc.
Use i2c_set_clientdata to set the client data (as opposed to
a direct access to client->data).
Use strlcpy instead of strcpy to copy the client name.

30
Documentation/i2c/writing-clients
Просмотреть файл

@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
.command = &foo_command /* may be NULL */
}
The name can be chosen freely, and may be upto 40 characters long. Please
use something descriptive here.
The name field must match the driver name, including the case. It must not
contain spaces, and may be up to 31 characters long.
Don't worry about the flags field; just put I2C_DF_NOTIFY into it. This
means that your driver will be notified when new adapters are found.
@ -43,9 +43,6 @@ This is almost always what you want.
All other fields are for call-back functions which will be explained
below.
There use to be two additional fields in this structure, inc_use et dec_use,
for module usage count, but these fields were obsoleted and removed.
Extra client data
=================
@ -58,6 +55,7 @@ be very useful.
An example structure is below.
struct foo_data {
struct i2c_client client;
struct semaphore lock; /* For ISA access in `sensors' drivers. */
int sysctl_id; /* To keep the /proc directory entry for
`sensors' drivers. */
@ -275,6 +273,7 @@ For now, you can ignore the `flags' parameter. It is there for future use.
if (is_isa) {
/* Discard immediately if this ISA range is already used */
/* FIXME: never use check_region(), only request_region() */
if (check_region(address,FOO_EXTENT))
goto ERROR0;
@ -310,22 +309,15 @@ For now, you can ignore the `flags' parameter. It is there for future use.
client structure, even though we cannot fill it completely yet.
But it allows us to access several i2c functions safely */
/* Note that we reserve some space for foo_data too. If you don't
need it, remove it. We do it here to help to lessen memory
fragmentation. */
if (! (new_client = kmalloc(sizeof(struct i2c_client) +
sizeof(struct foo_data),
GFP_KERNEL))) {
if (!(data = kzalloc(sizeof(struct foo_data), GFP_KERNEL))) {
err = -ENOMEM;
goto ERROR0;
}
/* This is tricky, but it will set the data to the right value. */
client->data = new_client + 1;
data = (struct foo_data *) (client->data);
new_client = &data->client;
i2c_set_clientdata(new_client, data);
new_client->addr = address;
new_client->data = data;
new_client->adapter = adapter;
new_client->driver = &foo_driver;
new_client->flags = 0;
@ -420,7 +412,7 @@ For now, you can ignore the `flags' parameter. It is there for future use.
release_region(address,FOO_EXTENT);
/* SENSORS ONLY END */
ERROR1:
kfree(new_client);
kfree(data);
ERROR0:
return err;
}
@ -451,7 +443,7 @@ much simpler than the attachment code, fortunately!
release_region(client->addr,LM78_EXTENT);
/* HYBRID SENSORS CHIP ONLY END */
kfree(client); /* Frees client data too, if allocated at the same time */
kfree(i2c_get_clientdata(client));
return 0;
}
@ -576,12 +568,12 @@ SMBus communication
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 length,
u8 *values);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 *values);
These ones were removed in Linux 2.6.10 because they had no users, but could
be added back later if needed:
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 *values);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 *values);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,

19
Documentation/input/yealink.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ Driver documentation for yealink usb-p1k phones
0. Status
~~~~~~~~~
The p1k is a relatively cheap usb 1.1 phone with:
- keyboard full support, yealink.ko / input event API
- LCD full support, yealink.ko / sysfs API
@ -17,9 +16,8 @@ For vendor documentation see http://www.yealink.com
1. Compilation (stand alone version)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Currently only kernel 2.6.x.y versions are supported.
In order to build the yealink.ko module do:
In order to build the yealink.ko module do
make
@ -28,6 +26,21 @@ the Makefile is pointing to the location where your kernel sources
are located, default /usr/src/linux.
1.1 Troubleshooting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Q: Module yealink compiled and installed without any problem but phone
is not initialized and does not react to any actions.
A: If you see something like:
hiddev0: USB HID v1.00 Device [Yealink Network Technology Ltd. VOIP USB Phone
in dmesg, it means that the hid driver has grabbed the device first. Try to
load module yealink before any other usb hid driver. Please see the
instructions provided by your distribution on module configuration.
Q: Phone is working now (displays version and accepts keypad input) but I can't
find the sysfs files.
A: The sysfs files are located on the particular usb endpoint. On most
distributions you can do: "find /sys/ -name get_icons" for a hint.
2. keyboard features
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4
Documentation/ioctl-number.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -130,12 +130,10 @@ Code Seq# Include File Comments
<mailto:zapman@interlan.net>
'i' 00-3F linux/i2o.h
'j' 00-3F linux/joystick.h
'k' all asm-sparc/kbio.h
asm-sparc64/kbio.h
'l' 00-3F linux/tcfs_fs.h transparent cryptographic file system
<http://mikonos.dia.unisa.it/tcfs>
'l' 40-7F linux/udf_fs_i.h in development:
<http://www.trylinux.com/projects/udf/>
<http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-udf/>
'm' all linux/mtio.h conflict!
'm' all linux/soundcard.h conflict!
'm' all linux/synclink.h conflict!

60
Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
* Title: "Writing Linux Device Drivers"
Author: Michael K. Johnson.
URL: http://people.redhat.com/johnsonm/devices.html
URL: http://users.evitech.fi/~tk/rtos/writing_linux_device_d.html
Keywords: files, VFS, file operations, kernel interface, character
vs block devices, I/O access, hardware interrupts, DMA, access to
user memory, memory allocation, timers.
@ -284,7 +284,7 @@
* Title: "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide"
Author: Ori Pomerantz.
URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/mpg.html
URL: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/index.html
Keywords: modules, GPL book, /proc, ioctls, system calls,
interrupt handlers .
Description: Very nice 92 pages GPL book on the topic of modules
@ -292,7 +292,7 @@
* Title: "Device File System (devfs) Overview"
Author: Richard Gooch.
URL: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.txt
URL: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html
Keywords: filesystem, /dev, devfs, dynamic devices, major/minor
allocation, device management.
Description: Document describing Richard Gooch's controversial
@ -316,9 +316,8 @@
* Title: "The Kernel Hacking HOWTO"
Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty.
URL:
http://www.lisoleg.net/doc/Kernel-Hacking-HOWTO/kernel-hacking-HOW
TO.html
Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking/
(must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs})
Keywords: HOWTO, kernel contexts, deadlock, locking, modules,
symbols, return conventions.
Description: From the Introduction: "Please understand that I
@ -332,13 +331,13 @@
originally written for the 2.3 kernels, but nearly all of it
applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly different".
* Title: "ALSA 0.5.0 Developer documentation"
Author: Stephan 'Jumpy' Bartels .
URL: http://www.math.TU-Berlin.de/~sbartels/alsa/
* Title: "Writing an ALSA Driver"
Author: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
URL: http://www.alsa-project.org/~iwai/writing-an-alsa-driver/index.html
Keywords: ALSA, sound, soundcard, driver, lowlevel, hardware.
Description: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture for developers,
both at kernel and user-level sides. Work in progress. ALSA is
supposed to be Linux's next generation sound architecture.
both at kernel and user-level sides. ALSA is the Linux kernel
sound architecture in the 2.6 kernel version.
* Title: "Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers"
Author: Detlef Fliegl.
@ -369,8 +368,8 @@
filesystems, IPC and Networking Code.
* Title: "Linux Kernel Mailing List Glossary"
Author: John Levon.
URL: http://www.movement.uklinux.net/glossary.html
Author: various
URL: http://kernelnewbies.org/glossary/
Keywords: glossary, terms, linux-kernel.
Description: From the introduction: "This glossary is intended as
a brief description of some of the acronyms and terms you may hear
@ -378,9 +377,8 @@
* Title: "Linux Kernel Locking HOWTO"
Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty.
URL:
http://netfilter.kernelnotes.org/unreliable-guides/kernel-locking-
HOWTO.html
Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-locking/
(must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs})
Keywords: locks, locking, spinlock, semaphore, atomic, race
condition, bottom halves, tasklets, softirqs.
Description: The title says it all: document describing the
@ -490,7 +488,7 @@
* Title: "Get those boards talking under Linux."
Author: Alex Ivchenko.
URL: http://www.ednmag.com/ednmag/reg/2000/06222000/13df2.htm
URL: http://www.edn.com/article/CA46968.html
Keywords: data-acquisition boards, drivers, modules, interrupts,
memory allocation.
Description: Article written for people wishing to make their data
@ -498,7 +496,7 @@
overview on writing drivers, from the naming of functions to
interrupt handling.
Notes: Two-parts article. Part II is at
http://www.ednmag.com/ednmag/reg/2000/07062000/14df.htm
URL: http://www.edn.com/article/CA46998.html
* Title: "Linux PCMCIA Programmer's Guide"
Author: David Hinds.
@ -529,7 +527,7 @@
definitive guide for hackers, virus coders and system
administrators."
Author: pragmatic/THC.
URL: http://packetstorm.securify.com/groups/thc/LKM_HACKING.html
URL: http://packetstormsecurity.org/docs/hack/LKM_HACKING.html
Keywords: syscalls, intercept, hide, abuse, symbol table.
Description: Interesting paper on how to abuse the Linux kernel in
order to intercept and modify syscalls, make
@ -537,8 +535,7 @@
write kernel modules based virus... and solutions for admins to
avoid all those abuses.
Notes: For 2.0.x kernels. Gives guidances to port it to 2.2.x
kernels. Also available in txt format at
http://www.blacknemesis.org/hacking/txt/cllkm.txt
kernels.
BOOKS: (Not on-line)
@ -557,7 +554,17 @@
ISBN: 0-59600-008-1
Notes: Further information in
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive2/
* Title: "Linux Device Drivers, 3nd Edition"
Authors: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman
Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates.
Date: 2005.
Pages: 636.
ISBN: 0-596-00590-3
Notes: Further information in
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive3/
PDF format, URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
* Title: "Linux Kernel Internals"
Author: Michael Beck.
Publisher: Addison-Wesley.
@ -766,12 +773,15 @@
documents, FAQs...
* Name: "linux-kernel mailing list archives and search engines"
URL: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html
URL: http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/index.html
URL: http://www.kernelnotes.org/lnxlists/linux-kernel/
URL: http://www.geocrawler.com
URL: http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel
URL: http://groups.google.com/group/mlist.linux.kernel
URL: http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/linux/linux-kernel/
URL: http://www.lib.uaa.alaska.edu/linux-kernel/
Keywords: linux-kernel, archives, search.
Description: Some of the linux-kernel mailing list archivers. If
you have a better/another one, please let me know.
_________________________________________________________________
Document last updated on Thu Jun 28 15:09:39 CEST 2001
Document last updated on Sat 2005-NOV-19

496
Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus
usbcore.blinkenlights=1
The text in square brackets at the beginning of the description state the
The text in square brackets at the beginning of the description states the
restrictions on the kernel for the said kernel parameter to be valid. The
restrictions referred to are that the relevant option is valid if:
@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ restrictions referred to are that the relevant option is valid if:
APM Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
AX25 Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
CD Appropriate CD support is enabled.
DEVFS devfs support is enabled.
DRM Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
DEVFS devfs support is enabled.
DRM Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
EDD BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
EFI EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
EIDE EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ restrictions referred to are that the relevant option is valid if:
SERIAL Serial support is enabled.
SMP The kernel is an SMP kernel.
SPARC Sparc architecture is enabled.
SWSUSP Software suspension is enabled.
SWSUSP Software suspend is enabled.
TS Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
USB USB support is enabled.
USBHID USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ running once the system is up.
See header of drivers/scsi/53c7xx.c.
See also Documentation/scsi/ncr53c7xx.txt.
acpi= [HW,ACPI] Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
Format: { force | off | ht | strict }
acpi= [HW,ACPI] Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
Format: { force | off | ht | strict | noirq }
force -- enable ACPI if default was off
off -- disable ACPI if default was on
noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
ht -- run only enough ACPI to enable Hyper Threading
strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
strictly ACPI specification compliant.
