lockdep, but it's a mechanical change.
Cheers,
Rusty.
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Merge tag 'modules-next-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux
Pull module update from Rusty Russell:
"The sweeping change is to make add_taint() explicitly indicate whether
to disable lockdep, but it's a mechanical change."
* tag 'modules-next-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux:
MODSIGN: Add option to not sign modules during modules_install
MODSIGN: Add -s <signature> option to sign-file
MODSIGN: Specify the hash algorithm on sign-file command line
MODSIGN: Simplify Makefile with a Kconfig helper
module: clean up load_module a little more.
modpost: Ignore ARC specific non-alloc sections
module: constify within_module_*
taint: add explicit flag to show whether lock dep is still OK.
module: printk message when module signature fail taints kernel.
It is a pity to have MAX_NUMNODES+MAX_NUMNODES tree roots statically
allocated, particularly when very few users will ever actually tune
merge_across_nodes 0 to use more than 1+1 of those trees. Not a big
deal (only 16kB wasted on each machine with CONFIG_MAXSMP), but a pity.
Start off with 1+1 statically allocated, then if merge_across_nodes is
ever tuned, allocate for nr_node_ids+nr_node_ids. Do not attempt to
free up the extra if it's tuned back, that would be a waste of effort.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I dislike the way in which "swapcache" gets used in do_swap_page():
there is always a page from swapcache there (even if maybe uncached by
the time we lock it), but tests are made according to "swapcache".
Rework that with "page != swapcache", as has been done in unuse_pte().
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Before establishing that KSM page migration was the cause of my
WARN_ON_ONCE(page_mapped(page))s, I suspected that they came from the
lack of a ksm_might_need_to_copy() in swapoff's unuse_pte() - which in
many respects is equivalent to faulting in a page.
In fact I've never caught that as the cause: but in theory it does at
least need the KSM_RUN_UNMERGE check in ksm_might_need_to_copy(), to
avoid bringing a KSM page back in when it's not supposed to be.
I intended to copy how it's done in do_swap_page(), but have a strong
aversion to how "swapcache" ends up being used there: rework it with
"page != swapcache".
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In "ksm: remove old stable nodes more thoroughly" I said that I'd never
seen its WARN_ON_ONCE(page_mapped(page)). True at the time of writing,
but it soon appeared once I tried fuller tests on the whole series.
It turned out to be due to the KSM page migration itself: unmerge_and_
remove_all_rmap_items() failed to locate and replace all the KSM pages,
because of that hiatus in page migration when old pte has been replaced
by migration entry, but not yet by new pte. follow_page() finds no page
at that instant, but a KSM page reappears shortly after, without a
fault.
Add FOLL_MIGRATION flag, so follow_page() can do migration_entry_wait()
for KSM's break_cow(). I'd have preferred to avoid another flag, and do
it every time, in case someone else makes the same easy mistake; but did
not find another transgressor (the common get_user_pages() is of course
safe), and cannot be sure that every follow_page() caller is prepared to
sleep - ia64's xencomm_vtop()? Now, THP's wait_split_huge_page() can
already sleep there, since anon_vma locking was changed to mutex, but
maybe that's somehow excluded.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Think of struct rmap_item as an extension of struct page (restricted to
MADV_MERGEABLE areas): there may be a lot of them, we need to keep them
small, especially on 32-bit architectures of limited lowmem.
Siting "int nid" after "unsigned int checksum" works nicely on 64-bit,
making no change to its 64-byte struct rmap_item; but bloats the 32-bit
struct rmap_item from (nicely cache-aligned) 32 bytes to 36 bytes, which
rounds up to 40 bytes once allocated from slab. We'd better avoid that.
Hey, I only just remembered that the anon_vma pointer in struct
rmap_item has no purpose until the rmap_item is hung from a stable tree
node (which has its own nid field); and rmap_item's nid field no purpose
than to say which tree root to tell rb_erase() when unlinking from an
unstable tree.
Double them up in a union. There's just one place where we set anon_vma
early (when we already hold mmap_sem): now we must remove tree_rmap_item
from its unstable tree there, before overwriting nid. No need to
spatter BUG()s around: we'd be seeing oopses if this were wrong.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
An inconsistency emerged in reviewing the NUMA node changes to KSM: when
meeting a page from the wrong NUMA node in a stable tree, we say that
it's okay for comparisons, but not as a leaf for merging; whereas when
meeting a page from the wrong NUMA node in an unstable tree, we bail out
immediately.
Now, it might be that a wrong NUMA node in an unstable tree is more
likely to correlate with instablility (different content, with rbnode
now misplaced) than page migration; but even so, we are accustomed to
instablility in the unstable tree.
Without strong evidence for which strategy is generally better, I'd
rather be consistent with what's done in the stable tree: accept a page
from the wrong NUMA node for comparison, but not as a leaf for merging.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Added slightly more detail to the Documentation of merge_across_nodes, a
few comments in areas indicated by review, and renamed get_ksm_page()'s
argument from "locked" to "lock_it". No functional change.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix several mempolicy leaks in the tmpfs mount logic. These leaks are
slow - on the order of one object leaked per mount attempt.
Leak 1 (umount doesn't free mpol allocated in mount):
while true; do
mount -t tmpfs -o mpol=interleave,size=100M nodev /mnt
umount /mnt
done
Leak 2 (errors parsing remount options will leak mpol):
mount -t tmpfs -o size=100M nodev /mnt
while true; do
mount -o remount,mpol=interleave,size=x /mnt 2> /dev/null
done
umount /mnt
Leak 3 (multiple mpol per mount leak mpol):
while true; do
mount -t tmpfs -o mpol=interleave,mpol=interleave,size=100M nodev /mnt
umount /mnt
done
This patch fixes all of the above. I could have broken the patch into
three pieces but is seemed easier to review as one.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix handling of mpol_parse_str() errors, per Hugh]
Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The tmpfs remount logic preserves filesystem mempolicy if the mpol=M
option is not specified in the remount request. A new policy can be
specified if mpol=M is given.
Before this patch remounting an mpol bound tmpfs without specifying
mpol= mount option in the remount request would set the filesystem's
mempolicy object to a freed mempolicy object.
To reproduce the problem boot a DEBUG_PAGEALLOC kernel and run:
# mkdir /tmp/x
# mount -t tmpfs -o size=100M,mpol=interleave nodev /tmp/x
# grep /tmp/x /proc/mounts
nodev /tmp/x tmpfs rw,relatime,size=102400k,mpol=interleave:0-3 0 0
# mount -o remount,size=200M nodev /tmp/x
# grep /tmp/x /proc/mounts
nodev /tmp/x tmpfs rw,relatime,size=204800k,mpol=??? 0 0
# note ? garbage in mpol=... output above
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/x/f count=1
# panic here
Panic:
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at (null)
IP: [< (null)>] (null)
[...]
