The commit b5810039a5 contains the note
A last caveat: the ZERO_PAGE is now refcounted and managed with rmap
(and thus mapcounted and count towards shared rss). These writes to
the struct page could cause excessive cacheline bouncing on big
systems. There are a number of ways this could be addressed if it is
an issue.
And indeed this cacheline bouncing has shown up on large SGI systems.
There was a situation where an Altix system was essentially livelocked
tearing down ZERO_PAGE pagetables when an HPC app aborted during startup.
This situation can be avoided in userspace, but it does highlight the
potential scalability problem with refcounting ZERO_PAGE, and corner
cases where it can really hurt (we don't want the system to livelock!).
There are several broad ways to fix this problem:
1. add back some special casing to avoid refcounting ZERO_PAGE
2. per-node or per-cpu ZERO_PAGES
3. remove the ZERO_PAGE completely
I will argue for 3. The others should also fix the problem, but they
result in more complex code than does 3, with little or no real benefit
that I can see.
Why? Inserting a ZERO_PAGE for anonymous read faults appears to be a
false optimisation: if an application is performance critical, it would
not be doing many read faults of new memory, or at least it could be
expected to write to that memory soon afterwards. If cache or memory use
is critical, it should not be working with a significant number of
ZERO_PAGEs anyway (a more compact representation of zeroes should be
used).
As a sanity check -- mesuring on my desktop system, there are never many
mappings to the ZERO_PAGE (eg. 2 or 3), thus memory usage here should not
increase much without it.
When running a make -j4 kernel compile on my dual core system, there are
about 1,000 mappings to the ZERO_PAGE created per second, but about 1,000
ZERO_PAGE COW faults per second (less than 1 ZERO_PAGE mapping per second
is torn down without being COWed). So removing ZERO_PAGE will save 1,000
page faults per second when running kbuild, while keeping it only saves
less than 1 page clearing operation per second. 1 page clear is cheaper
than a thousand faults, presumably, so there isn't an obvious loss.
Neither the logical argument nor these basic tests give a guarantee of no
regressions. However, this is a reasonable opportunity to try to remove
the ZERO_PAGE from the pagefault path. If it is found to cause regressions,
we can reintroduce it and just avoid refcounting it.
The /dev/zero ZERO_PAGE usage and TLB tricks also get nuked. I don't see
much use to them except on benchmarks. All other users of ZERO_PAGE are
converted just to use ZERO_PAGE(0) for simplicity. We can look at
replacing them all and maybe ripping out ZERO_PAGE completely when we are
more satisfied with this solution.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus "snif" Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Convert the common vmemmap population into initialisation helpers for use by
architecture vmemmap populators. All architecture implementing the
SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP variant supply an architecture specific vmemmap_populate()
initialiser, which may make use of the helpers.
This allows us to clean up and remove the initialisation Kconfig entries.
With this patch there is a single SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP_ENABLE Kconfig option to
indicate use of that variant.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
SPARSEMEM is a pretty nice framework that unifies quite a bit of code over all
the arches. It would be great if it could be the default so that we can get
rid of various forms of DISCONTIG and other variations on memory maps. So far
what has hindered this are the additional lookups that SPARSEMEM introduces
for virt_to_page and page_address. This goes so far that the code to do this
has to be kept in a separate function and cannot be used inline.
This patch introduces a virtual memmap mode for SPARSEMEM, in which the memmap
is mapped into a virtually contigious area, only the active sections are
physically backed. This allows virt_to_page page_address and cohorts become
simple shift/add operations. No page flag fields, no table lookups, nothing
involving memory is required.
The two key operations pfn_to_page and page_to_page become:
#define __pfn_to_page(pfn) (vmemmap + (pfn))
#define __page_to_pfn(page) ((page) - vmemmap)
By having a virtual mapping for the memmap we allow simple access without
wasting physical memory. As kernel memory is typically already mapped 1:1
this introduces no additional overhead. The virtual mapping must be big
enough to allow a struct page to be allocated and mapped for all valid
physical pages. This vill make a virtual memmap difficult to use on 32 bit
platforms that support 36 address bits.
However, if there is enough virtual space available and the arch already maps
its 1-1 kernel space using TLBs (f.e. true of IA64 and x86_64) then this
technique makes SPARSEMEM lookups even more efficient than CONFIG_FLATMEM.
FLATMEM needs to read the contents of the mem_map variable to get the start of
the memmap and then add the offset to the required entry. vmemmap is a
constant to which we can simply add the offset.
This patch has the potential to allow us to make SPARSMEM the default (and
even the only) option for most systems. It should be optimal on UP, SMP and
NUMA on most platforms. Then we may even be able to remove the other memory
models: FLATMEM, DISCONTIG etc.
[apw@shadowen.org: config cleanups, resplit code etc]
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: Fix sparsemem_vmemmap init]
[apw@shadowen.org: vmemmap: remove excess debugging]
[apw@shadowen.org: simplify initialisation code and reduce duplication]
[apw@shadowen.org: pull out the vmemmap code into its own file]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The new exec code inserts an accounted vma into an mm struct which is not
current->mm. The existing memory check code has a hard coded assumption
that this does not happen as does the security code.
As the correct mm is known we pass the mm to the security method and the
helper function. A new security test is added for the case where we need
to pass the mm and the existing one is modified to pass current->mm to
avoid the need to change large amounts of code.
(Thanks to Tobias for fixing rejects and testing)
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Cc: WU Fengguang <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@redhat.com>
Cc: Tobias Diedrich <ranma+kernel@tdiedrich.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com> reported:
2.6.23-rc1 breaks the build for 64-bit powerpc for me (using
maple_defconfig):
LD vmlinux.o
powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu-ld: dynreloc miscount for
kernel/built-in.o, section .opd
powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu-ld: can not edit opd Bad value
make: *** [vmlinux.o] Error 1
However, I see a possibly related binutils patch:
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.binutils/33650
It was tracked down to be caused by the weak prototype
declaration in mm.h:
__attribute__((weak)) const char *arch_vma_name(struct vm_area_struct *vma);
But there is no need to make the declaration weak - only the definition
needs to be marked weak. So drop the weak declaration. And in the process
drop the duplicate definition in page.h for powerpc.
Note: the arch_vma_name fix for x86_64 needs to be applied first to avoid
breaking x86_64
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the arg+env limit of MAX_ARG_PAGES by copying the strings directly from
the old mm into the new mm.
We create the new mm before the binfmt code runs, and place the new stack at
the very top of the address space. Once the binfmt code runs and figures out
where the stack should be, we move it downwards.
It is a bit peculiar in that we have one task with two mm's, one of which is
inactive.
[a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl: limit stack size]
Signed-off-by: Ollie Wild <aaw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
[bunk@stusta.de: unexport bprm_mm_init]
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Split ondemand readahead interface into two functions. I think this makes it
a little clearer for non-readahead experts (like Rusty).
Internally they both call ondemand_readahead(), but the page argument is
changed to an obvious boolean flag.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the old readahead algorithm.
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: Steven Pratt <slpratt@austin.ibm.com>
Cc: Ram Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is a minimal readahead algorithm that aims to replace the current one.
It is more flexible and reliable, while maintaining almost the same behavior
and performance. Also it is full integrated with adaptive readahead.
It is designed to be called on demand:
- on a missing page, to do synchronous readahead
- on a lookahead page, to do asynchronous readahead
In this way it eliminated the awkward workarounds for cache hit/miss,
readahead thrashing, retried read, and unaligned read. It also adopts the
data structure introduced by adaptive readahead, parameterizes readahead
pipelining with `lookahead_index', and reduces the current/ahead windows to
one single window.
HEURISTICS
The logic deals with four cases:
- sequential-next
found a consistent readahead window, so push it forward
- random
standalone small read, so read as is
- sequential-first
create a new readahead window for a sequential/oversize request
- lookahead-clueless
hit a lookahead page not associated with the readahead window,
so create a new readahead window and ramp it up
In each case, three parameters are determined:
- readahead index: where the next readahead begins
- readahead size: how much to readahead
- lookahead size: when to do the next readahead (for pipelining)
BEHAVIORS
The old behaviors are maximally preserved for trivial sequential/random reads.
Notable changes are:
- It no longer imposes strict sequential checks.
It might help some interleaved cases, and clustered random reads.
It does introduce risks of a random lookahead hit triggering an
unexpected readahead. But in general it is more likely to do good
than to do evil.
- Interleaved reads are supported in a minimal way.
Their chances of being detected and proper handled are still low.
- Readahead thrashings are better handled.
The current readahead leads to tiny average I/O sizes, because it
never turn back for the thrashed pages. They have to be fault in
by do_generic_mapping_read() one by one. Whereas the on-demand
readahead will redo readahead for them.
OVERHEADS
The new code reduced the overheads of
- excessively calling the readahead routine on small sized reads
(the current readahead code insists on seeing all requests)
- doing a lot of pointless page-cache lookups for small cached files
(the current readahead only turns itself off after 256 cache hits,
unfortunately most files are < 1MB, so never see that chance)
That accounts for speedup of
- 0.3% on 1-page sequential reads on sparse file
- 1.2% on 1-page cache hot sequential reads
- 3.2% on 256-page cache hot sequential reads
- 1.3% on cache hot `tar /lib`
However, it does introduce one extra page-cache lookup per cache miss, which
impacts random reads slightly. That's 1% overheads for 1-page random reads on
sparse file.