See also Documentation/pm.txt, pci=noacpi
@ -119,20 +119,23 @@ running once the system is up.
acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode }
See Documentation/power/video.txt
acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
Format: { level | edge | high | low }
Format: { level | edge | high | low }
acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI] ACPI will balance active IRQs
default in APIC mode
acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
ACPI will balance active IRQs
default in APIC mode
acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI] ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
default in PIC mode
acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
default in PIC mode
acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, Clear listed IRQs for use by PCI
acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
use by PCI
Format: <irq>,<irq>...
acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, Mark listed IRQs used by ISA
acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
Format: <irq>,<irq>...
acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] empty param disables _OSI
@ -145,14 +148,14 @@ running once the system is up.
acpi_dbg_layer= [HW,ACPI]
Format: <int>
Each bit of the <int> indicates an acpi debug layer,
Each bit of the <int> indicates an ACPI debug layer,
1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time
debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set
via /proc/acpi/debug_layer.
acpi_dbg_level= [HW,ACPI]
Format: <int>
Each bit of the <int> indicates an acpi debug level,
Each bit of the <int> indicates an ACPI debug level,
1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time
debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set
via /proc/acpi/debug_level.
@ -161,12 +164,13 @@ running once the system is up.
acpi_generic_hotkey [HW,ACPI]
Allow consolidated generic hotkey driver to
over-ride platform specific driver.
override platform specific driver.
See also Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt.
enable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]
Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
Can be useful to work around chipset bugs (in particular on some ATI chipsets)
Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
(in particular on some ATI chipsets).
The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
disable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]
@ -182,7 +186,7 @@ running once the system is up.
adlib= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>
advansys= [HW,SCSI]
See header of drivers/scsi/advansys.c.
@ -192,7 +196,7 @@ running once the system is up.
aedsp16= [HW,OSS] Audio Excel DSP 16
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
See also header of sound/oss/aedsp16.c.
aha152x= [HW,SCSI]
See Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt.
@ -205,10 +209,6 @@ running once the system is up.
aic79xx= [HW,SCSI]
See Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt.
AM53C974= [HW,SCSI]
Format: <host-scsi-id>,<target-scsi-id>,<max-rate>,<max-offset>
See also header of drivers/scsi/AM53C974.c.
amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
Format: <a>,<b>
@ -219,23 +219,24 @@ running once the system is up.
connected to one of 16 gameports
Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
apc= [HW,SPARC] Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
apc= [HW,SPARC]
Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
Format: noidle
Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
APC and your system crashes randomly.
apic= [APIC,i386] Change the output verbosity whilst booting
apic= [APIC,i386] Change the output verbosity whilst booting
Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
Change the amount of debugging information output
when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
See header of arch/i386/kernel/apm.c.
applicom= [HW]
Format: <mem>,<irq>
arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
@ -250,38 +251,40 @@ running once the system is up.
atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
Format: <int> (2 = AT (default) 3 = PS/2)
atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
keyboards
atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
atkbd.softrepeat=
[HW] Use software keyboard repeat
atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
Use software keyboard repeat
autotest [IA64]
awe= [HW,OSS] AWE32/SB32/AWE64 wave table synth
Format: <io>,<memsize>,<isapnp>
aztcd= [HW,CD] Aztech CD268 CDROM driver
Format: <io>,0x79 (?)
baycom_epp= [HW,AX25]
Format: <io>,<mode>
baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
Format: <io>,<mode>
See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25] BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25]
BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25] BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25]
BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
@ -292,7 +295,8 @@ running once the system is up.
blkmtd_count=
bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as kernel args too.
bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as
kernel args too.
bttv.pll= See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
bttv.tuner= and Documentation/video4linux/bttv/CARDLIST
@ -318,15 +322,17 @@ running once the system is up.
checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
Format: { "0" | "1" }
See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes any implied execute protection).
0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
any implied execute protection).
1 -- check protection requested by application.
Default value is set via a kernel config option.
Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/checkreqprot.
clock= [BUGS=IA-32, HW] gettimeofday timesource override.
Value can be changed at runtime via
/selinux/checkreqprot.
clock= [BUGS=IA-32,HW] gettimeofday timesource override.
Forces specified timesource (if avaliable) to be used
when calculating gettimeofday(). If specicified timesource
is not avalible, it defaults to PIT.
when calculating gettimeofday(). If specicified
timesource is not avalible, it defaults to PIT.
Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
hpet= [IA-32,HPET] option to disable HPET and use PIT.
@ -336,17 +342,19 @@ running once the system is up.
Format: { auto | [<io>,][<irq>] }
com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
Format:
<io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
Format: <io>[,<irq>]
com90xx= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
com90xx= [HW,NET]
ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
condev= [HW,S390] console device
conmode=
console= [KNL] Output console device and options.
tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>.
@ -367,7 +375,8 @@ running once the system is up.
options are the same as for ttyS, above.
cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
Format: <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
Format:
<first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
cpia_pp= [HW,PPT]
Format: { parport<nr> | auto | none }
@ -384,10 +393,10 @@ running once the system is up.
cs89x0_media= [HW,NET]
Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
cyclades= [HW,SERIAL] Cyclades multi-serial port adapter.
dasd= [HW,NET]
dasd= [HW,NET]
See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
@ -406,7 +415,7 @@ running once the system is up.
dhash_entries= [KNL]
Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
digi= [HW,SERIAL]
IO parameters + enable/disable command.
@ -424,11 +433,11 @@ running once the system is up.
dtc3181e= [HW,SCSI]
earlyprintk= [IA-32, X86-64]
earlyprintk= [IA-32,X86-64]
earlyprintk=vga
earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
Append ,keep to not disable it when the real console
Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
takes over.
Only vga or serial at a time, not both.
@ -451,7 +460,7 @@ running once the system is up.
Format: {"of[f]" | "sk[ipmbr]"}
See comment in arch/i386/boot/edd.S
eicon= [HW,ISDN]
eicon= [HW,ISDN]
Format: <id>,<membase>,<irq>
eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW]
@ -462,12 +471,13 @@ running once the system is up.
arch/i386/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
elevator= [IOSCHED]
Format: {"as"|"cfq"|"deadline"|"noop"}
See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt
and Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
Format: {"as" | "cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt and
Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
elfcorehdr= [IA-32]
Specifies physical address of start of kernel core image
elf header.
Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
image elf header.
See Documentation/kdump.txt for details.
enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
@ -485,7 +495,7 @@ running once the system is up.
es1371= [HW,OSS]
Format: <spdif>,[<nomix>,[<amplifier>]]
See also header of sound/oss/es1371.c.
ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
@ -526,12 +536,13 @@ running once the system is up.
gus= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>
gvp11= [HW,SCSI]
hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
for IA-64, off otherwise.
Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
@ -595,13 +606,13 @@ running once the system is up.
ide?= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
Format: ide?=noprobe or chipset specific parameters.
See Documentation/ide.txt.
idebus= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem - VLB/PCI bus speed
See Documentation/ide.txt.
idle= [HW]
Format: idle=poll or idle=halt
ihash_entries= [KNL]
Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
@ -649,7 +660,7 @@ running once the system is up.
firmware running.
isapnp= [ISAPNP]
Format: <RDP>, <reset>, <pci_scan>, <verbosity>
Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
isolcpus= [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
Format: <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
@ -661,32 +672,33 @@ running once the system is up.
"number of CPUs in system - 1".
This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
alternative - manually setting the CPU mask of all tasks
in the system can cause problems and suboptimal load
balancer performance.
alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
suboptimal load balancer performance.
isp16= [HW,CD]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<setup>
iucv= [HW,NET]
iucv= [HW,NET]
js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
keepinitrd [HW,ARM]
kstack=N [IA-32, X86-64] Print N words from the kernel stack
kstack=N [IA-32,X86-64] Print N words from the kernel stack
in oops dumps.
l2cr= [PPC]
lapic [IA-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS disabled it.
lapic [IA-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
disabled it.
lasi= [HW,SCSI] PARISC LASI driver for the 53c700 chip
Format: addr:<io>,irq:<irq>
llsc*= [IA64]
See function print_params() in arch/ia64/sn/kernel/llsc4.c.
llsc*= [IA64] See function print_params() in
arch/ia64/sn/kernel/llsc4.c.
load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
@ -713,8 +725,9 @@ running once the system is up.
7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages
log_buf_len=n Sets the size of the printk ring buffer, in bytes.
Format is n, nk, nM. n must be a power of two. The
default is set in kernel config.
Format: { n | nk | nM }
n must be a power of two. The default size
is set in the kernel config file.
lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
@ -750,23 +763,23 @@ running once the system is up.
ltpc= [NET]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
mac5380= [HW,SCSI]
Format: <can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>
mac5380= [HW,SCSI] Format:
<can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>
mac53c9x= [HW,SCSI]
Format: <num_esps>,<disconnect>,<nosync>,<can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>
mac53c9x= [HW,SCSI] Format:
<num_esps>,<disconnect>,<nosync>,<can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>
machvec= [IA64]
Force the use of a particular machine-vector (machvec) in a generic
kernel. Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
machvec= [IA64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
(machvec) in a generic kernel.
Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
mad16= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>,<joystick>
mad16= [HW,OSS] Format:
<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>,<joystick>
maui= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>
max_loop= [LOOP] Maximum number of loopback devices that can
max_loop= [LOOP] Maximum number of loopback devices that can
be mounted
Format: <1-256>
@ -776,11 +789,11 @@ running once the system is up.
max_addr=[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater than or
equal to this physical address is ignored.
max_luns= [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs to probe
max_luns= [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs to probe.
Should be between 1 and 2^32-1.
max_report_luns=
[SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs received
[SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs received.
Should be between 1 and 16384.
mca-pentium [BUGS=IA-32]
@ -796,11 +809,11 @@ running once the system is up.
md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
See Documentation/md.txt.
mdacon= [MDA]
Format: <first>,<last>
Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
to see the whole system memory or for test.
@ -851,15 +864,15 @@ running once the system is up.
MTD_Partition= [MTD]
Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
MTD_Region= [MTD]
Format: <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
MTD_Region= [MTD] Format:
<name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
mtdparts= [MTD]
See drivers/mtd/cmdline.c.
mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
[HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates ('y', default)
or cooked coordinates ('n')
[HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
@ -880,7 +893,9 @@ running once the system is up.
Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
something different and driver-specific.
This usage is only documented in each driver source
file if at all.
nfsaddrs= [NFS]
See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
@ -893,8 +908,8 @@ running once the system is up.
emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
is present.
noalign [KNL,ARM]
noalign [KNL,ARM]
noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
@ -905,19 +920,19 @@ running once the system is up.
on "Classic" PPC cores.
nocache [ARM]
nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
noexec [IA-64]
noexec [IA-32, X86-64]
noexec [IA-32,X86-64]
noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
noexec=off: disable nn-executable mappings
nofxsr [BUGS=IA-32]
nohlt [BUGS=ARM]
no-hlt [BUGS=IA-32] Tells the kernel that the hlt
instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
use it.
@ -948,8 +963,9 @@ running once the system is up.
noresidual [PPC] Don't use residual data on PReP machines.
noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restore original swap space.
noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
space.
no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback.
This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
@ -965,16 +981,16 @@ running once the system is up.
nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem
nowb [ARM]
opl3= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>
opl3sa= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
opl3sa2= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<ymode>,<loopback>[,<isapnp>,<multiple]
opl3sa2= [HW,OSS] Format:
<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<ymode>,<loopback>[,<isapnp>,<multiple]
oprofile.timer= [HW]
Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
@ -993,36 +1009,33 @@ running once the system is up.
Format: <parport#>
parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
Format: <mode>
Format: <mode>
parport=0 [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
parport=auto Use 'auto' to force the driver to use
parport=0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] any IRQ/DMA settings detected (the
default is to ignore detected IRQ/DMA
settings because of possible
conflicts). You can specify the base
address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and
DMA should be numbers, or 'auto' (for
using detected settings on that
particular port), or 'nofifo' (to avoid
using a FIFO even if it is detected).
