If running on a host not supporting TLS (for instance 2.4) we should report
that cleanly to the user, instead of printing not comprehensible "error 5" for
that.
Additionally, i386 and x86_64 support different ranges for
user_desc->entry_number, and we must account for that; we couldn't pass
ourselves -1 because we need to override previously existing TLS descriptors
which glibc has possibly set, so test at startup the range to use.
x86 and x86_64 existing ranges are hardcoded.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Acked-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Implement sys_[gs]et_thread_area and the corresponding ptrace operations for
UML. This is the main chunk, additional parts follow. This implementation is
now well tested and has run reliably for some time, and we've understood all
the previously existing problems.
Their implementation saves the new GDT content and then forwards the call to
the host when appropriate, i.e. immediately when the target process is
running or on context switch otherwise (i.e. on fork and on ptrace() calls).
In SKAS mode, we must switch registers on each context switch (because SKAS
does not switches tls_array together with current->mm).
Also, added get_cpu() locking; this has been done for SKAS mode, since TT does
not need it (it does not use smp_processor_id()).
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Acked-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
ldt-{i386,x86_64}.h is made of two different parts - some code for parsing of
LDT descriptors, which is arch-dependant, and the code to handle uml_ldt_t (an
LDT block inside UML), which is mostly arch-independant (among x86 and x86_64,
at least).
Join the common part in a single file (ldt.h) and split the rest away
(host_ldt-{i386,x86_64}.h).
This is needed because processor.h, with next patches, will start including
the LDT descriptor parsing macros in host_ldt.h, but it can't include ldt.h
because it uses semaphores (and to define semaphores one must first include
processor.h!).
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Acked-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
misc sparse annotations
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
UML can use generic funcs.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Fix a gcc warning about losing qualifiers to the first argument of
copy_from_user. The typeof change for correctness, and fixes a lot of the
warnings, but there are some cases where x has some extra qualifiers, like
volatile, which copy_from_user can't know about. For these, the void * cast
seems to be necessary.
Also cleaned up some of the whitespace and got rid of the emacs comment at the
bottom.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Implement SMP alternatives, i.e. switching at runtime between different
code versions for UP and SMP. The code can patch both SMP->UP and UP->SMP.
The UP->SMP case is useful for CPU hotplug.
With CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG enabled the code switches to UP at boot time and
when the number of CPUs goes down to 1, and switches to SMP when the number
of CPUs goes up to 2.
Without CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG or on non-SMP-capable systems the code is
patched once at boot time (if needed) and the tables are released
afterwards.
The changes in detail:
* The current alternatives bits are moved to a separate file,
the SMP alternatives code is added there.
* The patch adds some new elf sections to the kernel:
.smp_altinstructions
like .altinstructions, also contains a list
of alt_instr structs.
.smp_altinstr_replacement
like .altinstr_replacement, but also has some space to
save original instruction before replaving it.
.smp_locks
list of pointers to lock prefixes which can be nop'ed
out on UP.
The first two are used to replace more complex instruction
sequences such as spinlocks and semaphores. It would be possible
to deal with the lock prefixes with that as well, but by handling
them as special case the table sizes become much smaller.
* The sections are page-aligned and padded up to page size, so they
can be free if they are not needed.
* Splitted the code to release init pages to a separate function and
use it to release the elf sections if they are unused.
Signed-off-by: Gerd Hoffmann <kraxel@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Chuck Ebbert <76306.1226@compuserve.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de>
Olaf reported UML doesn't build for him with a clear analisys of what happened
- we're using NR_CPUS in files linked against glibc headers. Seems like it
defines CONFIG_SMP but not CONFIG_NR_CPUS, so we get CONFIG_NR_CPUS
undeclared.
The fix is to move the declaration away from that header file and move it in
asm-um headers, and to add that header where needed.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
In a recent fixup i386 code was copied raw to x86_64 subarch to make it
compile again.
Here there are some little fixups and resyncs needed for it (mainly for
cleanliness sake) - I did an audit and found the rest of the code to be safe.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Use the generic sys_rt_sigsuspend.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add support for TIF_RESTORE_SIGMASK. I copy the i386 handling of the flag.
sys_sigsuspend is also changed to follow i386.