PERFORMANCE
The basic benchmark setup is
- 2.6.20 kernel with on-demand readahead
- 1MB max readahead size
- 2.9GHz Intel Core 2 CPU
- 2GB memory
- 160G/8M Hitachi SATA II 7200 RPM disk
The benchmarks show that
- it maintains the same performance for trivial sequential/random reads
- sysbench/OLTP performance on MySQL gains up to 8%
- performance on readahead thrashing gains up to 3 times
iozone throughput (KB/s): roughly the same
==========================================
iozone -c -t1 -s 4096m -r 64k
2.6.20 on-demand gain
first run
" Initial write " 61437.27 64521.53 +5.0%
" Rewrite " 47893.02 48335.20 +0.9%
" Read " 62111.84 62141.49 +0.0%
" Re-read " 62242.66 62193.17 -0.1%
" Reverse Read " 50031.46 49989.79 -0.1%
" Stride read " 8657.61 8652.81 -0.1%
" Random read " 13914.28 13898.23 -0.1%
" Mixed workload " 19069.27 19033.32 -0.2%
" Random write " 14849.80 14104.38 -5.0%
" Pwrite " 62955.30 65701.57 +4.4%
" Pread " 62209.99 62256.26 +0.1%
second run
" Initial write " 60810.31 66258.69 +9.0%
" Rewrite " 49373.89 57833.66 +17.1%
" Read " 62059.39 62251.28 +0.3%
" Re-read " 62264.32 62256.82 -0.0%
" Reverse Read " 49970.96 50565.72 +1.2%
" Stride read " 8654.81 8638.45 -0.2%
" Random read " 13901.44 13949.91 +0.3%
" Mixed workload " 19041.32 19092.04 +0.3%
" Random write " 14019.99 14161.72 +1.0%
" Pwrite " 64121.67 68224.17 +6.4%
" Pread " 62225.08 62274.28 +0.1%
In summary, writes are unstable, reads are pretty close on average:
access pattern 2.6.20 on-demand gain
Read 62085.61 62196.38 +0.2%
Re-read 62253.49 62224.99 -0.0%
Reverse Read 50001.21 50277.75 +0.6%
Stride read 8656.21 8645.63 -0.1%
Random read 13907.86 13924.07 +0.1%
Mixed workload 19055.29 19062.68 +0.0%
Pread 62217.53 62265.27 +0.1%
aio-stress: roughly the same
============================
aio-stress -l -s4096 -r128 -t1 -o1 knoppix511-dvd-cn.iso
aio-stress -l -s4096 -r128 -t1 -o3 knoppix511-dvd-cn.iso
2.6.20 on-demand delta
sequential 92.57s 92.54s -0.0%
random 311.87s 312.15s +0.1%
sysbench fileio: roughly the same
=================================
sysbench --test=fileio --file-io-mode=async --file-test-mode=rndrw \
--file-total-size=4G --file-block-size=64K \
--num-threads=001 --max-requests=10000 --max-time=900 run
threads 2.6.20 on-demand delta
first run
1 59.1974s 59.2262s +0.0%
2 58.0575s 58.2269s +0.3%
4 48.0545s 47.1164s -2.0%
8 41.0684s 41.2229s +0.4%
16 35.8817s 36.4448s +1.6%
32 32.6614s 32.8240s +0.5%
64 23.7601s 24.1481s +1.6%
128 24.3719s 23.8225s -2.3%
256 23.2366s 22.0488s -5.1%
second run
1 59.6720s 59.5671s -0.2%
8 41.5158s 41.9541s +1.1%
64 25.0200s 23.9634s -4.2%
256 22.5491s 20.9486s -7.1%
Note that the numbers are not very stable because of the writes.
The overall performance is close when we sum all seconds up:
sum all up 495.046s 491.514s -0.7%
sysbench oltp (trans/sec): up to 8% gain
========================================
sysbench --test=oltp --oltp-table-size=10000000 --oltp-read-only \
--mysql-socket=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock \
--mysql-user=root --mysql-password=readahead \
--num-threads=064 --max-requests=10000 --max-time=900 run
10000-transactions run
threads 2.6.20 on-demand gain
1 62.81 64.56 +2.8%
2 67.97 70.93 +4.4%
4 81.81 85.87 +5.0%
8 94.60 97.89 +3.5%
16 99.07 104.68 +5.7%
32 95.93 104.28 +8.7%
64 96.48 103.68 +7.5%
5000-transactions run
1 48.21 48.65 +0.9%
8 68.60 70.19 +2.3%
64 70.57 74.72 +5.9%
2000-transactions run
1 37.57 38.04 +1.3%
2 38.43 38.99 +1.5%
4 45.39 46.45 +2.3%
8 51.64 52.36 +1.4%
16 54.39 55.18 +1.5%
32 52.13 54.49 +4.5%
64 54.13 54.61 +0.9%
That's interesting results. Some investigations show that
- MySQL is accessing the db file non-uniformly: some parts are
more hot than others
- It is mostly doing 4-page random reads, and sometimes doing two
reads in a row, the latter one triggers a 16-page readahead.
- The on-demand readahead leaves many lookahead pages (flagged
PG_readahead) there. Many of them will be hit, and trigger
more readahead pages. Which might save more seeks.
- Naturally, the readahead windows tend to lie in hot areas,
and the lookahead pages in hot areas is more likely to be hit.
- The more overall read density, the more possible gain.
That also explains the adaptive readahead tricks for clustered random reads.
readahead thrashing: 3 times better
===================================
We boot kernel with "mem=128m single", and start a 100KB/s stream on every
second, until reaching 200 streams.
max throughput min avg I/O size
2.6.20: 5MB/s 16KB
on-demand: 15MB/s 140KB
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: Steven Pratt <slpratt@austin.ibm.com>
Cc: Ram Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch completes Linus's wish that the fault return codes be made into
bit flags, which I agree makes everything nicer. This requires requires
all handle_mm_fault callers to be modified (possibly the modifications
should go further and do things like fault accounting in handle_mm_fault --
however that would be for another patch).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix alpha build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix s390 build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix sparc build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix sparc64 build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix ia64 build]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Ian Molton <spyro@f2s.com>
Cc: Bryan Wu <bryan.wu@analog.com>
Cc: Mikael Starvik <starvik@axis.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Roman Zippel <zippel@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@debian.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Kazumoto Kojima <kkojima@rr.iij4u.or.jp>
Cc: Richard Curnow <rc@rc0.org.uk>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Miles Bader <uclinux-v850@lsi.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Acked-by: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Acked-by: Haavard Skinnemoen <hskinnemoen@atmel.com>
Acked-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
[ Still apparently needs some ARM and PPC loving - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change ->fault prototype. We now return an int, which contains
VM_FAULT_xxx code in the low byte, and FAULT_RET_xxx code in the next byte.
FAULT_RET_ code tells the VM whether a page was found, whether it has been
locked, and potentially other things. This is not quite the way he wanted
it yet, but that's changed in the next patch (which requires changes to
arch code).
This means we no longer set VM_CAN_INVALIDATE in the vma in order to say
that a page is locked which requires filemap_nopage to go away (because we
can no longer remain backward compatible without that flag), but we were
going to do that anyway.
struct fault_data is renamed to struct vm_fault as Linus asked. address
is now a void __user * that we should firmly encourage drivers not to use
without really good reason.
The page is now returned via a page pointer in the vm_fault struct.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nonlinear mappings are (AFAIKS) simply a virtual memory concept that encodes
the virtual address -> file offset differently from linear mappings.
->populate is a layering violation because the filesystem/pagecache code
should need to know anything about the virtual memory mapping. The hitch here
is that the ->nopage handler didn't pass down enough information (ie. pgoff).
But it is more logical to pass pgoff rather than have the ->nopage function
calculate it itself anyway (because that's a similar layering violation).
Having the populate handler install the pte itself is likewise a nasty thing
to be doing.
This patch introduces a new fault handler that replaces ->nopage and
->populate and (later) ->nopfn. Most of the old mechanism is still in place
so there is a lot of duplication and nice cleanups that can be removed if
everyone switches over.
The rationale for doing this in the first place is that nonlinear mappings are
subject to the pagefault vs invalidate/truncate race too, and it seemed stupid
to duplicate the synchronisation logic rather than just consolidate the two.
After this patch, MAP_NONBLOCK no longer sets up ptes for pages present in
pagecache. Seems like a fringe functionality anyway.
NOPAGE_REFAULT is removed. This should be implemented with ->fault, and no
users have hit mainline yet.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup]
[randy.dunlap@oracle.com: doc. fixes for readahead]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix the race between invalidate_inode_pages and do_no_page.
Andrea Arcangeli identified a subtle race between invalidation of pages from
pagecache with userspace mappings, and do_no_page.
The issue is that invalidation has to shoot down all mappings to the page,
before it can be discarded from the pagecache. Between shooting down ptes to
a particular page, and actually dropping the struct page from the pagecache,
do_no_page from any process might fault on that page and establish a new
mapping to the page just before it gets discarded from the pagecache.
The most common case where such invalidation is used is in file truncation.
This case was catered for by doing a sort of open-coded seqlock between the
file's i_size, and its truncate_count.
Truncation will decrease i_size, then increment truncate_count before
unmapping userspace pages; do_no_page will read truncate_count, then find the
page if it is within i_size, and then check truncate_count under the page
table lock and back out and retry if it had subsequently been changed (ptl
will serialise against unmapping, and ensure a potentially updated
truncate_count is actually visible).
Complexity and documentation issues aside, the locking protocol fails in the
case where we would like to invalidate pagecache inside i_size. do_no_page
can come in anytime and filemap_nopage is not aware of the invalidation in
progress (as it is when it is outside i_size). The end result is that
dangling (->mapping == NULL) pages that appear to be from a particular file
may be mapped into userspace with nonsense data. Valid mappings to the same
place will see a different page.
Andrea implemented two working fixes, one using a real seqlock, another using
a page->flags bit. He also proposed using the page lock in do_no_page, but
that was initially considered too heavyweight. However, it is not a global or
per-file lock, and the page cacheline is modified in do_no_page to increment
_count and _mapcount anyway, so a further modification should not be a large
performance hit. Scalability is not an issue.
This patch implements this latter approach. ->nopage implementations return
with the page locked if it is possible for their underlying file to be
invalidated (in that case, they must set a special vm_flags bit to indicate
so). do_no_page only unlocks the page after setting up the mapping
completely. invalidation is excluded because it holds the page lock during
invalidation of each page (and ensures that the page is not mapped while
holding the lock).
This also allows significant simplifications in do_no_page, because we have
the page locked in the right place in the pagecache from the start.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Detect slab objects being passed to the page oriented functions of the VM.
It is not sufficient to simply return NULL because the functions calling
page_mapping may depend on other items of the page_struct also to be setup
properly. Moreover slab object may not be properly aligned. The page
oriented functions of the VM expect to operate on page aligned, page sized
objects. Operations on object straddling page boundaries may only affect the
objects partially which may lead to surprising results.
It is better to detect eventually remaining uses and eliminate them.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I can never remember what the function to register to receive VM pressure
is called. I have to trace down from __alloc_pages() to find it.
It's called "set_shrinker()", and it needs Your Help.
1) Don't hide struct shrinker. It contains no magic.
2) Don't allocate "struct shrinker". It's not helpful.
3) Call them "register_shrinker" and "unregister_shrinker".
4) Call the function "shrink" not "shrinker".
5) Reduce the 17 lines of waffly comments to 13, but document it properly.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds the kernelcore= parameter for x86.
Once all patches are applied, a new command-line parameter exist and a new
sysctl. This patch adds the necessary documentation.
