Marc Kleine-Budde pointed out, that commit 77cc982 "clocksource: use
clockevents_config_and_register() where possible" caused a regression
for some of the converted subarchs.
The reason is, that the clockevents core code converts the minimal
hardware tick delta to a nanosecond value for core internal
usage. This conversion is affected by integer math rounding loss, so
the backwards conversion to hardware ticks will likely result in a
value which is less than the configured hardware limitation. The
affected subarchs used their own workaround (SIGH!) which got lost in
the conversion.
The solution for the issue at hand is simple: adding evt->mult - 1 to
the shifted value before the integer divison in the core conversion
function takes care of it. But this only works for the case where for
the scaled math mult/shift pair "mult <= 1 << shift" is true. For the
case where "mult > 1 << shift" we can apply the rounding add only for
the minimum delta value to make sure that the backward conversion is
not less than the given hardware limit. For the upper bound we need to
omit the rounding add, because the backwards conversion is always
larger than the original latch value. That would violate the upper
bound of the hardware device.
Though looking closer at the details of that function reveals another
bogosity: The upper bounds check is broken as well. Checking for a
resulting "clc" value greater than KTIME_MAX after the conversion is
pointless. The conversion does:
u64 clc = (latch << evt->shift) / evt->mult;
So there is no sanity check for (latch << evt->shift) exceeding the
64bit boundary. The latch argument is "unsigned long", so on a 64bit
arch the handed in argument could easily lead to an unnoticed shift
overflow. With the above rounding fix applied the calculation before
the divison is:
u64 clc = (latch << evt->shift) + evt->mult - 1;
So we need to make sure, that neither the shift nor the rounding add
is overflowing the u64 boundary.
[ukl: move assignment to rnd after eventually changing mult, fix build
issue and correct comment with the right math]
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Marc Kleine-Budde <mkl@pengutronix.de>
Cc: nicolas.ferre@atmel.com
Cc: Marc Pignat <marc.pignat@hevs.ch>
Cc: john.stultz@linaro.org
Cc: kernel@pengutronix.de
Cc: Ronald Wahl <ronald.wahl@raritan.com>
Cc: LAK <linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org>
Cc: Ludovic Desroches <ludovic.desroches@atmel.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1380052223-24139-1-git-send-email-u.kleine-koenig@pengutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Uwe Kleine-König <u.kleine-koenig@pengutronix.de>
Pull timer fix from Ingo Molnar:
"An NTP related lockup fix"
* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
timekeeping: Fix HRTICK related deadlock from ntp lock changes
Gerlando Falauto reported that when HRTICK is enabled, it is
possible to trigger system deadlocks. These were hard to
reproduce, as HRTICK has been broken in the past, but seemed
to be connected to the timekeeping_seq lock.
Since seqlock/seqcount's aren't supported w/ lockdep, I added
some extra spinlock based locking and triggered the following
lockdep output:
[ 15.849182] ntpd/4062 is trying to acquire lock:
[ 15.849765] (&(&pool->lock)->rlock){..-...}, at: [<ffffffff810aa9b5>] __queue_work+0x145/0x480
[ 15.850051]
[ 15.850051] but task is already holding lock:
[ 15.850051] (timekeeper_lock){-.-.-.}, at: [<ffffffff810df6df>] do_adjtimex+0x7f/0x100
<snip>
[ 15.850051] Chain exists of: &(&pool->lock)->rlock --> &p->pi_lock --> timekeeper_lock
[ 15.850051] Possible unsafe locking scenario:
[ 15.850051]
[ 15.850051] CPU0 CPU1
[ 15.850051] ---- ----
[ 15.850051] lock(timekeeper_lock);
[ 15.850051] lock(&p->pi_lock);
[ 15.850051] lock(timekeeper_lock);
[ 15.850051] lock(&(&pool->lock)->rlock);
[ 15.850051]
[ 15.850051] *** DEADLOCK ***
The deadlock was introduced by 06c017fdd4 ("timekeeping:
Hold timekeepering locks in do_adjtimex and hardpps") in 3.10
This patch avoids this deadlock, by moving the call to
schedule_delayed_work() outside of the timekeeper lock
critical section.