Also a bit of cleanup -
turn an if into a switch
get rid of a couple more emacs formatting comments
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add implementations of the write* and __raw_write* functions. __raw_writel is
needed by lib/iocopy.c, which shouldn't be used in UML, but which is
unconditionally linked in anyway.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
{get,put}_thread_info() were introduced in 2.5.4 and never
had been called by anything in the tree.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
)
From: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
- create one common dump_thread() prototype in kernel.h
- dump_thread() is only used in fs/binfmt_aout.c and can therefore be
removed on all architectures where CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT is not
available
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
add the per-arch mutex.h files for the remaining architectures.
We default to asm-generic/mutex-dec.h, because that performs
quite well on most arches. Arches that do not have atomic
decrement/increment instructions should switch to mutex-xchg.h
instead. Arches can also provide their own implementation for
the mutex fastpath primitives.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Remove various things which were checking for gcc-1.x and gcc-2.x compilers.
From: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Some documentation updates and removes some code paths for gcc < 3.2.
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Most of the architectures have the same asm/futex.h. This consolidates them
into asm-generic, with the arches including it from their own asm/futex.h.
In the case of UML, this reverts the old broken futex.h and goes back to using
the same one as almost everyone else.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Kill L1_CACHE_SHIFT from all arches. Since L1_CACHE_SHIFT_MAX is not used
anymore with the introduction of INTERNODE_CACHE, kill L1_CACHE_SHIFT_MAX.
Signed-off-by: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Signed-off-by: Shai Fultheim <shai@scalex86.org>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This gives a name to the anonymous union introduced in skas-hold-own-ldt,
allowing to build on a wider range of gccs.
It also removes ldt.h, which somehow became real, and replaces it with a
symlink, and creates ldt-x86_64.h as a copy of ldt-i386.h for now.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Patch imlements full LDT handling in SKAS:
* UML holds it's own LDT table, used to deliver data on
modify_ldt(READ)
* UML disables the default_ldt, inherited from the host (SKAS3)
or resets LDT entries, set by host's clib and inherited in
SKAS0
* A new global variable skas_needs_stub is inserted, that
can be used to decide, whether stub-pages must be supported
or not.
* Uses the syscall-stub to replace missing PTRACE_LDT (therefore,
write_ldt_entry needs to be modified)
Signed-off-by: Bodo Stroesser <bstroesser@fujitsu-siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Not quite, something along the lines of the patch below works correctly (and
makes aio performance not suffer from multiple second delays), as skas0 mode
correctly switches mm contexts, unlike TT (which should probably get nuked
from the kernel now that skas0 seems to be working).
Signed-off-by: Benjamin LaHaise <bcrl@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This was used in the old dark age of 2.4, ARCH_CFLAGS doesn't work any more
since some time, and UM_FASTCALL was never used in 2.6.
Instead, reintroduce the thing more properly now, directly in
include/asm-um/linkage.h.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Make UML share the underlying cpu-specific tuning done on i386.
Actually, for now many config options aren't used a lot - but that can be done
later. Also, UML relies on GCC optimization for things like memcpy and such
more than i386, so specifying the correct -march and -mtune should be enough.
Later, we may want to correct some other stuff.
For instance, since FPU context switching, for us, is done (at least
partially, i.e. between our kernelspace and userspace) by the host, we may
allow usage of FPU operations by GCC. This doesn't hold for kernelspace vs.
kernelspace, but we don't support preemption.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Convert those common loops using page_table_lock on the outside and
pte_offset_map within to use just pte_offset_map_lock within instead.
These all hold mmap_sem (some exclusively, some not), so at no level can a
page table be whipped away from beneath them. But whereas pte_alloc loops
tested with the "atomic" pmd_present, these loops are testing with pmd_none,
which on i386 PAE tests both lower and upper halves.
That's now unsafe, so add a cast into pmd_none to test only the vital lower
half: we lose a little sensitivity to a corrupt middle directory, but not
enough to worry about. It appears that i386 and UML were the only
architectures vulnerable in this way, and pgd and pud no problem.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The old code had the IP and SP coming from the registers in the thread
struct, which are completely wrong since those are the userspace
registers. This fixes that by pulling the correct values from the
jmp_buf in which the kernel state of each thread is stored.