From: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
When "kernelcore" boot option is specified, kernel can't boot up on ia64
because of an infinite loop. In addition, the parsing code can be handled
in an architecture-independent manner.
This patch uses common code to handle the kernelcore= parameter. It is
only available to architectures that support arch-independent zone-sizing
(i.e. define CONFIG_ARCH_POPULATES_NODE_MAP). Other architectures will
ignore the boot parameter.
[bunk@stusta.de: make cmdline_parse_kernelcore() static]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The following 8 patches against 2.6.20-mm2 create a zone called ZONE_MOVABLE
that is only usable by allocations that specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and
__GFP_MOVABLE. This has the effect of keeping all non-movable pages within a
single memory partition while allowing movable allocations to be satisfied
from either partition. The patches may be applied with the list-based
anti-fragmentation patches that groups pages together based on mobility.
The size of the zone is determined by a kernelcore= parameter specified at
boot-time. This specifies how much memory is usable by non-movable
allocations and the remainder is used for ZONE_MOVABLE. Any range of pages
within ZONE_MOVABLE can be released by migrating the pages or by reclaiming.
When selecting a zone to take pages from for ZONE_MOVABLE, there are two
things to consider. First, only memory from the highest populated zone is
used for ZONE_MOVABLE. On the x86, this is probably going to be ZONE_HIGHMEM
but it would be ZONE_DMA on ppc64 or possibly ZONE_DMA32 on x86_64. Second,
the amount of memory usable by the kernel will be spread evenly throughout
NUMA nodes where possible. If the nodes are not of equal size, the amount of
memory usable by the kernel on some nodes may be greater than others.
By default, the zone is not as useful for hugetlb allocations because they are
pinned and non-migratable (currently at least). A sysctl is provided that
allows huge pages to be allocated from that zone. This means that the huge
page pool can be resized to the size of ZONE_MOVABLE during the lifetime of
the system assuming that pages are not mlocked. Despite huge pages being
non-movable, we do not introduce additional external fragmentation of note as
huge pages are always the largest contiguous block we care about.
Credit goes to Andy Whitcroft for catching a large variety of problems during
review of the patches.
This patch creates an additional zone, ZONE_MOVABLE. This zone is only usable
by allocations which specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and __GFP_MOVABLE. Hot-added
memory continues to be placed in their existing destination as there is no
mechanism to redirect them to a specific zone.
[y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com: Fix section mismatch of memory hotplug related code]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: various fixes]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I forgot to remove capability.h from mm.h while removing sched.h! This
patch remedies that, because the only inline function which was using
CAP_something was made out of line.
Cross-compile tested without regressions on:
all powerpc defconfigs
all mips defconfigs
all m68k defconfigs
all arm defconfigs
all ia64 defconfigs
alpha alpha-allnoconfig alpha-defconfig alpha-up
arm
i386 i386-allnoconfig i386-defconfig i386-up
ia64 ia64-allnoconfig ia64-defconfig ia64-up
m68k
mips
parisc parisc-allnoconfig parisc-defconfig parisc-up
powerpc powerpc-up
s390 s390-allnoconfig s390-defconfig s390-up
sparc sparc-allnoconfig sparc-defconfig sparc-up
sparc64 sparc64-allnoconfig sparc64-defconfig sparc64-up
um-x86_64
x86_64 x86_64-allnoconfig x86_64-defconfig x86_64-up
as well as my two usual configs.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is a straightforward split of do_mmap_pgoff() into two functions:
- do_mmap_pgoff() checks the parameters, and calculates the vma
flags. Then it calls
- mmap_region(), which does the actual mapping
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This symbol got orphaned quite a while ago.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nicolas Ferre reports oops from flush_dcache_page() on ARM when using
SLUB: which reuses page->mapping as page->slab. The page_mapping()
function, used by ARM and PA-RISC flush_dcache_page() implementations,
must not confuse SLUB pages with those which have page->mapping set.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nicolas Ferre <nicolas.ferre@rfo.atmel.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
First thing mm.h does is including sched.h solely for can_do_mlock() inline
function which has "current" dereference inside. By dealing with can_do_mlock()
mm.h can be detached from sched.h which is good. See below, why.
This patch
a) removes unconditional inclusion of sched.h from mm.h
b) makes can_do_mlock() normal function in mm/mlock.c
c) exports can_do_mlock() to not break compilation
d) adds sched.h inclusions back to files that were getting it indirectly.
e) adds less bloated headers to some files (asm/signal.h, jiffies.h) that were
getting them indirectly
Net result is:
a) mm.h users would get less code to open, read, preprocess, parse, ... if
they don't need sched.h
b) sched.h stops being dependency for significant number of files:
on x86_64 allmodconfig touching sched.h results in recompile of 4083 files,
after patch it's only 3744 (-8.3%).
Cross-compile tested on
all arm defconfigs, all mips defconfigs, all powerpc defconfigs,
alpha alpha-up
arm
i386 i386-up i386-defconfig i386-allnoconfig
ia64 ia64-up
m68k
mips
parisc parisc-up
powerpc powerpc-up
s390 s390-up
sparc sparc-up
sparc64 sparc64-up
um-x86_64
x86_64 x86_64-up x86_64-defconfig x86_64-allnoconfig
as well as my two usual configs.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The patch adds PageTail(page) and PageHead(page) to check if a page is the
head or the tail of a compound page. This is done by masking the two bits
describing the state of a compound page and then comparing them. So one
comparision and a branch instead of two bit checks and two branches.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If we add a new flag so that we can distinguish between the first page and the
tail pages then we can avoid to use page->private in the first page.
page->private == page for the first page, so there is no real information in
there.
Freeing up page->private makes the use of compound pages more transparent.
They become more usable like real pages. Right now we have to be careful f.e.
if we are going beyond PAGE_SIZE allocations in the slab on i386 because we
can then no longer use the private field. This is one of the issues that
cause us not to support debugging for page size slabs in SLAB.
Having page->private available for SLUB would allow more meta information in
the page struct. I can probably avoid the 16 bit ints that I have in there
right now.
Also if page->private is available then a compound page may be equipped with
buffer heads. This may free up the way for filesystems to support larger
blocks than page size.
We add PageTail as an alias of PageReclaim. Compound pages cannot currently
be reclaimed. Because of the alias one needs to check PageCompound first.
The RFC for the this approach was discussed at
http://marc.info/?t=117574302800001&r=1&w=2
[nacc@us.ibm.com: fix hugetlbfs]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Minimum gcc version is 3.2 now. However, with likely profiling, even
modern gcc versions cannot always eliminate the call.
Replace the placeholder functions with the more conventional empty static
inlines, which should be optimal for everyone.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a new mm function apply_to_page_range() which applies a given function to
every pte in a given virtual address range in a given mm structure. This is a
generic alternative to cut-and-pasting the Linux idiomatic pagetable walking
code in every place that a sequence of PTEs must be accessed.
Although this interface is intended to be useful in a wide range of
situations, it is currently used specifically by several Xen subsystems, for
example: to ensure that pagetables have been allocated for a virtual address
range, and to construct batched special pagetable update requests to map I/O
memory (in ioremap()).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning, unpleasantly]
Signed-off-by: Ian Pratt <ian.pratt@xensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Limpach <Christian.Limpach@cl.cam.ac.uk>
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@waste.org>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shmem_{nopage,mmap} are no longer used in ipc/shm.c
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a NOPFN_REFAULT return code for vm_ops->nopfn() equivalent to
NOPAGE_REFAULT for vmops->nopage() indicating that the handler requests a
re-execution of the faulting instruction
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd.bergmann@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a vm_insert_pfn helper, so that ->fault handlers can have nopfn
functionality by installing their own pte and returning NULL.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd.bergmann@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shmem backed file does not have page writeback, nor it participates in
backing device's dirty or writeback accounting. So using generic
__set_page_dirty_nobuffers() for its .set_page_dirty aops method is a bit
overkill. It unnecessarily prolongs shm unmap latency.
For example, on a densely populated large shm segment (sevearl GBs), the
unmapping operation becomes painfully long. Because at unmap, kernel
transfers dirty bit in PTE into page struct and to the radix tree tag. The
operation of tagging the radix tree is particularly expensive because it
has to traverse the tree from the root to the leaf node on every dirty
page. What's bothering is that radix tree tag is used for page write back.
However, shmem is memory backed and there is no page write back for such
file system. And in the end, we spend all that time tagging radix tree and
none of that fancy tagging will be used. So let's simplify it by introduce
a new aops __set_page_dirty_no_writeback and this will speed up shm unmap.
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenchen@google.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently if we have a non-zero ZONES_SHIFT we assume we are able to rely
on that as the bottom edge of the ZONEID, if not then we use the
NODES_PGOFF as the right end of either NODES _or_ SECTION. This latter is
more luck than judgement and would be incorrect if we reordered the
SECTION,NODE,ZONE options in the fields space.
Really what we want is the lower of the right hand end of the two fields we
are using (either NODE,ZONE or SECTION,ZONE). Codify that explicitly. As
always allow for there being no bits in either of the fields, such as might
be valid in a non-numa machine with only a zone NORMAL.
I have checked that the compiler is still able to constant fold all of this
away correctly.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds a utility function install_special_mapping, for creating a
special vma using a fixed set of preallocated pages as backing, such as for a
vDSO. This consolidates some nearly identical code used for vDSO mapping
reimplemented for different architectures.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds the VM_ALWAYSDUMP flag for vm_flags in vm_area_struct. This
provides a clean explicit way to have a vma always included in core dumps, as
is needed for vDSO's.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix an oops experienced on the Cell architecture when init-time functions,
early_*(), are called at runtime. It alters the call paths to make sure
that the callers explicitly say whether the call is being made on behalf of
a hotplug even, or happening at boot-time.
It has been compile tested on ppc64, ia64, s390, i386 and x86_64.
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arndb@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Currently we we use the lru head link of the second page of a compound page
to hold its destructor. This was ok when it was purely an internal
implmentation detail. However, hugetlbfs overrides this destructor
violating the layering. Abstract this out as explicit calls, also
introduce a type for the callback function allowing them to be type
checked. For each callback we pre-declare the function, causing a type
error on definition rather than on use elsewhere.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
NUMA node ids are passed as either int or unsigned int almost exclusivly
page_to_nid and zone_to_nid both return unsigned long. This is a throw
back to when page_to_nid was a #define and was thus exposing the real type
of the page flags field.
