Pull trivial tree updates from Jiri Kosina.
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial:
floppy: make local variable non-static
exynos: fixes an incorrect header guard
dt-bindings: fixes some incorrect header guards
cpufreq-dt: correct dead link in documentation
cpufreq: ARM big LITTLE: correct dead link in documentation
treewide: Fix typos in printk
Documentation: filesystem: Fix typo in fs/eventfd.c
fs/super.c: use && instead of & for warn_on condition
Documentation: fix sysfs-ptp
lib: scatterlist: fix Kconfig description
This fixes the following sparse warning:
fs/super.c:1202:9: warning: dubious: x & !y
Bitwise and logical and are equivalent here, but logical was intended.
The generated code is identical, with and without CONFIG_LOCKDEP.
Signed-off-by: Vincent Stehlé <vincent.stehle@freescale.com>
Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
When competing sync(2) calls walk the same filesystem, they need to
walk the list of inodes on the superblock to find all the inodes
that we need to wait for IO completion on. However, when multiple
wait_sb_inodes() calls do this at the same time, they contend on the
the inode_sb_list_lock and the contention causes system wide
slowdowns. In effect, concurrent sync(2) calls can take longer and
burn more CPU than if they were serialised.
Stop the worst of the contention by adding a per-sb mutex to wrap
around wait_sb_inodes() so that we only execute one sync(2) IO
completion walk per superblock superblock at a time and hence avoid
contention being triggered by concurrent sync(2) calls.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Tested-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
The process of reducing contention on per-superblock inode lists
starts with moving the locking to match the per-superblock inode
list. This takes the global lock out of the picture and reduces the
contention problems to within a single filesystem. This doesn't get
rid of contention as the locks still have global CPU scope, but it
does isolate operations on different superblocks form each other.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Tested-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
We can remove everything from struct sb_writers except frozen
and add the array of percpu_rw_semaphore's instead.
This patch doesn't remove sb_writers->wait_unfrozen yet, we keep
it for get_super_thawed(). We will probably remove it later.
This change tries to address the following problems:
- Firstly, __sb_start_write() looks simply buggy. It does
__sb_end_write() if it sees ->frozen, but if it migrates
to another CPU before percpu_counter_dec(), sb_wait_write()
can wrongly succeed if there is another task which holds
the same "semaphore": sb_wait_write() can miss the result
of the previous percpu_counter_inc() but see the result
of this percpu_counter_dec().
- As Dave Hansen reports, it is suboptimal. The trivial
microbenchmark that writes to a tmpfs file in a loop runs
12% faster if we change this code to rely on RCU and kill
the memory barriers.
- This code doesn't look simple. It would be better to rely
on the generic locking code.
According to Dave, this change adds the same performance
improvement.
Note: with this change both freeze_super() and thaw_super() will do
synchronize_sched_expedited() 3 times. This is just ugly. But:
- This will be "fixed" by the rcu_sync changes we are going
to merge. After that freeze_super()->percpu_down_write()
will use synchronize_sched(), and thaw_super() won't use
synchronize() at all.
This doesn't need any changes in fs/super.c.
- Once we merge rcu_sync changes, we can also change super.c
so that all wb_write->rw_sem's will share the single ->rss
in struct sb_writes, then freeze_super() will need only one
synchronize_sched().
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Of course, this patch is ugly as hell. It will be (partially)
reverted later. We add it to ensure that other WIP changes in
percpu_rw_semaphore won't break fs/super.c.
We do not even need this change right now, percpu_free_rwsem()
is fine in atomic context. But we are going to change this, it
will be might_sleep() after we merge the rcu_sync() patches.
And even after that we do not really need destroy_super_work(),
we will kill it in any case. Instead, destroy_super_rcu() should
just check that rss->cb_state == CB_IDLE and do call_rcu() again
in the (very unlikely) case this is not true.
So this is just the temporary kludge which helps us to avoid the
conflicts with the changes which will be (hopefully) routed via
rcu tree.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Not only we need to avoid the warning from lockdep_sys_exit(), the
caller of freeze_super() can never release this lock. Another thread
can do this, so there is another reason for rwsem_release().
Plus the comment should explain why we have to fool lockdep.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
1. wait_event(frozen < level) without rwsem_acquire_read() is just
wrong from lockdep perspective. If we are going to deadlock
because the caller is buggy, lockdep can't detect this problem.