Signed-off-by: Allan Graves <allan.graves@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
pte_modify marks a page as needing flush, which is redundant because the
resulting PTE is still set with set_pte, which already handles that.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Follow up to 4732efbeb9 - uml must just reuse
as-is the backing architecture support. There is a micro-fixup is needed for the
included file, which won't affect i386 behaviour at all.
I've not tested compilation on x86_64, only on x86, but the code is almost the
same except the culprit test, so everything should be ok on x86_64 too.
Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Using native cmpxchg offers a slight performance improvement in uml/i386.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch implements a stack trace for a thread, not unlike sysrq-t does.
The advantage to this is that a break point can be placed on showreqs, so that
upon showing the stack, you jump immediately into the debugger. While sysrq-t
does the same thing, sysrq-t shows *all* threads stacks. It also doesn't work
right now. In the future, I thought it might be acceptable to make this show
all pids stacks, but perhaps leaving well enough alone and just using sysrq-t
would be okay. For now, upon receiving the stack command, UML switches
context to that thread, dumps its registers, and then switches context back to
the original thread. Since UML compacts all threads into one of 4 host
threads, this sort of mechanism could be expanded in the future to include
other debugging helpers that sysrq does not cover.
Note by jdike - The main benefit to this is that it brings an arbitrary thread
back into context, where it can be examined by gdb. The fact that it dumps it
stack is secondary. This provides the capability to examine a sleeping
thread, which has existed in tt mode, but not in skas mode until now.
Also, the other threads, that sysrq doesn't cover, can be gdb-ed directly
anyway.
Signed-off-by: Allan Graves<allan.graves@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Turns out that, for UML, a *lot* of VM-related trivial functions are not
inlined but rather normal functions.
In other sections of UML code, this is justified by having files which
interact with the host and cannot therefore include kernel headers, but in
this case there's no such justification.
I've had to turn many of them to macros because of missing declarations. While
doing this, I've decided to reuse some already existing macros.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
unused and useless..
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The size of auxiliary vector is fixed at 42 in linux/sched.h. But it isn't
very obvious when looking at linux/elf.h. This patch adds AT_VECTOR_SIZE
so that we can change it if necessary when a new vector is added.
Because of include file ordering problems, doing this necessitated the
extraction of the AT_* symbols into a standalone header file.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
ATM pthread_cond_signal is unnecessarily slow, because it wakes one waiter
(which at least on UP usually means an immediate context switch to one of
the waiter threads). This waiter wakes up and after a few instructions it
attempts to acquire the cv internal lock, but that lock is still held by
the thread calling pthread_cond_signal. So it goes to sleep and eventually
the signalling thread is scheduled in, unlocks the internal lock and wakes
the waiter again.
Now, before 2003-09-21 NPTL was using FUTEX_REQUEUE in pthread_cond_signal
to avoid this performance issue, but it was removed when locks were
redesigned to the 3 state scheme (unlocked, locked uncontended, locked
contended).
Following scenario shows why simply using FUTEX_REQUEUE in
pthread_cond_signal together with using lll_mutex_unlock_force in place of
lll_mutex_unlock is not enough and probably why it has been disabled at
that time:
The number is value in cv->__data.__lock.
thr1 thr2 thr3
0 pthread_cond_wait
1 lll_mutex_lock (cv->__data.__lock)
0 lll_mutex_unlock (cv->__data.__lock)
0 lll_futex_wait (&cv->__data.__futex, futexval)
0 pthread_cond_signal
1 lll_mutex_lock (cv->__data.__lock)
1 pthread_cond_signal
2 lll_mutex_lock (cv->__data.__lock)
2 lll_futex_wait (&cv->__data.__lock, 2)
2 lll_futex_requeue (&cv->__data.__futex, 0, 1, &cv->__data.__lock)
# FUTEX_REQUEUE, not FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE
2 lll_mutex_unlock_force (cv->__data.__lock)
0 cv->__data.__lock = 0
0 lll_futex_wake (&cv->__data.__lock, 1)
1 lll_mutex_lock (cv->__data.__lock)
0 lll_mutex_unlock (cv->__data.__lock)
# Here, lll_mutex_unlock doesn't know there are threads waiting
# on the internal cv's lock
Now, I believe it is possible to use FUTEX_REQUEUE in pthread_cond_signal,
but it will cost us not one, but 2 extra syscalls and, what's worse, one of
these extra syscalls will be done for every single waiting loop in
pthread_cond_*wait.