In addition to fixing up the definitions of page_to_nid and zone_to_nid I
audited the users of these functions identifying the following incorrect
uses:
1) mm/page_alloc.c show_node() -- printk dumping the node id,
2) include/asm-ia64/pgalloc.h pgtable_quicklist_free() -- comparison
against numa_node_id() which returns an int from cpu_to_node(), and
3) mm/mpolicy.c check_pte_range -- used as an index in node_isset which
uses bit_set which in generic code takes an int.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
vm_area_cachep is used to store vm_area_structs. So move to mm.h.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The zone table is mostly not needed. If we have a node in the page flags
then we can get to the zone via NODE_DATA() which is much more likely to be
already in the cpu cache.
In case of SMP and UP NODE_DATA() is a constant pointer which allows us to
access an exact replica of zonetable in the node_zones field. In all of
the above cases there will be no need at all for the zone table.
The only remaining case is if in a NUMA system the node numbers do not fit
into the page flags. In that case we make sparse generate a table that
maps sections to nodes and use that table to to figure out the node number.
This table is sized to fit in a single cache line for the known 32 bit
NUMA platform which makes it very likely that the information can be
obtained without a cache miss.
For sparsemem the zone table seems to be have been fairly large based on
the maximum possible number of sections and the number of zones per node.
There is some memory saving by removing zone_table. The main benefit is to
reduce the cache foootprint of the VM from the frequent lookups of zones.
Plus it simplifies the page allocator.
[akpm@osdl.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Despite mm.h is not being exported header, it does contain one thing
which is part of userspace ABI -- value disabling OOM killer for given
process. So,
a) create and export include/linux/oom.h
b) move OOM_DISABLE define there.
c) turn bounding values of /proc/$PID/oom_adj into defines and export
them too.
Note: mass __KERNEL__ removal will be done later.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Move the lock debug checks below the page reserved checks. Also, having
debug_check_no_locks_freed in kernel_map_pages is wrong.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add a way for a no_page() handler to request a retry of the faulting
instruction. It goes back to userland on page faults and just tries again
in get_user_pages(). I added a cond_resched() in the loop in that later
case.
The problem I have with signal and spufs is an actual bug affecting apps and I
don't see other ways of fixing it.
In addition, we are having issues with infiniband and 64k pages (related to
the way the hypervisor deals with some HV cards) that will require us to muck
around with the MMU from within the IB driver's no_page() (it's a pSeries
specific driver) and return to the caller the same way using NOPAGE_REFAULT.
And to add to this, the graphics folks have been following a new approach of
memory management that involves transparently swapping objects between video
ram and main meory. To do that, they need installing PTEs from a no_page()
handler as well and that also requires returning with NOPAGE_REFAULT.
(For the later, they are currently using io_remap_pfn_range to install one PTE
from no_page() which is a bit racy, we need to add a check for the PTE having
already been installed afer taking the lock, but that's ok, they are only at
the proof-of-concept stage. I'll send a patch adding a "clean" function to do
that, we can use that from spufs too and get rid of the sparsemem hacks we do
to create struct page for SPEs. Basically, that provides a generic solution
for being able to have no_page() map hardware devices, which is something that
I think sound driver folks have been asking for some time too).
All of these things depend on having the NOPAGE_REFAULT exit path from
no_page() handlers.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenchmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Move some functions out of the buffering code that aren't strictly buffering
specific. This is a precursor to being able to disable the block layer.
(*) Moved some stuff out of fs/buffer.c:
(*) The file sync and general sync stuff moved to fs/sync.c.
(*) The superblock sync stuff moved to fs/super.c.
(*) do_invalidatepage() moved to mm/truncate.c.
(*) try_to_release_page() moved to mm/filemap.c.
(*) Moved some related declarations between header files:
(*) declarations for do_invalidatepage() and try_to_release_page() moved
to linux/mm.h.
(*) __set_page_dirty_buffers() moved to linux/buffer_head.h.
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Move the fallback arch_vma_name() to a sensible place (kernel/signal.c).
Currently it's in fs/proc/task_mmu.c, a file that is dependent on both
CONFIG_PROC_FS and CONFIG_MMU being enabled, but it's used from
kernel/signal.c from where it is called unconditionally.
[akpm@osdl.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Implement do_no_pfn() for handling mapping of memory without a struct page
backing it. This avoids creating fake page table entries for regions which
are not backed by real memory.
This feature is used by the MSPEC driver and other users, where it is
highly undesirable to have a struct page sitting behind the page (for
instance if the page is accessed in cached mode via the struct page in
parallel to the the driver accessing it uncached, which can result in data
corruption on some architectures, such as ia64).
This version uses specific NOPFN_{SIGBUS,OOM} return values, rather than
expect all negative pfn values would be an error. It also bugs on cow
mappings as this would not work with the VM.
[akpm@osdl.org: micro-optimise]
Signed-off-by: Jes Sorensen <jes@sgi.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add the node in order to optimize zone_to_nid.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This moves the definition of struct page from mm.h to its own header file
page-struct.h. This is a prereq to fix SetPageUptodate which is broken on
s390:
#define SetPageUptodate(_page)
do {
struct page *__page = (_page);
if (!test_and_set_bit(PG_uptodate, &__page->flags))
page_test_and_clear_dirty(_page);
} while (0)
_page gets used twice in this macro which can cause subtle bugs. Using
__page for the page_test_and_clear_dirty call doesn't work since it causes
yet another problem with the page_test_and_clear_dirty macro as well.
In order to avoid all these problems caused by macros it seems to be a good
idea to get rid of them and convert them to static inline functions.
Because of header file include order it's necessary to have a seperate
header file for the struct page definition.
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Roman Zippel <zippel@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Arch-independent zone-sizing determines the size of a node
(pgdat->node_spanned_pages) based on the physical memory that was
registered by the architecture. However, when
CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_RESERVE is set, the architecture expects that the
spanned_pages will be much larger and that mem_map will be allocated that
is used lated on memory hot-add.
This patch allows an architecture that sets CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_RESERVE
to call push_node_boundaries() which will set the node beginning and end to
at *least* the requested boundary.
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Keith Mannthey" <kmannth@gmail.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The x86_64 code accounted for memmap and some portions of the the DMA zone as
holes. This was because those areas would never be reclaimed and accounting
for them as memory affects min watermarks. This patch will account for the
memmap as a memory hole. Architectures may optionally use set_dma_reserve()
if they wish to account for a portion of memory in ZONE_DMA as a hole.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Keith Mannthey" <kmannth@gmail.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
At a basic level, architectures define structures to record where active
ranges of page frames are located. Once located, the code to calculate zone
sizes and holes in each architecture is very similar. Some of this zone and
hole sizing code is difficult to read for no good reason. This set of patches
eliminates the similar-looking architecture-specific code.
The patches introduce a mechanism where architectures register where the
active ranges of page frames are with add_active_range(). When all areas have
been discovered, free_area_init_nodes() is called to initialise the pgdat and
zones. The zone sizes and holes are then calculated in an architecture
independent manner.
Patch 1 introduces the mechanism for registering and initialising PFN ranges
Patch 2 changes ppc to use the mechanism - 139 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 3 changes x86 to use the mechanism - 136 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 4 changes x86_64 to use the mechanism - 74 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 5 changes ia64 to use the mechanism - 52 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 6 accounts for mem_map as a memory hole as the pages are not reclaimable.
It adjusts the watermarks slightly
Tony Luck has successfully tested for ia64 on Itanium with tiger_defconfig,
gensparse_defconfig and defconfig. Bob Picco has also tested and debugged on
IA64. Jack Steiner successfully boot tested on a mammoth SGI IA64-based
machine. These were on patches against 2.6.17-rc1 and release 3 of these
patches but there have been no ia64-changes since release 3.
There are differences in the zone sizes for x86_64 as the arch-specific code
for x86_64 accounts the kernel image and the starting mem_maps as memory holes
but the architecture-independent code accounts the memory as present.
The big benefit of this set of patches is a sizable reduction of
architecture-specific code, some of which is very hairy. There should be a
greater reduction when other architectures use the same mechanisms for zone
and hole sizing but I lack the hardware to test on.
Additional credit;
Dave Hansen for the initial suggestion and comments on early patches
Andy Whitcroft for reviewing early versions and catching numerous
errors
Tony Luck for testing and debugging on IA64
Bob Picco for fixing bugs related to pfn registration, reviewing a
number of patch revisions, providing a number of suggestions
on future direction and testing heavily
Jack Steiner and Robin Holt for testing on IA64 and clarifying
issues related to memory holes
Yasunori for testing on IA64
Andi Kleen for reviewing and feeding back about x86_64
Christian Kujau for providing valuable information related to ACPI
problems on x86_64 and testing potential fixes
This patch:
Define the structure to represent an active range of page frames within a node
in an architecture independent manner. Architectures are expected to register
active ranges of PFNs using add_active_range(nid, start_pfn, end_pfn) and call
free_area_init_nodes() passing the PFNs of the end of each zone.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Keith Mannthey" <kmannth@gmail.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There are many places where we need to determine the node of a zone.
Currently we use a difficult to read sequence of pointer dereferencing.
Put that into an inline function and use throughout VM. Maybe we can find
a way to optimize the lookup in the future.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Let's try to keep mm/ comments more useful and up to date. This is a start.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Use enum for zones and reformat zones dependent information
Add comments explaning the use of zones and add a zones_t type for zone
numbers.
Line up information that will be #ifdefd by the following patches.
[akpm@osdl.org: comment cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch makes the following needlessly global functions static:
- slab.c: kmem_find_general_cachep()
- swap.c: __page_cache_release()
- vmalloc.c: __vmalloc_node()
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Tracking of dirty pages in shared writeable mmap()s.
The idea is simple: write protect clean shared writeable pages, catch the
write-fault, make writeable and set dirty. On page write-back clean all the
PTE dirty bits and write protect them once again.
The implementation is a tad harder, mainly because the default
backing_dev_info capabilities were too loosely maintained. Hence it is not
enough to test the backing_dev_info for cap_account_dirty.
The current heuristic is as follows, a VMA is eligible when:
- its shared writeable
(vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)) == (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)
- it is not a 'special' mapping
(vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_INSERTPAGE)) == 0
- the backing_dev_info is cap_account_dirty
mapping_cap_account_dirty(vma->vm_file->f_mapping)
- f_op->mmap() didn't change the default page protection
Page from remap_pfn_range() are explicitly excluded because their COW
semantics are already horrid enough (see vm_normal_page() in do_wp_page()) and
because they don't have a backing store anyway.
mprotect() is taught about the new behaviour as well. However it overrides
the last condition.
Cleaning the pages on write-back is done with page_mkclean() a new rmap call.