Parallel ports are assigned in the
order they are specified on the command
line, starting with parport0.
parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
possible conflicts). You can specify the base
address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
(to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
are specified on the command line, starting
with parport0.
parport_init_mode=
[HW,PPT] Configure VIA parallel port to
operate in specific mode. This is
necessary on Pegasos computer where
firmware has no options for setting up
parallel port mode and sets it to
spp. Currently this function knows
686a and 8231 chips.
parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT]
Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
computer where firmware has no options for setting
up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
pas2= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<sb_dma16>
pas2= [HW,OSS] Format:
<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<sb_dma16>
pas16= [HW,SCSI]
See header of drivers/scsi/pas16.c.
@ -1032,64 +1045,67 @@ running once the system is up.
See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
See also Documentation/paride.txt.
pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
off [IA-32] don't probe for the PCI bus
bios [IA-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
nobios [IA-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
conf1 [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration Mechanism 1.
conf2 [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration Mechanism 2.
nosort [IA-32] Don't sort PCI devices according to
order given by the PCI BIOS. This sorting is done
to get a device order compatible with older kernels.
biosirq [IA-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
on several machines and they hang the machine when used,
but on other computers it's the only way to get the
interrupt routing table. Try this option if the kernel
is unable to allocate IRQs or discover secondary PCI
buses on your motherboard.
rom [IA-32] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
Use with caution as certain devices share address
decoders between ROMs and other resources.
irqmask=0xMMMM [IA-32] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be assigned
automatically to PCI devices. You can make the kernel
exclude IRQs of your ISA cards this way.
pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
off [IA-32] don't probe for the PCI bus
bios [IA-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
nobios [IA-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
conf1 [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration
Mechanism 1.
conf2 [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration
Mechanism 2.
nosort [IA-32] Don't sort PCI devices according to
order given by the PCI BIOS. This sorting is
done to get a device order compatible with
older kernels.
biosirq [IA-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
on several machines and they hang the machine
when used, but on other computers it's the only
way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
motherboard.
rom [IA-32] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
Use with caution as certain devices share
address decoders between ROMs and other
resources.
irqmask=0xMMMM [IA-32] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
this way.
pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [IA-32] Specify the physical address
of the PIRQ table (normally generated
by the BIOS) if it is outside the
F0000h-100000h range.
lastbus=N [IA-32] Scan all buses till bus #N. Can be useful
if the kernel is unable to find your secondary buses
and you want to tell it explicitly which ones they are.
assign-busses [IA-32] Always assign all PCI bus
numbers ourselves, overriding
whatever the firmware may have
done.
usepirqmask [IA-32] Honor the possible IRQ mask
stored in the BIOS $PIR table. This is
needed on some systems with broken
BIOSes, notably some HP Pavilion N5400
and Omnibook XE3 notebooks. This will
have no effect if ACPI IRQ routing is
enabled.
noacpi [IA-32] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
or for PCI scanning.
routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
so this option is a temporary workaround
for broken drivers that don't call it.
firmware [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but
instead just use the configuration
from the bootloader. This is currently
used on IXP2000 systems where the
bus has to be configured a certain way
for adjunct CPUs.
of the PIRQ table (normally generated
by the BIOS) if it is outside the
F0000h-100000h range.
lastbus=N [IA-32] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
useful if the kernel is unable to find your
secondary buses and you want to tell it
explicitly which ones they are.
assign-busses [IA-32] Always assign all PCI bus
numbers ourselves, overriding
whatever the firmware may have done.
usepirqmask [IA-32] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
IRQ routing is enabled.
noacpi [IA-32] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
or for PCI scanning.
routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
so this option is a temporary workaround
for broken drivers that don't call it.
firmware [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
just use the configuration from the
bootloader. This is currently used on
IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.
pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
@ -1127,19 +1143,20 @@ running once the system is up.
[ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
pnp_reserve_mem=
[ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the autoconfiguration
[ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
autoconfiguration.
Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
{ schedule | <number> }
(param: schedule - profile schedule points}
(param: profile step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
statistical time based profiling)
Format: [schedule,]<number>
Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
statistical time based profiling.
processor.max_cstate= [HW, ACPI]
processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
Limit processor to maximum C-state
max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
@ -1147,27 +1164,28 @@ running once the system is up.
before loading.
See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
probe for (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
per second.
psmouse.resetafter=
[HW,MOUSE] Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE]
Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
(0 = never).
psmouse.resolution=
[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
psmouse.smartscroll=
[HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat,
[HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
pss= [HW,OSS] Personal Sound System (ECHO ESC614)
Format: <io>,<mss_io>,<mss_irq>,<mss_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
Format:
<io>,<mss_io>,<mss_irq>,<mss_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
pt. [PARIDE]
See Documentation/paride.txt.
quiet= [KNL] Disable log messages
r128= [HW,DRM]
raid= [HW,RAID]
@ -1176,10 +1194,9 @@ running once the system is up.
ramdisk= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes [deprecated]
See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
ramdisk_blocksize=
[RAM]
ramdisk_blocksize= [RAM]
See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
New name for the ramdisk parameter.
See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
@ -1195,7 +1212,8 @@ running once the system is up.
reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
resume= [SWSUSP] Specify the partition device for software suspension
resume= [SWSUSP]
Specify the partition device for software suspend
rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
Set number of hash buckets for route cache
@ -1225,7 +1243,7 @@ running once the system is up.
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
sbpcd= [HW,CD] Soundblaster CD adapter
Format: <io>,<type>
See a comment before function sbpcd_setup() in
@ -1258,21 +1276,20 @@ running once the system is up.
serialnumber [BUGS=IA-32]
sg_def_reserved_size=
[SCSI]
sg_def_reserved_size= [SCSI]
sgalaxy= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sgbase>
shapers= [NET]
Maximal number of shapers.
sim710= [SCSI,HW]
See header of drivers/scsi/sim710.c.
simeth= [IA-64]
simscsi=
sjcd= [HW,CD]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
See header of drivers/cdrom/sjcd.c.
@ -1403,10 +1420,10 @@ running once the system is up.
snd-wavefront= [HW,ALSA]
snd-ymfpci= [HW,ALSA]
sonicvibes= [HW,OSS]
Format: <reverb>
sonycd535= [HW,CD]
Format: <io>[,<irq>]
@ -1423,7 +1440,7 @@ running once the system is up.
sscape= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
st= [HW,SCSI] SCSI tape parameters (buffers, etc.)
See Documentation/scsi/st.txt.
@ -1443,10 +1460,8 @@ running once the system is up.
stifb= [HW]
Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
stram_swap= [HW,M68k]
swiotlb= [IA-64] Number of I/O TLB slabs
switches= [HW,M68k]
sym53c416= [HW,SCSI]
@ -1479,14 +1494,16 @@ running once the system is up.
tp720= [HW,PS2]
trix= [HW,OSS] MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
Format:
<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
tsdev.xres= [TS] Horizontal screen resolution.
tsdev.yres= [TS] Vertical screen resolution.
turbografx.map[2|3]=
[HW,JOY] TurboGraFX parallel port interface
Format: <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY]
TurboGraFX parallel port interface
Format:
<port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
u14-34f= [HW,SCSI] UltraStor 14F/34F SCSI host adapter
@ -1498,21 +1515,20 @@ running once the system is up.
uart6850= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>
usb-handoff [HW] Enable early USB BIOS -> OS handoff
usbhid.mousepoll=
[USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration
See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
vga= [BOOT,IA-32] Select a particular video mode
See Documentation/i386/boot.txt and Documentation/svga.txt.
See Documentation/i386/boot.txt and
Documentation/svga.txt.
Use vga=ask for menu.
This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
decrease the size and leave more room for directly
@ -1520,11 +1536,11 @@ running once the system is up.
vmhalt= [KNL,S390]
vmpoff= [KNL,S390]
vmpoff= [KNL,S390]
waveartist= [HW,OSS]
Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
wd33c93= [HW,SCSI]
See header of drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c.
@ -1538,21 +1554,25 @@ running once the system is up.
xd_geo= See header of drivers/block/xd.c.
xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA]
Format: <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
Format:
<irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
______________________________________________________________________
Changelog:
2000-06-?? Mr. Unknown
The last known update (for 2.4.0) - the changelog was not kept before.
2000-06-?? Mr. Unknown
2002-11-24 Petr Baudis <pasky@ucw.cz>
Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@verizon.net>
Update for 2.5.49, description for most of the options introduced,
references to other documentation (C files, READMEs, ..), added S390,
PPC, SPARC, MTD, ALSA and OSS category. Minor corrections and
reformatting.
2002-11-24 Petr Baudis <pasky@ucw.cz>
Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@verizon.net>
2005-10-19 Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Lots of typos, whitespace, some reformatting.
TODO:

161
Documentation/keys-request-key.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
===================
KEY REQUEST SERVICE
===================
The key request service is part of the key retention service (refer to
Documentation/keys.txt). This document explains more fully how that the
requesting algorithm works.
The process starts by either the kernel requesting a service by calling
request_key():
struct key *request_key(const struct key_type *type,
const char *description,
const char *callout_string);
Or by userspace invoking the request_key system call:
key_serial_t request_key(const char *type,
const char *description,
const char *callout_info,
key_serial_t dest_keyring);
The main difference between the two access points is that the in-kernel
interface does not need to link the key to a keyring to prevent it from being
immediately destroyed. The kernel interface returns a pointer directly to the
key, and it's up to the caller to destroy the key.
The userspace interface links the key to a keyring associated with the process
to prevent the key from going away, and returns the serial number of the key to
the caller.
===========
THE PROCESS
===========
A request proceeds in the following manner:
(1) Process A calls request_key() [the userspace syscall calls the kernel
interface].
(2) request_key() searches the process's subscribed keyrings to see if there's
a suitable key there. If there is, it returns the key. If there isn't, and
callout_info is not set, an error is returned. Otherwise the process
proceeds to the next step.
(3) request_key() sees that A doesn't have the desired key yet, so it creates
two things:
(a) An uninstantiated key U of requested type and description.
(b) An authorisation key V that refers to key U and notes that process A
is the context in which key U should be instantiated and secured, and
from which associated key requests may be satisfied.
(4) request_key() then forks and executes /sbin/request-key with a new session
keyring that contains a link to auth key V.
(5) /sbin/request-key execs an appropriate program to perform the actual
instantiation.
(6) The program may want to access another key from A's context (say a
Kerberos TGT key). It just requests the appropriate key, and the keyring
search notes that the session keyring has auth key V in its bottom level.
This will permit it to then search the keyrings of process A with the
UID, GID, groups and security info of process A as if it was process A,
and come up with key W.
(7) The program then does what it must to get the data with which to
instantiate key U, using key W as a reference (perhaps it contacts a
Kerberos server using the TGT) and then instantiates key U.
(8) Upon instantiating key U, auth key V is automatically revoked so that it
may not be used again.
(9) The program then exits 0 and request_key() deletes key V and returns key
U to the caller.
This also extends further. If key W (step 5 above) didn't exist, key W would be
created uninstantiated, another auth key (X) would be created [as per step 3]
and another copy of /sbin/request-key spawned [as per step 4]; but the context
specified by auth key X will still be process A, as it was in auth key V.
This is because process A's keyrings can't simply be attached to
/sbin/request-key at the appropriate places because (a) execve will discard two
of them, and (b) it requires the same UID/GID/Groups all the way through.
======================
NEGATIVE INSTANTIATION
======================
Rather than instantiating a key, it is possible for the possessor of an
authorisation key to negatively instantiate a key that's under construction.
This is a short duration placeholder that causes any attempt at re-requesting
the key whilst it exists to fail with error ENOKEY.
This is provided to prevent excessive repeated spawning of /sbin/request-key
processes for a key that will never be obtainable.
Should the /sbin/request-key process exit anything other than 0 or die on a
signal, the key under construction will be automatically negatively
instantiated for a short amount of time.
====================
THE SEARCH ALGORITHM
====================
A search of any particular keyring proceeds in the following fashion:
(1) When the key management code searches for a key (keyring_search_aux) it
firstly calls key_permission(SEARCH) on the keyring it's starting with,
if this denies permission, it doesn't search further.
(2) It considers all the non-keyring keys within that keyring and, if any key
matches the criteria specified, calls key_permission(SEARCH) on it to see
if the key is allowed to be found. If it is, that key is returned; if
not, the search continues, and the error code is retained if of higher
priority than the one currently set.