Reported-by: Gerlando Falauto <gerlando.falauto@keymile.com>
Tested-by: Lin Ming <minggr@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: stable <stable@vger.kernel.org> #3.11, 3.10
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1378943457-27314-1-git-send-email-john.stultz@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Pull timers/nohz changes from Ingo Molnar:
"It mostly contains fixes and full dynticks off-case optimizations, by
Frederic Weisbecker"
* 'timers-nohz-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (24 commits)
nohz: Include local CPU in full dynticks global kick
nohz: Optimize full dynticks's sched hooks with static keys
nohz: Optimize full dynticks state checks with static keys
nohz: Rename a few state variables
vtime: Always debug check snapshot source _before_ updating it
vtime: Always scale generic vtime accounting results
vtime: Optimize full dynticks accounting off case with static keys
vtime: Describe overriden functions in dedicated arch headers
m68k: hardirq_count() only need preempt_mask.h
hardirq: Split preempt count mask definitions
context_tracking: Split low level state headers
vtime: Fix racy cputime delta update
vtime: Remove a few unneeded generic vtime state checks
context_tracking: User/kernel broundary cross trace events
context_tracking: Optimize context switch off case with static keys
context_tracking: Optimize guest APIs off case with static key
context_tracking: Optimize main APIs off case with static key
context_tracking: Ground setup for static key use
context_tracking: Remove full dynticks' hacky dependency on wide context tracking
nohz: Only enable context tracking on full dynticks CPUs
...
Pull RCU updates from Paul E. McKenney:
"
* Update RCU documentation. These were posted to LKML at
https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/8/19/611.
* Miscellaneous fixes. These were posted to LKML at
https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/8/19/619.
* Full-system idle detection. This is for use by Frederic
Weisbecker's adaptive-ticks mechanism. Its purpose is
to allow the timekeeping CPU to shut off its tick when
all other CPUs are idle. These were posted to LKML at
https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/8/19/648.
* Improve rcutorture test coverage. These were posted to LKML at
https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/8/19/675.
"
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
This commit adds the state machine that takes the per-CPU idle data
as input and produces a full-system-idle indication as output. This
state machine is driven out of RCU's quiescent-state-forcing
mechanism, which invokes rcu_sysidle_check_cpu() to collect per-CPU
idle state and then rcu_sysidle_report() to drive the state machine.
The full-system-idle state is sampled using rcu_sys_is_idle(), which
also drives the state machine if RCU is idle (and does so by forcing
RCU to become non-idle). This function returns true if all but the
timekeeping CPU (tick_do_timer_cpu) are idle and have been idle long
enough to avoid memory contention on the full_sysidle_state state
variable. The rcu_sysidle_force_exit() may be called externally
to reset the state machine back into non-idle state.
For large systems the state machine is driven out of RCU's
force-quiescent-state logic, which provides good scalability at the price
of millisecond-scale latencies on the transition to full-system-idle
state. This is not so good for battery-powered systems, which are usually
small enough that they don't need to care about scalability, but which
do care deeply about energy efficiency. Small systems therefore drive
the state machine directly out of the idle-entry code. The number of
CPUs in a "small" system is defined by a new NO_HZ_FULL_SYSIDLE_SMALL
Kconfig parameter, which defaults to 8. Note that this is a build-time
definition.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
[ paulmck: Use true and false for boolean constants per Lai Jiangshan. ]
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
[ paulmck: Simplify logic and provide better comments for memory barriers,
based on review comments and questions by Lai Jiangshan. ]
Correct an issue with /proc/timer_list reported by Holger.
When reading from the proc file with a sufficiently small buffer, 2k so
not really that small, there was one could get hung trying to read the
file a chunk at a time.
The timer_list_start function failed to account for the possibility that
the offset was adjusted outside the timer_list_next.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Reported-by: Holger Hans Peter Freyther <holger@freyther.de>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Berke Durak <berke.durak@xiphos.com>
Cc: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.10.x
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull timer fixes from Ingo Molnar:
"Three small fixlets"
* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
nohz: fix compile warning in tick_nohz_init()
nohz: Do not warn about unstable tsc unless user uses nohz_full
sched_clock: Fix integer overflow
At least one CPU must keep the scheduling-clock tick running for
timekeeping purposes whenever there is a non-idle CPU. However, with
the new nohz_full adaptive-idle machinery, it is difficult to distinguish
between all CPUs really being idle as opposed to all non-idle CPUs being
in adaptive-ticks mode. This commit therefore adds a Kconfig parameter
as a first step towards enabling a scalable detection of full-system
idle state.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
[ paulmck: Update help text per Frederic Weisbecker. ]
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
tick_nohz_full_kick_all() is useful to notify all full dynticks
CPUs that there is a system state change to checkout before
re-evaluating the need for the tick.