It can be called on any page, but is currently only implemented for mapped
pages, if the page is found the be of a VMA that accounts dirty pages it will
also wrprotect the PTE.
Finally, in fs/buffers.c:try_to_free_buffers(); remove clear_page_dirty() from
under ->private_lock. This seems to be safe, since ->private_lock is used to
serialize access to the buffers, not the page itself. This is needed because
clear_page_dirty() will call into page_mkclean() and would thereby violate
locking order.
[dhowells@redhat.com: Provide a page_mkclean() implementation for NOMMU]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Introduce a VM_BUG_ON, which is turned on with CONFIG_DEBUG_VM. Use this
in the lightweight, inline refcounting functions; PageLRU and PageActive
checks in vmscan, because they're pretty well confined to vmscan. And in
page allocate/free fastpaths which can be the hottest parts of the kernel
for kbuilds.
Unlike BUG_ON, VM_BUG_ON must not be used to execute statements with
side-effects, and should not be used outside core mm code.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Don't let fuse_readpages leave the @pages list not empty when exiting
on error.
[akpm@osdl.org: kernel-doc fixes]
Signed-off-by: Alexander Zarochentsev <zam@namesys.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
AGP keeps its own copy of the protection_map, upcoming DRM changes will
also require access to this map from modules.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Generic lock debugging:
- generalized lock debugging framework. For example, a bug in one lock
subsystem turns off debugging in all lock subsystems.
- got rid of the caller address passing (__IP__/__IP_DECL__/etc.) from
the mutex/rtmutex debugging code: it caused way too much prototype
hackery, and lockdep will give the same information anyway.
- ability to do silent tests
- check lock freeing in vfree too.
- more finegrained debugging options, to allow distributions to
turn off more expensive debugging features.
There's no separate 'held mutexes' list anymore - but there's a 'held locks'
stack within lockdep, which unifies deadlock detection across all lock
classes. (this is independent of the lockdep validation stuff - lockdep first
checks whether we are holding a lock already)
Here are the current debugging options:
CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES=y
CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC=y
which do:
config DEBUG_MUTEXES
bool "Mutex debugging, basic checks"
config DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
bool "Detect incorrect freeing of live mutexes"
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas
event counters do not need to be.
Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state
of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local
reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in
order to get more balanced memory use.
It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory
allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data
from userspace.
The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the
existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the
approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache.
Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds
certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of
atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values.
The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they
will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed.
Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then
possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out
that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does
no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters.
Benefits of this patchset right now:
- Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory
is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones.
- loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and
reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information
because the needed information is directly accessible.
- Special handling for nr_pagecache removed.
- zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine
when it is worth to do local reclaim.
- Fast inline per node page state determination.
- Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current
counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere
and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show
the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone.
- The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to
figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides
some of the needed numbers.
- Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files.
References to earlier discussions:
V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2
V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2
V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2
V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2
Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad
faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes
fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code.
This patch:
Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h.
Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc
functions.
Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show.
[akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix]
[akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Runtime debugging functionality for rt-mutexes.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add debug_check_no_locks_freed(), as a central inline to add
bad-lock-free-debugging functionality to.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Move the i386 VDSO down into a vma and thus randomize it.
Besides the security implications, this feature also helps debuggers, which
can COW a vma-backed VDSO just like a normal DSO and can thus do
single-stepping and other debugging features.
It's good for hypervisors (Xen, VMWare) too, which typically live in the same
high-mapped address space as the VDSO, hence whenever the VDSO is used, they
get lots of guest pagefaults and have to fix such guest accesses up - which
slows things down instead of speeding things up (the primary purpose of the
VDSO).
There's a new CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO (default=y) option, which provides support
for older glibcs that still rely on a prelinked high-mapped VDSO. Newer
distributions (using glibc 2.3.3 or later) can turn this option off. Turning
it off is also recommended for security reasons: attackers cannot use the
predictable high-mapped VDSO page as syscall trampoline anymore.
There is a new vdso=[0|1] boot option as well, and a runtime
/proc/sys/vm/vdso_enabled sysctl switch, that allows the VDSO to be turned
on/off.
(This version of the VDSO-randomization patch also has working ELF
coredumping, the previous patch crashed in the coredumping code.)
This code is a combined work of the exec-shield VDSO randomization
code and Gerd Hoffmann's hypervisor-centric VDSO patch. Rusty Russell
started this patch and i completed it.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
[akpm@osdl.org: compile fix]
[akpm@osdl.org: compile fix 2]
[akpm@osdl.org: compile fix 3]
[akpm@osdl.org: revernt MAXMEM change]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Cc: Gerd Hoffmann <kraxel@suse.de>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Zachary Amsden <zach@vmware.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Hooks for calling vma specific migration functions
With this patch a vma may define a vma->vm_ops->migrate function. That
function may perform page migration on its own (some vmas may not contain page
structs and therefore cannot be handled by regular page migration. Pages in a
vma may require special preparatory treatment before migration is possible
etc) . Only mmap_sem is held when the migration function is called. The
migrate() function gets passed two sets of nodemasks describing the source and
the target of the migration. The flags parameter either contains
MPOL_MF_MOVE which means that only pages used exclusively by
the specified mm should be moved
or
MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL which means that pages shared with other processes
should also be moved.
The migration function returns 0 on success or an error condition. An error
condition will prevent regular page migration from occurring.
On its own this patch cannot be included since there are no users for this
functionality. But it seems that the uncached allocator will need this
functionality at some point.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove VM_LOCKED before remap_pfn range from device drivers and get rid of
VM_SHM.
remap_pfn_range() already sets VM_IO. There is no need to set VM_SHM since
it does nothing. VM_LOCKED is of no use since the remap_pfn_range does not
place pages on the LRU. The pages are therefore never subject to swap
anyways. Remove all the vm_flags settings before calling remap_pfn_range.
After removing all the vm_flag settings no use of VM_SHM is left. Drop it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add a new VMA operation to notify a filesystem or other driver about the
MMU generating a fault because userspace attempted to write to a page
mapped through a read-only PTE.
This facility permits the filesystem or driver to:
(*) Implement storage allocation/reservation on attempted write, and so to
deal with problems such as ENOSPC more gracefully (perhaps by generating
SIGBUS).
(*) Delay making the page writable until the contents have been written to a
backing cache. This is useful for NFS/AFS when using FS-Cache/CacheFS.
It permits the filesystem to have some guarantee about the state of the
cache.
(*) Account and limit number of dirty pages. This is one piece of the puzzle
needed to make shared writable mapping work safely in FUSE.
Needed by cachefs (Or is it cachefiles? Or fscache? <head spins>).
At least four other groups have stated an interest in it or a desire to use
the functionality it provides: FUSE, OCFS2, NTFS and JFFS2. Also, things like
EXT3 really ought to use it to deal with the case of shared-writable mmap
encountering ENOSPC before we permit the page to be dirtied.
From: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
get_user_pages(.write=1, .force=1) can generate COW hits on read-only
shared mappings, this patch traps those as mkpage_write candidates and fails
to handle them the old way.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: Joel Becker <Joel.Becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Cc: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The buddy allocator has a requirement that boundaries between contigious
zones occur aligned with the the MAX_ORDER ranges. Where they do not we
will incorrectly merge pages cross zone boundaries. This can lead to pages
from the wrong zone being handed out.
Originally the buddy allocator would check that buddies were in the same
zone by referencing the zone start and end page frame numbers. This was
removed as it became very expensive and the buddy allocator already made
the assumption that zones boundaries were aligned.
It is clear that not all configurations and architectures are honouring
this alignment requirement. Therefore it seems safest to reintroduce
support for non-aligned zone boundaries. This patch introduces a new check
when considering a page a buddy it compares the zone_table index for the
two pages and refuses to merge the pages where they do not match. The
zone_table index is unique for each node/zone combination when
FLATMEM/DISCONTIGMEM is enabled and for each section/zone combination when
SPARSEMEM is enabled (a SPARSEMEM section is at least a MAX_ORDER size).
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Rohit found an obscure bug causing buddy list corruption.
page_is_buddy is using a non-atomic test (PagePrivate && page_count == 0)
to determine whether or not a free page's buddy is itself free and in the
buddy lists.
Each of the conjuncts may be true at different times due to unrelated
conditions, so the non-atomic page_is_buddy test may find each conjunct to
be true even if they were not both true at the same time (ie. the page was
not on the buddy lists).
Signed-off-by: Martin Bligh <mbligh@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Rohit Seth <rohitseth@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Optimise page_count compound page test and make it consistent with similar
functions.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
set_page_count usage outside mm/ is limited to setting the refcount to 1.
Remove set_page_count from outside mm/, and replace those users with
init_page_count() and set_page_refcounted().
This allows more debug checking, and tighter control on how code is allowed
to play around with page->_count.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Now that compound page handling is properly fixed in the VM, move nommu
over to using compound pages rather than rolling their own refcounting.
nommu vm page refcounting is broken anyway, but there is no need to have
divergent code in the core VM now, nor when it gets fixed.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
(Needs testing, please).
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove __put_page from outside the core mm/. It is dangerous because it does
not handle compound pages nicely, and misses 1->0 transitions. If a user
later appears that really needs the extra speed we can reevaluate.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Turn basically everything in vmscan.c into `unsigned long'. This is to avoid
the possibility that some piece of code in there might decide to operate upon
more than 4G (or even 2G) of pages in one hit.
This might be silly, but we'll need it one day.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Have an explicit mm call to split higher order pages into individual pages.
Should help to avoid bugs and be more explicit about the code's intention.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Signed-off-by: Yoichi Yuasa <yoichi_yuasa@tripeaks.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
atomic_add_unless (atomic_inc_not_zero) no longer requires an offset refcount
to function correctly.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The VM has an interesting race where a page refcount can drop to zero, but it
is still on the LRU lists for a short time. This was solved by testing a 0->1
refcount transition when picking up pages from the LRU, and dropping the
refcount in that case.
Instead, use atomic_add_unless to ensure we never pick up a 0 refcount page
from the LRU, thus a 0 refcount page will never have its refcount elevated
until it is allocated again.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Luke Yang <luke.adi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
AMD SimNow!'s JIT doesn't like them at all in the guest. For distribution
installation it's easiest if it's a boot time option.
Also I moved the variable to a more appropiate place and make
it independent from sysctl
And marked __read_mostly which it is.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Compound pages on SMP systems can now often be freed from pagetables via
the release_pages path. This uses put_page_testzero which does not handle
compound pages at all. Releasing constituent pages from process mappings
decrements their count to a large negative number and leaks the reference
at the head page - net result is a memory leak.