(3) It then considers all the keyring-type keys in the keyring it's currently
searching. It calls key_permission(SEARCH) on each keyring, and if this
grants permission, it recurses, executing steps (2) and (3) on that
keyring.
The process stops immediately a valid key is found with permission granted to
use it. Any error from a previous match attempt is discarded and the key is
returned.
When search_process_keyrings() is invoked, it performs the following searches
until one succeeds:
(1) If extant, the process's thread keyring is searched.
(2) If extant, the process's process keyring is searched.
(3) The process's session keyring is searched.
(4) If the process has a request_key() authorisation key in its session
keyring then:
(a) If extant, the calling process's thread keyring is searched.
(b) If extant, the calling process's process keyring is searched.
(c) The calling process's session keyring is searched.
The moment one succeeds, all pending errors are discarded and the found key is
returned.
Only if all these fail does the whole thing fail with the highest priority
error. Note that several errors may have come from LSM.
The error priority is:
EKEYREVOKED > EKEYEXPIRED > ENOKEY
EACCES/EPERM are only returned on a direct search of a specific keyring where
the basal keyring does not grant Search permission.

96
Documentation/keys.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ KEY ACCESS PERMISSIONS
======================
Keys have an owner user ID, a group access ID, and a permissions mask. The mask
has up to eight bits each for user, group and other access. Only five of each
set of eight bits are defined. These permissions granted are:
has up to eight bits each for possessor, user, group and other access. Only
six of each set of eight bits are defined. These permissions granted are:
(*) View
@ -224,6 +224,10 @@ set of eight bits are defined. These permissions granted are:
keyring to a key, a process must have Write permission on the keyring and
Link permission on the key.
(*) Set Attribute
This permits a key's UID, GID and permissions mask to be changed.
For changing the ownership, group ID or permissions mask, being the owner of
the key or having the sysadmin capability is sufficient.
@ -241,16 +245,16 @@ about the status of the key service:
type, description and permissions. The payload of the key is not available
this way:
SERIAL FLAGS USAGE EXPY PERM UID GID TYPE DESCRIPTION: SUMMARY
00000001 I----- 39 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _uid_ses.0: 1/4
00000002 I----- 2 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _uid.0: empty
00000007 I----- 1 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.1: empty
0000018d I----- 1 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.412: empty
000004d2 I--Q-- 1 perm 1f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid.32: 1/4
000004d3 I--Q-- 3 perm 1f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid_ses.32: empty
00000892 I--QU- 1 perm 1f0000 0 0 user metal:copper: 0
00000893 I--Q-N 1 35s 1f0000 0 0 user metal:silver: 0
00000894 I--Q-- 1 10h 1f0000 0 0 user metal:gold: 0
SERIAL FLAGS USAGE EXPY PERM UID GID TYPE DESCRIPTION: SUMMARY
00000001 I----- 39 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _uid_ses.0: 1/4
00000002 I----- 2 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _uid.0: empty
00000007 I----- 1 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.1: empty
0000018d I----- 1 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.412: empty
000004d2 I--Q-- 1 perm 1f3f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid.32: 1/4
000004d3 I--Q-- 3 perm 1f3f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid_ses.32: empty
00000892 I--QU- 1 perm 1f000000 0 0 user metal:copper: 0
00000893 I--Q-N 1 35s 1f3f0000 0 0 user metal:silver: 0
00000894 I--Q-- 1 10h 003f0000 0 0 user metal:gold: 0
The flags are:
@ -361,6 +365,8 @@ The main syscalls are:
/sbin/request-key will be invoked in an attempt to obtain a key. The
callout_info string will be passed as an argument to the program.
See also Documentation/keys-request-key.txt.
The keyctl syscall functions are:
@ -533,8 +539,8 @@ The keyctl syscall functions are:
(*) Read the payload data from a key:
key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_READ, key_serial_t keyring, char *buffer,
size_t buflen);
long keyctl(KEYCTL_READ, key_serial_t keyring, char *buffer,
size_t buflen);
This function attempts to read the payload data from the specified key
into the buffer. The process must have read permission on the key to
@ -555,9 +561,9 @@ The keyctl syscall functions are:
(*) Instantiate a partially constructed key.
key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE, key_serial_t key,
const void *payload, size_t plen,
key_serial_t keyring);
long keyctl(KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE, key_serial_t key,
const void *payload, size_t plen,
key_serial_t keyring);
If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
key, userspace should use this call to supply data for the key before the
@ -576,8 +582,8 @@ The keyctl syscall functions are:
(*) Negatively instantiate a partially constructed key.
key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_NEGATE, key_serial_t key,
unsigned timeout, key_serial_t keyring);
long keyctl(KEYCTL_NEGATE, key_serial_t key,
unsigned timeout, key_serial_t keyring);
If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
key, userspace should use this call mark the key as negative before the
@ -637,6 +643,34 @@ call, and the key released upon close. How to deal with conflicting keys due to
two different users opening the same file is left to the filesystem author to
solve.
Note that there are two different types of pointers to keys that may be
encountered:
(*) struct key *
This simply points to the key structure itself. Key structures will be at
least four-byte aligned.
(*) key_ref_t
This is equivalent to a struct key *, but the least significant bit is set
if the caller "possesses" the key. By "possession" it is meant that the
calling processes has a searchable link to the key from one of its
keyrings. There are three functions for dealing with these:
key_ref_t make_key_ref(const struct key *key,
unsigned long possession);
struct key *key_ref_to_ptr(const key_ref_t key_ref);
unsigned long is_key_possessed(const key_ref_t key_ref);
The first function constructs a key reference from a key pointer and
possession information (which must be 0 or 1 and not any other value).
The second function retrieves the key pointer from a reference and the
third retrieves the possession flag.
When accessing a key's payload contents, certain precautions must be taken to
prevent access vs modification races. See the section "Notes on accessing
payload contents" for more information.
@ -660,12 +694,18 @@ payload contents" for more information.
If successful, the key will have been attached to the default keyring for
implicitly obtained request-key keys, as set by KEYCTL_SET_REQKEY_KEYRING.
See also Documentation/keys-request-key.txt.
(*) When it is no longer required, the key should be released using:
void key_put(struct key *key);
This can be called from interrupt context. If CONFIG_KEYS is not set then
Or:
void key_ref_put(key_ref_t key_ref);
These can be called from interrupt context. If CONFIG_KEYS is not set then
the argument will not be parsed.
@ -689,13 +729,17 @@ payload contents" for more information.
(*) If a keyring was found in the search, this can be further searched by:
struct key *keyring_search(struct key *keyring,
const struct key_type *type,
const char *description)
key_ref_t keyring_search(key_ref_t keyring_ref,
const struct key_type *type,
const char *description)
This searches the keyring tree specified for a matching key. Error ENOKEY
is returned upon failure. If successful, the returned key will need to be
released.
is returned upon failure (use IS_ERR/PTR_ERR to determine). If successful,
the returned key will need to be released.
The possession attribute from the keyring reference is used to control
access through the permissions mask and is propagated to the returned key
reference pointer if successful.
(*) To check the validity of a key, this function can be called:
@ -732,7 +776,7 @@ More complex payload contents must be allocated and a pointer to them set in
key->payload.data. One of the following ways must be selected to access the
data:
(1) Unmodifyable key type.
(1) Unmodifiable key type.
If the key type does not have a modify method, then the key's payload can
be accessed without any form of locking, provided that it's known to be

24
Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ ignored (others aren't affected).
can be performed in optimal order. Not all SCSI devices support
tagged queuing (:-().
4.6 switches=
4.5 switches=
-------------
Syntax: switches=<list of switches>
@ -661,28 +661,6 @@ correctly.
earlier initialization ("ov_"-less) takes precedence. But the
switching-off on reset still happens in this case.
4.5) stram_swap=
----------------
Syntax: stram_swap=<do_swap>[,<max_swap>]
This option is available only if the kernel has been compiled with
CONFIG_STRAM_SWAP enabled. Normally, the kernel then determines
dynamically whether to actually use ST-RAM as swap space. (Currently,
the fraction of ST-RAM must be less or equal 1/3 of total memory to
enable this swapping.) You can override the kernel's decision by
specifying this option. 1 for <do_swap> means always enable the swap,
even if you have less alternate RAM. 0 stands for never swap to
ST-RAM, even if it's small enough compared to the rest of memory.
If ST-RAM swapping is enabled, the kernel usually uses all free
ST-RAM as swap "device". If the kernel resides in ST-RAM, the region
allocated by it is obviously never used for swapping :-) You can also
limit this amount by specifying the second parameter, <max_swap>, if
you want to use parts of ST-RAM as normal system memory. <max_swap> is
in kBytes and the number should be a multiple of 4 (otherwise: rounded
down).
5) Options for Amiga Only:
==========================

2
Documentation/magic-number.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ ISDN_NET_MAGIC 0x49344C02 isdn_net_local_s drivers/isdn/i4l/isdn_net_li
SAVEKMSG_MAGIC2 0x4B4D5347 savekmsg arch/*/amiga/config.c
STLI_BOARDMAGIC 0x4bc6c825 stlibrd include/linux/istallion.h
CS_STATE_MAGIC 0x4c4f4749 cs_state sound/oss/cs46xx.c
SLAB_C_MAGIC 0x4f17a36d kmem_cache_s mm/slab.c
SLAB_C_MAGIC 0x4f17a36d kmem_cache mm/slab.c
COW_MAGIC 0x4f4f4f4d cow_header_v1 arch/um/drivers/ubd_user.c
I810_CARD_MAGIC 0x5072696E i810_card sound/oss/i810_audio.c
TRIDENT_CARD_MAGIC 0x5072696E trident_card sound/oss/trident.c

2
Documentation/mca.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ their names here, but I don't have a list handy. Check the MCA Linux
home page (URL below) for a perpetually out-of-date list.
=====================================================================
MCA Linux Home Page: http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca/
MCA Linux Home Page: http://www.dgmicro.com/mca/
Christophe Beauregard
chrisb@truespectra.com

119
Documentation/md.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -116,3 +116,122 @@ and it's role in the array.
Once started with RUN_ARRAY, uninitialized spares can be added with
HOT_ADD_DISK.
MD devices in sysfs
-------------------
md devices appear in sysfs (/sys) as regular block devices,
e.g.
/sys/block/md0
Each 'md' device will contain a subdirectory called 'md' which
contains further md-specific information about the device.
All md devices contain:
level
a text file indicating the 'raid level'. This may be a standard
numerical level prefixed by "RAID-" - e.g. "RAID-5", or some
other name such as "linear" or "multipath".
If no raid level has been set yet (array is still being
assembled), this file will be empty.
raid_disks
a text file with a simple number indicating the number of devices
in a fully functional array. If this is not yet known, the file
will be empty. If an array is being resized (not currently
possible) this will contain the larger of the old and new sizes.
As component devices are added to an md array, they appear in the 'md'
directory as new directories named
dev-XXX
where XXX is a name that the kernel knows for the device, e.g. hdb1.
Each directory contains:
block
a symlink to the block device in /sys/block, e.g.
/sys/block/md0/md/dev-hdb1/block -> ../../../../block/hdb/hdb1
super
A file containing an image of the superblock read from, or
written to, that device.
state
A file recording the current state of the device in the array
which can be a comma separated list of
faulty - device has been kicked from active use due to
a detected fault
in_sync - device is a fully in-sync member of the array
spare - device is working, but not a full member.
This includes spares that are in the process
of being recoverred to
This list make grow in future.
An active md device will also contain and entry for each active device
in the array. These are named
rdNN
where 'NN' is the possition in the array, starting from 0.
So for a 3 drive array there will be rd0, rd1, rd2.
These are symbolic links to the appropriate 'dev-XXX' entry.
Thus, for example,
cat /sys/block/md*/md/rd*/state
will show 'in_sync' on every line.
Active md devices for levels that support data redundancy (1,4,5,6)
also have
sync_action
a text file that can be used to monitor and control the rebuild
process. It contains one word which can be one of:
resync - redundancy is being recalculated after unclean
shutdown or creation
recover - a hot spare is being built to replace a
failed/missing device
idle - nothing is happening
check - A full check of redundancy was requested and is
happening. This reads all block and checks
them. A repair may also happen for some raid
levels.
repair - A full check and repair is happening. This is
similar to 'resync', but was requested by the
user, and the write-intent bitmap is NOT used to
optimise the process.
