The allocation mask is no longer used by on_each_cpu_cond() and
on_each_cpu_cond_mask() and can be removed.
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200117090137.1205765-4-bigeasy@linutronix.de
Use a typdef for the conditional function instead defining it each time in
the function prototype.
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200117090137.1205765-2-bigeasy@linutronix.de
Pull locking updates from Ingo Molnar:
"The main changes in this cycle are:
- rwsem scalability improvements, phase #2, by Waiman Long, which are
rather impressive:
"On a 2-socket 40-core 80-thread Skylake system with 40 reader
and writer locking threads, the min/mean/max locking operations
done in a 5-second testing window before the patchset were:
40 readers, Iterations Min/Mean/Max = 1,807/1,808/1,810
40 writers, Iterations Min/Mean/Max = 1,807/50,344/151,255
After the patchset, they became:
40 readers, Iterations Min/Mean/Max = 30,057/31,359/32,741
40 writers, Iterations Min/Mean/Max = 94,466/95,845/97,098"
There's a lot of changes to the locking implementation that makes
it similar to qrwlock, including owner handoff for more fair
locking.
Another microbenchmark shows how across the spectrum the
improvements are:
"With a locking microbenchmark running on 5.1 based kernel, the
total locking rates (in kops/s) on a 2-socket Skylake system
with equal numbers of readers and writers (mixed) before and
after this patchset were:
# of Threads Before Patch After Patch
------------ ------------ -----------
2 2,618 4,193
4 1,202 3,726
8 802 3,622
16 729 3,359
32 319 2,826
64 102 2,744"
The changes are extensive and the patch-set has been through
several iterations addressing various locking workloads. There
might be more regressions, but unless they are pathological I
believe we want to use this new implementation as the baseline
going forward.
- jump-label optimizations by Daniel Bristot de Oliveira: the primary
motivation was to remove IPI disturbance of isolated RT-workload
CPUs, which resulted in the implementation of batched jump-label
updates. Beyond the improvement of the real-time characteristics
kernel, in one test this patchset improved static key update
overhead from 57 msecs to just 1.4 msecs - which is a nice speedup
as well.
- atomic64_t cross-arch type cleanups by Mark Rutland: over the last
~10 years of atomic64_t existence the various types used by the
APIs only had to be self-consistent within each architecture -
which means they became wildly inconsistent across architectures.
Mark puts and end to this by reworking all the atomic64
implementations to use 's64' as the base type for atomic64_t, and
to ensure that this type is consistently used for parameters and
return values in the API, avoiding further problems in this area.
- A large set of small improvements to lockdep by Yuyang Du: type
cleanups, output cleanups, function return type and othr cleanups
all around the place.
- A set of percpu ops cleanups and fixes by Peter Zijlstra.
- Misc other changes - please see the Git log for more details"
* 'locking-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (82 commits)
locking/lockdep: increase size of counters for lockdep statistics
locking/atomics: Use sed(1) instead of non-standard head(1) option
locking/lockdep: Move mark_lock() inside CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS && CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING
x86/jump_label: Make tp_vec_nr static
x86/percpu: Optimize raw_cpu_xchg()
x86/percpu, sched/fair: Avoid local_clock()
x86/percpu, x86/irq: Relax {set,get}_irq_regs()
x86/percpu: Relax smp_processor_id()
x86/percpu: Differentiate this_cpu_{}() and __this_cpu_{}()
locking/rwsem: Guard against making count negative
locking/rwsem: Adaptive disabling of reader optimistic spinning
locking/rwsem: Enable time-based spinning on reader-owned rwsem
locking/rwsem: Make rwsem->owner an atomic_long_t
locking/rwsem: Enable readers spinning on writer
locking/rwsem: Clarify usage of owner's nonspinaable bit
locking/rwsem: Wake up almost all readers in wait queue
locking/rwsem: More optimal RT task handling of null owner
locking/rwsem: Always release wait_lock before waking up tasks
locking/rwsem: Implement lock handoff to prevent lock starvation
locking/rwsem: Make rwsem_spin_on_owner() return owner state
...
The return value is fixed. Remove it and amend the callers.
[ tglx: Fixup arm/bL_switcher and powerpc/rtas ]
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190613064813.8102-2-namit@vmware.com
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
struct call_single_data is used in IPIs to transfer information between
CPUs. Its size is bigger than sizeof(unsigned long) and less than
cache line size. Currently it is not allocated with any explicit alignment
requirements. This makes it possible for allocated call_single_data to
cross two cache lines, which results in double the number of the cache lines
that need to be transferred among CPUs.