Oops: 0010 [#1] SMP DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
Call Trace:
mpol_shared_policy_init+0xa5/0x160
shmem_get_inode+0x209/0x270
shmem_mknod+0x3e/0xf0
shmem_create+0x18/0x20
vfs_create+0xb5/0x130
do_last+0x9a1/0xea0
path_openat+0xb3/0x4d0
do_filp_open+0x42/0xa0
do_sys_open+0xfe/0x1e0
compat_sys_open+0x1b/0x20
cstar_dispatch+0x7/0x1f
Non-debug kernels will not crash immediately because referencing the
dangling mpol will not cause a fault. Instead the filesystem will
reference a freed mempolicy object, which will cause unpredictable
behavior.
The problem boils down to a dropped mpol reference below if
shmem_parse_options() does not allocate a new mpol:
config = *sbinfo
shmem_parse_options(data, &config, true)
mpol_put(sbinfo->mpol)
sbinfo->mpol = config.mpol /* BUG: saves unreferenced mpol */
This patch avoids the crash by not releasing the mempolicy if
shmem_parse_options() doesn't create a new mpol.
How far back does this issue go? I see it in both 2.6.36 and 3.3. I did
not look back further.
Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rob van der Heij reported the following (paraphrased) on private mail.
The scenario is that I want to avoid backups to fill up the page
cache and purge stuff that is more likely to be used again (this is
with s390x Linux on z/VM, so I don't give it as much memory that
we don't care anymore). So I have something with LD_PRELOAD that
intercepts the close() call (from tar, in this case) and issues
a posix_fadvise() just before closing the file.
This mostly works, except for small files (less than 14 pages)
that remains in page cache after the face.
Unfortunately Rob has not had a chance to test this exact patch but the
test program below should be reproducing the problem he described.
The issue is the per-cpu pagevecs for LRU additions. If the pages are
added by one CPU but fadvise() is called on another then the pages
remain resident as the invalidate_mapping_pages() only drains the local
pagevecs via its call to pagevec_release(). The user-visible effect is
that a program that uses fadvise() properly is not obeyed.
A possible fix for this is to put the necessary smarts into
invalidate_mapping_pages() to globally drain the LRU pagevecs if a
pagevec page could not be discarded. The downside with this is that an
inode cache shrink would send a global IPI and memory pressure
potentially causing global IPI storms is very undesirable.
Instead, this patch adds a check during fadvise(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED) to
check if invalidate_mapping_pages() discarded all the requested pages.
If a subset of pages are discarded it drains the LRU pagevecs and tries
again. If the second attempt fails, it assumes it is due to the pages
being mapped, locked or dirty and does not care. With this patch, an
application using fadvise() correctly will be obeyed but there is a
downside that a malicious application can force the kernel to send
global IPIs and increase overhead.
If accepted, I would like this to be considered as a -stable candidate.
It's not an urgent issue but it's a system call that is not working as
advertised which is weak.
The following test program demonstrates the problem. It should never
report that pages are still resident but will without this patch. It
assumes that CPU 0 and 1 exist.
int main() {
int fd;
int pagesize = getpagesize();
ssize_t written = 0, expected;
char *buf;
unsigned char *vec;
int resident, i;
cpu_set_t set;
/* Prepare a buffer for writing */
expected = FILESIZE_PAGES * pagesize;
buf = malloc(expected + 1);
if (buf == NULL) {
printf("ENOMEM\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
buf[expected] = 0;
memset(buf, 'a', expected);
/* Prepare the mincore vec */
vec = malloc(FILESIZE_PAGES);
if (vec == NULL) {
printf("ENOMEM\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Bind ourselves to CPU 0 */
CPU_ZERO(&set);
CPU_SET(0, &set);
if (sched_setaffinity(getpid(), sizeof(set), &set) == -1) {
perror("sched_setaffinity");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* open file, unlink and write buffer */
fd = open("fadvise-test-file", O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_RDWR);
if (fd == -1) {
perror("open");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
unlink("fadvise-test-file");
while (written < expected) {
ssize_t this_write;
this_write = write(fd, buf + written, expected - written);
if (this_write == -1) {
perror("write");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
written += this_write;
}
free(buf);
/*
* Force ourselves to another CPU. If fadvise only flushes the local
* CPUs pagevecs then the fadvise will fail to discard all file pages
*/
CPU_ZERO(&set);
CPU_SET(1, &set);
if (sched_setaffinity(getpid(), sizeof(set), &set) == -1) {
perror("sched_setaffinity");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* sync and fadvise to discard the page cache */
fsync(fd);
if (posix_fadvise(fd, 0, expected, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED) == -1) {
perror("posix_fadvise");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* map the file and use mincore to see which parts of it are resident */
buf = mmap(NULL, expected, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (buf == NULL) {
perror("mmap");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (mincore(buf, expected, vec) == -1) {
perror("mincore");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Check residency */
for (i = 0, resident = 0; i < FILESIZE_PAGES; i++) {
if (vec[i])
resident++;
}
if (resident != 0) {
printf("Nr unexpected pages resident: %d\n", resident);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
munmap(buf, expected);
close(fd);
free(vec);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Rob van der Heij <rvdheij@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Rob van der Heij <rvdheij@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We at SGI have a need to address some very high physical address ranges
with our GRU (global reference unit), sometimes across partitioned
machine boundaries and sometimes with larger addresses than the cpu
supports. We do this with the aid of our own 'extended vma' module
which mimics the vma. When something (either unmap or exit) frees an
'extended vma' we use the mmu notifiers to clean them up.
We had been able to mimic the functions
__mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start() and
__mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end() by locking the per-mm lock and
walking the per-mm notifier list. But with the change to a global srcu
lock (static in mmu_notifier.c) we can no longer do that. Our module has
no access to that lock.
So we request that these two functions be exported.
Signed-off-by: Cliff Wickman <cpw@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This change adds a follow_page_mask function which is equivalent to
follow_page, but with an extra page_mask argument.
follow_page_mask sets *page_mask to HPAGE_PMD_NR - 1 when it encounters
a THP page, and to 0 in other cases.
__get_user_pages() makes use of this in order to accelerate populating
THP ranges - that is, when both the pages and vmas arrays are NULL, we
don't need to iterate HPAGE_PMD_NR times to cover a single THP page (and
we also avoid taking mm->page_table_lock that many times).
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use long type for page counts in mm_populate() so as to avoid integer
overflow when running the following test code:
int main(void) {
void *p = mmap(NULL, 0x100000000000, PROT_READ,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
printf("p: %p\n", p);
mlockall(MCL_CURRENT);
printf("done\n");
return 0;
}
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
nr_free_zone_pages(), nr_free_buffer_pages() and nr_free_pagecache_pages()
are horribly badly named, so accurately document them with code comments
in case of the misuse of them.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comments]
Reviewed-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
error_states[] has two separate states "unevictable LRU page" and
"mlocked LRU page", and the former one has the higher priority now. But
because of that the latter one is rarely chosen because pages with
PageMlocked highly likely have PG_unevictable set. On the other hand,
PG_unevictable without PageMlocked is common for ramfs or SHM_LOCKed
shared memory, so reversing the priority of these two states helps us
clearly distinguish them.