We would need to use lll_mutex_unlock_force in pthread_cond_signal after
requeue and lll_mutex_cond_lock in pthread_cond_*wait after lll_futex_wait.
Another alternative is to do the unlocking pthread_cond_signal needs to do
(the lock can't be unlocked before lll_futex_wake, as that is racy) in the
kernel.
I have implemented both variants, futex-requeue-glibc.patch is the first
one and futex-wake_op{,-glibc}.patch is the unlocking inside of the kernel.
The kernel interface allows userland to specify how exactly an unlocking
operation should look like (some atomic arithmetic operation with optional
constant argument and comparison of the previous futex value with another
constant).
It has been implemented just for ppc*, x86_64 and i?86, for other
architectures I'm including just a stub header which can be used as a
starting point by maintainers to write support for their arches and ATM
will just return -ENOSYS for FUTEX_WAKE_OP. The requeue patch has been
(lightly) tested just on x86_64, the wake_op patch on ppc64 kernel running
32-bit and 64-bit NPTL and x86_64 kernel running 32-bit and 64-bit NPTL.
With the following benchmark on UP x86-64 I get:
for i in nptl-orig nptl-requeue nptl-wake_op; do echo time elf/ld.so --library-path .:$i /tmp/bench; \
for j in 1 2; do echo ( time elf/ld.so --library-path .:$i /tmp/bench ) 2>&1; done; done
time elf/ld.so --library-path .:nptl-orig /tmp/bench
real 0m0.655s user 0m0.253s sys 0m0.403s
real 0m0.657s user 0m0.269s sys 0m0.388s
time elf/ld.so --library-path .:nptl-requeue /tmp/bench
real 0m0.496s user 0m0.225s sys 0m0.271s
real 0m0.531s user 0m0.242s sys 0m0.288s
time elf/ld.so --library-path .:nptl-wake_op /tmp/bench
real 0m0.380s user 0m0.176s sys 0m0.204s
real 0m0.382s user 0m0.175s sys 0m0.207s
The benchmark is at:
http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2005-03/txt00001.txt
Older futex-requeue-glibc.patch version is at:
http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2005-03/txt00002.txt
Older futex-wake_op-glibc.patch version is at:
http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2005-03/txt00003.txt
Will post a new version (just x86-64 fixes so that the patch
applies against pthread_cond_signal.S) to libc-hacker ml soon.
Attached is the kernel FUTEX_WAKE_OP patch as well as a simple-minded
testcase that will not test the atomicity of the operation, but at least
check if the threads that should have been woken up are woken up and
whether the arithmetic operation in the kernel gave the expected results.
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com>
Cc: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Yoichi Yuasa <yuasa@hh.iij4u.or.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
We were leaking pmd pages when 3_LEVEL_PGTABLES was enabled. This fixes that.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There is a lot of code which is duplicated between the 2 and 3 level
implementation, with the only difference that the 3-level implementation is a
bit more generalized (instead of accessing directly pte_t.pte, it uses the
appropriate access macros).
So this code is joined together.
As obvious, a "core code nice cleanup" is not a "stability-friendly patch" so
usual care applies.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Normally, activate_mm() is called from exec(), and thus it used to be a
no-op because we use a completely new "MM context" on the host (for
instance, a new process), and so we didn't need to flush any "TLB entries"
(which for us are the set of memory mappings for the host process from the
virtual "RAM" file).
Kernel threads, instead, are usually handled in a different way. So, when
for AIO we call use_mm(), things used to break and so Benjamin implemented
activate_mm(). However, that is only needed for AIO, and could slow down
exec() inside UML, so be smart: detect being called for AIO (via
PF_BORROWED_MM) and do the full flush only in that situation.
Comment also the caller so that people won't go breaking UML without
noticing. I also rely on the caller's locks for testing current->flags.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
CC: Benjamin LaHaise <bcrl@kvack.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
_PAGE_FILE does not indicate whether a file is in page / swap cache, it is
set just for non-linear PTE's. Correct the comment for i386, x86_64, UML.