This can be fixed by requiring call_single_data to be aligned with the
size of call_single_data. Currently the size of call_single_data is the
power of 2. If we add new fields to call_single_data, we may need to
add padding to make sure the size of new definition is the power of 2
as well.
Fortunately, this is enforced by GCC, which will report bad sizes.
To set alignment requirements of call_single_data to the size of
call_single_data, a struct definition and a typedef is used.
To test the effect of the patch, I used the vm-scalability multiple
thread swap test case (swap-w-seq-mt). The test will create multiple
threads and each thread will eat memory until all RAM and part of swap
is used, so that huge number of IPIs are triggered when unmapping
memory. In the test, the throughput of memory writing improves ~5%
compared with misaligned call_single_data, because of faster IPIs.
Suggested-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Huang, Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
[ Add call_single_data_t and align with size of call_single_data. ]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/87bmnqd6lz.fsf@yhuang-mobile.sh.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Since commit 383776fa75 ("locking/lockdep: Handle statically initialized
PER_CPU locks properly") we try to collapse per-cpu locks into a single
class by giving them all the same key. For this key we choose the canonical
address of the per-cpu object, which would be the offset into the per-cpu
area.
This has two problems:
- there is a case where we run !0 lock->key through static_obj() and
expect this to pass; it doesn't for canonical pointers.
- 0 is a valid canonical address.
Cure both issues by redefining the canonical address as the address of the
per-cpu variable on the boot CPU.
Since I didn't want to rely on CPU0 being the boot-cpu, or even existing at
all, track the boot CPU in a variable.
Fixes: 383776fa75 ("locking/lockdep: Handle statically initialized PER_CPU locks properly")
Reported-by: kernel test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: wfg@linux.intel.com
Cc: kernel test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: LKP <lkp@01.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170320114108.kbvcsuepem45j5cr@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Install the callbacks via the state machine. They are installed at runtime so
smpcfd_prepare_cpu() needs to be invoked by the boot-CPU.
Signed-off-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
[ Added the dropped CPU dying case back in. ]
Signed-off-by: Richard Cochran <rcochran@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Anna-Maria Gleixner <anna-maria@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: rt@linutronix.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160713153337.818376366@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Yes, it should work, but it's a bad idea. Not only did ARM64 not have
the 16-bit access code (there's a separate patch to add it), it's just
not a good atomic type. Some architectures fundamentally don't do
atomic accesses in them (alpha), and it's not like it saves any space
here anyway because of structure packing issues.
We normally should aim for flags to be "unsigned int" or "unsigned
long". And if space is at a premium, use a single byte (although that
causes problems on alpha again). There might be very special cases
where a 16-byte entity is really wanted, but this is not one of them.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The UP local API support can be set up from an early initcall. No need
for horrible hackery in the init code.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Joerg Roedel <joro@8bytes.org>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150115211703.827943883@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Currently kick_all_cpus_sync() can break non-polling idle cpus
thru IPI interrupts.
But sometimes we need to break the polling idle cpus immediately
to reselect the suitable c-state, also for non-idle cpus, we need
to do nothing if we try to wake up them.
Here adding one new function wake_up_all_idle_cpus() to let all cpus
out of idle based on function wake_up_if_idle().
Signed-off-by: Chuansheng Liu <chuansheng.liu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: daniel.lezcano@linaro.org
Cc: rjw@rjwysocki.net
Cc: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
Cc: changcheng.liu@intel.com
Cc: xiaoming.wang@intel.com
Cc: souvik.k.chakravarty@intel.com
Cc: luto@amacapital.net
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Srivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1409815075-4180-2-git-send-email-chuansheng.liu@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
After all architectures were converted to the generic idle framework,
commit d190e8195b ("idle: Remove GENERIC_IDLE_LOOP config switch")
removed the last caller of cpu_idle(). The forward declarations in
header files were forgotten.
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The name __smp_call_function_single() doesn't tell much about the
properties of this function, especially when compared to
smp_call_function_single().
The comments above the implementation are also misleading. The main
point of this function is actually not to be able to embed the csd
in an object. This is actually a requirement that result from the
purpose of this function which is to raise an IPI asynchronously.
As such it can be called with interrupts disabled. And this feature
comes at the cost of the caller who then needs to serialize the
IPIs on this csd.