The problem was hidden because the debug check in put_page_testzero itself
actually did take compound pages into consideration.
Fix the bug and the debug check.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Mark a number of functions as 'must inline'. The functions affected by this
patch need to be inlined because they use knowledge that their arguments are
constant so that most of the function optimizes away. At this point this
patch does not change behavior, it's for documentation only (and for future
patches in the inline series)
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
- Move capable() from sched.h to capability.h;
- Use <linux/capability.h> where capable() is used
(in include/, block/, ipc/, kernel/, a few drivers/,
mm/, security/, & sound/;
many more drivers/ to go)
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Let's switch mutex_debug_check_no_locks_freed() to take (addr, len) as
arguments instead, since all its callers were just calculating the 'to'
address for themselves anyway... (and sometimes doing so badly).
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
more mutex debugging: check for held locks during memory freeing,
task exit, enable sysrq printouts, etc.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Reduce the size of the pageframe for NR_CPUS>4, CONFIG_PREEMPT back to the
minimal size by unionising both ->private and ->mapping with the pagetable
lock.
It uses an anonymous struct and hence requires gcc-3.x.
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches. When written to, this will cause the kernel to
discard as much pagecache and/or reclaimable slab objects as it can. THis
operation requires root permissions.
It won't drop dirty data, so the user should run `sync' first.
Caveats:
a) Holds inode_lock for exorbitant amounts of time.
b) Needs to be taught about NUMA nodes: propagate these all the way through
so the discarding can be controlled on a per-node basis.
This is a debugging feature: useful for getting consistent results between
filesystem benchmarks. We could possibly put it under a config option, but
it's less than 300 bytes.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Make the futex code compilable and usable on NOMMU by making the attempt to
handle page faults conditional on CONFIG_MMU. If this is not enabled, then
we can assume that EFAULT returned from futex_atomic_op_inuser() is not
recoverable, and that the address lies outside of valid memory.
handle_mm_fault() is made to BUG if called on NOMMU without attempting to
invoke the actual handler (__handle_mm_fault).
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The attached patch makes the SYSV IPC shared memory facilities use the new
ramfs facilities on a no-MMU kernel.
The following changes are made:
(1) There are now shmem_mmap() and shmem_get_unmapped_area() functions to
allow the IPC SHM facilities to commune with the tiny-shmem and shmem
code.
(2) ramfs files now need resizing using do_truncate() rather than by modifying
the inode size directly (see shmem_file_setup()). This causes ramfs to
attempt to bind a block of pages of sufficient size to the inode.
(3) CONFIG_SYSVIPC is no longer contingent on CONFIG_MMU.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Fix two warnings in ipc/shm.c
ipc/shm.c:122: warning: statement with no effect
ipc/shm.c:560: warning: statement with no effect
by converting the macros to empty inline functions. For safety, let's do
all three. This also has the advantage that typechecking gets performed
even without CONFIG_SHMEM enabled.
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Here is the patch to implement madvise(MADV_REMOVE) - which frees up a
given range of pages & its associated backing store. Current
implementation supports only shmfs/tmpfs and other filesystems return
-ENOSYS.
"Some app allocates large tmpfs files, then when some task quits and some
client disconnect, some memory can be released. However the only way to
release tmpfs-swap is to MADV_REMOVE". - Andrea Arcangeli
Databases want to use this feature to drop a section of their bufferpool
(shared memory segments) - without writing back to disk/swap space.
This feature is also useful for supporting hot-plug memory on UML.
Concerns raised by Andrew Morton:
- "We have no plan for holepunching! If we _do_ have such a plan (or
might in the future) then what would the API look like? I think
sys_holepunch(fd, start, len), so we should start out with that."
- Using madvise is very weird, because people will ask "why do I need to
mmap my file before I can stick a hole in it?"
- None of the other madvise operations call into the filesystem in this
manner. A broad question is: is this capability an MM operation or a
filesytem operation? truncate, for example, is a filesystem operation
which sometimes has MM side-effects. madvise is an mm operation and with
this patch, it gains FS side-effects, only they're really, really
significant ones."
Comments:
- Andrea suggested the fs operation too but then it's more efficient to
have it as a mm operation with fs side effects, because they don't
immediatly know fd and physical offset of the range. It's possible to
fixup in userland and to use the fs operation but it's more expensive,
the vmas are already in the kernel and we can use them.
Short term plan & Future Direction:
- We seem to need this interface only for shmfs/tmpfs files in the short
term. We have to add hooks into the filesystem for correctness and
completeness. This is what this patch does.
- In the future, plan is to support both fs and mmap apis also. This
also involves (other) filesystem specific functions to be implemented.
- Current patch doesn't support VM_NONLINEAR - which can be addressed in
the future.
Signed-off-by: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch makes truncate_inode_pages_range from truncate_inode_pages.
truncate_inode_pages became a one-liner call to truncate_inode_pages_range.
Reiser4 needs truncate_inode_pages_ranges because it tries to keep
correspondence between existences of metadata pointing to data pages and pages
to which those metadata point to. So, when metadata of certain part of file
is removed from filesystem tree, only pages of corresponding range are to be
truncated.
(Needed by the madvise(MADV_REMOVE) patch)
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The logic that decides that a fork() might be able to avoid copying a VM
area when it can be re-created by page faults didn't know about the new
vm_insert_page() case.
Also make some things a bit more anal wrt VM_PFNMAP.
Pointed out by Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
With the previous commit, we can handle arbitrary shared re-mappings
even without this complexity, and since the only known private mappings
are for strange users of /dev/mem (which never create an incomplete one),
there seems to be no reason to support it.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This is what a lot of drivers will actually want to use to insert
individual pages into a user VMA. It doesn't have the old PageReserved
restrictions of remap_pfn_range(), and it doesn't complain about partial
remappings.
The page you insert needs to be a nice clean kernel allocation, so you
can't insert arbitrary page mappings with this, but that's not what
people want.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
These get created by some drivers that don't generally even want a pfn
remapping at all, but would really mostly prefer to just map pages
they've allocated individually instead.
For now, create a helper function that turns such an incomplete PFN
remapping call into a loop that does that explicit mapping. In the long
run we almost certainly want to export a totally different interface for
that, though.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This replaces the (in my opinion horrible) VM_UNMAPPED logic with very
explicit support for a "remapped page range" aka VM_PFNMAP. It allows a
VM area to contain an arbitrary range of page table entries that the VM
never touches, and never considers to be normal pages.
Any user of "remap_pfn_range()" automatically gets this new
functionality, and doesn't even have to mark the pages reserved or
indeed mark them any other way. It just works. As a side effect, doing
mmap() on /dev/mem works for arbitrary ranges.
Sparc update from David in the next commit.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Although we tend to associate VM_RESERVED with remap_pfn_range, quite a few
drivers set VM_RESERVED on areas which are then populated by nopage. The
PageReserved removal in 2.6.15-rc1 changed VM_RESERVED not to free pages in
zap_pte_range, without changing those drivers not to set it: so their pages
just leak away.
Let's not change miscellaneous drivers now: introduce VM_UNPAGED at the core,
to flag the special areas where the ptes may have no struct page, or if they
have then it's not to be touched. Replace most instances of VM_RESERVED in
core mm by VM_UNPAGED. Force it on in remap_pfn_range, and the sparc and
sparc64 io_remap_pfn_range.
Revert addition of VM_RESERVED to powerpc vdso, it's not needed there. Is it
needed anywhere? It still governs the mm->reserved_vm statistic, and special
vmas not to be merged, and areas not to be core dumped; but could probably be
eliminated later (the drivers are probably specifying it because in 2.4 it
kept swapout off the vma, but in 2.6 we work from the LRU, which these pages
don't get on).
Use the VM_SHM slot for VM_UNPAGED, and define VM_SHM to 0: it serves no
purpose whatsoever, and should be removed from drivers when we clean up.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Acked-by: William Irwin <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
It looks like snd_xxx is not the only nopage to be using PageReserved as a way
of holding a high-order page together: which no longer works, but is masked by
our failure to free from VM_RESERVED areas. We cannot fix that bug without
first substituting another way to hold the high-order page together, while
farming out the 0-order pages from within it.
That's just what PageCompound is designed for, but it's been kept under
CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE. Remove the #ifdefs: which saves some space (out- of-line
put_page), doesn't slow down what most needs to be fast (already using
hugetlb), and unifies the way we handle high-order pages.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Fix compile warning caused by conflicting types of expand_upwards. IA64
requires it to not be static inline, as it's used outside mm/mmap.c
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@parisc-linux.org>
Signed-off-by: Kyle McMartin <kyle@parisc-linux.org>
Has been introduced for x86-64 at some point to save memory
in struct page, but has been obsolete for some time. Just
remove it.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add a few comments surrounding the generic readahead API.
Also convert some ulongs into pgoff_t: the identifier for PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
offsets into pagecache.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This adds generic memory add/remove and supporting functions for memory
hotplug into a new file as well as a memory hotplug kernel config option.
Individual architecture patches will follow.
For now, disable memory hotplug when swsusp is enabled. There's a lot of
churn there right now. We'll fix it up properly once it calms down.
Signed-off-by: Matt Tolentino <matthew.e.tolentino@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Christoph Lameter demonstrated very poor scalability on the SGI 512-way, with
a many-threaded application which concurrently initializes different parts of
a large anonymous area.
This patch corrects that, by using a separate spinlock per page table page, to
guard the page table entries in that page, instead of using the mm's single
page_table_lock. (But even then, page_table_lock is still used to guard page
table allocation, and anon_vma allocation.)
In this implementation, the spinlock is tucked inside the struct page of the
page table page: with a BUILD_BUG_ON in case it overflows - which it would in
the case of 32-bit PA-RISC with spinlock debugging enabled.
Splitting the lock is not quite for free: another cacheline access. Ideally,
I suppose we would use split ptlock only for multi-threaded processes on
multi-cpu machines; but deciding that dynamically would have its own costs.
So for now enable it by config, at some number of cpus - since the Kconfig
language doesn't support inequalities, let preprocessor compare that with
NR_CPUS. But I don't think it's worth being user-configurable: for good
testing of both split and unsplit configs, split now at 4 cpus, and perhaps
change that to 8 later.
There is a benefit even for singly threaded processes: kswapd can be attacking
one part of the mm while another part is busy faulting.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Final step in pushing down common core's page_table_lock. follow_page no
longer wants caller to hold page_table_lock, uses pte_offset_map_lock itself;
and so no page_table_lock is taken in get_user_pages itself.