Unfortunately this is implemented using smp_call_function_many()
that ignores the local CPU. This CPU also needs to re-evaluate
the tick.
on_each_cpu_mask() is not useful either because we don't want to
re-evaluate the tick state in place but asynchronously from an IPI
to avoid messing up with any random locking scenario.
So lets call tick_nohz_full_kick() from tick_nohz_full_kick_all()
so that the usual irq work takes care of it.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1375460996-16329-4-git-send-email-fweisbec@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Pull nohz improvements from Frederic Weisbecker:
" It mostly contains fixes and full dynticks off-case optimizations. I believe that
distros want to enable this feature so it seems important to optimize the case
where the "nohz_full=" parameter is empty. ie: I'm trying to remove any performance
regression that comes with NO_HZ_FULL=y when the feature is not used.
This patchset improves the current situation a lot (off-case appears to be around 11% faster
with hackbench, although I guess it may vary depending on the configuration but it should be
significantly faster in any case) now there is still some work to do: I can still observe a
remaining loss of 1.6% throughput seen with hackbench compared to CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=n. "
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Scheduler IPIs and task context switches are serious fast path.
Let's try to hide as much as we can the impact of full
dynticks APIs' off case that are called on these sites
through the use of static keys.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
These APIs are frequenctly accessed and priority is given
to optimize the full dynticks off-case in order to let
distros enable this feature without suffering from
significant performance regressions.
Let's inline these APIs and optimize them with static keys.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Rename the full dynticks's cpumask and cpumask state variables
to some more exportable names.
These will be used later from global headers to optimize
the main full dynticks APIs in conjunction with static keys.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Now that the full dynticks subsystem only enables the context tracking
on full dynticks CPUs, lets remove the dependency on CONTEXT_TRACKING_FORCE
This dependency was a hack to enable the context tracking widely for the
full dynticks susbsystem until the latter becomes able to enable it in a
more CPU-finegrained fashion.
Now CONTEXT_TRACKING_FORCE only stands for testing on archs that
work on support for the context tracking while full dynticks can't be
used yet due to unmet dependencies. It simulates a system where all CPUs
are full dynticks so that RCU user extended quiescent states and dynticks
cputime accounting can be tested on the given arch.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
The context tracking subsystem has the ability to selectively
enable the tracking on any defined subset of CPU. This means that
we can define a CPU range that doesn't run the context tracking
and another range that does.
Now what we want in practice is to enable the tracking on full
dynticks CPUs only. In order to perform this, we just need to pass
our full dynticks CPU range selection from the full dynticks
subsystem to the context tracking.
This way we can spare the overhead of RCU user extended quiescent
state and vtime maintainance on the CPUs that are outside the
full dynticks range. Just keep in mind the raw context tracking
itself is still necessary everywhere.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
cpu is not used after commit 5b8621a68f
Signed-off-by: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
If the user enables CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL and runs the kernel on a machine
with an unstable TSC, it will produce a WARN_ON dump as well as taint
the kernel. This is a bit extreme for a kernel that just enables a
feature but doesn't use it.
The warning should only happen if the user tries to use the feature by
either adding nohz_full to the kernel command line, or by enabling
CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL_ALL that makes nohz used on all CPUs at boot up. Note,
this second feature should not (yet) be used by distros or anyone that
doesn't care if NO_HZ is used or not.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
The expression '(1 << 32)' happens to evaluate as 0 on ARM, but
it evaluates as 1 on xtensa and x86_64. This zeros sched_clock_mask,
and breaks sched_clock().
Set the type of 1 to 'unsigned long long' to get the value we need.
Reported-by: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Baruch Siach <baruch@tkos.co.il>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
The __cpuinit type of throwaway sections might have made sense
some time ago when RAM was more constrained, but now the savings
do not offset the cost and complications. For example, the fix in
commit 5e427ec2d0 ("x86: Fix bit corruption at CPU resume time")
is a good example of the nasty type of bugs that can be created
with improper use of the various __init prefixes.
After a discussion on LKML[1] it was decided that cpuinit should go
the way of devinit and be phased out. Once all the users are gone,
we can then finally remove the macros themselves from linux/init.h.