2. __sb_start_write() can race with thaw_super() + freeze_super(),
and after "goto retry" the 2nd acquire_freeze_lock() is wrong.
3. The "tell lockdep we are doing trylock" hack doesn't look nice.
I think this is correct, but this logic should be more explicit.
Yes, the recursive read_lock() is fine if we hold the lock on a
higher level. But we do not need to fool lockdep. If we can not
deadlock in this case then try-lock must not fail and we can use
use wait == F throughout this code.
Note: as Dave Chinner explains, the "trylock" hack and the fat comment
can be probably removed. But this needs a separate change and it will
be trivial: just kill __sb_start_write() and rename do_sb_start_write()
back to __sb_start_write().
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Execution of get_anon_bdev concurrently and preemptive kernel all
could bring race condition, it isn't enough to check dev against
its upper limitation with equality operator only.
This patch fix it.
Signed-off-by: Wang YanQing <udknight@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The limit equals 32 and is imposed by the number of entries in the
fs_poolid_map and shared_fs_poolid_map. Nowadays it is insufficient,
because with containers on board a Linux host can have hundreds of
active fs mounts.
These maps were introduced by commit 49a9ab815a ("mm: cleancache:
lazy initialization to allow tmem backends to build/run as modules") in
order to allow compiling cleancache drivers as modules. Real pool ids
are stored in these maps while super_block->cleancache_poolid points to
an entry in the map, so that on cleancache registration we can walk over
all (if there are <= 32 of them, of course) cleancache-enabled super
blocks and assign real pool ids.
Actually, there is absolutely no need in these maps, because we can
iterate over all super blocks immediately using iterate_supers. This is
not racy, because cleancache_init_ops is called from mount_fs with
super_block->s_umount held for writing, while iterate_supers takes this
semaphore for reading, so if we call iterate_supers after setting
cleancache_ops, all super blocks that had been created before
cleancache_register_ops was called will be assigned pool ids by the
action function of iterate_supers while all newer super blocks will
receive it in cleancache_init_fs.
This patch therefore removes the maps and hence the artificial limit on
the number of cleancache enabled filesystems.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>
Cc: David Vrabel <david.vrabel@citrix.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Stefan Hengelein <ilendir@googlemail.com>
Cc: Florian Schmaus <fschmaus@gmail.com>
Cc: Andor Daam <andor.daam@googlemail.com>
Cc: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I've noticed significant locking contention in memory reclaimer around
sb_lock inside grab_super_passive(). Grab_super_passive() is called from
two places: in icache/dcache shrinkers (function super_cache_scan) and
from writeback (function __writeback_inodes_wb). Both are required for
progress in memory allocator.
Grab_super_passive() acquires sb_lock to increment sb->s_count and check
sb->s_instances. It seems sb->s_umount locked for read is enough here:
super-block deactivation always runs under sb->s_umount locked for write.
Protecting super-block itself isn't a problem: in super_cache_scan() sb
is protected by shrinker_rwsem: it cannot be freed if its slab shrinkers
are still active. Inside writeback super-block comes from inode from bdi
writeback list under wb->list_lock.
This patch removes locking sb_lock and checks s_instances under s_umount:
generic_shutdown_super() unlinks it under sb->s_umount locked for write.
New variant is called trylock_super() and since it only locks semaphore,
callers must call up_read(&sb->s_umount) instead of drop_super(sb) when
they're done.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull misc VFS updates from Al Viro:
"This cycle a lot of stuff sits on topical branches, so I'll be sending
more or less one pull request per branch.
This is the first pile; more to follow in a few. In this one are
several misc commits from early in the cycle (before I went for
separate branches), plus the rework of mntput/dput ordering on umount,
switching to use of fs_pin instead of convoluted games in
namespace_unlock()"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
switch the IO-triggering parts of umount to fs_pin
new fs_pin killing logics
allow attaching fs_pin to a group not associated with some superblock
get rid of the second argument of acct_kill()
take count and rcu_head out of fs_pin
dcache: let the dentry count go down to zero without taking d_lock
pull bumping refcount into ->kill()
kill pin_put()
mode_t whack-a-mole: chelsio
file->f_path.dentry is pinned down for as long as the file is open...