But get_user_pages (and get_futex_key) do then need follow_page to pin the
page for them: take Daniel's suggestion of bitflags to follow_page.
Need one for WRITE, another for TOUCH (it was the accessed flag before:
vanished along with check_user_page_readable, but surely get_numa_maps is
wrong to mark every page it finds as accessed), another for GET.
And another, ANON to dispose of untouched_anonymous_page: it seems silly for
that to descend a second time, let follow_page observe if there was no page
table and return ZERO_PAGE if so. Fix minor bug in that: check VM_LOCKED -
make_pages_present ought to make readonly anonymous present.
Give get_numa_maps a cond_resched while we're there.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
check_user_page_readable is a problematic variant of follow_page. It's used
only by oprofile's i386 and arm backtrace code, at interrupt time, to
establish whether a userspace stackframe is currently readable.
This is problematic, because we want to push the page_table_lock down inside
follow_page, and later split it; whereas oprofile is doing a spin_trylock on
it (in the i386 case, forgotten in the arm case), and needs that to pin
perhaps two pages spanned by the stackframe (which might be covered by
different locks when we split).
I think oprofile is going about this in the wrong way: it doesn't need to know
the area is readable (neither i386 nor arm uses read protection of user
pages), it doesn't need to pin the memory, it should simply
__copy_from_user_inatomic, and see if that succeeds or not. Sorry, but I've
not got around to devising the sparse __user annotations for this.
Then we can eliminate check_user_page_readable, and return to a single
follow_page without the __follow_page variants.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove the page_table_lock from around the calls to unmap_vmas, and replace
the pte_offset_map in zap_pte_range by pte_offset_map_lock: all callers are
now safe to descend without page_table_lock.
Don't attempt fancy locking for hugepages, just take page_table_lock in
unmap_hugepage_range. Which makes zap_hugepage_range, and the hugetlb test in
zap_page_range, redundant: unmap_vmas calls unmap_hugepage_range anyway. Nor
does unmap_vmas have much use for its mm arg now.
The tlb_start_vma and tlb_end_vma in unmap_page_range are now called without
page_table_lock: if they're implemented at all, they typically come down to
flush_cache_range (usually done outside page_table_lock) and flush_tlb_range
(which we already audited for the mprotect case).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Second step in pushing down the page_table_lock. Remove the temporary
bridging hack from __pud_alloc, __pmd_alloc, __pte_alloc: expect callers not
to hold page_table_lock, whether it's on init_mm or a user mm; take
page_table_lock internally to check if a racing task already allocated.
Convert their callers from common code. But avoid coming back to change them
again later: instead of moving the spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock) down,
switch over to new macros pte_alloc_map_lock and pte_unmap_unlock, which
encapsulate the mapping+locking and unlocking+unmapping together, and in the
end may use alternatives to the mm page_table_lock itself.
These callers all hold mmap_sem (some exclusively, some not), so at no level
can a page table be whipped away from beneath them; and pte_alloc uses the
"atomic" pmd_present to test whether it needs to allocate. It appears that on
all arches we can safely descend without page_table_lock.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
It seems odd to me that, whereas pud_alloc and pmd_alloc test inline, only
calling out-of-line __pud_alloc __pmd_alloc if allocation needed,
pte_alloc_map and pte_alloc_kernel are entirely out-of-line. Though it does
add a little to kernel size, change them to macros testing inline, calling
__pte_alloc or __pte_alloc_kernel to allocate out-of-line. Mark none of them
as fastcalls, leave that to CONFIG_REGPARM or not.
It also seems more natural for the out-of-line functions to leave the offset
calculation and map to the inline, which has to do it anyway for the common
case. At least mremap move wants __pte_alloc without _map.
Macros rather than inline functions, certainly to avoid the header file issues
which arise from CONFIG_HIGHPTE needing kmap_types.h, but also in case any
architectures I haven't built would have other such problems.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
First step in pushing down the page_table_lock. init_mm.page_table_lock has
been used throughout the architectures (usually for ioremap): not to serialize
kernel address space allocation (that's usually vmlist_lock), but because
pud_alloc,pmd_alloc,pte_alloc_kernel expect caller holds it.
Reverse that: don't lock or unlock init_mm.page_table_lock in any of the
architectures; instead rely on pud_alloc,pmd_alloc,pte_alloc_kernel to take
and drop it when allocating a new one, to check lest a racing task already
did. Similarly no page_table_lock in vmalloc's map_vm_area.
Some temporary ugliness in __pud_alloc and __pmd_alloc: since they also handle
user mms, which are converted only by a later patch, for now they have to lock
differently according to whether or not it's init_mm.
If sources get muddled, there's a danger that an arch source taking
init_mm.page_table_lock will be mixed with common source also taking it (or
neither take it). So break the rules and make another change, which should
break the build for such a mismatch: remove the redundant mm arg from
pte_alloc_kernel (ppc64 scrapped its distinct ioremap_mm in 2.6.13).
Exceptions: arm26 used pte_alloc_kernel on user mm, now pte_alloc_map; ia64
used pte_alloc_map on init_mm, now pte_alloc_kernel; parisc had bad args to
pmd_alloc and pte_alloc_kernel in unused USE_HPPA_IOREMAP code; ppc64
map_io_page forgot to unlock on failure; ppc mmu_mapin_ram and ppc64 im_free
took page_table_lock for no good reason.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
ia64 has expand_backing_store function for growing its Register Backing Store
vma upwards. But more complete code for this purpose is found in the
CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP part of mm/mmap.c. Uglify its #ifdefs further to provide
expand_upwards for ia64 as well as expand_stack for parisc.
The Register Backing Store vma should be marked VM_ACCOUNT. Implement the
intention of growing it only a page at a time, instead of passing an address
outside of the vma to handle_mm_fault, with unknown consequences.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
update_mem_hiwater has attracted various criticisms, in particular from those
concerned with mm scalability. Originally it was called whenever rss or
total_vm got raised. Then many of those callsites were replaced by a timer
tick call from account_system_time. Now Frank van Maarseveen reports that to
be found inadequate. How about this? Works for Frank.
Replace update_mem_hiwater, a poor combination of two unrelated ops, by macros
update_hiwater_rss and update_hiwater_vm. Don't attempt to keep
mm->hiwater_rss up to date at timer tick, nor every time we raise rss (usually
by 1): those are hot paths. Do the opposite, update only when about to lower
rss (usually by many), or just before final accounting in do_exit. Handle
mm->hiwater_vm in the same way, though it's much less of an issue. Demand
that whoever collects these hiwater statistics do the work of taking the
maximum with rss or total_vm.
And there has been no collector of these hiwater statistics in the tree. The
new convention needs an example, so match Frank's usage by adding a VmPeak
line above VmSize to /proc/<pid>/status, and also a VmHWM line above VmRSS
(High-Water-Mark or High-Water-Memory).
There was a particular anomaly during mremap move, that hiwater_vm might be
captured too high. A fleeting such anomaly remains, but it's quickly
corrected now, whereas before it would stick.
What locking? None: if the app is racy then these statistics will be racy,
it's not worth any overhead to make them exact. But whenever it suits,
hiwater_vm is updated under exclusive mmap_sem, and hiwater_rss under
page_table_lock (for now) or with preemption disabled (later on): without
going to any trouble, minimize the time between reading current values and
updating, to minimize those occasions when a racing thread bumps a count up
and back down in between.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove PageReserved() calls from core code by tightening VM_RESERVED
handling in mm/ to cover PageReserved functionality.
PageReserved special casing is removed from get_page and put_page.
All setting and clearing of PageReserved is retained, and it is now flagged
in the page_alloc checks to help ensure we don't introduce any refcount
based freeing of Reserved pages.
MAP_PRIVATE, PROT_WRITE of VM_RESERVED regions is tentatively being
deprecated. We never completely handled it correctly anyway, and is be
reintroduced in future if required (Hugh has a proof of concept).
Once PageReserved() calls are removed from kernel/power/swsusp.c, and all
arch/ and driver code, the Set and Clear calls, and the PG_reserved bit can
be trivially removed.
Last real user of PageReserved is swsusp, which uses PageReserved to
determine whether a struct page points to valid memory or not. This still
needs to be addressed (a generic page_is_ram() should work).
A last caveat: the ZERO_PAGE is now refcounted and managed with rmap (and
thus mapcounted and count towards shared rss). These writes to the struct
page could cause excessive cacheline bouncing on big systems. There are a
number of ways this could be addressed if it is an issue.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Refcount bug fix for filemap_xip.c
Signed-off-by: Carsten Otte <cotte@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Divide remove_vm_struct into two parts: first anon_vma_unlink plus
unlink_file_vma, to unlink the vma from the list and tree by which rmap or
vmtruncate might find it; then remove_vma to close, fput and free.
The intention here is to do the anon_vma_unlink and unlink_file_vma earlier,
in free_pgtables before freeing any page tables: so we can be sure that any
page tables traversed by rmap and vmtruncate are stable (and other, ordinary
cases are stabilized by holding mmap_sem).
This will be crucial to traversing pgd,pud,pmd without page_table_lock. But
testing the split-out patch showed that lifting the page_table_lock is
symbiotically necessary to make this change - the lock ordering is wrong to
move those unlinks into free_pgtables while it's under ptlock.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The original vm_stat_account has fallen into disuse, with only one user, and
only one user of vm_stat_unaccount. It's easier to keep track if we convert
them all to __vm_stat_account, then free it from its __shackles.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Hugh made me note this line for permission checking in mprotect():
if ((newflags & ~(newflags >> 4)) & 0xf) {
after figuring out what's that about, I decided it's nasty enough. Btw
Hugh itself didn't like the 0xf.
We can safely change it to VM_READ|VM_WRITE|VM_EXEC because we never change
VM_SHARED, so no need to check that.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Update comment for the 2.6.6-rc1 conversion from page->list and
address_space->{clean,dirty,locked}_pages to radix tree tagging and ->lru.
I've mostly avoided to mention page lists (at least I've shortened the
comment).
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Checking pte_dirty instead of pte_write in __follow_page is problematic
for s390, and for copy_one_pte which leaves dirty when clearing write.
So revert __follow_page to check pte_write as before, and make
do_wp_page pass back a special extra VM_FAULT_WRITE bit to say it has
done its full job: once get_user_pages receives this value, it no longer
requires pte_write in __follow_page.
But most callers of handle_mm_fault, in the various architectures, have
switch statements which do not expect this new case. To avoid changing
them all in a hurry, make an inline wrapper function (using the old
name) that masks off the new bit, and use the extended interface with
double underscores.