This removes all the uses of the __cpuinit macros from C files in
the core kernel directories (kernel, init, lib, mm, and include)
that don't really have a specific maintainer.
[1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/5/20/589
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
On ARM systems the dummy clockevent is registered with the cpu
hotplug notifier chain before any other per-cpu clockevent. This
has the side-effect of causing the dummy clockevent to be
registered first in every hotplug sequence. Because the dummy is
first, we'll try to turn the broadcast source on but the code in
tick_device_uses_broadcast() assumes the broadcast source is in
periodic mode and calls tick_broadcast_start_periodic()
unconditionally.
On boot this isn't a problem because we typically haven't
switched into oneshot mode yet (if at all). During hotplug, if
the broadcast source isn't in periodic mode we'll replace the
broadcast oneshot handler with the broadcast periodic handler and
start emulating oneshot mode when we shouldn't. Due to the way
the broadcast oneshot handler programs the next_event it's
possible for it to contain KTIME_MAX and cause us to hang the
system when the periodic handler tries to program the next tick.
Fix this by using the appropriate function to start the broadcast
source.
Reported-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com>
Tested-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Mark Rutland <Mark.Rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>
Cc: ARM kernel mailing list <linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Joseph Lo <josephl@nvidia.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130711140059.GA27430@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Pull nohz updates/fixes from Frederic Weisbecker:
' Note that "watchdog: Boot-disable by default on full dynticks" is a temporary
solution to solve the issue with the watchdog that prevents the tick from
stopping. This is to make sure that 3.11 doesn't have that problem as several
people complained about it.
A proper and longer term solution has been proposed by Peterz:
http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130618103632.GO3204@twins.programming.kicks-ass.net
'
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Up to commit 5d33b883a (clocksource: Always verify highres capability)
we had no sanity check when selecting a clocksource, which prevented
that a non highres capable clocksource is used when the system already
switched to highres/nohz mode.
The new sanity check works as Alex and Tim found out. It prevents the
TSC from being used. This happens because on x86 the boot process
looks like this:
tsc_start_freqency_validation(TSC);
clocksource_register(HPET);
clocksource_done_booting();
clocksource_select()
Selects HPET which is valid for high-res
switch_to_highres();
clocksource_register(TSC);
TSC is not selected, because it is not yet
flagged as VALID_HIGH_RES
clocksource_watchdog()
Validates TSC for highres, but that does not make TSC
the current clocksource.
Before the sanity check was added, we installed TSC unvalidated which
worked most of the time. If the TSC was really detected as unstable,
then the unstable logic removed it and installed HPET again.
The sanity check is correct and needed. So the watchdog needs to kick
a reselection of the clocksource, when it qualifies TSC as a valid
high res clocksource.
To solve this, we mark the clocksource which got the flag
CLOCK_SOURCE_VALID_FOR_HRES set by the watchdog with an new flag
CLOCK_SOURCE_RESELECT and trigger the watchdog thread. The watchdog
thread evaluates the flag and invokes clocksource_select() when set.
To avoid that the clocksource_done_booting() code, which is about to
install the first real clocksource anyway, needs to go through
clocksource_select and tick_oneshot_notify() pointlessly, split out
the clocksource_watchdog_kthread() list walk code and invoke the
select/notify only when called from clocksource_watchdog_kthread().
So clocksource_done_booting() can utilize the same splitout code
without the select/notify invocation and the clocksource_mutex
unlock/relock dance.
Reported-and-tested-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Cc: Hans Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Tested-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.02.1307042239150.11637@ionos.tec.linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/frederic/linux-dynticks into timers/core
Frederic sayed: "Most of these patches have been hanging around for
several month now, in -mmotm for a significant chunk. They already
missed a few releases."
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
The recent implementation of a generic dummy timer resulted in a
different registration order of per cpu local timers which made the
broadcast control logic go belly up.
If the dummy timer is the first clock event device which is registered
for a CPU, then it is installed, the broadcast timer is initialized
and the CPU is marked as broadcast target.
If a real clock event device is installed after that, we can fail to
take the CPU out of the broadcast mask. In the worst case we end up
with two periodic timer events firing for the same CPU. One from the
per cpu hardware device and one from the broadcast.
Now the problem is that we have no way to distinguish whether the
system is in a state which makes broadcasting necessary or the
broadcast bit was set due to the nonfunctional dummy timer
installment.
To solve this we need to keep track of the system state seperately and
provide a more detailed decision logic whether we keep the CPU in
broadcast mode or not.