get rid of lustre_dump_dentry()
gut proc_register() a bit
kill d_validate()
ncpfs: get rid of d_validate() nonsense
selinuxfs: don't open-code d_genocide()
Merge third set of updates from Andrew Morton:
- the rest of MM
[ This includes getting rid of the numa hinting bits, in favor of
just generic protnone logic. Yay. - Linus ]
- core kernel
- procfs
- some of lib/ (lots of lib/ material this time)
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (104 commits)
lib/lcm.c: replace include
lib/percpu_ida.c: remove redundant includes
lib/strncpy_from_user.c: replace module.h include
lib/stmp_device.c: replace module.h include
lib/sort.c: move include inside #if 0
lib/show_mem.c: remove redundant include
lib/radix-tree.c: change to simpler include
lib/plist.c: remove redundant include
lib/nlattr.c: remove redundant include
lib/kobject_uevent.c: remove redundant include
lib/llist.c: remove redundant include
lib/md5.c: simplify include
lib/list_sort.c: rearrange includes
lib/genalloc.c: remove redundant include
lib/idr.c: remove redundant include
lib/halfmd4.c: simplify includes
lib/dynamic_queue_limits.c: simplify includes
lib/sort.c: use simpler includes
lib/interval_tree.c: simplify includes
hexdump: make it return number of bytes placed in buffer
...
In super_cache_scan() we divide the number of objects of particular type
by the total number of objects in order to distribute pressure among As a
result, in some corner cases we can get nr_to_scan=0 even if there are
some objects to reclaim, e.g. dentries=1, inodes=1, fs_objects=1,
nr_to_scan=1/3=0.
This is unacceptable for per memcg kmem accounting, because this means
that some objects may never get reclaimed after memcg death, preventing it
from being freed.
This patch therefore assures that super_cache_scan() will scan at least
one object of each type if any.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: add comment]
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now, to make any list_lru-based shrinker memcg aware we should only
initialize its list_lru as memcg aware. Let's do it for the general FS
shrinker (super_block::s_shrink).
There are other FS-specific shrinkers that use list_lru for storing
objects, such as XFS and GFS2 dquot cache shrinkers, but since they
reclaim objects that are shared among different cgroups, there is no point
making them memcg aware. It's a big question whether we should account
them to memcg at all.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To make list_lru memcg aware, we need all list_lrus to be kept on a list
protected by a mutex, so that we could sleep while walking over the
list.
Therefore after this change list_lru_destroy may sleep. Fortunately,
there is only one user that calls it from an atomic context - it's
put_super - and we can easily fix it by calling list_lru_destroy before
put_super in destroy_locked_super - anyway we don't longer need lrus by
that time.
Another point that should be noted is that list_lru_destroy is allowed
to be called on an uninitialized zeroed-out object, in which case it is
a no-op. Before this patch this was guaranteed by kfree, but now we
need an explicit check there.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We are going to make FS shrinkers memcg-aware. To achieve that, we will
have to pass the memcg to scan to the nr_cached_objects and
free_cached_objects VFS methods, which currently take only the NUMA node
to scan. Since the shrink_control structure already holds the node, and
the memcg to scan will be added to it when we introduce memcg-aware
vmscan, let us consolidate the methods' arguments in this structure to
keep things clean.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Suggested-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Kmem accounting of memcg is unusable now, because it lacks slab shrinker
support. That means when we hit the limit we will get ENOMEM w/o any
chance to recover. What we should do then is to call shrink_slab, which
would reclaim old inode/dentry caches from this cgroup. This is what
this patch set is intended to do.
Basically, it does two things. First, it introduces the notion of
per-memcg slab shrinker. A shrinker that wants to reclaim objects per
cgroup should mark itself as SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE. Then it will be
passed the memory cgroup to scan from in shrink_control->memcg. For
such shrinkers shrink_slab iterates over the whole cgroup subtree under
the target cgroup and calls the shrinker for each kmem-active memory
cgroup.
Secondly, this patch set makes the list_lru structure per-memcg. It's
done transparently to list_lru users - everything they have to do is to
tell list_lru_init that they want memcg-aware list_lru. Then the
list_lru will automatically distribute objects among per-memcg lists
basing on which cgroup the object is accounted to. This way to make FS
shrinkers (icache, dcache) memcg-aware we only need to make them use
memcg-aware list_lru, and this is what this patch set does.