Also clearify _PAGE_NONE.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Someone mentioned that almost all the architectures used basically the same
implementation of get_order. This patch consolidates them into
asm-generic/page.h and includes that in the appropriate places. The
exceptions are ia64 and ppc which have their own (presumably optimised)
versions.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
We added an include of asm/vm86.h in include/asm-i386/ptrace.h. Since UML
includes the underlying arch's ptrace.h, it needs an asm/vm86.h in order to
build.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
When the kernel is working well and we want to restart cleanly
kernel_restart is the function to use. But in many instances
the kernel wants to reboot when thing are expected to be working
very badly such as from panic or a software watchdog handler.
This patch adds the function emergency_restart() so that
callers can be clear what semantics they expect when calling
restart. emergency_restart() is expected to be callable
from interrupt context and possibly reliable in even more
trying circumstances.
This is an initial generic implementation for all architectures.
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
*) Reorganize the two cases of sys_modify_ldt to share all the reasonably
common code.
*) Avoid memory allocation when unneeded (i.e. when we are writing and the
passed buffer size is known), thus not returning ENOMEM (which isn't
allowed for this syscall, even if there is no strict "specification").
*) Add copy_{from,to}_user to modify_ldt for TT mode.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch fixes a fairly serious tlb flushing bug that makes aio use under
uml very unreliable -- SEGVs, Oops and panic()s occur as a result of stale
tlb entires being used by uml when aio switches mms due to the fact that
uml does not implement the activate_mm() hook. This patch introduces a
simple but correct approach (read: hammer) for implementing activate_mm()
in uml by doing a force_flush_all() if the new mm is different from old.
With this patch in place, uml is able to succeed at the aio test case that
was randomly faulting for me before.
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
UML has had two modes of operation - an insecure, slow mode (tt mode) in
which the kernel is mapped into every process address space which requires
no host kernel modifications, and a secure, faster mode (skas mode) in
which the UML kernel is in a separate host address space, which requires a
patch to the host kernel.
This patch implements something very close to skas mode for hosts which
don't support skas - I'm calling this skas0. It provides the security of
the skas host patch, and some of the performance gains.
The two main things that are provided by the skas patch, /proc/mm and
PTRACE_FAULTINFO, are implemented in a way that require no host patch.
For the remote address space changing stuff (mmap, munmap, and mprotect),
we set aside two pages in the process above its stack, one of which
contains a little bit of code which can call mmap et al.
To update the address space, the system call information (system call
number and arguments) are written to the stub page above the code. The
%esp is set to the beginning of the data, the %eip is set the the start of
the stub, and it repeatedly pops the information into its registers and
makes the system call until it sees a system call number of zero. This is
to amortize the cost of the context switch across multiple address space
updates.
When the updates are done, it SIGSTOPs itself, and the kernel process
continues what it was doing.
For a PTRACE_FAULTINFO replacement, we set up a SIGSEGV handler in the
child, and let it handle segfaults rather than nullifying them. The
handler is in the same page as the mmap stub. The second page is used as
the stack. The handler reads cr2 and err from the sigcontext, sticks them
at the base of the stack in a faultinfo struct, and SIGSTOPs itself. The
kernel then reads the faultinfo and handles the fault.
A complication on x86_64 is that this involves resetting the registers to
the segfault values when the process is inside the kill system call. This
breaks on x86_64 because %rcx will contain %rip because you tell SYSRET
where to return to by putting the value in %rcx. So, this corrupts $rcx on
return from the segfault. To work around this, I added an
arch_finish_segv, which on x86 does nothing, but which on x86_64 ptraces
the child back through the sigreturn. This causes %rcx to be restored by
sigreturn and avoids the corruption. Ultimately, I think I will replace
this with the trick of having it send itself a blocked signal which will be
unblocked by the sigreturn. This will allow it to be stopped just after
the sigreturn, and PTRACE_SYSCALLed without all the back-and-forth of
PTRACE_SYSCALLing it through sigreturn.
This runs on a stock host, so theoretically (and hopefully), tt mode isn't
needed any more. We need to make sure that this is better in every way
than tt mode, though. I'm concerned about the speed of address space
updates and page fault handling, since they involve extra round-trips to
the child. We can amortize the round-trip cost for large address space
updates by writing all of the operations to the data page and having the
child execute them all at the same time. This will help fork and exec, but
not page faults, since they involve only one page.