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Chen Gong <gong.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
memory_failure() can't handle memory errors on mlocked pages correctly,
because page_action() judges such errors as ones on "unknown pages"
instead of ones on "unevictable LRU page" or "mlocked LRU page". In
order to determine page_state page_action() checks page flags at the
timing of the judgement, but such page flags are not the same with those
just after memory_failure() is called, because memory_failure() does
unmapping of the error pages before doing page_action(). This unmapping
changes the page state, especially page_remove_rmap() (called from
try_to_unmap_one()) clears PG_mlocked, so page_action() can't catch
mlocked pages after that.
With this patch, we store the page flag of the error page before doing
unmap, and (only) if the first check with page flags at the time decided
the error page is unknown, we do the second check with the stored page
flag. This implementation doesn't change error handling for the page
types for which the first check can determine the page state correctly.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comments]
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Chen Gong <gong.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Whilst I run the risk of a flogging for disloyalty to the Lord of Sealand,
I do have CONFIG_MEMCG=y CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM not set, and grow tired of the
"mm/memcontrol.c:4972:12: warning: `memcg_propagate_kmem' defined but not
used [-Wunused-function]" seen in 3.8-rc: move the #ifdef outwards.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This variable is calculated from nr_free_pagecache_pages so
change its type to unsigned long.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, the amount of RAM that functions nr_free_*_pages return is
held in unsigned int. But in machines with big memory (exceeding 16TB),
the amount may be incorrect because of overflow, so fix it.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Simon Horman <horms@verge.net.au>
Cc: Julian Anastasov <ja@ssi.bg>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>
Cc: Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov>
Cc: Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We should encourage all memcg controller initialization independent on a
specific mem_cgroup to be done here rather than exploit css_alloc
callback and assume that nothing happens before root cgroup is created.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
memcg_stock are currently initialized during the root cgroup allocation
which is OK but it pointlessly pollutes memcg allocation code with
something that can be called when the memcg subsystem is initialized by
mem_cgroup_init along with other controller specific parts.
This patch wraps the current memcg_stock initialization code into a
helper calls it from the controller subsystem initialization code.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Per-node-zone soft limit tree is currently initialized when the root
cgroup is created which is OK but it pointlessly pollutes memcg
allocation code with something that can be called when the memcg
subsystem is initialized by mem_cgroup_init along with other controller
specific parts.
While we are at it let's make mem_cgroup_soft_limit_tree_init void
because it doesn't make much sense to report memory failure because if
we fail to allocate memory that early during the boot then we are
screwed anyway (this saves some code).
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Recently, Luigi reported there are lots of free swap space when OOM
happens. It's easily reproduced on zram-over-swap, where many instance
of memory hogs are running and laptop_mode is enabled. He said there
was no problem when he disabled laptop_mode. The problem when I
investigate problem is following as.
Assumption for easy explanation: There are no page cache page in system
because they all are already reclaimed.
1. try_to_free_pages disable may_writepage when laptop_mode is enabled.
2. shrink_inactive_list isolates victim pages from inactive anon lru list.
3. shrink_page_list adds them to swapcache via add_to_swap but it doesn't
pageout because sc->may_writepage is 0 so the page is rotated back into
inactive anon lru list. The add_to_swap made the page Dirty by SetPageDirty.
4. 3 couldn't reclaim any pages so do_try_to_free_pages increase priority and
retry reclaim with higher priority.
5. shrink_inactlive_list try to isolate victim pages from inactive anon lru list
but got failed because it try to isolate pages with ISOLATE_CLEAN mode but
inactive anon lru list is full of dirty pages by 3 so it just returns
without any reclaim progress.
6. do_try_to_free_pages doesn't set may_writepage due to zero total_scanned.
Because sc->nr_scanned is increased by shrink_page_list but we don't call
shrink_page_list in 5 due to short of isolated pages.
Above loop is continued until OOM happens.
The problem didn't happen before [1] was merged because old logic's
isolatation in shrink_inactive_list was successful and tried to call
shrink_page_list to pageout them but it still ends up failed to page out
by may_writepage. But important point is that sc->nr_scanned was
increased although we couldn't swap out them so do_try_to_free_pages
could set may_writepages.
Since commit f80c067361 ("mm: zone_reclaim: make isolate_lru_page()
filter-aware") was introduced, it's not a good idea any more to depends
on only the number of scanned pages for setting may_writepage. So this
patch adds new trigger point of setting may_writepage as below
DEF_PRIOIRTY - 2 which is used to show the significant memory pressure
in VM so it's good fit for our purpose which would be better to lose
power saving or clickety rather than OOM killing.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make a sweep through mm/ and convert code that uses -1 directly to using
the more appropriate NUMA_NO_NODE.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is a race condition between mmu_notifier_unregister() and
__mmu_notifier_release().
Assume two tasks, one calling mmu_notifier_unregister() as a result of a
filp_close() ->flush() callout (task A), and the other calling
mmu_notifier_release() from an mmput() (task B).
A B
t1 srcu_read_lock()
t2 if (!hlist_unhashed())
t3 srcu_read_unlock()
t4 srcu_read_lock()
t5 hlist_del_init_rcu()
t6 synchronize_srcu()
t7 srcu_read_unlock()
t8 hlist_del_rcu() <--- NULL pointer deref.
Additionally, the list traversal in __mmu_notifier_release() is not
protected by the by the mmu_notifier_mm->hlist_lock which can result in
callouts to the ->release() notifier from both mmu_notifier_unregister()
and __mmu_notifier_release().
-stable suggestions:
The stable trees prior to 3.7.y need commits 21a92735f6 and
70400303ce cherry-picked in that order prior to cherry-picking this
commit. The 3.7.y tree already has those two commits.
Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Sagi Grimberg <sagig@mellanox.co.il>
Cc: Haggai Eran <haggaie@mellanox.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ensure_zone_is_initialized() checks if a zone is in a empty & not
initialized state (typically occuring after it is created in memory
hotplugging), and, if so, calls init_currently_empty_zone() to
initialize the zone.
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a debug message which prints when a page is found outside of the
boundaries of the zone it should belong to. Format is:
"page $pfn outside zone [ $start_pfn - $end_pfn ]"
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/pr_debug/pr_err/]
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Freeing pages to uninitialized zones is not handled by
__free_one_page(), and should never happen when the code is correct.
Ran into this while writing some code that dynamically onlines extra
zones.
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add 2 helpers (zone_end_pfn() and zone_spans_pfn()) to reduce code
duplication.
This also switches to using them in compaction (where an additional
variable needed to be renamed), page_alloc, vmstat, memory_hotplug, and
kmemleak.
Note that in compaction.c I avoid calling zone_end_pfn() repeatedly
because I expect at some point the sycronization issues with start_pfn &
spanned_pages will need fixing, either by actually using the seqlock or
clever memory barrier usage.
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fact that mlock calls get_user_pages, and get_user_pages might call
mlock when expanding a stack looks like a potential recursion.
However, mlock makes sure the requested range is already contained
within a vma, so no stack expansion will actually happen from mlock.
Should this ever change: the stack expansion mlocks only the newly
expanded range and so will not result in recursive expansion.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
An inactive file list is considered low when its active counterpart is
bigger, regardless of whether it is a global zone LRU list or a memcg
zone LRU list. The only difference is in how the LRU size is assessed.
get_lru_size() does the right thing for both global and memcg reclaim
situations.