The old decision logic only clears the broadcast mode, if the newly
installed clock event device is not affected by power states.
The new logic clears the broadcast mode if one of the following is
true:
- The new device is not affected by power states.
- The system is not in a power state affected mode
- The system has switched to oneshot mode. The oneshot broadcast is
controlled from the deep idle state. The CPU is not in idle at
this point, so it's safe to remove it from the mask.
If we clear the broadcast bit for the CPU when a new device is
installed, we also shutdown the broadcast device when this was the
last CPU in the broadcast mask.
If the broadcast bit is kept, then we leave the new device in shutdown
state and rely on the broadcast to deliver the timer interrupts via
the broadcast ipis.
Reported-and-tested-by: Stehle Vincent-B46079 <B46079@freescale.com>
Reviewed-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>,
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.02.1307012153060.4013@ionos.tec.linutronix.de
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
When the system switches from periodic to oneshot mode, the broadcast
logic causes a possibility that a CPU which has not yet switched to
oneshot mode puts its own clock event device into oneshot mode without
updating the state and the timer handler.
CPU0 CPU1
per cpu tickdev is in periodic mode
and switched to broadcast
Switch to oneshot mode
tick_broadcast_switch_to_oneshot()
cpumask_copy(tick_oneshot_broacast_mask,
tick_broadcast_mask);
broadcast device mode = oneshot
Timer interrupt
irq_enter()
tick_check_oneshot_broadcast()
dev->set_mode(ONESHOT);
tick_handle_periodic()
if (dev->mode == ONESHOT)
dev->next_event += period;
FAIL.
We fail, because dev->next_event contains KTIME_MAX, if the device was
in periodic mode before the uncontrolled switch to oneshot happened.
We must copy the broadcast bits over to the oneshot mask, because
otherwise a CPU which relies on the broadcast would not been woken up
anymore after the broadcast device switched to oneshot mode.
So we need to verify in tick_check_oneshot_broadcast() whether the CPU
has already switched to oneshot mode. If not, leave the device
untouched and let the CPU switch controlled into oneshot mode.
This is a long standing bug, which was never noticed, because the main
user of the broadcast x86 cannot run into that scenario, AFAICT. The
nonarchitected timer mess of ARM creates a gazillion of differently
broken abominations which trigger the shortcomings of that broadcast
code, which better had never been necessary in the first place.
Reported-and-tested-by: Stehle Vincent-B46079 <B46079@freescale.com>
Reviewed-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>,
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.02.1307012153060.4013@ionos.tec.linutronix.de
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
In periodic mode we remove offline cpus from the broadcast propagation
mask. In oneshot mode we fail to do so. This was not a problem so far,
but the recent changes to the broadcast propagation introduced a
constellation which can result in a NULL pointer dereference.
What happens is:
CPU0 CPU1
idle()
arch_idle()
tick_broadcast_oneshot_control(OFF);
set cpu1 in tick_broadcast_force_mask
if (cpu_offline())
arch_cpu_dead()
cpu_dead_cleanup(cpu1)
cpu1 tickdevice pointer = NULL
broadcast interrupt
dereference cpu1 tickdevice pointer -> OOPS
We dereference the pointer because cpu1 is still set in
tick_broadcast_force_mask and tick_do_broadcast() expects a valid
cpumask and therefor lacks any further checks.
Remove the cpu from the tick_broadcast_force_mask before we set the
tick device pointer to NULL. Also add a sanity check to the oneshot
broadcast function, so we can detect such issues w/o crashing the
machine.
Reported-by: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: athorlton@sgi.com
Cc: CAI Qian <caiqian@redhat.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.02.1306261303260.4013@ionos.tec.linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
If the clock was set (stepped), set the action parameter to functions
in the pvclock gtod notifier chain to non-zero. This allows the
callee to only do work if the clock was stepped.
This will be used on Xen as the synchronization of the Xen wallclock
to the control domain's (dom0) system time will be done with this
notifier and updating on every timer tick is unnecessary and too
expensive.
Signed-off-by: David Vrabel <david.vrabel@citrix.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: <xen-devel@lists.xen.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1372329348-20841-4-git-send-email-david.vrabel@citrix.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Instead of passing multiple bools to timekeeping_updated(), define
flags and use a single 'action' parameter. It is then more obvious
what each timekeeping_update() call does.