I can't think of any way to help page faults, except to add something like
PTRACE_FAULTINFO to the host. There is PTRACE_SIGINFO, but UML doesn't use
siginfo for SIGSEGV (or anything else) because there isn't enough
information in the siginfo struct to handle page faults (the faulting
operation type is missing). Adding that would make PTRACE_SIGINFO a usable
equivalent to PTRACE_FAULTINFO.
As for the code itself:
- The system call stub is in arch/um/kernel/sys-$(SUBARCH)/stub.S. It is
put in its own section of the binary along with stub_segv_handler in
arch/um/kernel/skas/process.c. This is manipulated with run_syscall_stub
in arch/um/kernel/skas/mem_user.c. syscall_stub will execute any system
call at all, but it's only used for mmap, munmap, and mprotect.
- The x86_64 stub calls sigreturn by hand rather than allowing the normal
sigreturn to happen, because the normal sigreturn is a SA_RESTORER in
UML's address space provided by libc. Needless to say, this is not
available in the child's address space. Also, it does a couple of odd
pops before that which restore the stack to the state it was in at the
time the signal handler was called.
- There is a new field in the arch mmu_context, which is now a union.
This is the pid to be manipulated rather than the /proc/mm file
descriptor. Code which deals with this now checks proc_mm to see whether
it should use the usual skas code or the new code.
- userspace_tramp is now used to create a new host process for every UML
process, rather than one per UML processor. It checks proc_mm and
ptrace_faultinfo to decide whether to map in the pages above its stack.
- start_userspace now makes CLONE_VM conditional on proc_mm since we need
separate address spaces now.
- switch_mm_skas now just sets userspace_pid[0] to the new pid rather
than PTRACE_SWITCH_MM. There is an addition to userspace which updates
its idea of the pid being manipulated each time around the loop. This is
important on exec, when the pid will change underneath userspace().
- The stub page has a pte, but it can't be mapped in using tlb_flush
because it is part of tlb_flush. This is why it's required for it to be
mapped in by userspace_tramp.
Other random things:
- The stub section in uml.lds.S is page aligned. This page is written
out to the backing vm file in setup_physmem because it is mapped from
there into user processes.
- There's some confusion with TASK_SIZE now that there are a couple of
extra pages that the process can't use. TASK_SIZE is considered by the
elf code to be the usable process memory, which is reasonable, so it is
decreased by two pages. This confuses the definition of
USER_PGDS_IN_LAST_PML4, making it too small because of the rounding down
of the uneven division. So we round it to the nearest PGDIR_SIZE rather
than the lower one.
- I added a missing PT_SYSCALL_ARG6_OFFSET macro.
- um_mmu.h was made into a userspace-usable file.
- proc_mm and ptrace_faultinfo are globals which say whether the host
supports these features.
- There is a bad interaction between the mm.nr_ptes check at the end of
exit_mmap, stack randomization, and skas0. exit_mmap will stop freeing
pages at the PGDIR_SIZE boundary after the last vma. If the stack isn't
on the last page table page, the last pte page won't be freed, as it
should be since the stub ptes are there, and exit_mmap will BUG because
there is an unfreed page. To get around this, TASK_SIZE is set to the
next lowest PGDIR_SIZE boundary and mm->nr_ptes is decremented after the
calls to init_stub_pte. This ensures that we know the process stack (and
all other process mappings) will be below the top page table page, and
thus we know that mm->nr_ptes will be one too many, and can be
decremented.
Things that need fixing:
- We may need better assurrences that the stub code is PIC.
- The stub pte is set up in init_new_context_skas.
- alloc_pgdir is probably the right place.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Cope with a conditional i386 definition, which is wrong for UML. Before we
just used that one, but it wasn't defined for CONFIG_SMP, so in that case
we got link errors.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The preempt_count member of struct thread_info is currently either defined
as int, unsigned int or __s32 depending on arch. This patch makes the type
of preempt_count an int on all archs.
Having preempt_count be an unsigned type prevents the catching of
preempt_count < 0 bugs, and using int on some archs and __s32 on others is
not exactely "neat" - much nicer when it's just int all over.
A previous version of this patch was already ACK'ed by Robert Love, and the
only change in this version of the patch compared to the one he ACK'ed is
that this one also makes sure the preempt_count member is consistently
commented.