Get rid of inactive_file_is_low_global() and
mem_cgroup_inactive_file_is_low() by using get_lru_size() and compare
the numbers in common code.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In shmem_find_get_pages_and_swap(), use the faster radix tree iterator
construct from commit 78c1d78488 ("radix-tree: introduce bit-optimized
iterator").
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Complaints are rare, but lockdep still does not understand the way
ksm_memory_callback(MEM_GOING_OFFLINE) takes ksm_thread_mutex, and holds
it until the ksm_memory_callback(MEM_OFFLINE): that appears to be a
problem because notifier callbacks are made under down_read of
blocking_notifier_head->rwsem (so first the mutex is taken while holding
the rwsem, then later the rwsem is taken while still holding the mutex);
but is not in fact a problem because mem_hotplug_mutex is held
throughout the dance.
There was an attempt to fix this with mutex_lock_nested(); but if that
happened to fool lockdep two years ago, apparently it does so no longer.
I had hoped to eradicate this issue in extending KSM page migration not
to need the ksm_thread_mutex. But then realized that although the page
migration itself is safe, we do still need to lock out ksmd and other
users of get_ksm_page() while offlining memory - at some point between
MEM_GOING_OFFLINE and MEM_OFFLINE, the struct pages themselves may
vanish, and get_ksm_page()'s accesses to them become a violation.
So, give up on holding ksm_thread_mutex itself from MEM_GOING_OFFLINE to
MEM_OFFLINE, and add a KSM_RUN_OFFLINE flag, and wait_while_offlining()
checks, to achieve the same lockout without being caught by lockdep.
This is less elegant for KSM, but it's more important to keep lockdep
useful to other users - and I apologize for how long it took to fix.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reported-by: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
No functional change, but the only purpose of the offlining argument to
migrate_pages() etc, was to ensure that __unmap_and_move() could migrate a
KSM page for memory hotremove (which took ksm_thread_mutex) but not for
other callers. Now all cases are safe, remove the arg.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Migration of KSM pages is now safe: remove the PageKsm restrictions from
mempolicy.c and migrate.c.
But keep PageKsm out of __unmap_and_move()'s anon_vma contortions, which
are irrelevant to KSM: it looks as if that code was preventing hotremove
migration of KSM pages, unless they happened to be in swapcache.
There is some question as to whether enforcing a NUMA mempolicy migration
ought to migrate KSM pages, mapped into entirely unrelated processes; but
moving page_mapcount > 1 is only permitted with MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL anyway,
and it seems reasonable to assume that you wouldn't set MADV_MERGEABLE on
any area where this is a worry.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The new KSM NUMA merge_across_nodes knob introduces a problem, when it's
set to non-default 0: if a KSM page is migrated to a different NUMA node,
how do we migrate its stable node to the right tree? And what if that
collides with an existing stable node?
ksm_migrate_page() can do no more than it's already doing, updating
stable_node->kpfn: the stable tree itself cannot be manipulated without
holding ksm_thread_mutex. So accept that a stable tree may temporarily
indicate a page belonging to the wrong NUMA node, leave updating until the
next pass of ksmd, just be careful not to merge other pages on to a
misplaced page. Note nid of holding tree in stable_node, and recognize
that it will not always match nid of kpfn.
A misplaced KSM page is discovered, either when ksm_do_scan() next comes
around to one of its rmap_items (we now have to go to cmp_and_merge_page
even on pages in a stable tree), or when stable_tree_search() arrives at a
matching node for another page, and this node page is found misplaced.
In each case, move the misplaced stable_node to a list of migrate_nodes
(and use the address of migrate_nodes as magic by which to identify them):
we don't need them in a tree. If stable_tree_search() finds no match for
a page, but it's currently exiled to this list, then slot its stable_node
right there into the tree, bringing all of its mappings with it; otherwise
they get migrated one by one to the original page of the colliding node.
stable_tree_search() is now modelled more like stable_tree_insert(), in
order to handle these insertions of migrated nodes.
remove_node_from_stable_tree(), remove_all_stable_nodes() and
ksm_check_stable_tree() have to handle the migrate_nodes list as well as
the stable tree itself. Less obviously, we do need to prune the list of
stale entries from time to time (scan_get_next_rmap_item() does it once
each full scan): whereas stale nodes in the stable tree get naturally
pruned as searches try to brush past them, these migrate_nodes may get
forgotten and accumulate.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
KSM page migration is already supported in the case of memory hotremove,
which takes the ksm_thread_mutex across all its migrations to keep life
simple.
But the new KSM NUMA merge_across_nodes knob introduces a problem, when
it's set to non-default 0: if a KSM page is migrated to a different NUMA
node, how do we migrate its stable node to the right tree? And what if
that collides with an existing stable node?
So far there's no provision for that, and this patch does not attempt to
deal with it either. But how will I test a solution, when I don't know
how to hotremove memory? The best answer is to enable KSM page migration
in all cases now, and test more common cases. With THP and compaction
added since KSM came in, page migration is now mainstream, and it's a
shame that a KSM page can frustrate freeing a page block.
Without worrying about merge_across_nodes 0 for now, this patch gets KSM
page migration working reliably for default merge_across_nodes 1 (but
leave the patch enabling it until near the end of the series).
It's much simpler than I'd originally imagined, and does not require an
additional tier of locking: page migration relies on the page lock, KSM
page reclaim relies on the page lock, the page lock is enough for KSM page
migration too.
Almost all the care has to be in get_ksm_page(): that's the function which
worries about when a stable node is stale and should be freed, now it also
has to worry about the KSM page being migrated.
The only new overhead is an additional put/get/lock/unlock_page when
stable_tree_search() arrives at a matching node: to make sure migration
respects the raised page count, and so does not migrate the page while
we're busy with it here. That's probably avoidable, either by changing
internal interfaces from using kpage to stable_node, or by moving the
ksm_migrate_page() callsite into a page_freeze_refs() section (even if not
swapcache); but this works well, I've no urge to pull it apart now.
(Descents of the stable tree may pass through nodes whose KSM pages are
under migration: being unlocked, the raised page count does not prevent
that, nor need it: it's safe to memcmp against either old or new page.)
You might worry about mremap, and whether page migration's rmap_walk to
remove migration entries will find all the KSM locations where it inserted
earlier: that should already be handled, by the satisfyingly heavy hammer
of move_vma()'s call to ksm_madvise(,,,MADV_UNMERGEABLE,).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Switching merge_across_nodes after running KSM is liable to oops on stale
nodes still left over from the previous stable tree. It's not something
that people will often want to do, but it would be lame to demand a reboot
when they're trying to determine which merge_across_nodes setting is best.
How can this happen? We only permit switching merge_across_nodes when
pages_shared is 0, and usually set run 2 to force that beforehand, which
ought to unmerge everything: yet oopses still occur when you then run 1.
Three causes:
1. The old stable tree (built according to the inverse
merge_across_nodes) has not been fully torn down. A stable node
lingers until get_ksm_page() notices that the page it references no
longer references it: but the page is not necessarily freed as soon as
expected, particularly when swapcache.