This file is writable, and each of the strings that could be
read are meaningful for writing.
'idle' will stop an active resync/recovery etc. There is no
guarantee that another resync/recovery may not be automatically
started again, though some event will be needed to trigger
this.
'resync' or 'recovery' can be used to restart the
corresponding operation if it was stopped with 'idle'.
'check' and 'repair' will start the appropriate process
providing the current state is 'idle'.
mismatch_count
When performing 'check' and 'repair', and possibly when
performing 'resync', md will count the number of errors that are
found. The count in 'mismatch_cnt' is the number of sectors
that were re-written, or (for 'check') would have been
re-written. As most raid levels work in units of pages rather
than sectors, this my be larger than the number of actual errors
by a factor of the number of sectors in a page.
Each active md device may also have attributes specific to the
personality module that manages it.
These are specific to the implementation of the module and could
change substantially if the implementation changes.
These currently include
stripe_cache_size (currently raid5 only)
number of entries in the stripe cache. This is writable, but
there are upper and lower limits (32768, 16). Default is 128.
strip_cache_active (currently raid5 only)
number of active entries in the stripe cache

168
Documentation/mips/AU1xxx_IDE.README Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
README for MIPS AU1XXX IDE driver - Released 2005-07-15
ABOUT
-----
This file describes the 'drivers/ide/mips/au1xxx-ide.c', related files and the
services they provide.
If you are short in patience and just want to know how to add your hard disc to
the white or black list, go to the 'ADD NEW HARD DISC TO WHITE OR BLACK LIST'
section.
LICENSE
-------
Copyright (c) 2003-2005 AMD, Personal Connectivity Solutions
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR
BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Note: for more information, please refer "AMD Alchemy Au1200/Au1550 IDE
Interface and Linux Device Driver" Application Note.
FILES, CONFIGS AND COMPATABILITY
--------------------------------
Two files are introduced:
a) 'include/asm-mips/mach-au1x00/au1xxx_ide.h'
containes : struct _auide_hwif
struct drive_list_entry dma_white_list
struct drive_list_entry dma_black_list
timing parameters for PIO mode 0/1/2/3/4
timing parameters for MWDMA 0/1/2
b) 'drivers/ide/mips/au1xxx-ide.c'
contains the functionality of the AU1XXX IDE driver
Four configs variables are introduced:
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_PIO_DBDMA - enable the PIO+DBDMA mode
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_MDMA2_DBDMA - enable the MWDMA mode
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_BURSTABLE_ON - set Burstable FIFO in DBDMA
controler
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_SEQTS_PER_RQ - maximum transfer size
per descriptor
If MWDMA is enabled and the connected hard disc is not on the white list, the
kernel switches to a "safe mwdma mode" at boot time. In this mode the IDE
performance is substantial slower then in full speed mwdma. In this case
please add your hard disc to the white list (follow instruction from 'ADD NEW
HARD DISC TO WHITE OR BLACK LIST' section).
SUPPORTED IDE MODES
-------------------
The AU1XXX IDE driver supported all PIO modes - PIO mode 0/1/2/3/4 - and all
MWDMA modes - MWDMA 0/1/2 -. There is no support for SWDMA and UDMA mode.
To change the PIO mode use the program hdparm with option -p, e.g.
'hdparm -p0 [device]' for PIO mode 0. To enable the MWDMA mode use the option
-X, e.g. 'hdparm -X32 [device]' for MWDMA mode 0.
PERFORMANCE CONFIGURATIONS
--------------------------
If the used system doesn't need USB support enable the following kernel configs:
CONFIG_IDE=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE=y
CONFIG_IDE_GENERIC=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEPCI=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_GENERIC=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA_PCI=y
CONFIG_IDEDMA_PCI_AUTO=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_MDMA2_DBDMA=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_BURSTABLE_ON=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_SEQTS_PER_RQ=128
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA=y
CONFIG_IDEDMA_AUTO=y
If the used system need the USB support enable the following kernel configs for
high IDE to USB throughput.
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK=y
CONFIG_IDE_GENERIC=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEPCI=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_GENERIC=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA_PCI=y
CONFIG_IDEDMA_PCI_AUTO=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_MDMA2_DBDMA=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_AU1XXX_SEQTS_PER_RQ=128
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA=y
CONFIG_IDEDMA_AUTO=y
ADD NEW HARD DISC TO WHITE OR BLACK LIST
----------------------------------------
Step 1 : detect the model name of your hard disc
a) connect your hard disc to the AU1XXX
b) boot your kernel and get the hard disc model.
Example boot log:
--snipped--
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00alpha2
ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
Au1xxx IDE(builtin) configured for MWDMA2
Probing IDE interface ide0...
hda: Maxtor 6E040L0, ATA DISK drive
ide0 at 0xac800000-0xac800007,0xac8001c0 on irq 64
hda: max request size: 64KiB
hda: 80293248 sectors (41110 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=65535/16/63, (U)DMA
--snipped--
In this example 'Maxtor 6E040L0'.
Step 2 : edit 'include/asm-mips/mach-au1x00/au1xxx_ide.h'
Add your hard disc to the dma_white_list or dma_black_list structur.
Step 3 : Recompile the kernel
Enable MWDMA support in the kernel configuration. Recompile the kernel and
reboot.
Step 4 : Tests
If you have add a hard disc to the white list, please run some stress tests
for verification.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
---------------
These drivers wouldn't have been done without the base of kernel 2.4.x AU1XXX
IDE driver from AMD.
Additional input also from:
Matthias Lenk <matthias.lenk@amd.com>
Happy hacking!
Enrico Walther <enrico.walther@amd.com>

128
Documentation/networking/README.ipw2100
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,27 +1,82 @@
===========================
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2100 Network Connection Driver for Linux
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2100 Driver for Linux in support of:
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2100 Network Connection
Copyright (C) 2003-2005, Intel Corporation
README.ipw2100
March 14, 2005
Version: 1.1.3
Date : October 17, 2005
===========================
Index
---------------------------
0. Introduction
1. Release 1.1.0 Current Features
2. Command Line Parameters
3. Sysfs Helper Files
4. Radio Kill Switch
5. Dynamic Firmware
6. Power Management
7. Support
8. License
-----------------------------------------------
0. IMPORTANT INFORMATION BEFORE USING THIS DRIVER
1. Introduction
2. Release 1.1.3 Current Features
3. Command Line Parameters
4. Sysfs Helper Files
5. Radio Kill Switch
6. Dynamic Firmware
7. Power Management
8. Support
9. License
===========================
0. Introduction
------------ ----- ----- ---- --- -- -
0. IMPORTANT INFORMATION BEFORE USING THIS DRIVER
-----------------------------------------------
Important Notice FOR ALL USERS OR DISTRIBUTORS!!!!
Intel wireless LAN adapters are engineered, manufactured, tested, and
quality checked to ensure that they meet all necessary local and
governmental regulatory agency requirements for the regions that they
are designated and/or marked to ship into. Since wireless LANs are
generally unlicensed devices that share spectrum with radars,
satellites, and other licensed and unlicensed devices, it is sometimes
necessary to dynamically detect, avoid, and limit usage to avoid
interference with these devices. In many instances Intel is required to
provide test data to prove regional and local compliance to regional and
governmental regulations before certification or approval to use the
product is granted. Intel's wireless LAN's EEPROM, firmware, and
software driver are designed to carefully control parameters that affect
radio operation and to ensure electromagnetic compliance (EMC). These
parameters include, without limitation, RF power, spectrum usage,
channel scanning, and human exposure.
For these reasons Intel cannot permit any manipulation by third parties
of the software provided in binary format with the wireless WLAN
adapters (e.g., the EEPROM and firmware). Furthermore, if you use any
patches, utilities, or code with the Intel wireless LAN adapters that
have been manipulated by an unauthorized party (i.e., patches,
utilities, or code (including open source code modifications) which have
not been validated by Intel), (i) you will be solely responsible for
ensuring the regulatory compliance of the products, (ii) Intel will bear
no liability, under any theory of liability for any issues associated
with the modified products, including without limitation, claims under
the warranty and/or issues arising from regulatory non-compliance, and
(iii) Intel will not provide or be required to assist in providing
support to any third parties for such modified products.
Note: Many regulatory agencies consider Wireless LAN adapters to be
modules, and accordingly, condition system-level regulatory approval
upon receipt and review of test data documenting that the antennas and
system configuration do not cause the EMC and radio operation to be
non-compliant.
The drivers available for download from SourceForge are provided as a
part of a development project. Conformance to local regulatory
requirements is the responsibility of the individual developer. As
such, if you are interested in deploying or shipping a driver as part of
solution intended to be used for purposes other than development, please
obtain a tested driver from Intel Customer Support at:
http://support.intel.com/support/notebook/sb/CS-006408.htm
1. Introduction
-----------------------------------------------
This document provides a brief overview of the features supported by the
IPW2100 driver project. The main project website, where the latest
@ -34,9 +89,8 @@ potential fixes and patches, as well as links to the development mailing list
for the driver project.
===========================
1. Release 1.1.0 Current Supported Features
---------------------------
2. Release 1.1.3 Current Supported Features
-----------------------------------------------
- Managed (BSS) and Ad-Hoc (IBSS)
- WEP (shared key and open)
- Wireless Tools support
@ -51,9 +105,8 @@ on the amount of validation and interoperability testing that has been
performed on a given feature.
===========================
2. Command Line Parameters
---------------------------
3. Command Line Parameters
-----------------------------------------------
If the driver is built as a module, the following optional parameters are used
by entering them on the command line with the modprobe command using this
@ -75,9 +128,9 @@ associate boolean associate=0 /* Do NOT auto associate */
disable boolean disable=1 /* Do not power the HW */
===========================
3. Sysfs Helper Files
4. Sysfs Helper Files
---------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
There are several ways to control the behavior of the driver. Many of the
general capabilities are exposed through the Wireless Tools (iwconfig). There
@ -120,9 +173,8 @@ For the device level files, see /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ipw2100:
based RF kill from ON -> OFF -> ON, the radio will NOT come back on
===========================
4. Radio Kill Switch
---------------------------
5. Radio Kill Switch
-----------------------------------------------
Most laptops provide the ability for the user to physically disable the radio.
Some vendors have implemented this as a physical switch that requires no
software to turn the radio off and on. On other laptops, however, the switch
@ -134,9 +186,8 @@ See the Sysfs helper file 'rf_kill' for determining the state of the RF switch
on your system.
===========================
5. Dynamic Firmware
---------------------------
6. Dynamic Firmware
-----------------------------------------------
As the firmware is licensed under a restricted use license, it can not be
included within the kernel sources. To enable the IPW2100 you will need a
firmware image to load into the wireless NIC's processors.
@ -146,9 +197,8 @@ You can obtain these images from <http://ipw2100.sf.net/firmware.php>.
See INSTALL for instructions on installing the firmware.
===========================
6. Power Management
---------------------------
7. Power Management
-----------------------------------------------
The IPW2100 supports the configuration of the Power Save Protocol
through a private wireless extension interface. The IPW2100 supports
the following different modes:
@ -200,9 +250,8 @@ xxxx/yyyy will be replaced with 'off' -- the level reported will be the active
level if `iwconfig eth1 power on` is invoked.
===========================
7. Support
---------------------------
8. Support
-----------------------------------------------
For general development information and support,
go to:
@ -218,9 +267,8 @@ For installation support on the ipw2100 1.1.0 driver on Linux kernels
http://supportmail.intel.com
===========================
8. License
---------------------------
9. License
-----------------------------------------------
Copyright(c) 2003 - 2005 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

196
Documentation/networking/README.ipw2200
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,33 +1,89 @@
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux in support of:
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2200BG Network Connection
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Network Connection
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2200BG Network Connection
Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Network Connection
Note: The Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux and Intel(R)
PRO/Wireless 2200BG Driver for Linux is a unified driver that works on
both hardware adapters listed above. In this document the Intel(R)
PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux will be used to reference the
Note: The Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux and Intel(R)
PRO/Wireless 2200BG Driver for Linux is a unified driver that works on
both hardware adapters listed above. In this document the Intel(R)
PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux will be used to reference the
unified driver.