As before, this patch set only enables per-memcg kmem reclaim when the
pressure goes from memory.limit, not from memory.kmem.limit. Handling
memory.kmem.limit is going to be tricky due to GFP_NOFS allocations, and
it is still unclear whether we will have this knob in the unified
hierarchy.
This patch (of 9):
NUMA aware slab shrinkers use the list_lru structure to distribute
objects coming from different NUMA nodes to different lists. Whenever
such a shrinker needs to count or scan objects from a particular node,
it issues commands like this:
count = list_lru_count_node(lru, sc->nid);
freed = list_lru_walk_node(lru, sc->nid, isolate_func,
isolate_arg, &sc->nr_to_scan);
where sc is an instance of the shrink_control structure passed to it
from vmscan.
To simplify this, let's add special list_lru functions to be used by
shrinkers, list_lru_shrink_count() and list_lru_shrink_walk(), which
consolidate the nid and nr_to_scan arguments in the shrink_control
structure.
This will also allow us to avoid patching shrinkers that use list_lru
when we make shrink_slab() per-memcg - all we will have to do is extend
the shrink_control structure to include the target memcg and make
list_lru_shrink_{count,walk} handle this appropriately.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Suggested-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The only user outside of fs/super.c is gone now
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Now that default_backing_dev_info is not used for writeback purposes we can
git rid of it easily:
- instead of using it's name for tracing unregistered bdi we just use
"unknown"
- btrfs and ceph can just assign the default read ahead window themselves
like several other filesystems already do.
- we can assign noop_backing_dev_info as the default one in alloc_super.
All filesystems already either assigned their own or
noop_backing_dev_info.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Pull vfs updates from Al Viro:
"The big thing in this pile is Eric's unmount-on-rmdir series; we
finally have everything we need for that. The final piece of prereqs
is delayed mntput() - now filesystem shutdown always happens on
shallow stack.
Other than that, we have several new primitives for iov_iter (Matt
Wilcox, culled from his XIP-related series) pushing the conversion to
->read_iter()/ ->write_iter() a bit more, a bunch of fs/dcache.c
cleanups and fixes (including the external name refcounting, which
gives consistent behaviour of d_move() wrt procfs symlinks for long
and short names alike) and assorted cleanups and fixes all over the
place.
This is just the first pile; there's a lot of stuff from various
people that ought to go in this window. Starting with
unionmount/overlayfs mess... ;-/"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (60 commits)
fs/file_table.c: Update alloc_file() comment
vfs: Deduplicate code shared by xattr system calls operating on paths
reiserfs: remove pointless forward declaration of struct nameidata
don't need that forward declaration of struct nameidata in dcache.h anymore
take dname_external() into fs/dcache.c
let path_init() failures treated the same way as subsequent link_path_walk()
fix misuses of f_count() in ppp and netlink
ncpfs: use list_for_each_entry() for d_subdirs walk
vfs: move getname() from callers to do_mount()
gfs2_atomic_open(): skip lookups on hashed dentry
[infiniband] remove pointless assignments
gadgetfs: saner API for gadgetfs_create_file()
f_fs: saner API for ffs_sb_create_file()
jfs: don't hash direct inode
[s390] remove pointless assignment of ->f_op in vmlogrdr ->open()
ecryptfs: ->f_op is never NULL
android: ->f_op is never NULL
nouveau: __iomem misannotations
missing annotation in fs/file.c
fs: namespace: suppress 'may be used uninitialized' warnings
...
total_objects could be 0 and is used as a denom.
While total_objects is a "long", total_objects == 0 unlikely happens for
3.12 and later kernels because 32-bit architectures would not be able to
hold (1 << 32) objects. However, total_objects == 0 may happen for kernels
between 3.1 and 3.11 because total_objects in prune_super() was an "int"
and (e.g.) x86_64 architecture might be able to hold (1 << 32) objects.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: stable <stable@kernel.org> # 3.1+
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Percpu allocator now supports allocation mask. Add @gfp to
percpu_counter_init() so that !GFP_KERNEL allocation masks can be used
with percpu_counters too.