Fix this with a pass through the old stable tree, applying
get_ksm_page() to each of the remaining nodes (most found stale and
removed immediately), with forced removal of any left over. Unless the
page is still mapped: I've not seen that case, it shouldn't occur, but
better to WARN_ON_ONCE and EBUSY than BUG.
2. __ksm_enter() has a nice little optimization, to insert the new mm
just behind ksmd's cursor, so there's a full pass for it to stabilize
(or be removed) before ksmd addresses it. Nice when ksmd is running,
but not so nice when we're trying to unmerge all mms: we were missing
those mms forked and inserted behind the unmerge cursor. Easily fixed
by inserting at the end when KSM_RUN_UNMERGE.
3. It is possible for a KSM page to be faulted back from swapcache
into an mm, just after unmerge_and_remove_all_rmap_items() scanned past
it. Fix this by copying on fault when KSM_RUN_UNMERGE: but that is
private to ksm.c, so dissolve the distinction between
ksm_might_need_to_copy() and ksm_does_need_to_copy(), doing it all in
the one call into ksm.c.
A long outstanding, unrelated bugfix sneaks in with that third fix:
ksm_does_need_to_copy() would copy from a !PageUptodate page (implying I/O
error when read in from swap) to a page which it then marks Uptodate. Fix
this case by not copying, letting do_swap_page() discover the error.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In some places where get_ksm_page() is used, we need the page to be locked.
When KSM migration is fully enabled, we shall want that to make sure that
the page just acquired cannot be migrated beneath us (raised page count is
only effective when there is serialization to make sure migration
notices). Whereas when navigating through the stable tree, we certainly
do not want to lock each node (raised page count is enough to guarantee
the memcmps, even if page is migrated to another node).
Since we're about to add another use case, add the locked argument to
get_ksm_page() now.
Hmm, what's that rcu_read_lock() about? Complete misunderstanding, I
really got the wrong end of the stick on that! There's a configuration in
which page_cache_get_speculative() can do something cheaper than
get_page_unless_zero(), relying on its caller's rcu_read_lock() to have
disabled preemption for it. There's no need for rcu_read_lock() around
get_page_unless_zero() (and mapping checks) here. Cut out that silliness
before making this any harder to understand.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Memory hotremove's ksm_check_stable_tree() is pitifully inefficient
(restarting whenever it finds a stale node to remove), but rearrange so
that at least it does not needlessly restart from nid 0 each time. And
add a couple of comments: here is why we keep pfn instead of page.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add NUMA() and DO_NUMA() macros to minimize blight of #ifdef
CONFIG_NUMAs (but indeed we don't want to expand struct rmap_item by nid
when not NUMA). Add comment, remove "unsigned" from rmap_item->nid, as
"int nid" elsewhere. Define ksm_merge_across_nodes 1U when #ifndef NUMA
to help optimizing out. Use ?: in get_kpfn_nid(). Adjust a few
comments noticed in ongoing work.
Leave stable_tree_insert()'s rb_linkage until after the node has been
set up, as unstable_tree_search_insert() does: ksm_thread_mutex and page
lock make either way safe, but we're going to copy and I prefer this
precedent.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Here's a KSM series, based on mmotm 2013-01-23-17-04: starting with
Petr's v7 "KSM: numa awareness sysfs knob"; then fixing the two issues
we had with that, fully enabling KSM page migration on the way.
(A different kind of KSM/NUMA issue which I've certainly not begun to
address here: when KSM pages are unmerged, there's usually no sense in
preferring to allocate the new pages local to the caller's node.)
This patch:
Introduces new sysfs boolean knob /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/merge_across_nodes
which control merging pages across different numa nodes. When it is set
to zero only pages from the same node are merged, otherwise pages from
all nodes can be merged together (default behavior).
Typical use-case could be a lot of KVM guests on NUMA machine and cpus
from more distant nodes would have significant increase of access
latency to the merged ksm page. Sysfs knob was choosen for higher
variability when some users still prefers higher amount of saved
physical memory regardless of access latency.
Every numa node has its own stable & unstable trees because of faster
searching and inserting. Changing of merge_across_nodes value is
possible only when there are not any ksm shared pages in system.
I've tested this patch on numa machines with 2, 4 and 8 nodes and
measured speed of memory access inside of KVM guests with memory pinned
to one of nodes with this benchmark:
http://pholasek.fedorapeople.org/alloc_pg.c
Population standard deviations of access times in percentage of average
were following:
merge_across_nodes=1
2 nodes 1.4%
4 nodes 1.6%
8 nodes 1.7%
merge_across_nodes=0
2 nodes 1%
4 nodes 0.32%
8 nodes 0.018%
RFC: https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/11/30/91
v1: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/1/23/46
v2: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/29/105
v3: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/14/550
v4: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/23/137
v5: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/540
v6: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/23/154
v7: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/27/225
Hugh notes that this patch brings two problems, whose solution needs
further support in mm/ksm.c, which follows in subsequent patches:
1) switching merge_across_nodes after running KSM is liable to oops
on stale nodes still left over from the previous stable tree;
2) memory hotremove may migrate KSM pages, but there is no provision
here for !merge_across_nodes to migrate nodes to the proper tree.
Signed-off-by: Petr Holasek <pholasek@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@ravellosystems.com>
Cc: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The function names page_xchg_last_nid(), page_last_nid() and
reset_page_last_nid() were judged to be inconsistent so rename them to a
struct_field_op style pattern. As it looked jarring to have
reset_page_mapcount() and page_nid_reset_last() beside each other in
memmap_init_zone(), this patch also renames reset_page_mapcount() to
page_mapcount_reset(). There are others like init_page_count() but as
it is used throughout the arch code a rename would likely cause more
conflicts than it is worth.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix zcache]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When use_hierarchy is enabled, we acquire an extra reference count in
our parent during cgroup creation. We don't release it, though, if any
failure exist in the creation process.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Reported-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Hiroyuki Kamezawa <kamezawa.hiroyuki@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We were deferring the kmemcg static branch increment to a later time,
due to a nasty dependency between the cpu_hotplug lock, taken by the
jump label update, and the cgroup_lock.
Now we no longer take the cgroup lock, and we can save ourselves the
trouble.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Hiroyuki Kamezawa <kamezawa.hiroyuki@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After the preparation work done in earlier patches, the cgroup_lock can
be trivially replaced with a memcg-specific lock. This is an automatic
translation at every site where the values involved were queried.
The sites where values are written, however, used to be naturally called
under cgroup_lock. This is the case for instance in the css_online
callback. For those, we now need to explicitly add the memcg lock.
With this, all the calls to cgroup_lock outside cgroup core are gone.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Hiroyuki Kamezawa <kamezawa.hiroyuki@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, we use cgroups' provided list of children to verify if it is
safe to proceed with any value change that is dependent on the cgroup
being empty.
This is less than ideal, because it enforces a dependency over cgroup
core that we would be better off without. The solution proposed here is
to iterate over the child cgroups and if any is found that is already
online, we bounce and return: we don't really care how many children we
have, only if we have any.