Signed-off-by: Jesper Juhl <juhl-lkml@dif.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch implements a number of smp_processor_id() cleanup ideas that
Arjan van de Ven and I came up with.
The previous __smp_processor_id/_smp_processor_id/smp_processor_id API
spaghetti was hard to follow both on the implementational and on the
usage side.
Some of the complexity arose from picking wrong names, some of the
complexity comes from the fact that not all architectures defined
__smp_processor_id.
In the new code, there are two externally visible symbols:
- smp_processor_id(): debug variant.
- raw_smp_processor_id(): nondebug variant. Replaces all existing
uses of _smp_processor_id() and __smp_processor_id(). Defined
by every SMP architecture in include/asm-*/smp.h.
There is one new internal symbol, dependent on DEBUG_PREEMPT:
- debug_smp_processor_id(): internal debug variant, mapped to
smp_processor_id().
Also, i moved debug_smp_processor_id() from lib/kernel_lock.c into a new
lib/smp_processor_id.c file. All related comments got updated and/or
clarified.
I have build/boot tested the following 8 .config combinations on x86:
{SMP,UP} x {PREEMPT,!PREEMPT} x {DEBUG_PREEMPT,!DEBUG_PREEMPT}
I have also build/boot tested x64 on UP/PREEMPT/DEBUG_PREEMPT. (Other
architectures are untested, but should work just fine.)
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This var is currently useless, as it's apparent from reading the code. Until
2.6.11 it was used in some code related to jail mode, in the same proc.:
if(jail){
while(!reading) sched_yield();
}
jail mode has been dropped, together with that use, so let's finish dropping
this.
Also, remove some other useless definitions I met.
Acked-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This is a continuation for UML of:
http://linux.bkbits.net:8080/linux-2.5/cset@41791ab52lfMuF2i3V-eTIGRBbDYKQ
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Copy (and adapt) to UML the stack code dumper used in i386 when
CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER is enabled.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Eliminate an unused variable warning in ptrace.c and a size mismatch warning
by adding a cast to __pa.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Some changes that I sent in didn't make 2.6.12-rc4 for some reason. This
adds them back. We have
an x86_64 definition of TOP_ADDR
a reimplementation of the x86_64 csum_partial_copy_from_user
some syntax fixes in arch/um/kernel/ptrace.c
removal of a CFLAGS definition in the x86_64 Makefile
some include changes in the x86_64 ptrace.c and user-offsets.h
a syntax fix in elf-x86_64.h
Also moved an include in the i386 and x86_64 Makefiles to make the symlinks
work, and some small fixes from Al Viro.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: <viro@parcelfarce.linux.theplanet.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Actually remove elf.h in the tree. The previous patch, due to a quilt
bug/misuse, left it in the tree as a 0-length file, preventing the build to
see it as missing and to generate a symlink in its place.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Command line handling cleanups - a couple of things made static and an
unused declaration removed from header.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
I accidentally included include/asm-um/elf.h as a real file in a previous
patch. This patch eliminates it.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
UML: remove no longer needed arch-signal.h
Signed-off-by: Bodo Stroesser <bstroesser@fujitsu-siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
s390 has fast read access to realtime clock (nanosecond resolution). So it
makes sense to have an arch-specific implementation not only of __delay, but
__udelay also.
Signed-off-by: Bodo Stroesser <bstroesser@fujitsu-siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch replaces the contents of include/asm-um/linkage.h
by
#include "asm/arch/linkage.h"
Signed-off-by: Bodo Stroesser <bstroesser@fujitsu-siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch make elh.h a symlink to the new arch-specific include files of the
form elf-<subarch>.h, as in the same way already is done for some other
includes. Also moves Elf-stuff from archparam-<subarch>.h and elf.h to the
new elf-<subarch>.h files.
Signed-off-by: Bodo Stroesser <bstroesser@fujitsu-siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch removes the arch-specific fault/trap-infos from thread and
skas-regs.
It adds a new struct faultinfo, that is arch-specific defined in
sysdep/faultinfo.h.
The structure is inserted in thread.arch and thread.regs.skas and
thread.regs.tt
Now, segv and other trap-handlers can copy the contents from regs.X.faultinfo
to thread.arch.faultinfo with one simple assignment.