We could have left percpu_counter_init() alone and added
percpu_counter_init_gfp(); however, the number of users isn't that
high and introducing _gfp variants to all percpu data structures would
be quite ugly, so let's just do the conversion. This is the one with
the most users. Other percpu data structures are a lot easier to
convert.
This patch doesn't make any functional difference.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Pull quota, reiserfs, UDF updates from Jan Kara:
"Scalability improvements for quota, a few reiserfs fixes, and couple
of misc cleanups (udf, ext2)"
* 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fs:
reiserfs: Fix use after free in journal teardown
reiserfs: fix corruption introduced by balance_leaf refactor
udf: avoid redundant memcpy when writing data in ICB
fs/udf: re-use hex_asc_upper_{hi,lo} macros
fs/quota: kernel-doc warning fixes
udf: use linux/uaccess.h
fs/ext2/super.c: Drop memory allocation cast
quota: remove dqptr_sem
quota: simplify remove_inode_dquot_ref()
quota: avoid unnecessary dqget()/dqput() calls
quota: protect Q_GETFMT by dqonoff_mutex
These externs belong in fs/internal.h. Rename (they are not acct-specific
anymore) and move them over there.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
just repeat the frozen check after regaining it, and check that sb
is still alive. If several threads hit acct_auto_close() at the
same time, acct_auto_close() will survive that just fine. And we
really don't want to play with writes and closing the file with
->s_umount held exclusive - it's a deadlock country.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Put these suckers on per-vfsmount and per-superblock lists instead.
Note: right now it's still acct_lock for everything, but that's
going to change.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Remove dqptr_sem to make quota code scalable: Remove the dqptr_sem,
accessing inode->i_dquot now protected by dquot_srcu, and changing
inode->i_dquot is now serialized by dq_data_lock.
Signed-off-by: Lai Siyao <lai.siyao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Niu Yawei <yawei.niu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
We remove the call to grab_super_passive in call to super_cache_count.
This becomes a scalability bottleneck as multiple threads are trying to do
memory reclamation, e.g. when we are doing large amount of file read and
page cache is under pressure. The cached objects quickly got reclaimed
down to 0 and we are aborting the cache_scan() reclaim. But counting
creates a log jam acquiring the sb_lock.
We are holding the shrinker_rwsem which ensures the safety of call to
list_lru_count_node() and s_op->nr_cached_objects. The shrinker is
unregistered now before ->kill_sb() so the operation is safe when we are
doing unmount.
The impact will depend heavily on the machine and the workload but for a
small machine using postmark tuned to use 4xRAM size the results were
3.15.0-rc5 3.15.0-rc5
vanilla shrinker-v1r1
Ops/sec Transactions 21.00 ( 0.00%) 24.00 ( 14.29%)
Ops/sec FilesCreate 39.00 ( 0.00%) 44.00 ( 12.82%)
Ops/sec CreateTransact 10.00 ( 0.00%) 12.00 ( 20.00%)
Ops/sec FilesDeleted 6202.00 ( 0.00%) 6202.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops/sec DeleteTransact 11.00 ( 0.00%) 12.00 ( 9.09%)
Ops/sec DataRead/MB 25.97 ( 0.00%) 29.10 ( 12.05%)
Ops/sec DataWrite/MB 49.99 ( 0.00%) 56.02 ( 12.06%)
ffsb running in a configuration that is meant to simulate a mail server showed
3.15.0-rc5 3.15.0-rc5
vanilla shrinker-v1r1
Ops/sec readall 9402.63 ( 0.00%) 9567.97 ( 1.76%)
Ops/sec create 4695.45 ( 0.00%) 4735.00 ( 0.84%)
Ops/sec delete 173.72 ( 0.00%) 179.83 ( 3.52%)
Ops/sec Transactions 14271.80 ( 0.00%) 14482.81 ( 1.48%)
Ops/sec Read 37.00 ( 0.00%) 37.60 ( 1.62%)
Ops/sec Write 18.20 ( 0.00%) 18.30 ( 0.55%)
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Tested-by: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This series is aimed at regressions noticed during reclaim activity. The
first two patches are shrinker patches that were posted ages ago but never
merged for reasons that are unclear to me. I'm posting them again to see
if there was a reason they were dropped or if they just got lost. Dave?
Time? The last patch adjusts proportional reclaim. Yuanhan Liu, can you
retest the vm scalability test cases on a larger machine? Hugh, does this
work for you on the memcg test cases?