Copyright (C) 2004-2005, Intel Corporation
README.ipw2200
Version: 1.0.0
Date : January 31, 2005
Version: 1.0.8
Date : October 20, 2005
Index
-----------------------------------------------
0. IMPORTANT INFORMATION BEFORE USING THIS DRIVER
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of features
1.2. Module parameters
1.3. Wireless Extension Private Methods
1.4. Sysfs Helper Files
2. About the Version Numbers
3. Support
4. License
2. Ad-Hoc Networking
3. Interacting with Wireless Tools
3.1. iwconfig mode
4. About the Version Numbers
5. Firmware installation
6. Support
7. License
0. IMPORTANT INFORMATION BEFORE USING THIS DRIVER
-----------------------------------------------
Important Notice FOR ALL USERS OR DISTRIBUTORS!!!!
Intel wireless LAN adapters are engineered, manufactured, tested, and
quality checked to ensure that they meet all necessary local and
governmental regulatory agency requirements for the regions that they
are designated and/or marked to ship into. Since wireless LANs are
generally unlicensed devices that share spectrum with radars,
satellites, and other licensed and unlicensed devices, it is sometimes
necessary to dynamically detect, avoid, and limit usage to avoid
interference with these devices. In many instances Intel is required to
provide test data to prove regional and local compliance to regional and
governmental regulations before certification or approval to use the
product is granted. Intel's wireless LAN's EEPROM, firmware, and
software driver are designed to carefully control parameters that affect
radio operation and to ensure electromagnetic compliance (EMC). These
parameters include, without limitation, RF power, spectrum usage,
channel scanning, and human exposure.
For these reasons Intel cannot permit any manipulation by third parties
of the software provided in binary format with the wireless WLAN
adapters (e.g., the EEPROM and firmware). Furthermore, if you use any
patches, utilities, or code with the Intel wireless LAN adapters that
have been manipulated by an unauthorized party (i.e., patches,
utilities, or code (including open source code modifications) which have
not been validated by Intel), (i) you will be solely responsible for
ensuring the regulatory compliance of the products, (ii) Intel will bear
no liability, under any theory of liability for any issues associated
with the modified products, including without limitation, claims under
the warranty and/or issues arising from regulatory non-compliance, and
(iii) Intel will not provide or be required to assist in providing
support to any third parties for such modified products.
Note: Many regulatory agencies consider Wireless LAN adapters to be
modules, and accordingly, condition system-level regulatory approval
upon receipt and review of test data documenting that the antennas and
system configuration do not cause the EMC and radio operation to be
non-compliant.
The drivers available for download from SourceForge are provided as a
part of a development project. Conformance to local regulatory
requirements is the responsibility of the individual developer. As
such, if you are interested in deploying or shipping a driver as part of
solution intended to be used for purposes other than development, please
obtain a tested driver from Intel Customer Support at:
http://support.intel.com/support/notebook/sb/CS-006408.htm
1. Introduction
@ -45,7 +101,7 @@ file.
1.1. Overview of Features
-----------------------------------------------
The current release (1.0.0) supports the following features:
The current release (1.0.8) supports the following features:
+ BSS mode (Infrastructure, Managed)
+ IBSS mode (Ad-Hoc)
@ -56,17 +112,27 @@ The current release (1.0.0) supports the following features:
+ Full A rate support (2915 only)
+ Transmit power control
+ S state support (ACPI suspend/resume)
The following features are currently enabled, but not officially
supported:
+ WPA
+ long/short preamble support
+ Monitor mode (aka RFMon)
The distinction between officially supported and enabled is a reflection
on the amount of validation and interoperability testing that has been
performed on a given feature.
1.2. Command Line Parameters
-----------------------------------------------
Like many modules used in the Linux kernel, the Intel(R) PRO/Wireless
2915ABG Driver for Linux allows certain configuration options to be
provided as module parameters. The most common way to specify a module
parameter is via the command line.
Like many modules used in the Linux kernel, the Intel(R) PRO/Wireless
2915ABG Driver for Linux allows configuration options to be provided
as module parameters. The most common way to specify a module parameter
is via the command line.
The general form is:
@ -96,14 +162,18 @@ Where the supported parameter are:
debug
If using a debug build, this is used to control the amount of debug
info is logged. See the 'dval' and 'load' script for more info on
how to use this (the dval and load scripts are provided as part
info is logged. See the 'dvals' and 'load' script for more info on
how to use this (the dvals and load scripts are provided as part
of the ipw2200 development snapshot releases available from the
SourceForge project at http://ipw2200.sf.net)
led
Can be used to turn on experimental LED code.
0 = Off, 1 = On. Default is 0.
mode
Can be used to set the default mode of the adapter.
0 = Managed, 1 = Ad-Hoc
0 = Managed, 1 = Ad-Hoc, 2 = Monitor
1.3. Wireless Extension Private Methods
@ -164,8 +234,8 @@ The supported private methods are:
-----------------------------------------------
The Linux kernel provides a pseudo file system that can be used to
access various components of the operating system. The Intel(R)
PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux exposes several configuration
access various components of the operating system. The Intel(R)
PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux exposes several configuration
parameters through this mechanism.
An entry in the sysfs can support reading and/or writing. You can
@ -184,13 +254,13 @@ You can set the debug level via:
Where $VALUE would be a number in the case of this sysfs entry. The
input to sysfs files does not have to be a number. For example, the
firmware loader used by hotplug utilizes sysfs entries for transferring
firmware loader used by hotplug utilizes sysfs entries for transfering
the firmware image from user space into the driver.
The Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2915ABG Driver for Linux exposes sysfs entries
at two levels -- driver level, which apply to all instances of the
driver (in the event that there are more than one device installed) and
device level, which applies only to the single specific instance.
at two levels -- driver level, which apply to all instances of the driver
(in the event that there are more than one device installed) and device
level, which applies only to the single specific instance.
1.4.1 Driver Level Sysfs Helper Files
@ -203,6 +273,7 @@ For the driver level files, look in /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ipw2200/
This controls the same global as the 'debug' module parameter
1.4.2 Device Level Sysfs Helper Files
-----------------------------------------------
@ -213,7 +284,7 @@ For the device level files, look in
For example:
/sys/bus/pci/drivers/ipw2200/0000:02:01.0
For the device level files, see /sys/bus/pci/[drivers/ipw2200:
For the device level files, see /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ipw2200:
rf_kill
read -
@ -231,8 +302,59 @@ For the device level files, see /sys/bus/pci/[drivers/ipw2200:
ucode
read-only access to the ucode version number
led
read -
0 = LED code disabled
1 = LED code enabled
write -
0 = Disable LED code
1 = Enable LED code
2. About the Version Numbers
NOTE: The LED code has been reported to hang some systems when
running ifconfig and is therefore disabled by default.
2. Ad-Hoc Networking
-----------------------------------------------
When using a device in an Ad-Hoc network, it is useful to understand the
sequence and requirements for the driver to be able to create, join, or
merge networks.
The following attempts to provide enough information so that you can
have a consistent experience while using the driver as a member of an
Ad-Hoc network.
2.1. Joining an Ad-Hoc Network
-----------------------------------------------
The easiest way to get onto an Ad-Hoc network is to join one that
already exists.
2.2. Creating an Ad-Hoc Network
-----------------------------------------------
An Ad-Hoc networks is created using the syntax of the Wireless tool.
For Example:
iwconfig eth1 mode ad-hoc essid testing channel 2
2.3. Merging Ad-Hoc Networks
-----------------------------------------------
3. Interaction with Wireless Tools
-----------------------------------------------
3.1 iwconfig mode
-----------------------------------------------
When configuring the mode of the adapter, all run-time configured parameters
are reset to the value used when the module was loaded. This includes
channels, rates, ESSID, etc.
4. About the Version Numbers
-----------------------------------------------
Due to the nature of open source development projects, there are
@ -259,12 +381,23 @@ available as quickly as possible, unknown anomalies should be expected.
The major version number will be incremented when significant changes
are made to the driver. Currently, there are no major changes planned.
5. Firmware installation
----------------------------------------------
3. Support
The driver requires a firmware image, download it and extract the
files under /lib/firmware (or wherever your hotplug's firmware.agent
will look for firmware files)
The firmware can be downloaded from the following URL:
http://ipw2200.sf.net/
6. Support
-----------------------------------------------
For installation support of the 1.0.0 version, you can contact
http://supportmail.intel.com, or you can use the open source project
For direct support of the 1.0.0 version, you can contact
http://supportmail.intel.com, or you can use the open source project
support.
For general information and support, go to:
@ -272,7 +405,7 @@ For general information and support, go to:
http://ipw2200.sf.net/
4. License
7. License
-----------------------------------------------
Copyright(c) 2003 - 2005 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
@ -297,4 +430,3 @@ For general information and support, go to:
James P. Ketrenos <ipw2100-admin@linux.intel.com>
Intel Corporation, 5200 N.E. Elam Young Parkway, Hillsboro, OR 97124-6497

5
Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ doing so is the same as described in the "Configuring Multiple Bonds
Manually" section, below.
NOTE: It has been observed that some Red Hat supplied kernels
are apparently unable to rename modules at load time (the "-obonding1"
are apparently unable to rename modules at load time (the "-o bond1"
part). Attempts to pass that option to modprobe will produce an
"Operation not permitted" error. This has been reported on some
Fedora Core kernels, and has been seen on RHEL 4 as well. On kernels
@ -883,7 +883,8 @@ the above does not work, and the second bonding instance never sees
its options. In that case, the second options line can be substituted
as follows:
install bonding1 /sbin/modprobe bonding -obond1 mode=balance-alb miimon=50
install bond1 /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install bonding -o bond1 \
mode=balance-alb miimon=50
This may be repeated any number of times, specifying a new and
unique name in place of bond1 for each subsequent instance.

56
Documentation/networking/dccp.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
DCCP protocol
============
Last updated: 10 November 2005
Contents
========
- Introduction
- Missing features
- Socket options
- Notes
Introduction
============
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is an unreliable, connection
based protocol designed to solve issues present in UDP and TCP particularly
for real time and multimedia traffic.
It has a base protocol and pluggable congestion control IDs (CCIDs).
It is at draft RFC status and the homepage for DCCP as a protocol is at:
http://www.icir.org/kohler/dcp/
Missing features
================
The DCCP implementation does not currently have all the features that are in
the draft RFC.
In particular the following are missing:
- CCID2 support
- feature negotiation
When testing against other implementations it appears that elapsed time
options are not coded compliant to the specification.
Socket options
==============
DCCP_SOCKOPT_PACKET_SIZE is used for CCID3 to set default packet size for
calculations.
DCCP_SOCKOPT_SERVICE sets the service. This is compulsory as per the
specification. If you don't set it you will get EPROTO.
Notes
=====
SELinux does not yet have support for DCCP. You will need to turn it off or
else you will get EACCES.
DCCP does not travel through NAT successfully at present. This is because
the checksum covers the psuedo-header as per TCP and UDP. It should be
relatively trivial to add Linux NAT support for DCCP.

2
Documentation/networking/decnet.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -176,8 +176,6 @@ information (_most_ of which _is_ _essential_) includes:
- Which client caused the problem ?
- How much data was being transferred ?
- Was the network congested ?
- If there was a kernel panic, please run the output through ksymoops
before sending it to me, otherwise its _useless_.
- How can the problem be reproduced ?
- Can you use tcpdump to get a trace ? (N.B. Most (all?) versions of
tcpdump don't understand how to dump DECnet properly, so including

5
Documentation/networking/driver.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
Documents about softnet driver issues in general can be found
at:
http://www.firstfloor.org/~andi/softnet/
Document about softnet driver issues
Transmit path guidelines:

9
Documentation/networking/ifenslave.c
Просмотреть файл

@ -693,13 +693,7 @@ static int enslave(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname)
/* Older bonding versions would panic if the slave has no IP
* address, so get the IP setting from the master.