Yes, we do have a call to do_wp_page from do_swap_page, but no need to
change that: in rare case it's needed, another do_wp_page will follow.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
[ Cleanups by Nick Piggin ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Sparsemem abstracts the use of discontiguous mem_maps[]. This kind of
mem_map[] is needed by discontiguous memory machines (like in the old
CONFIG_DISCONTIGMEM case) as well as memory hotplug systems. Sparsemem
replaces DISCONTIGMEM when enabled, and it is hoped that it can eventually
become a complete replacement.
A significant advantage over DISCONTIGMEM is that it's completely separated
from CONFIG_NUMA. When producing this patch, it became apparent in that NUMA
and DISCONTIG are often confused.
Another advantage is that sparse doesn't require each NUMA node's ranges to be
contiguous. It can handle overlapping ranges between nodes with no problems,
where DISCONTIGMEM currently throws away that memory.
Sparsemem uses an array to provide different pfn_to_page() translations for
each SECTION_SIZE area of physical memory. This is what allows the mem_map[]
to be chopped up.
In order to do quick pfn_to_page() operations, the section number of the page
is encoded in page->flags. Part of the sparsemem infrastructure enables
sharing of these bits more dynamically (at compile-time) between the
page_zone() and sparsemem operations. However, on 32-bit architectures, the
number of bits is quite limited, and may require growing the size of the
page->flags type in certain conditions. Several things might force this to
occur: a decrease in the SECTION_SIZE (if you want to hotplug smaller areas of
memory), an increase in the physical address space, or an increase in the
number of used page->flags.
One thing to note is that, once sparsemem is present, the NUMA node
information no longer needs to be stored in the page->flags. It might provide
speed increases on certain platforms and will be stored there if there is
room. But, if out of room, an alternate (theoretically slower) mechanism is
used.
This patch introduces CONFIG_FLATMEM. It is used in almost all cases where
there used to be an #ifndef DISCONTIG, because SPARSEMEM and DISCONTIGMEM
often have to compile out the same areas of code.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Martin Bligh <mbligh@aracnet.com>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Generify the value fields in the page_flags. The aim is to allow the location
and size of these fields to be varied. Additionally we want to move away from
fixed allocations per field whilst still enforcing the overall bit utilisation
limits. We rely on the compiler to spot and optimise the accessor functions.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch modifies the way pagesets in struct zone are managed.
Each zone has a per-cpu array of pagesets. So any particular CPU has some
memory in each zone structure which belongs to itself. Even if that CPU is
not local to that zone.
So the patch relocates the pagesets for each cpu to the node that is nearest
to the cpu instead of allocating the pagesets in the (possibly remote) target
zone. This means that the operations to manage pages on remote zone can be
done with information available locally.
We play a macro trick so that non-NUMA pmachines avoid the additional
pointer chase on the page allocator fastpath.
AIM7 benchmark on a 32 CPU SGI Altix
w/o patches:
Tasks jobs/min jti jobs/min/task real cpu
1 484.68 100 484.6769 12.01 1.97 Fri Mar 25 11:01:42 2005
100 27140.46 89 271.4046 21.44 148.71 Fri Mar 25 11:02:04 2005
200 30792.02 82 153.9601 37.80 296.72 Fri Mar 25 11:02:42 2005
300 32209.27 81 107.3642 54.21 451.34 Fri Mar 25 11:03:37 2005
400 34962.83 78 87.4071 66.59 588.97 Fri Mar 25 11:04:44 2005
500 31676.92 75 63.3538 91.87 742.71 Fri Mar 25 11:06:16 2005
600 36032.69 73 60.0545 96.91 885.44 Fri Mar 25 11:07:54 2005
700 35540.43 77 50.7720 114.63 1024.28 Fri Mar 25 11:09:49 2005
800 33906.70 74 42.3834 137.32 1181.65 Fri Mar 25 11:12:06 2005
900 34120.67 73 37.9119 153.51 1325.26 Fri Mar 25 11:14:41 2005
1000 34802.37 74 34.8024 167.23 1465.26 Fri Mar 25 11:17:28 2005
with slab API changes and pageset patch:
Tasks jobs/min jti jobs/min/task real cpu
1 485.00 100 485.0000 12.00 1.96 Fri Mar 25 11:46:18 2005
100 28000.96 89 280.0096 20.79 150.45 Fri Mar 25 11:46:39 2005
200 32285.80 79 161.4290 36.05 293.37 Fri Mar 25 11:47:16 2005
300 40424.15 84 134.7472 43.19 438.42 Fri Mar 25 11:47:59 2005
400 39155.01 79 97.8875 59.46 590.05 Fri Mar 25 11:48:59 2005
500 37881.25 82 75.7625 76.82 730.19 Fri Mar 25 11:50:16 2005
600 39083.14 78 65.1386 89.35 872.79 Fri Mar 25 11:51:46 2005
700 38627.83 77 55.1826 105.47 1022.46 Fri Mar 25 11:53:32 2005
800 39631.94 78 49.5399 117.48 1169.94 Fri Mar 25 11:55:30 2005
900 36903.70 79 41.0041 141.94 1310.78 Fri Mar 25 11:57:53 2005
1000 36201.23 77 36.2012 160.77 1458.31 Fri Mar 25 12:00:34 2005
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Shobhit Dayal <shobhit@calsoftinc.com>
Signed-off-by: Shai Fultheim <Shai@Scalex86.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Just a few small cleanups to make this coherent english.
Signed-Off-By: Martin Hicks <mort@wildopensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Domen Puncer <domen@coderock.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Address bug #4508: there's potential for wraparound in the various places
where we perform RLIMIT_AS checking.
(I'm a bit worried about acct_stack_growth(). Are we sure that vma->vm_mm is
always equal to current->mm? If not, then we're comparing some other
process's total_vm with the calling process's rlimits).
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
ia64 and ppc64 had hugetlb_free_pgtables functions which were no longer being
called, and it wasn't obvious what to do about them.
The ppc64 case turns out to be easy: the associated tables are noted elsewhere
and freed later, safe to either skip its hugetlb areas or go through the
motions of freeing nothing. Since ia64 does need a special case, restore to
ppc64 the special case of skipping them.
The ia64 hugetlb case has been broken since pgd_addr_end went in, though it
probably appeared to work okay if you just had one such area; in fact it's
been broken much longer if you consider a long munmap spanning from another
region into the hugetlb region.
In the ia64 hugetlb region, more virtual address bits are available than in
the other regions, yet the page tables are structured the same way: the page
at the bottom is larger. Here we need to scale down each addr before passing
it to the standard free_pgd_range. Was about to write a hugely_scaled_down
macro, but found htlbpage_to_page already exists for just this purpose. Fixed
off-by-one in ia64 is_hugepage_only_range.
Uninline free_pgd_range to make it available to ia64. Make sure the
vma-gathering loop in free_pgtables cannot join a hugepage_only_range to any
other (safe to join huges? probably but don't bother).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There's only one usage of MM_VM_SIZE(mm) left, and it's a troublesome macro
because mm doesn't contain the (32-bit emulation?) info needed. But it too is
only needed because we ignore the end from the vma list.
We could make flush_pgtables return that end, or unmap_vmas. Choose the
latter, since it's a natural fit with unmap_mapping_range_vma needing to know
its restart addr. This does make more than minimal change, but if unmap_vmas
had returned the end before, this is how we'd have done it, rather than
storing the break_addr in zap_details.
unmap_vmas used to return count of vmas scanned, but that's just debug which
hasn't been useful in a while; and if we want the map_count 0 on exit check
back, it can easily come from the final remove_vm_struct loop.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Recent woes with some arches needing their own pgd_addr_end macro; and 4-level
clear_page_range regression since 2.6.10's clear_page_tables; and its
long-standing well-known inefficiency in searching throughout the higher-level
page tables for those few entries to clear and free: all can be blamed on
ignoring the list of vmas when we free page tables.
Replace exit_mmap's clear_page_range of the total user address space by
free_pgtables operating on the mm's vma list; unmap_region use it in the same
way, giving floor and ceiling beyond which it may not free tables. This
brings lmbench fork/exec/sh numbers back to 2.6.10 (unless preempt is enabled,
in which case latency fixes spoil unmap_vmas throughput).
Beware: the do_mmap_pgoff driver failure case must now use unmap_region
instead of zap_page_range, since a page table might have been allocated, and
can only be freed while it is touched by some vma.
Move free_pgtables from mmap.c to memory.c, where its lower levels are adapted
from the clear_page_range levels. (Most of free_pgtables' old code was
actually for a non-existent case, prev not properly set up, dating from before
hch gave us split_vma.) Pass mmu_gather** in the public interfaces, since we
might want to add latency lockdrops later; but no attempt to do so yet, going
by vma should itself reduce latency.
But what if is_hugepage_only_range? Those ia64 and ppc64 cases need careful
examination: put that off until a later patch of the series.
What of x86_64's 32bit vdso page __map_syscall32 maps outside any vma?
And the range to sparc64's flush_tlb_pgtables? It's less clear to me now that
we need to do more than is done here - every PMD_SIZE ever occupied will be
flushed, do we really have to flush every PGDIR_SIZE ever partially occupied?
A shame to complicate it unnecessarily.
Special thanks to David Miller for time spent repairing my ceilings.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
iscsi/lvm2/multipath needs guaranteed protection from the oom-killer, so
make the magical value of -17 in /proc/<pid>/oom_adj defeat the oom-killer
altogether.
(akpm: we still need to document oom_adj and friends in
Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt!)
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
Nick Piggin
Fengguang Wu
Andy Whitcroft
Christoph Lameter
Alan Cox
Alexey Dobriyan
Sam Ravnborg
Ollie Wild
Rusty Russell
Mel Gorman
Miklos Szeredi
Jan Beulich
Hugh Dickins
Jeremy Fitzhardinge
Adrian Bunk
Benjamin Herrenschmidt
Ken Chen
Roland McGrath
Dave Hansen
Keith Mannthey
David Howells
Jes Sorensen
Heiko Carstens
Mel Gorman
Peter Zijlstra
Dave Jones
Alexander Zarochentsev
Ingo Molnar
David Woodhouse
Nick Piggin
Andrew Morton
Luke Yang
Andi Kleen
Randy.Dunlap
Avishay Traeger
Russell King
Badari Pulavarty
Hans Reiser
Linus Torvalds
Matthew Wilcox
Nick Piggin
Al Viro
Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso
Christoph Lameter
Domen Puncer
Andrea Arcangeli
Linus Torvalds