Based on ext4, I get the following results but unfortunately my larger
test machines are all unavailable so this is based on a relatively small
machine.
postmark
3.15.0-rc5 3.15.0-rc5
vanilla proportion-v1r4
Ops/sec Transactions 21.00 ( 0.00%) 25.00 ( 19.05%)
Ops/sec FilesCreate 39.00 ( 0.00%) 45.00 ( 15.38%)
Ops/sec CreateTransact 10.00 ( 0.00%) 12.00 ( 20.00%)
Ops/sec FilesDeleted 6202.00 ( 0.00%) 6202.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops/sec DeleteTransact 11.00 ( 0.00%) 12.00 ( 9.09%)
Ops/sec DataRead/MB 25.97 ( 0.00%) 30.02 ( 15.59%)
Ops/sec DataWrite/MB 49.99 ( 0.00%) 57.78 ( 15.58%)
ffsb (mail server simulator)
3.15.0-rc5 3.15.0-rc5
vanilla proportion-v1r4
Ops/sec readall 9402.63 ( 0.00%) 9805.74 ( 4.29%)
Ops/sec create 4695.45 ( 0.00%) 4781.39 ( 1.83%)
Ops/sec delete 173.72 ( 0.00%) 177.23 ( 2.02%)
Ops/sec Transactions 14271.80 ( 0.00%) 14764.37 ( 3.45%)
Ops/sec Read 37.00 ( 0.00%) 38.50 ( 4.05%)
Ops/sec Write 18.20 ( 0.00%) 18.50 ( 1.65%)
dd of a large file
3.15.0-rc5 3.15.0-rc5
vanilla proportion-v1r4
WallTime DownloadTar 75.00 ( 0.00%) 61.00 ( 18.67%)
WallTime DD 423.00 ( 0.00%) 401.00 ( 5.20%)
WallTime Delete 2.00 ( 0.00%) 5.00 (-150.00%)
stutter (times mmap latency during large amounts of IO)
3.15.0-rc5 3.15.0-rc5
vanilla proportion-v1r4
Unit >5ms Delays 80252.0000 ( 0.00%) 81523.0000 ( -1.58%)
Unit Mmap min 8.2118 ( 0.00%) 8.3206 ( -1.33%)
Unit Mmap mean 17.4614 ( 0.00%) 17.2868 ( 1.00%)
Unit Mmap stddev 24.9059 ( 0.00%) 34.6771 (-39.23%)
Unit Mmap max 2811.6433 ( 0.00%) 2645.1398 ( 5.92%)
Unit Mmap 90% 20.5098 ( 0.00%) 18.3105 ( 10.72%)
Unit Mmap 93% 22.9180 ( 0.00%) 20.1751 ( 11.97%)
Unit Mmap 95% 25.2114 ( 0.00%) 22.4988 ( 10.76%)
Unit Mmap 99% 46.1430 ( 0.00%) 43.5952 ( 5.52%)
Unit Ideal Tput 85.2623 ( 0.00%) 78.8906 ( 7.47%)
Unit Tput min 44.0666 ( 0.00%) 43.9609 ( 0.24%)
Unit Tput mean 45.5646 ( 0.00%) 45.2009 ( 0.80%)
Unit Tput stddev 0.9318 ( 0.00%) 1.1084 (-18.95%)
Unit Tput max 46.7375 ( 0.00%) 46.7539 ( -0.04%)
This patch (of 3):
We will like to unregister the sb shrinker before ->kill_sb(). This will
allow cached objects to be counted without call to grab_super_passive() to
update ref count on sb. We want to avoid locking during memory
reclamation especially when we are skipping the memory reclaim when we are
out of cached objects.
This is safe because grab_super_passive does a try-lock on the
sb->s_umount now, and so if we are in the unmount process, it won't ever
block. That means what used to be a deadlock and races we were avoiding
by using grab_super_passive() is now:
shrinker umount
down_read(shrinker_rwsem)
down_write(sb->s_umount)
shrinker_unregister
down_write(shrinker_rwsem)
<blocks>
grab_super_passive(sb)
down_read_trylock(sb->s_umount)
<fails>
<shrinker aborts>
....