*/
res = set_if_addr(master_ifname, slave_ifname);
if (res) {
fprintf(stderr,
"Slave '%s': Error: set address failed\n",
slave_ifname);
return res;
}
set_if_addr(master_ifname, slave_ifname);
} else {
res = clear_if_addr(slave_ifname);
if (res) {
@ -1085,7 +1079,6 @@ static int set_if_addr(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname)
slave_ifname, ifra[i].req_name,
strerror(saved_errno));
return res;
}
ipaddr = ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data;

17
Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ inet_peer_gc_maxtime - INTEGER
TCP variables:
tcp_abc - INTEGER
Controls Appropriate Byte Count defined in RFC3465. If set to
0 then does congestion avoid once per ack. 1 is conservative
value, and 2 is more agressive.
tcp_syn_retries - INTEGER
Number of times initial SYNs for an active TCP connection attempt
will be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value
@ -309,7 +314,7 @@ tcp_tso_win_divisor - INTEGER
can be consumed by a single TSO frame.
The setting of this parameter is a choice between burstiness and
building larger TSO frames.
Default: 8
Default: 3
tcp_frto - BOOLEAN
Enables F-RTO, an enhanced recovery algorithm for TCP retransmission
@ -355,10 +360,14 @@ ip_dynaddr - BOOLEAN
Default: 0
icmp_echo_ignore_all - BOOLEAN
If set non-zero, then the kernel will ignore all ICMP ECHO
requests sent to it.
Default: 0
icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts - BOOLEAN
If either is set to true, then the kernel will ignore either all
ICMP ECHO requests sent to it or just those to broadcast/multicast
addresses, respectively.
If set non-zero, then the kernel will ignore all ICMP ECHO and
TIMESTAMP requests sent to it via broadcast/multicast.
Default: 1
icmp_ratelimit - INTEGER
Limit the maximal rates for sending ICMP packets whose type matches

2
Documentation/networking/iphase.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The features and limitations of this driver are as follows:
- All variants of Interphase ATM PCI (i)Chip adapter cards are supported,
including x575 (OC3, control memory 128K , 512K and packet memory 128K,
512K and 1M), x525 (UTP25) and x531 (DS3 and E3). See
http://www.iphase.com/products/ClassSheet.cfm?ClassID=ATM
http://www.iphase.com/site/iphase-web/?epi_menuItemID=e196f04b4b3b40502f150882e21046a0
for details.
- Only x86 platforms are supported.
- SMP is supported.

8
Documentation/networking/irda.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -3,12 +3,8 @@ of the IrDA Utilities. More detailed information about these and associated
programs can be found on http://irda.sourceforge.net/
For more information about how to use the IrDA protocol stack, see the
Linux Infared HOWTO (http://www.tuxmobil.org/Infrared-HOWTO/Infrared-HOWTO.html)
by Werner Heuser <wehe@tuxmobil.org>
Linux Infrared HOWTO by Werner Heuser <wehe@tuxmobil.org>:
<http://www.tuxmobil.org/Infrared-HOWTO/Infrared-HOWTO.html>
There is an active mailing list for discussing Linux-IrDA matters called
irda-users@lists.sourceforge.net

3
Documentation/networking/ray_cs.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ with nondefault parameters, they can be edited in
will find them all.
Information on card services is available at:
ftp://hyper.stanford.edu/pub/pcmcia/doc
http://hyper.stanford.edu/HyperNews/get/pcmcia/home.html
http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/
Card services user programs are still required for PCMCIA devices.

195
Documentation/networking/s2io.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,48 +1,153 @@
S2IO Technologies XFrame 10 Gig adapter.
-------------------------------------------
Release notes for Neterion's (Formerly S2io) Xframe I/II PCI-X 10GbE driver.
I. Module loadable parameters.
When loaded as a module, the driver provides a host of Module loadable
parameters, so the device can be tuned as per the users needs.
A list of the Module params is given below.
(i) ring_num: This can be used to program the number of
receive rings used in the driver.
(ii) ring_len: This defines the number of descriptors each ring
can have. There can be a maximum of 8 rings.
(iii) frame_len: This is an array of size 8. Using this we can
set the maximum size of the received frame that can
be steered into the corrsponding receive ring.
(iv) fifo_num: This defines the number of Tx FIFOs thats used in
the driver.
(v) fifo_len: Each element defines the number of
Tx descriptors that can be associated with each
corresponding FIFO. There are a maximum of 8 FIFOs.
(vi) tx_prio: This is a bool, if module is loaded with a non-zero
value for tx_prio multi FIFO scheme is activated.
(vii) rx_prio: This is a bool, if module is loaded with a non-zero
value for tx_prio multi RING scheme is activated.
(viii) latency_timer: The value given against this param will be
loaded into the latency timer register in PCI Config
space, else the register is left with its reset value.
Contents
=======
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Identifying the adapter/interface
- 3. Features supported
- 4. Command line parameters
- 5. Performance suggestions
- 6. Available Downloads
II. Performance tuning.
By changing a few sysctl parameters.
Copy the following lines into a file and run the following command,
"sysctl -p <file_name>"
### IPV4 specific settings
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 # turns TCP timestamp support off, default 1, reduces CPU use
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0 # turn SACK support off, default on
# on systems with a VERY fast bus -> memory interface this is the big gainer
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/default/max TCP read buffer, default 4096 87380 174760
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/pressure/max TCP write buffer, default 4096 16384 131072
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/pressure/max TCP buffer space, default 31744 32256 32768
### CORE settings (mostly for socket and UDP effect)
net.core.rmem_max = 524287 # maximum receive socket buffer size, default 131071
net.core.wmem_max = 524287 # maximum send socket buffer size, default 131071
net.core.rmem_default = 524287 # default receive socket buffer size, default 65535
net.core.wmem_default = 524287 # default send socket buffer size, default 65535
net.core.optmem_max = 524287 # maximum amount of option memory buffers, default 10240
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300000 # number of unprocessed input packets before kernel starts dropping them, default 300
---End of performance tuning file---
1. Introduction:
This Linux driver supports Neterion's Xframe I PCI-X 1.0 and
Xframe II PCI-X 2.0 adapters. It supports several features
such as jumbo frames, MSI/MSI-X, checksum offloads, TSO, UFO and so on.
See below for complete list of features.
All features are supported for both IPv4 and IPv6.
2. Identifying the adapter/interface:
a. Insert the adapter(s) in your system.
b. Build and load driver
# insmod s2io.ko
c. View log messages
# dmesg | tail -40
You will see messages similar to:
eth3: Neterion Xframe I 10GbE adapter (rev 3), Version 2.0.9.1, Intr type INTA
eth4: Neterion Xframe II 10GbE adapter (rev 2), Version 2.0.9.1, Intr type INTA
eth4: Device is on 64 bit 133MHz PCIX(M1) bus
The above messages identify the adapter type(Xframe I/II), adapter revision,
driver version, interface name(eth3, eth4), Interrupt type(INTA, MSI, MSI-X).
In case of Xframe II, the PCI/PCI-X bus width and frequency are displayed
as well.
To associate an interface with a physical adapter use "ethtool -p <ethX>".
The corresponding adapter's LED will blink multiple times.
3. Features supported:
a. Jumbo frames. Xframe I/II supports MTU upto 9600 bytes,
modifiable using ifconfig command.
b. Offloads. Supports checksum offload(TCP/UDP/IP) on transmit
and receive, TSO.
c. Multi-buffer receive mode. Scattering of packet across multiple
buffers. Currently driver supports 2-buffer mode which yields
significant performance improvement on certain platforms(SGI Altix,
IBM xSeries).
d. MSI/MSI-X. Can be enabled on platforms which support this feature
(IA64, Xeon) resulting in noticeable performance improvement(upto 7%
on certain platforms).
e. NAPI. Compile-time option(CONFIG_S2IO_NAPI) for better Rx interrupt
moderation.
f. Statistics. Comprehensive MAC-level and software statistics displayed
using "ethtool -S" option.
g. Multi-FIFO/Ring. Supports up to 8 transmit queues and receive rings,
with multiple steering options.
4. Command line parameters
a. tx_fifo_num
Number of transmit queues
Valid range: 1-8
Default: 1
b. rx_ring_num
Number of receive rings
Valid range: 1-8
Default: 1
c. tx_fifo_len
Size of each transmit queue
Valid range: Total length of all queues should not exceed 8192
Default: 4096
d. rx_ring_sz
Size of each receive ring(in 4K blocks)
Valid range: Limited by memory on system
Default: 30
e. intr_type
Specifies interrupt type. Possible values 1(INTA), 2(MSI), 3(MSI-X)
Valid range: 1-3
Default: 1
5. Performance suggestions
General:
a. Set MTU to maximum(9000 for switch setup, 9600 in back-to-back configuration)
b. Set TCP windows size to optimal value.
For instance, for MTU=1500 a value of 210K has been observed to result in
good performance.
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_rmem="210000 210000 210000"
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_wmem="210000 210000 210000"
For MTU=9000, TCP window size of 10 MB is recommended.
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_rmem="10000000 10000000 10000000"
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_wmem="10000000 10000000 10000000"
Transmit performance:
a. By default, the driver respects BIOS settings for PCI bus parameters.
However, you may want to experiment with PCI bus parameters
max-split-transactions(MOST) and MMRBC (use setpci command).
A MOST value of 2 has been found optimal for Opterons and 3 for Itanium.
It could be different for your hardware.
Set MMRBC to 4K**.
For example you can set
For opteron
#setpci -d 17d5:* 62=1d
For Itanium
#setpci -d 17d5:* 62=3d
For detailed description of the PCI registers, please see Xframe User Guide.
b. Ensure Transmit Checksum offload is enabled. Use ethtool to set/verify this
parameter.
c. Turn on TSO(using "ethtool -K")
# ethtool -K <ethX> tso on
Receive performance:
a. By default, the driver respects BIOS settings for PCI bus parameters.
However, you may want to set PCI latency timer to 248.
#setpci -d 17d5:* LATENCY_TIMER=f8
For detailed description of the PCI registers, please see Xframe User Guide.
b. Use 2-buffer mode. This results in large performance boost on
on certain platforms(eg. SGI Altix, IBM xSeries).
c. Ensure Receive Checksum offload is enabled. Use "ethtool -K ethX" command to
set/verify this option.
d. Enable NAPI feature(in kernel configuration Device Drivers ---> Network
device support ---> Ethernet (10000 Mbit) ---> S2IO 10Gbe Xframe NIC) to
bring down CPU utilization.
** For AMD opteron platforms with 8131 chipset, MMRBC=1 and MOST=1 are
recommended as safe parameters.
For more information, please review the AMD8131 errata at
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/26310.pdf
6. Available Downloads
Neterion "s2io" driver in Red Hat and Suse 2.6-based distributions is kept up
to date, also the latest "s2io" code (including support for 2.4 kernels) is
available via "Support" link on the Neterion site: http://www.neterion.com.
For Xframe User Guide (Programming manual), visit ftp site ns1.s2io.com,
user: linuxdocs password: HALdocs
7. Support
For further support please contact either your 10GbE Xframe NIC vendor (IBM,
HP, SGI etc.) or click on the "Support" link on the Neterion site:
http://www.neterion.com.

28
Documentation/networking/vortex.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The driver was written by Donald Becker <becker@scyld.com>
Don is no longer the prime maintainer of this version of the driver.
Please report problems to one or more of:
Andrew Morton <andrewm@uow.edu.au>
Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Netdev mailing list <netdev@vger.kernel.org>
Linux kernel mailing list <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>
@ -274,24 +274,24 @@ Details of the device driver implementation are at the top of the source file.
Additional documentation is available at Don Becker's Linux Drivers site:
http://www.scyld.com/network/vortex.html
http://www.scyld.com/vortex.html
Donald Becker's driver development site:
http://www.scyld.com/network
http://www.scyld.com/network.html
Donald's vortex-diag program is useful for inspecting the NIC's state:
http://www.scyld.com/diag/#pci-diags
http://www.scyld.com/ethercard_diag.html
Donald's mii-diag program may be used for inspecting and manipulating
the NIC's Media Independent Interface subsystem:
http://www.scyld.com/diag/#mii-diag
http://www.scyld.com/ethercard_diag.html#mii-diag
Donald's wake-on-LAN page:
http://www.scyld.com/expert/wake-on-lan.html
http://www.scyld.com/wakeonlan.html
3Com's documentation for many NICs, including the ones supported by
this driver is available at
@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ this driver is available at
Driver updates and a detailed changelog for the modifications which
were made for the 2.3/2,4 series kernel is available at
http://www.uow.edu.au/~andrewm/linux/#3c59x-2.3
http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/#3c59x-bc
Autonegotiation notes
@ -434,8 +434,8 @@ steps you should take:
send all logs to the maintainer.