Lets rename the function and enhance the comments so that they reflect
these properties.
Suggested-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
The main point of calling __smp_call_function_single() is to send
an IPI in a pure asynchronous way. By embedding a csd in an object,
a caller can send the IPI without waiting for a previous one to complete
as is required by smp_call_function_single() for example. As such,
sending this kind of IPI can be safe even when irqs are disabled.
This flexibility comes at the expense of the caller who then needs to
synchronize the csd lifecycle by himself and make sure that IPIs on a
single csd are serialized.
This is how __smp_call_function_single() works when wait = 0 and this
usecase is relevant.
Now there don't seem to be any usecase with wait = 1 that can't be
covered by smp_call_function_single() instead, which is safer. Lets look
at the two possible scenario:
1) The user calls __smp_call_function_single(wait = 1) on a csd embedded
in an object. It looks like a nice and convenient pattern at the first
sight because we can then retrieve the object from the IPI handler easily.
But actually it is a waste of memory space in the object since the csd
can be allocated from the stack by smp_call_function_single(wait = 1)
and the object can be passed an the IPI argument.
Besides that, embedding the csd in an object is more error prone
because the caller must take care of the serialization of the IPIs
for this csd.
2) The user calls __smp_call_function_single(wait = 1) on a csd that
is allocated on the stack. It's ok but smp_call_function_single()
can do it as well and it already takes care of the allocation on the
stack. Again it's more simple and less error prone.
Therefore, using the underscore prepend API version with wait = 1
is a bad pattern and a sign that the caller can do safer and more
simple.
There was a single user of that which has just been converted.
So lets remove this option to discourage further users.
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Align __smp_call_function_single() with smp_call_function_single() so
that it also checks whether requested cpu is still online.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Now that we got rid of all the remaining code which fiddled with csd.list,
lets remove it.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Use what we already do for arch_disable_smp_support() to fix these:
arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c:1155:6: warning: symbol 'arch_enable_nonboot_cpus_begin' was not declared. Should it be static?
arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c:1160:6: warning: symbol 'arch_enable_nonboot_cpus_end' was not declared. Should it be static?
kernel/cpu.c:512:13: warning: symbol 'arch_enable_nonboot_cpus_begin' was not declared. Should it be static?
kernel/cpu.c:516:13: warning: symbol 'arch_enable_nonboot_cpus_end' was not declared. Should it be static?
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make smp_call_function_single and friends more efficient by using a
lockless list.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
x86_64 allnoconfig:
kernel/up.c:25: error: redefinition of '__smp_call_function_single'
include/linux/smp.h:154: note: previous definition of '__smp_call_function_single' was here
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We've switched over every architecture that supports SMP to it, so
remove the new useless config variable.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
watchdog_tresh controls how often nmi perf event counter checks per-cpu
hrtimer_interrupts counter and blows up if the counter hasn't changed
since the last check. The counter is updated by per-cpu
watchdog_hrtimer hrtimer which is scheduled with 2/5 watchdog_thresh
period which guarantees that hrtimer is scheduled 2 times per the main
period. Both hrtimer and perf event are started together when the
watchdog is enabled.
So far so good. But...
But what happens when watchdog_thresh is updated from sysctl handler?
proc_dowatchdog will set a new sampling period and hrtimer callback
(watchdog_timer_fn) will use the new value in the next round. The
problem, however, is that nobody tells the perf event that the sampling
period has changed so it is ticking with the period configured when it
has been set up.
This might result in an ear ripping dissonance between perf and hrtimer
parts if the watchdog_thresh is increased. And even worse it might lead
to KABOOM if the watchdog is configured to panic on such a spurious
lockup.
This patch fixes the issue by updating both nmi perf even counter and
hrtimers if the threshold value has changed.
The nmi one is disabled and then reinitialized from scratch. This has
an unpleasant side effect that the allocation of the new event might
fail theoretically so the hard lockup detector would be disabled for
such cpus. On the other hand such a memory allocation failure is very
unlikely because the original event is deallocated right before.
It would be much nicer if we just changed perf event period but there
doesn't seem to be any API to do that right now. It is also unfortunate
that perf_event_alloc uses GFP_KERNEL allocation unconditionally so we
cannot use on_each_cpu() and do the same thing from the per-cpu context.
The update from the current CPU should be safe because
perf_event_disable removes the event atomically before it clears the
per-cpu watchdog_ev so it cannot change anything under running handler
feet.