<shrinkers finish running>
up_read(shrinker_rwsem)
<unblocks>
<removes shrinker>
up_write(shrinker_rwsem)
->kill_sb()
....
So it is safe to deregister the shrinker before ->kill_sb().
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Tested-by: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 9e30cc9595 removed an internal mount. This
has the side-effect that rootfs now has FSID 0. Many
userspace utilities assume that st_dev in struct stat
is never 0, so this change breaks a number of tools in
early userspace.
Since we don't know how many userspace programs are affected,
make sure that FSID is at least 1.
References: http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1666905
References: http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.utilities.util-linux-ng/8557
Cc: 3.14 <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Bächler <thomas@archlinux.org>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Tested-by: Alexandre Demers <alexandre.f.demers@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Move sync_filesystem() after sb_prepare_remount_readonly(). If writers
sneak in anywhere from sync_filesystem() to sb_prepare_remount_readonly()
it can cause inodes to be dirtied and writeback to occur well after
sys_mount() has completely successfully.
This was spotted by corrupted ubifs filesystems on reboot, but appears
that it can cause issues with any filesystem using writeback.
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind1@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
CC: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Co-authored-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Ruder <andrew.ruder@elecsyscorp.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
On fail path alloc_super() calls destroy_super(), which issues a warning
if the sb's s_mounts list is not empty, in particular if it has not been
initialized. That said s_mounts must be initialized in alloc_super()
before any possible failure, but currently it is initialized close to
the end of the function leading to a useless warning dumped to log if
either percpu_counter_init() or list_lru_init() fails. Let's fix this.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The only thing we need it for is alt-sysrq-r (emergency remount r/o)
and these days we can do just as well without going through the
list of files.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Freeing ->s_{inode,dentry}_lru in deactivate_locked_super() is wrong;
the right place is destroy_super(). As it is, we leak them if sget()
decides that new superblock it has allocated (and never shown to
anybody) isn't needed and should be freed.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This patch adds the missing call to list_lru_destroy (spotted by Li Zhong)
and moves the deletion to after the shrinker is unregistered, as correctly
spotted by Dave
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We currently use a compile-time constant to size the node array for the
list_lru structure. Due to this, we don't need to allocate any memory at
initialization time. But as a consequence, the structures that contain
embedded list_lru lists can become way too big (the superblock for
instance contains two of them).
This patch aims at ameliorating this situation by dynamically allocating
the node arrays with the firmware provided nr_node_ids.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Now that the shrinker is passing a node in the scan control structure, we
can pass this to the the generic LRU list code to isolate reclaim to the
lists on matching nodes.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Convert superblock shrinker to use the new count/scan API, and propagate
the API changes through to the filesystem callouts. The filesystem
callouts already use a count/scan API, so it's just changing counters to
longs to match the VM API.
This requires the dentry and inode shrinker callouts to be converted to
the count/scan API. This is mainly a mechanical change.
[glommer@openvz.org: use mult_frac for fractional proportions, build fixes]
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
With the dentry LRUs being per-sb structures, there is no real need for
a global dentry_lru_lock. The locking can be made more fine-grained by
moving to a per-sb LRU lock, isolating the LRU operations of different
filesytsems completely from each other. The need for this is independent
of any performance consideration that may arise: in the interest of
abstracting the lru operations away, it is mandatory that each lru works
around its own lock instead of a global lock for all of them.
[glommer@openvz.org: updated changelog ]
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The sysctl knob sysctl_vfs_cache_pressure is used to determine which
percentage of the shrinkable objects in our cache we should actively try
to shrink.
It works great in situations in which we have many objects (at least more
than 100), because the aproximation errors will be negligible. But if
this is not the case, specially when total_objects < 100, we may end up
concluding that we have no objects at all (total / 100 = 0, if total <
100).
This is certainly not the biggest killer in the world, but may matter in
very low kernel memory situations.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Linus Torvalds
Dmitry Monakhov
Vincent Stehlé
Al Viro
Dave Chinner
Oleg Nesterov
Wang YanQing
Vladimir Davydov
Konstantin Khlebnikov
Christoph Hellwig
Tetsuo Handa
Tejun Heo
Niu Yawei
Tim Chen
Dave Chinner
Thomas Bächler
Theodore Ts'o
Andrew Ruder
Glauber Costa
Glauber Costa