3) Download you card's diagnostic tool from Donald
Backer's website http://www.scyld.com/diag. Download
mii-diag.c as well. Build these.
Becker's website <http://www.scyld.com/ethercard_diag.html>.
Download mii-diag.c as well. Build these.
a) Run 'vortex-diag -aaee' and 'mii-diag -v' when the card is
working correctly. Save the output.
@ -443,8 +443,8 @@ steps you should take:
b) Run the above commands when the card is malfunctioning. Send
both sets of output.
Finally, please be patient and be prepared to do some work. You may end up working on
this problem for a week or more as the maintainer asks more questions, asks for more
tests, asks for patches to be applied, etc. At the end of it all, the problem may even
remain unresolved.
Finally, please be patient and be prepared to do some work. You may
end up working on this problem for a week or more as the maintainer
asks more questions, asks for more tests, asks for patches to be
applied, etc. At the end of it all, the problem may even remain
unresolved.

9
Documentation/oops-tracing.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
NOTE: ksymoops is useless on 2.6. Please use the Oops in its original format
(from dmesg, etc). Ignore any references in this or other docs to "decoding
the Oops" or "running it through ksymoops". If you post an Oops fron 2.6 that
the Oops" or "running it through ksymoops". If you post an Oops from 2.6 that
has been run through ksymoops, people will just tell you to repost it.
Quick Summary
@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ the disk is not available then you have three options :-
(1) Hand copy the text from the screen and type it in after the machine
has restarted. Messy but it is the only option if you have not
planned for a crash.
planned for a crash. Alternatively, you can take a picture of
the screen with a digital camera - not nice, but better than
nothing. If the messages scroll off the top of the console, you
may find that booting with a higher resolution (eg, vga=791)
will allow you to read more of the text. (Caveat: This needs vesafb,
so won't help for 'early' oopses)
(2) Boot with a serial console (see Documentation/serial-console.txt),
run a null modem to a second machine and capture the output there

2
Documentation/power/pci.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -335,5 +335,5 @@ this on the whole.
PCI Local Bus Specification
PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification
http://pcisig.org
http://www.pcisig.com

17
Documentation/power/video.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ boot video card. (Kernel usually does not even contain video card
driver -- vesafb and vgacon are widely used).
This is not problem for swsusp, because during swsusp resume, BIOS is
run normally so video card is normally initialized. S3 has absolutely
no chance of working with SMP/HT. Be sure it to turn it off before
testing (swsusp should work ok, OTOH).
run normally so video card is normally initialized. It should not be
problem for S1 standby, because hardware should retain its state over
that.
There are a few types of systems where video works after S3 resume:
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ your video card (good luck getting docs :-(). Maybe suspending from X
(proper X, knowing your hardware, not XF68_FBcon) might have better
chance of working.
Table of known working systems:
Table of known working notebooks:
Model hack (or "how to do it")
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Acer TM 242FX vbetool (6)
Acer TM C110 video_post (8)
Acer TM C300 vga=normal (only suspend on console, not in X), vbetool (6) or video_post (8)
Acer TM 4052LCi s3_bios (2)
Acer TM 636Lci s3_bios vga=normal (2)
Acer TM 636Lci s3_bios,s3_mode (4)
Acer TM 650 (Radeon M7) vga=normal plus boot-radeon (5) gets text console back
Acer TM 660 ??? (*)
Acer TM 800 vga=normal, X patches, see webpage (5) or vbetool (6)
@ -137,6 +137,13 @@ Toshiba Satellite P10-554 s3_bios,s3_mode (4)(****)
Toshiba M30 (2) xor X with nvidia driver using internal AGP
Uniwill 244IIO ??? (*)
Known working desktop systems
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mainboard Graphics card hack (or "how to do it")
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asus A7V8X nVidia RIVA TNT2 model 64 s3_bios,s3_mode (4)
(*) from http://www.ubuntulinux.org/wiki/HoaryPMResults, not sure
which options to use. If you know, please tell me.

2
Documentation/s390/Debugging390.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ by playing with the --adjust-vma parameter to objdump.
extern inline void spin_lock(spinlock_t *lp)
static inline void spin_lock(spinlock_t *lp)
{
a0: 18 34 lr %r3,%r4
a2: a7 3a 03 bc ahi %r3,956

21
Documentation/s390/driver-model.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -8,11 +8,10 @@ All devices which can be addressed by means of ccws are called 'CCW devices' -
even if they aren't actually driven by ccws.
All ccw devices are accessed via a subchannel, this is reflected in the
structures under root/:
structures under devices/:
root/
- sys
- legacy
devices/
- system/
- css0/
- 0.0.0000/0.0.0815/
- 0.0.0001/0.0.4711/
@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ availability: Can be 'good' or 'boxed'; 'no path' or 'no device' for
online: An interface to set the device online and offline.
In the special case of the device being disconnected (see the
notify function under 1.2), piping 0 to online will focibly delete
notify function under 1.2), piping 0 to online will forcibly delete
the device.
The device drivers can add entries to export per-device data and interfaces.
@ -222,7 +221,7 @@ and are called 'chp0.<chpid>'. They have no driver and do not belong to any bus.
Please note, that unlike /proc/chpids in 2.4, the channel path objects reflect
only the logical state and not the physical state, since we cannot track the
latter consistently due to lacking machine support (we don't need to be aware
of anyway).
of it anyway).
status - Can be 'online' or 'offline'.
Piping 'on' or 'off' sets the chpid logically online/offline.
@ -235,12 +234,16 @@ status - Can be 'online' or 'offline'.
3. System devices
-----------------
Note: cpus may yet be added here.
3.1 xpram
---------
xpram shows up under sys/ as 'xpram'.
xpram shows up under devices/system/ as 'xpram'.
3.2 cpus
--------
For each cpu, a directory is created under devices/system/cpu/. Each cpu has an
attribute 'online' which can be 0 or 1.
4. Other devices

89
Documentation/sched-arch.txt Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
CPU Scheduler implementation hints for architecture specific code
Nick Piggin, 2005
Context switch
==============
1. Runqueue locking
By default, the switch_to arch function is called with the runqueue
locked. This is usually not a problem unless switch_to may need to
take the runqueue lock. This is usually due to a wake up operation in
the context switch. See include/asm-ia64/system.h for an example.
To request the scheduler call switch_to with the runqueue unlocked,
you must `#define __ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW` in a header file
(typically the one where switch_to is defined).
Unlocked context switches introduce only a very minor performance
penalty to the core scheduler implementation in the CONFIG_SMP case.
2. Interrupt status
By default, the switch_to arch function is called with interrupts
disabled. Interrupts may be enabled over the call if it is likely to
introduce a significant interrupt latency by adding the line
`#define __ARCH_WANT_INTERRUPTS_ON_CTXSW` in the same place as for
unlocked context switches. This define also implies
`__ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW`. See include/asm-arm/system.h for an
example.
CPU idle
========
Your cpu_idle routines need to obey the following rules:
1. Preempt should now disabled over idle routines. Should only
be enabled to call schedule() then disabled again.
2. need_resched/TIF_NEED_RESCHED is only ever set, and will never
be cleared until the running task has called schedule(). Idle
threads need only ever query need_resched, and may never set or
clear it.
3. When cpu_idle finds (need_resched() == 'true'), it should call
schedule(). It should not call schedule() otherwise.
4. The only time interrupts need to be disabled when checking
need_resched is if we are about to sleep the processor until
the next interrupt (this doesn't provide any protection of
need_resched, it prevents losing an interrupt).
4a. Common problem with this type of sleep appears to be:
local_irq_disable();
if (!need_resched()) {
local_irq_enable();
*** resched interrupt arrives here ***
__asm__("sleep until next interrupt");
}
5. TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG can be set by idle routines that do not
need an interrupt to wake them up when need_resched goes high.
In other words, they must be periodically polling need_resched,
although it may be reasonable to do some background work or enter
a low CPU priority.
5a. If TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG is set, and we do decide to enter
an interrupt sleep, it needs to be cleared then a memory
barrier issued (followed by a test of need_resched with
interrupts disabled, as explained in 3).
arch/i386/kernel/process.c has examples of both polling and
sleeping idle functions.
Possible arch/ problems
=======================
Possible arch problems I found (and either tried to fix or didn't):
h8300 - Is such sleeping racy vs interrupts? (See #4a).
The H8/300 manual I found indicates yes, however disabling IRQs
over the sleep mean only NMIs can wake it up, so can't fix easily
without doing spin waiting.
ia64 - is safe_halt call racy vs interrupts? (does it sleep?) (See #4a)
sh64 - Is sleeping racy vs interrupts? (See #4a)
sparc - IRQs on at this point(?), change local_irq_save to _disable.
- TODO: needs secondary CPUs to disable preempt (See #1)

2
Documentation/scsi/00-INDEX
Просмотреть файл

@ -52,8 +52,6 @@ ppa.txt
- info on driver for IOmega zip drive
qlogicfas.txt
- info on driver for QLogic FASxxx based adapters
qlogicisp.txt
- info on driver for QLogic ISP 1020 based adapters
scsi-generic.txt
- info on the sg driver for generic (non-disk/CD/tape) SCSI devices.
scsi.txt

45
Documentation/scsi/LICENSE.qla2xxx Normal file
Просмотреть файл

@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
Copyright (c) 2003-2005 QLogic Corporation
QLogic Linux Fibre Channel HBA Driver
This program includes a device driver for Linux 2.6 that may be
distributed with QLogic hardware specific firmware binary file.
You may modify and redistribute the device driver code under the
GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation (version 2 or a later version).
You may redistribute the hardware specific firmware binary file
under the following terms:
1. Redistribution of source code (only if applicable),
must retain the above copyright notice, this list of
conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistribution in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other
materials provided with the distribution.
3. The name of QLogic Corporation may not be used to
endorse or promote products derived from this software
without specific prior written permission
REGARDLESS OF WHAT LICENSING MECHANISM IS USED OR APPLICABLE,
THIS PROGRAM IS PROVIDED BY QLOGIC CORPORATION "AS IS'' AND ANY
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR
BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
USER ACKNOWLEDGES AND AGREES THAT USE OF THIS PROGRAM WILL NOT
CREATE OR GIVE GROUNDS FOR A LICENSE BY IMPLICATION, ESTOPPEL, OR
OTHERWISE IN ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (PATENT, COPYRIGHT,
TRADE SECRET, MASK WORK, OR OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHT) EMBODIED IN
ANY OTHER QLOGIC HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE EITHER SOLELY OR IN
COMBINATION WITH THIS PROGRAM.

4
Documentation/scsi/ibmmca.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@
A: You have to activate MCA bus support, first.
Q: Where can I find the latest info about this driver?
A: See the file MAINTAINERS for the current WWW-address, which offers
updates, info and Q/A lists. At this files' origin, the webaddress
updates, info and Q/A lists. At this file's origin, the webaddress
was: http://www.uni-mainz.de/~langm000/linux.html
Q: My SCSI-adapter is not recognized by the driver, what can I do?
A: Just force it to be recognized by kernel parameters. See section 5.1.
@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@
--------------------
The address of the IBM SCSI-subsystem supporting WWW-page is:
http://www.uni-mainz.de/~langm000/linux.html
http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/mlang/linux.html
Here you can find info about the background of this driver, patches,
troubleshooting support, news and a bugreport form. Please check that

3
Documentation/scsi/qlogicfas.txt
Просмотреть файл

@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ Qlogic boards:
* IQ-PCI-10
* IQ-PCI-D
is provided by the qlogicisp.c driver. Check README.qlogicisp for
details.
is provided by the qla1280 driver.
Nor does it support the PCI-Basic, which is supported by the
'am53c974' driver.

Некоторые файлы не были показаны из-за слишком большого количества измененных файлов Показать больше