The hrtimer is simply restarted (thanks to Don Zickus who has pointed
this out) if it is queued because we cannot rely it will fire&adopt to
the new sampling period before a new nmi event triggers (when the
treshold is decreased).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: the UP version of __smp_call_function_single ended up in the wrong place]
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Don Zickus <dzickus@redhat.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Fabio Estevam <festevam@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All of the other non-trivial !SMP versions of functions in smp.h are
out-of-line in up.c. Move on_each_cpu() there as well.
This allows us to get rid of the #include <linux/irqflags.h>. The
drawback is that this makes both the x86_64 and i386 defconfig !SMP
kernels about 200 bytes larger each.
Signed-off-by: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As in commit f21afc25f9 ("smp.h: Use local_irq_{save,restore}() in
!SMP version of on_each_cpu()"), we don't want to enable irqs if they
are not already enabled. There are currently no known problematical
callers of these functions, but since it is a known failure pattern, we
preemptively fix them.
Since they are not trivial functions, make them non-inline by moving
them to up.c. This also makes it so we don't have to fix #include
dependancies for preempt_{disable,enable}.
Signed-off-by: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert commit c846ef7deb ("include/linux/smp.h:on_each_cpu(): switch
back to a macro"). It turns out that the problematic linux/irqflags.h
include was fixed within ia64 and mn10300.
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit f21afc25f9 ("smp.h: Use local_irq_{save,restore}() in !SMP
version of on_each_cpu()") converted on_each_cpu() to a C function.
This required inclusion of irqflags.h, which broke ia64 and mn10300 (at
least) due to header ordering hell.
Switch on_each_cpu() back to a macro to fix this.
Reported-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [3.10.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Thanks to commit f91eb62f71 ("init: scream bloody murder if interrupts
are enabled too early"), "bloody murder" is now being screamed.
With a MIPS OCTEON config, we use on_each_cpu() in our
irq_chip.irq_bus_sync_unlock() function. This gets called in early as a
result of the time_init() call. Because the !SMP version of
on_each_cpu() unconditionally enables irqs, we get:
WARNING: at init/main.c:560 start_kernel+0x250/0x410()
Interrupts were enabled early
CPU: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper Not tainted 3.10.0-rc5-Cavium-Octeon+ #801
Call Trace:
show_stack+0x68/0x80
warn_slowpath_common+0x78/0xb0
warn_slowpath_fmt+0x38/0x48
start_kernel+0x250/0x410
Suggested fix: Do what we already do in the SMP version of
on_each_cpu(), and use local_irq_save/local_irq_restore. Because we
need a flags variable, make it a static inline to avoid name space
issues.
[ Change from v1: Convert on_each_cpu to a static inline function, add
#include <linux/irqflags.h> to avoid build breakage on some files.
on_each_cpu_mask() and on_each_cpu_cond() suffer the same problem as
on_each_cpu(), but they are not causing !SMP bugs for me, so I will
defer changing them to a less urgent patch. ]
Signed-off-by: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The 'priv' field is redundant; we can pass data via 'info'.
Signed-off-by: liguang <lig.fnst@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I'm testing swapout workload in a two-socket Xeon machine. The workload
has 10 threads, each thread sequentially accesses separate memory
region. TLB flush overhead is very big in the workload. For each page,
page reclaim need move it from active lru list and then unmap it. Both
need a TLB flush. And this is a multthread workload, TLB flush happens
in 10 CPUs. In X86, TLB flush uses generic smp_call)function. So this
workload stress smp_call_function_many heavily.
Without patch, perf shows:
+ 24.49% [k] generic_smp_call_function_interrupt
- 21.72% [k] _raw_spin_lock
- _raw_spin_lock
+ 79.80% __page_check_address
+ 6.42% generic_smp_call_function_interrupt
+ 3.31% get_swap_page
+ 2.37% free_pcppages_bulk
+ 1.75% handle_pte_fault
+ 1.54% put_super
+ 1.41% grab_super_passive
+ 1.36% __swap_duplicate
+ 0.68% blk_flush_plug_list
+ 0.62% swap_info_get
+ 6.55% [k] flush_tlb_func
+ 6.46% [k] smp_call_function_many
+ 5.09% [k] call_function_interrupt
+ 4.75% [k] default_send_IPI_mask_sequence_phys
+ 2.18% [k] find_next_bit
swapout throughput is around 1300M/s.