Signed-off-by: David Vrabel <david.vrabel@citrix.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: <xen-devel@lists.xen.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1372329348-20841-3-git-send-email-david.vrabel@citrix.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
On an SMP system with only one global clockevent and a dummy
clockevent per CPU we run into problems. We want the dummy
clockevents to be registered as the per CPU tick devices, but
we can only achieve that if we register the dummy clockevents
before the global clockevent or if we artificially inflate the
rating of the dummy clockevents to be higher than the rating
of the global clockevent. Failure to do so leads to boot
hangs when the dummy timers are registered on all other CPUs
besides the CPU that accepted the global clockevent as its tick
device and there is no broadcast timer to poke the dummy
devices.
If we're registering multiple clockevents and one clockevent is
global and the other is local to a particular CPU we should
choose to use the local clockevent regardless of the rating of
the device. This way, if the clockevent is a dummy it will take
the tick device duty as long as there isn't a higher rated tick
device and any global clockevent will be bumped out into
broadcast mode, fixing the problem described above.
Reported-and-tested-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Tested-by: soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@linaro.org>
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130613183950.GA32061@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
The recent modification in the cpuidle framework consolidated the
timer broadcast code across the different drivers by setting a new
flag in the idle state. It tells the cpuidle core code to enter/exit
the broadcast mode for the cpu when entering a deep idle state. The
broadcast timer enter/exit is no longer handled by the back-end
driver.
This change made the local interrupt to be enabled *before* calling
CLOCK_EVENT_NOTIFY_EXIT.
On a tegra114, a four cores system, when the flag has been introduced
in the driver, the following warning appeared:
WARNING: at kernel/time/tick-broadcast.c:578 tick_broadcast_oneshot_control
CPU: 2 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/2 Not tainted 3.10.0-rc3-next-20130529+ #15
[<c00667f8>] (tick_broadcast_oneshot_control+0x1a4/0x1d0) from [<c0065cd0>] (tick_notify+0x240/0x40c)
[<c0065cd0>] (tick_notify+0x240/0x40c) from [<c0044724>] (notifier_call_chain+0x44/0x84)
[<c0044724>] (notifier_call_chain+0x44/0x84) from [<c0044828>] (raw_notifier_call_chain+0x18/0x20)
[<c0044828>] (raw_notifier_call_chain+0x18/0x20) from [<c00650cc>] (clockevents_notify+0x28/0x170)
[<c00650cc>] (clockevents_notify+0x28/0x170) from [<c033f1f0>] (cpuidle_idle_call+0x11c/0x168)
[<c033f1f0>] (cpuidle_idle_call+0x11c/0x168) from [<c000ea94>] (arch_cpu_idle+0x8/0x38)
[<c000ea94>] (arch_cpu_idle+0x8/0x38) from [<c005ea80>] (cpu_startup_entry+0x60/0x134)
[<c005ea80>] (cpu_startup_entry+0x60/0x134) from [<804fe9a4>] (0x804fe9a4)
I don't have the hardware, so I wasn't able to reproduce the warning
but after looking a while at the code, I deduced the following:
1. the CPU2 enters a deep idle state and sets the broadcast timer
2. the timer expires, the tick_handle_oneshot_broadcast function is
called, setting the tick_broadcast_pending_mask and waking up the
idle cpu CPU2
3. the CPU2 exits idle handles the interrupt and then invokes
tick_broadcast_oneshot_control with CLOCK_EVENT_NOTIFY_EXIT which
runs the following code:
[...]
if (dev->next_event.tv64 == KTIME_MAX)
goto out;
if (cpumask_test_and_clear_cpu(cpu,
tick_broadcast_pending_mask))
goto out;
[...]
So if there is no next event scheduled for CPU2, we fulfil the
first condition and jump out without clearing the
tick_broadcast_pending_mask.
4. CPU2 goes to deep idle again and calls
tick_broadcast_oneshot_control with CLOCK_NOTIFY_EVENT_ENTER but
with the tick_broadcast_pending_mask set for CPU2, triggering the
warning.
The issue only surfaced due to the modifications of the cpuidle
framework, which resulted in interrupts being enabled before the call
to the clockevents code. If the call happens before interrupts have
been enabled, the warning cannot trigger, because there is still the
event pending which caused the broadcast timer expiry.
Move the check for the next event below the check for the pending bit,
so the pending bit gets cleared whether an event is scheduled on the
cpu or not.