This is also made to be hierarchy aware. IOW, cgroups with hierarchy
disabled, while they still exist, will be considered for the purpose of
this interface as having no children.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comments]
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Hiroyuki Kamezawa <kamezawa.hiroyuki@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is a preparatory work for later locking rework to get rid of
big cgroup lock from memory controller code.
The memory controller uses some tunables to adjust its operation. Those
tunables are inherited from parent to children upon children
intialization. For most of them, the value cannot be changed after the
parent has a new children.
cgroup core splits initialization in two phases: css_alloc and css_online.
After css_alloc, the memory allocation and basic initialization are done.
But the new group is not yet visible anywhere, not even for cgroup core
code. It is only somewhere between css_alloc and css_online that it is
inserted into the internal children lists. Copying tunable values in
css_alloc will lead to inconsistent values: the children will copy the old
parent values, that can change between the copy and the moment in which
the groups is linked to any data structure that can indicate the presence
of children.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Hiroyuki Kamezawa <kamezawa.hiroyuki@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In memcg, we use the cgroup_lock basically to synchronize against
attaching new children to a cgroup. We do this because we rely on
cgroup core to provide us with this information.
We need to guarantee that upon child creation, our tunables are
consistent. For those, the calls to cgroup_lock() all live in handlers
like mem_cgroup_hierarchy_write(), where we change a tunable in the
group that is hierarchy-related. For instance, the use_hierarchy flag
cannot be changed if the cgroup already have children.
Furthermore, those values are propagated from the parent to the child
when a new child is created. So if we don't lock like this, we can end
up with the following situation:
A B
memcg_css_alloc() mem_cgroup_hierarchy_write()
copy use hierarchy from parent change use hierarchy in parent
finish creation.
This is mainly because during create, we are still not fully connected
to the css tree. So all iterators and the such that we could use, will
fail to show that the group has children.
My observation is that all of creation can proceed in parallel with
those tasks, except value assignment. So what this patch series does is
to first move all value assignment that is dependent on parent values
from css_alloc to css_online, where the iterators all work, and then we
lock only the value assignment. This will guarantee that parent and
children always have consistent values. Together with an online test,
that can be derived from the observation that the refcount of an online
memcg can be made to be always positive, we should be able to
synchronize our side without the cgroup lock.
This patch:
Currently, we rely on the cgroup_lock() to prevent changes to
move_charge_at_immigrate during task migration. However, this is only
needed because the current strategy keeps checking this value throughout
the whole process. Since all we need is serialization, one needs only
to guarantee that whatever decision we made in the beginning of a
specific migration is respected throughout the process.
We can achieve this by just saving it in mc. By doing this, no kind of
locking is needed.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Hiroyuki Kamezawa <kamezawa.hiroyuki@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In order to maintain all the memcg bookkeeping, we need per-node
descriptors, which will in turn contain a per-zone descriptor.
Because we want to statically allocate those, this array ends up being
very big. Part of the reason is that we allocate something large enough
to hold MAX_NUMNODES, the compile time constant that holds the maximum
number of nodes we would ever consider.
However, we can do better in some cases if the firmware help us. This
is true for modern x86 machines; coincidentally one of the architectures
in which MAX_NUMNODES tends to be very big.
By using the firmware-provided maximum number of nodes instead of
MAX_NUMNODES, we can reduce the memory footprint of struct memcg
considerably. In the extreme case in which we have only one node, this
reduces the size of the structure from ~ 64k to ~2k. This is
particularly important because it means that we will no longer resort to
the vmalloc area for the struct memcg on defconfigs. We also have
enough room for an extra node and still be outside vmalloc.
One also has to keep in mind that with the industry's ability to fit
more processors in a die as fast as the FED prints money, a nodes = 2
configuration is already respectably big.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: add check for invalid nid, remove inline]
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Answering the question "how much space remains in the page->flags" is
time-consuming. mminit_loglevel can help answer the question but it
does not take last_nid information into account. This patch corrects it
and while there it corrects the messages related to page flag usage,
pgshifts and node/zone id. When applied the relevant output looks
something like this but will depend on the kernel configuration.
mminit::pageflags_layout_widths Section 0 Node 9 Zone 2 Lastnid 9 Flags 25
mminit::pageflags_layout_shifts Section 19 Node 9 Zone 2 Lastnid 9
mminit::pageflags_layout_pgshifts Section 0 Node 55 Zone 53 Lastnid 44
mminit::pageflags_layout_nodezoneid Node/Zone ID: 64 -> 53
mminit::pageflags_layout_usage location: 64 -> 44 layout 44 -> 25 unused 25 -> 0 page-flags
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton pointed out that page_xchg_last_nid() and
reset_page_last_nid() were "getting nuttily large" and asked that it be
investigated.
reset_page_last_nid() is on the page free path and it would be
unfortunate to make that path more expensive than it needs to be. Due
to the internal use of page_xchg_last_nid() it is already too expensive
but fortunately, it should also be impossible for the page->flags to be
updated in parallel when we call reset_page_last_nid(). Instead of
unlining the function, it uses a simplier implementation that assumes no
parallel updates and should now be sufficiently short for inlining.
page_xchg_last_nid() is called in paths that are already quite expensive
(splitting huge page, fault handling, migration) and it is reasonable to
uninline. There was not really a good place to place the function but
mm/mmzone.c was the closest fit IMO.
This patch saved 128 bytes of text in the vmlinux file for the kernel
configuration I used for testing automatic NUMA balancing.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Memcg swap accounting is currently enabled by enable_swap_cgroup when
the root cgroup is created. mem_cgroup_init acts as a memcg subsystem
initializer which sounds like a much better place for enable_swap_cgroup
as well. We already register memsw files from there so it makes a lot
of sense to merge those two into a single enable_swap_cgroup function.
This patch doesn't introduce any semantic changes.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Zhouping Liu <zliu@redhat.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: CAI Qian <caiqian@redhat.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Zhouping Liu has reported that memsw files are exported even though swap
accounting is runtime disabled if MEMCG_SWAP is enabled. This behavior
has been introduced by commit af36f906c0 ("memcg: always create memsw
files if CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP") and it causes any attempt to open
the file to return EOPNOTSUPP. Although EOPNOTSUPP should say be clear
that memsw operations are not supported in the given configuration it is
fair to say that this behavior could be quite confusing.
Let's tear memsw files out of default cgroup files and add them only if
the swap accounting is really enabled (either by MEMCG_SWAP_ENABLED or
swapaccount=1 boot parameter). We can hook into mem_cgroup_init which
is called when the memcg subsystem is initialized and which happens
after boot command line is processed.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Zhouping Liu <zliu@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Zhouping Liu <zliu@redhat.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: CAI Qian <caiqian@redhat.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When calculating amount of dirtyable memory, min_free_kbytes should be
subtracted because it is not intended for dirty pages.
Addresses http://bugs.debian.org/695182
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix up min_free_kbytes extern declarations]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix min() warning]
Signed-off-by: Paul Szabo <psz@maths.usyd.edu.au>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The comment in commit 4fc3f1d66b ("mm/rmap, migration: Make
rmap_walk_anon() and try_to_unmap_anon() more scalable") says:
| Rename anon_vma_[un]lock() => anon_vma_[un]lock_write(),
| to make it clearer that it's an exclusive write-lock in
| that case - suggested by Rik van Riel.