With the patch, perf shows:
- 27.23% [k] _raw_spin_lock
- _raw_spin_lock
+ 80.53% __page_check_address
+ 8.39% generic_smp_call_function_single_interrupt
+ 2.44% get_swap_page
+ 1.76% free_pcppages_bulk
+ 1.40% handle_pte_fault
+ 1.15% __swap_duplicate
+ 1.05% put_super
+ 0.98% grab_super_passive
+ 0.86% blk_flush_plug_list
+ 0.57% swap_info_get
+ 8.25% [k] default_send_IPI_mask_sequence_phys
+ 7.55% [k] call_function_interrupt
+ 7.47% [k] smp_call_function_many
+ 7.25% [k] flush_tlb_func
+ 3.81% [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
+ 3.78% [k] generic_smp_call_function_single_interrupt
swapout throughput is around 1400M/s. So there is around a 7%
improvement, and total cpu utilization doesn't change.
Without the patch, cfd_data is shared by all CPUs.
generic_smp_call_function_interrupt does read/write cfd_data several times
which will create a lot of cache ping-pong. With the patch, the data
becomes per-cpu. The ping-pong is avoided. And from the perf data, this
doesn't make call_single_queue lock contend.
Next step is to remove generic_smp_call_function_interrupt() from arch
code.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
No users.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Srivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Will replace the misnomed cpu_idle_wait() function which is copied a
gazillion times all over arch/*
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120507175652.049316594@linutronix.de
Preparatory patch to make the idle thread allocation for secondary
cpus generic.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Srivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Cc: Jesper Nilsson <jesper.nilsson@axis.com>
Cc: Richard Kuo <rkuo@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: James E.J. Bottomley <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120420124556.964170564@linutronix.de
Add the on_each_cpu_cond() function that wraps on_each_cpu_mask() and
calculates the cpumask of cpus to IPI by calling a function supplied as a
parameter in order to determine whether to IPI each specific cpu.
The function works around allocation failure of cpumask variable in
CONFIG_CPUMASK_OFFSTACK=y by itereating over cpus sending an IPI a time
via smp_call_function_single().
The function is useful since it allows to seperate the specific code that
decided in each case whether to IPI a specific cpu for a specific request
from the common boilerplate code of handling creating the mask, handling
failures etc.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/gfpflags/gfp_flags/]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid double-evaluation of `info' (per Michal), parenthesise evaluation of `cond_func']
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/CPU/CPUs, use all 80 cols in comment]
Signed-off-by: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Sasha Levin <levinsasha928@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.org>
Cc: Kosaki Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Reviewed-by: "Srivatsa S. Bhat" <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have lots of infrastructure in place to partition multi-core systems
such that we have a group of CPUs that are dedicated to specific task:
cgroups, scheduler and interrupt affinity, and cpuisol= boot parameter.
Still, kernel code will at times interrupt all CPUs in the system via IPIs
for various needs. These IPIs are useful and cannot be avoided
altogether, but in certain cases it is possible to interrupt only specific
CPUs that have useful work to do and not the entire system.
This patch set, inspired by discussions with Peter Zijlstra and Frederic
Weisbecker when testing the nohz task patch set, is a first stab at trying
to explore doing this by locating the places where such global IPI calls
are being made and turning the global IPI into an IPI for a specific group
of CPUs. The purpose of the patch set is to get feedback if this is the
right way to go for dealing with this issue and indeed, if the issue is
even worth dealing with at all. Based on the feedback from this patch set
I plan to offer further patches that address similar issue in other code
paths.
This patch creates an on_each_cpu_mask() and on_each_cpu_cond()
infrastructure API (the former derived from existing arch specific
versions in Tile and Arm) and uses them to turn several global IPI
invocation to per CPU group invocations.
Core kernel:
on_each_cpu_mask() calls a function on processors specified by cpumask,
which may or may not include the local processor.
You must not call this function with disabled interrupts or from a
hardware interrupt handler or from a bottom half handler.
arch/arm:
Note that the generic version is a little different then the Arm one:
1. It has the mask as first parameter
2. It calls the function on the calling CPU with interrupts disabled,
but this should be OK since the function is called on the other CPUs
with interrupts disabled anyway.
arch/tile:
The API is the same as the tile private one, but the generic version
also calls the function on the with interrupts disabled in UP case
This is OK since the function is called on the other CPUs
with interrupts disabled.