[ tglx: Massaged changelog ]
Signed-off-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@linaro.org>
Reported-and-tested-by: Joseph Lo <josephl@nvidia.com>
Cc: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com>
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Cc: linaro-kernel@lists.linaro.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1371485735-31249-1-git-send-email-daniel.lezcano@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Building full dynticks now implies that all CPUs are forced
into RCU nocb mode through CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL.
The dynamic check has become useless.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
If the user configures NO_HZ_FULL and defines nohz_full=XXX on the
kernel command line, or enables NO_HZ_FULL_ALL, but nohz fails
due to the machine having a unstable clock, warn about it.
We do not want users thinking that they are getting the benefit
of nohz when their machine can not support it.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
There is a small race between when the cycle count is read from
the hardware and when the epoch stabilizes. Consider this
scenario:
CPU0 CPU1
---- ----
cyc = read_sched_clock()
cyc_to_sched_clock()
update_sched_clock()
...
cd.epoch_cyc = cyc;
epoch_cyc = cd.epoch_cyc;
...
epoch_ns + cyc_to_ns((cyc - epoch_cyc)
The cyc on cpu0 was read before the epoch changed. But we
calculate the nanoseconds based on the new epoch by subtracting
the new epoch from the old cycle count. Since epoch is most likely
larger than the old cycle count we calculate a large number that
will be converted to nanoseconds and added to epoch_ns, causing
time to jump forward too much.
Fix this problem by reading the hardware after the epoch has
stabilized.
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Nothing about the sched_clock implementation in the ARM port is
specific to the architecture. Generalize the code so that other
architectures can use it by selecting GENERIC_SCHED_CLOCK.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
[jstultz: Merge minor collisions with other patches in my tree]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Export symbols so they can be used by
drivers/staging/android/alarm-dev.c if it is built as a module.
So far alarm-dev is built-in but module support is planned (see
drivers/staging/android/TODO).
Signed-off-by: Marcus Gelderie <redmnic@gmail.com>
[jstultz: tweaked commit message, also export newly added functions]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Since 7300711e ("clockevents: broadcast fixup possible waiters"),
the timekeeping duty is assigned to the CPU that handles the tick
broadcast clock device by the time it is set in one shot mode.
This is an issue in full dynticks mode where the timekeeping duty
must stay handled by the boot CPU for now. Otherwise it prevents
secondary CPUs from offlining and this breaks
suspend/shutdown/reboot/...
As it appears there is no reason for this timekeeping duty to be
moved to the broadcast CPU, besides nothing prevent it from being
later re-assigned to another target, let's simply remove it.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Bohac <jbohac@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
In tick_nohz_cpu_down_callback() if the cpu is the one handling
timekeeping, we must return something that stops the CPU_DOWN_PREPARE
notifiers and then start notify CPU_DOWN_FAILED on the already called
notifier call backs.
However traditional errno values are not handled by the notifier unless
these are encapsulated using errno_to_notifier().
Hence the current -EINVAL is misinterpreted and converted to junk after
notifier_to_errno(), leaving the notifier subsystem to random behaviour
such as eventually allowing the cpu to go down.
Fix this by using the standard NOTIFY_BAD instead.
Signed-off-by: Li Zhong <zhong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Srivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Below is a patch from android kernel that maintains a histogram of
suspend times. Please review and provide feedback.
Statistices on the time spent in suspend are kept in
/sys/kernel/debug/sleep_time.
Cc: Android Kernel Team <kernel-team@android.com>
Cc: Colin Cross <ccross@android.com>
Cc: Todd Poynor <toddpoynor@google.com>
Cc: San Mehat <san@google.com>
Cc: Benoit Goby <benoit@android.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Colin Cross <ccross@android.com>
Signed-off-by: Todd Poynor <toddpoynor@google.com>
[zoran.markovic@linaro.org: Re-formatted suspend time table to better
fit expected values. Moved accounting of suspend time into timekeeping
core. Removed CONFIG_SUSPEND_TIME flag and made the feature conditional
on CONFIG_DEBUG_FS. Changed the file name to sleep_time to better fit
terminology in timekeeping core. Changed seq_printf to seq_puts. Tweaked
commit message]
Signed-off-by: Zoran Markovic <zoran.markovic@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Add functions needed for hooking up alarmtimer to timerfd:
* alarm_restart: Similar to hrtimer_restart, restart an alarmtimer after
the expires time has already been updated (as with alarm_forward).