Also, the number of macros necessary is reduced to
FAULT_ADDRESS(struct faultinfo)
extracts the faulting address from faultinfo
FAULT_WRITE(struct faultinfo)
extracts the "is_write" flag
SEGV_IS_FIXABLE(struct faultinfo)
is true for the fixable segvs, i.e. (TRAP == 14)
on i386
UPT_FAULTINFO(regs)
result is (struct faultinfo *) to the faultinfo
in regs->skas.faultinfo
GET_FAULTINFO_FROM_SC(struct faultinfo, struct sigcontext *)
copies the relevant parts of the sigcontext to
struct faultinfo.
On SIGSEGV, call user_signal() instead of handle_segv(), if the architecture
provides the information needed in PTRACE_FAULTINFO, or if PTRACE_FAULTINFO is
missing, because segv-stub will provide the info.
The benefit of the change is, that in case of a non-fixable SIGSEGV, we can
give user processes a SIGSEGV, instead of possibly looping on pagefault
handling.
Since handle_segv() sikked arch_fixup() implicitly by passing ip==0 to segv(),
I changed segv() to call arch_fixup() only, if !is_user.
Signed-off-by: Bodo Stroesser <bstroesser@fujitsu-siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
These are some trivial fixes for the x86-64 subarch module support. The only
potential problem is that I have to modify arch/x86_64/kernel/module.c, to
avoid copying the whole of it.
I can't use it verbatim because it depends on a special vmalloc-like area for
modules, which for now (maybe that's to fix, I guess not) UML/x86-64 has not.
I went the easy way and reused the i386 vmalloc()-based allocator.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch does some totally trivial compilation fixes. It also restores the
debugregs manipulation, which was commented out simply because it doesn't
compile on x86_64 (we haven't yet implemented there debugregs handling).
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch is for -mm only. It should probably be included in git-audit,
and should be forwarded to Linus iff git-audit is.
It updates the audit-syscall-{entry,exit} calls to current -mm.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Add some commentary about UML internals, for a strange trick.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Cleanup: make an inline of this empty proc.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
We want to make possible, for the user, to enable the i586 AES implementation.
This requires a restructure.
- Add a CONFIG_UML_X86 to notify that we are building a UML for i386.
- Rename CONFIG_64_BIT to CONFIG_64BIT as is used for all other archs
- Tell crypto/Kconfig that UML_X86 is as good as X86
- Tell it that it must exclude not X86_64 but 64BIT, which will give the
same results.
- Tell kbuild to descend down into arch/i386/crypto/ to build what's needed.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Prevent the kernel from oopsing during the extable sorting, as it can do
now, because the extable is in the readonly section of the binary.
Jeff says: The exception table turned RO in 2.6.11-rc3-mm1 for some reason.
Moving it causes it to land in the writable data section of the binary.
Paolo says: This patch fixes a oops on startup, which can be easily
triggered by compiling with CONFIG_MODE_TT disabled, and STATIC_LINK either
disabled or enabled. The resulting kernel will always Oops on startup,
after printing this simple output:
I've verified, by binary search on the BitKeeper repository (synced up as
of 2.6.12-rc2), starting from the range 2.6.11-2.6.12-rc1, that this bug
shows up on BitKeeper revisions in the range [@1.1994.11.168,+inf), i.e.
starting from this:
[PATCH] lib/sort: Replace insertion sort in exception tables
Since UML does not use the exception table, it's likely that insertion sort
didn't happen to write anything on the table.
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Replace misleading definition of FIRST_USER_PGD_NR 0 by definition of
FIRST_USER_ADDRESS 0 in all the MMU architectures beyond arm and arm26.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso
Al Viro
KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki
Jeff Dike
Gerd Hoffmann
Al Viro
akpm@osdl.org
Arjan van de Ven
Ravikiran G Thirumalai
Bodo Stroesser
Ben Lahaise
Hugh Dickins
Allan Graves
Christoph Hellwig
H. J. Lu
Jakub Jelinek
Stephen Rothwell
Linus Torvalds
Eric W. Biederman
Benjamin LaHaise
Jesper Juhl
Ingo Molnar
Linus Torvalds
David Woodhouse