Signed-off-by: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <levinsasha928@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.org>
Cc: Kosaki Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is a problem that kdump(2nd kernel) sometimes hangs up due
to a pending IPI from 1st kernel. Kernel panic occurs because IPI
comes before call_single_queue is initialized.
To fix the crash, rename init_call_single_data() to call_function_init()
and call it in start_kernel() so that call_single_queue can be
initialized before enabling interrupts.
The details of the crash are:
(1) 2nd kernel boots up
(2) A pending IPI from 1st kernel comes when irqs are first enabled
in start_kernel().
(3) Kernel tries to handle the interrupt, but call_single_queue
is not initialized yet at this point. As a result, in the
generic_smp_call_function_single_interrupt(), NULL pointer
dereference occurs when list_replace_init() tries to access
&q->list.next.
Therefore this patch changes the name of init_call_single_data()
to call_function_init() and calls it before local_irq_enable()
in start_kernel().
Signed-off-by: Takao Indoh <indou.takao@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: kexec@lists.infradead.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/D6CBEE2F420741indou.takao@jp.fujitsu.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Now that powerpc has removed its use of MSG_ALL_BUT_SELF and MSG_ALL
all these MSG_ flags are unused.
Signed-off-by: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Commit 34db18a054 ("smp: move smp setup functions to kernel/smp.c")
causes this build error on s390 because of a missing init.h include:
CC arch/s390/kernel/asm-offsets.s
In file included from /home2/heicarst/linux-2.6/arch/s390/include/asm/spinlock.h:14:0,
from include/linux/spinlock.h:87,
from include/linux/seqlock.h:29,
from include/linux/time.h:8,
from include/linux/timex.h:56,
from include/linux/sched.h:57,
from arch/s390/kernel/asm-offsets.c:10:
include/linux/smp.h:117:20: error: expected '=', ',', ';', 'asm' or '__attribute__' before 'setup_nr_cpu_ids'
include/linux/smp.h:118:20: error: expected '=', ',', ';', 'asm' or '__attribute__' before 'smp_init'
Fix it by adding the include statement.
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Acked-by: WANG Cong <amwang@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Typedef the pointer to the function to be called by smp_call_function() and
friends:
typedef void (*smp_call_func_t)(void *info);
as it is used in a fair number of places.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
cc: linux-arch@vger.kernel.org
Andrew points out that acpi-cpufreq uses cpumask_any, when it really
would prefer to use the same CPU if possible (to avoid an IPI). In
general, this seems a good idea to offer.
[ tglx: Documented selection preference and Inlined the UP case to
avoid the copy of smp_call_function_single() and the extra
EXPORT ]
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Cc: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Cc: Zhao Yakui <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: "Zhang, Yanmin" <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
put_cpu_no_resched() is an optimization of put_cpu() which unfortunately
can cause high latencies.
The nfs iostats code uses put_cpu_no_resched() in a code sequence where a
reschedule request caused by an interrupt between the get_cpu() and the
put_cpu_no_resched() can delay the reschedule for at least HZ.
The other users of put_cpu_no_resched() optimize correctly in interrupt
code, but there is no real harm in using the put_cpu() function which is
an alias for preempt_enable(). The extra check of the preemmpt count is
not as critical as the potential source of missing a reschedule.
Debugged in the preempt-rt tree and verified in mainline.
Impact: remove a high latency source
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Impact: cleanup, no code changed
Remove an ugly #ifdef CONFIG_SMP from panic(), by providing
an smp_send_stop() wrapper on UP too.
LKML-Reference: <49B91A7E.76E4.0078.0@novell.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Oleg noticed that we don't strictly need CSD_FLAG_WAIT, rework
the code so that we can use CSD_FLAG_LOCK for both purposes.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Sebastian Andrzej Siewior
Linus Torvalds
Nadav Amit
Peter Zijlstra
Rik van Riel
Greg Kroah-Hartman
Ying Huang
Juergen Gross
Richard Weinberger
Thomas Gleixner
Chuansheng Liu
Geert Uytterhoeven
Frederic Weisbecker
Jan Kara
Paul Gortmaker
Christoph Hellwig
Andrew Morton
Michal Hocko
David Daney
liguang
Shaohua Li
Yong Zhang
Gilad Ben-Yossef
Takao Indoh
Milton Miller
Heiko Carstens
Amerigo Wang
David Howells
Rakib Mullick
Rusty Russell
Ingo Molnar
Peter Zijlstra