* alarm_forward_now: Similar to hrtimer_forward_now, move the expires
time forward to an interval from the current time of the associated clock.
* alarm_start_relative: Start an alarmtimer with an expires time relative to
the current time of the associated clock.
* alarm_expires_remaining: Similar to hrtimer_expires_remaining, return the
amount of time remaining until alarm expiry.
Signed-off-by: Todd Poynor <toddpoynor@google.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Since commit 31ade30692, timekeeping_init()
checks for presence of persistent clock by attempting to read a non-zero
time value. This is an issue on platforms where persistent_clock (instead
is implemented as a free-running counter (instead of an RTC) starting
from zero on each boot and running during suspend. Examples are some ARM
platforms (e.g. PandaBoard).
An attempt to read such a clock during timekeeping_init() may return zero
value and falsely declare persistent clock as missing. Additionally, in
the above case suspend times may be accounted twice (once from
timekeeping_resume() and once from rtc_resume()), resulting in a gradual
drift of system time.
This patch does a run-time correction of the issue by doing the same check
during timekeeping_suspend().
A better long-term solution would have to return error when trying to read
non-existing clock and zero when trying to read an uninitialized clock, but
that would require changing all persistent_clock implementations.
This patch addresses the immediate breakage, for now.
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Feng Tang <feng.tang@intel.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Zoran Markovic <zoran.markovic@linaro.org>
[jstultz: Tweaked commit message and subject]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
kernel/time/ntp.c: In function ‘__hardpps’:
kernel/time/ntp.c:877: warning: unused variable ‘flags’
commit a076b2146f ("ntp: Remove ntp_lock,
using the timekeeping locks to protect ntp state") removed its users,
but not the actual variable.
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
commit 7eaeb34305 (clocksource: Provide unbind interface in sysfs)
implemented clocksource_select_fallback() which is not defined for
CONFIG_ARCH_USES_GETTIMEOFFSET=y. Add an empty inline function for
that.
Reported-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Reported-by: fengguang.wu@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
commit 26517f3e (tick: Avoid programming the local cpu timer if
broadcast pending) added a warning if the cpu enters broadcast mode
again while the pending bit is still set. Meelis reported that the
warning triggers. There are two corner cases which have been not
considered:
1) cpuidle calls clockevents_notify(CLOCK_EVT_NOTIFY_BROADCAST_ENTER)
twice. That can result in the following scenario
CPU0 CPU1
cpuidle_idle_call()
clockevents_notify(CLOCK_EVT_NOTIFY_BROADCAST_ENTER)
set cpu in tick_broadcast_oneshot_mask
broadcast interrupt
event expired for cpu1
set pending bit
acpi_idle_enter_simple()
clockevents_notify(CLOCK_EVT_NOTIFY_BROADCAST_ENTER)
WARN_ON(pending bit)
Move the WARN_ON into the section where we enter broadcast mode so
it wont provide false positives on the second call.
2) safe_halt() enables interrupts, so a broadcast interrupt can be
delivered befor the broadcast mode is disabled. That sets the
pending bit for the CPU which receives the broadcast
interrupt. Though the interrupt is delivered right away from the
broadcast handler and leaves the pending bit stale.
Clear the pending bit for the current cpu in the broadcast handler.
Reported-and-tested-by: Meelis Roos <mroos@linux.ee>
Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.LFD.2.02.1305271841130.4220@ionos
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Unbreak architectures which do not use clockevents, but require to
build some of the core timekeeping infrastructure
Reported-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Provide a sysfs interface to allow unbinding of clockevent
devices. The device is unbound if it is unused or if there is a
replacement device available. Unbinding of broadcast devices is not
supported as we don't want to foster that nonsense. If no replacement
device is available the unbind returns -EBUSY. Unbind is available
from the kernel and through sysfs, which is necessary to drop the
module refcount.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Magnus Damm <magnus.damm@gmail.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130425143436.499216659@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Thomas Gleixner
Linus Torvalds
John Stultz
Ingo Molnar
Paul E. McKenney
Nathan Zimmer
Frederic Weisbecker
Rafael J. Wysocki
Li Zhong
Steven Rostedt
Baruch Siach
Paul Gortmaker
Stephen Boyd
David Vrabel
Daniel Lezcano
Marcus Gelderie
Jiri Bohac
Colin Cross
Todd Poynor
Zoran Markovic
Geert Uytterhoeven