But that commit renames only anon_vma_lock()
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
swap_lock is heavily contended when I test swap to 3 fast SSD (even
slightly slower than swap to 2 such SSD). The main contention comes
from swap_info_get(). This patch tries to fix the gap with adding a new
per-partition lock.
Global data like nr_swapfiles, total_swap_pages, least_priority and
swap_list are still protected by swap_lock.
nr_swap_pages is an atomic now, it can be changed without swap_lock. In
theory, it's possible get_swap_page() finds no swap pages but actually
there are free swap pages. But sounds not a big problem.
Accessing partition specific data (like scan_swap_map and so on) is only
protected by swap_info_struct.lock.
Changing swap_info_struct.flags need hold swap_lock and
swap_info_struct.lock, because scan_scan_map() will check it. read the
flags is ok with either the locks hold.
If both swap_lock and swap_info_struct.lock must be hold, we always hold
the former first to avoid deadlock.
swap_entry_free() can change swap_list. To delete that code, we add a
new highest_priority_index. Whenever get_swap_page() is called, we
check it. If it's valid, we use it.
It's a pity get_swap_page() still holds swap_lock(). But in practice,
swap_lock() isn't heavily contended in my test with this patch (or I can
say there are other much more heavier bottlenecks like TLB flush). And
BTW, looks get_swap_page() doesn't really need the lock. We never free
swap_info[] and we check SWAP_WRITEOK flag. The only risk without the
lock is we could swapout to some low priority swap, but we can quickly
recover after several rounds of swap, so sounds not a big deal to me.
But I'd prefer to fix this if it's a real problem.
"swap: make each swap partition have one address_space" improved the
swapout speed from 1.7G/s to 2G/s. This patch further improves the
speed to 2.3G/s, so around 15% improvement. It's a multi-process test,
so TLB flush isn't the biggest bottleneck before the patches.
[arnd@arndb.de: fix it for nommu]
[hughd@google.com: add missing unlock]
[minchan@kernel.org: get rid of lockdep whinge on sys_swapon]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When I use several fast SSD to do swap, swapper_space.tree_lock is
heavily contended. This makes each swap partition have one
address_space to reduce the lock contention. There is an array of
address_space for swap. The swap entry type is the index to the array.
In my test with 3 SSD, this increases the swapout throughput 20%.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: revert unneeded change to __add_to_swap_cache]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When correcting commit 04fa5d6a65 ("mm: migrate: check page_count of
THP before migrating") Hugh Dickins noted that the control flow for
transhuge migration was difficult to follow. Unconditionally calling
put_page() in numamigrate_isolate_page() made the failure paths of both
migrate_misplaced_transhuge_page() and migrate_misplaced_page() more
complex that they should be. Further, he was extremely wary that an
unlock_page() should ever happen after a put_page() even if the
put_page() should never be the final put_page.
Hugh implemented the following cleanup to simplify the path by calling
putback_lru_page() inside numamigrate_isolate_page() if it failed to
isolate and always calling unlock_page() within
migrate_misplaced_transhuge_page().
There is no functional change after this patch is applied but the code
is easier to follow and unlock_page() always happens before put_page().
[mgorman@suse.de: changelog only]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
page->_last_nid fits into page->flags on 64-bit. The unlikely 32-bit
NUMA configuration with NUMA Balancing will still need an extra page
field. As Peter notes "Completely dropping 32bit support for
CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING would simplify things, but it would also remove
the warning if we grow enough 64bit only page-flags to push the last-cpu
out."
[mgorman@suse.de: minor modifications]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Wanpeng Li pointed out that numamigrate_isolate_page() assumes that only
one base page is being migrated when in fact it can also be checking
THP.
The consequences are that a migration will be attempted when a target
node is nearly full and fail later. It's unlikely to be user-visible
but it should be fixed. While we are there, migrate_balanced_pgdat()
should treat nr_migrate_pages as an unsigned long as it is treated as a
watermark.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Suggested-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch introduces PF_MEMALLOC_NOIO on process flag('flags' field of
'struct task_struct'), so that the flag can be set by one task to avoid
doing I/O inside memory allocation in the task's context.
The patch trys to solve one deadlock problem caused by block device, and
the problem may happen at least in the below situations:
- during block device runtime resume, if memory allocation with
GFP_KERNEL is called inside runtime resume callback of any one of its
ancestors(or the block device itself), the deadlock may be triggered
inside the memory allocation since it might not complete until the block
device becomes active and the involed page I/O finishes. The situation
is pointed out first by Alan Stern. It is not a good approach to
convert all GFP_KERNEL[1] in the path into GFP_NOIO because several
subsystems may be involved(for example, PCI, USB and SCSI may be
involved for usb mass stoarage device, network devices involved too in
the iSCSI case)
- during block device runtime suspend, because runtime resume need to
wait for completion of concurrent runtime suspend.
- during error handling of usb mass storage deivce, USB bus reset will
be put on the device, so there shouldn't have any memory allocation with
GFP_KERNEL during USB bus reset, otherwise the deadlock similar with
above may be triggered. Unfortunately, any usb device may include one
mass storage interface in theory, so it requires all usb interface
drivers to handle the situation. In fact, most usb drivers don't know
how to handle bus reset on the device and don't provide .pre_set() and
.post_reset() callback at all, so USB core has to unbind and bind driver
for these devices. So it is still not practical to resort to GFP_NOIO
for solving the problem.
Also the introduced solution can be used by block subsystem or block
drivers too, for example, set the PF_MEMALLOC_NOIO flag before doing
actual I/O transfer.
It is not a good idea to convert all these GFP_KERNEL in the affected
path into GFP_NOIO because these functions doing that may be implemented
as library and will be called in many other contexts.
In fact, memalloc_noio_flags() can convert some of current static
GFP_NOIO allocation into GFP_KERNEL back in other non-affected contexts,
at least almost all GFP_NOIO in USB subsystem can be converted into
GFP_KERNEL after applying the approach and make allocation with GFP_NOIO
only happen in runtime resume/bus reset/block I/O transfer contexts
generally.
[1], several GFP_KERNEL allocation examples in runtime resume path
- pci subsystem
acpi_os_allocate
<-acpi_ut_allocate
<-ACPI_ALLOCATE_ZEROED
<-acpi_evaluate_object
<-__acpi_bus_set_power
<-acpi_bus_set_power
<-acpi_pci_set_power_state
<-platform_pci_set_power_state
<-pci_platform_power_transition
<-__pci_complete_power_transition
<-pci_set_power_state
<-pci_restore_standard_config
<-pci_pm_runtime_resume
- usb subsystem
usb_get_status
<-finish_port_resume
<-usb_port_resume
<-generic_resume
<-usb_resume_device
<-usb_resume_both
<-usb_runtime_resume
- some individual usb drivers
usblp, uvc, gspca, most of dvb-usb-v2 media drivers, cpia2, az6007, ....
That is just what I have found. Unfortunately, this allocation can only
be found by human being now, and there should be many not found since
any function in the resume path(call tree) may allocate memory with
GFP_KERNEL.
Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Cc: Oliver Neukum <oneukum@suse.de>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jiri.kosina@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: David Decotigny <david.decotigny@google.com>
Cc: Tom Herbert <therbert@google.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
From: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Commit 92df3a723f ("mm: vmscan: throttle reclaim if encountering too
many dirty pages under writeback") introduced waiting on congested zones
based on a sane algorithm in shrink_inactive_list().
What this means is that there's no more need for throttling and
additional heuristics in balance_pgdat(). So, let's remove it and tidy
up the code.
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
num_poisoned_pages counts up the number of pages isolated by memory
errors. But for thp, only one subpage is isolated because memory error
handler splits it, so it's wrong to add (1 << compound_trans_order).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment]
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently soft_offline_page() is hard to maintain because it has many
return points and goto statements. All of this mess come from
get_any_page().
This function should only get page refcount as the name implies, but it
does some page isolating actions like SetPageHWPoison() and dequeuing
hugepage. This patch corrects it and introduces some internal
subroutines to make soft offlining code more readable and maintainable.
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since MCE is an x86 concept, and this code is in mm/, it would be better
to use the name num_poisoned_pages instead of mce_bad_pages.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix mm/sparse.c]
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Suggested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are too many return points randomly intermingled with some "goto
done" return points. So adjust the function structure, one for the
success path, the other for the failure path. Use atomic_long_inc
instead of atomic_long_add.
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When doing
$ echo paddr > /sys/devices/system/memory/soft_offline_page
to offline a *free* page, the value of mce_bad_pages will be added, and
the page is set HWPoison flag, but it is still managed by page buddy
alocator.
$ cat /proc/meminfo | grep HardwareCorrupted
shows the value.
If we offline the same page, the value of mce_bad_pages will be added
*again*, this means the value is incorrect now. Assume the page is
still free during this short time.
soft_offline_page()
get_any_page()
"else if (is_free_buddy_page(p))" branch return 0
"goto done";
"atomic_long_add(1, &mce_bad_pages);"
This patch:
Move poisoned page check at the beginning of the function in order to
fix the error.
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Tested-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Several functions test MIGRATE_ISOLATE and some of those are hotpath but
MIGRATE_ISOLATE is used only if we enable CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION(ie,
CMA, memory-hotplug and memory-failure) which are not common config
option. So let's not add unnecessary overhead and code when we don't
enable CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Function put_page_bootmem() is used to free pages allocated by bootmem
allocator, so it should increase totalram_pages when freeing pages into
the buddy system.
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Maciej Rutecki <maciej.rutecki@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Clayton <chris2553@googlemail.com>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now all users of "number of pages managed by the buddy system" have been
converted to use zone->managed_pages, so set zone->present_pages to what
it should be:
present_pages = spanned_pages - absent_pages;
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Maciej Rutecki <maciej.rutecki@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Clayton <chris2553@googlemail.com>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now we have zone->managed_pages for "pages managed by the buddy system
in the zone", so replace zone->present_pages with zone->managed_pages if
what the user really wants is number of allocatable pages.
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Maciej Rutecki <maciej.rutecki@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Clayton <chris2553@googlemail.com>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The definition of struct movablecore_map is protected by
CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP but its use in memblock_overlaps_region()
is not. So add CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP to protect the use of
movablecore_map in memblock_overlaps_region().
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We now provide an option for users who don't want to specify physical
memory address in kernel commandline.
/*
* For movablemem_map=acpi:
*
* SRAT: |_____| |_____| |_________| |_________| ......
* node id: 0 1 1 2
* hotpluggable: n y y n
* movablemem_map: |_____| |_________|
*
* Using movablemem_map, we can prevent memblock from allocating memory
* on ZONE_MOVABLE at boot time.
*/
So user just specify movablemem_map=acpi, and the kernel will use
hotpluggable info in SRAT to determine which memory ranges should be set
as ZONE_MOVABLE.
If all the memory ranges in SRAT is hotpluggable, then no memory can be
used by kernel. But before parsing SRAT, memblock has already reserve
some memory ranges for other purposes, such as for kernel image, and so
on. We cannot prevent kernel from using these memory. So we need to
exclude these ranges even if these memory is hotpluggable.
Furthermore, there could be several memory ranges in the single node
which the kernel resides in. We may skip one range that have memory
reserved by memblock, but if the rest of memory is too small, then the
kernel will fail to boot. So, make the whole node which the kernel
resides in un-hotpluggable. Then the kernel has enough memory to use.
NOTE: Using this way will cause NUMA performance down because the
whole node will be set as ZONE_MOVABLE, and kernel cannot use memory
on it. If users don't want to lose NUMA performance, just don't use
it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use strcmp()]
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
Cc: "Brown, Len" <len.brown@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When implementing movablemem_map boot option, we introduced an array
movablemem_map.map[] to store the memory ranges to be set as
ZONE_MOVABLE.
Since ZONE_MOVABLE is the latst zone of a node, if user didn't specify
the whole node memory range, we need to extend it to the node end so
that we can use it to prevent memblock from allocating memory in the
ranges user didn't specify.
We now implement movablemem_map boot option like this:
/*
* For movablemem_map=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:
*
* SRAT: |_____| |_____| |_________| |_________| ......
* node id: 0 1 1 2
* user specified: |__| |___|
* movablemem_map: |___| |_________| |______| ......
*
* Using movablemem_map, we can prevent memblock from allocating memory
* on ZONE_MOVABLE at boot time.
*
* NOTE: In this case, SRAT info will be ingored.
*/
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: clean up code, fix build warning]
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
Cc: "Brown, Len" <len.brown@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ensure the bootmem will not allocate memory from areas that may be
ZONE_MOVABLE. The map info is from movablecore_map boot option.
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If kernelcore or movablecore is specified at the same time with
movablemem_map, movablemem_map will have higher priority to be
satisfied. This patch will make find_zone_movable_pfns_for_nodes()
calculate zone_movable_pfn[] with the limit from zone_movable_limit[].
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce a new array zone_movable_limit[] to store the ZONE_MOVABLE
limit from movablemem_map boot option for all nodes. The function
sanitize_zone_movable_limit() will find out to which node the ranges in
movable_map.map[] belongs, and calculates the low boundary of
ZONE_MOVABLE for each node.
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Liu Jiang <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add functions to parse movablemem_map boot option. Since the option
could be specified more then once, all the maps will be stored in the
global variable movablemem_map.map array.
And also, we keep the array in monotonic increasing order by start_pfn.
And merge all overlapped ranges.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: improve comment]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded parens]
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When the node is offlined, there is no memory/cpu on the node. If a
sleep task runs on a cpu of this node, it will be migrated to the cpu on
the other node. So we can clear cpu-to-node mapping.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: numa_clear_node() and numa_set_node() can no longer be __cpuinit]
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
try_offline_node() will be needed in the tristate
drivers/acpi/processor_driver.c.
The node will be offlined when all memory/cpu on the node have been
hotremoved. So we need the function try_offline_node() in cpu-hotplug
path.
If the memory-hotplug is disabled, and cpu-hotplug is enabled
1. no memory no the node
we don't online the node, and cpu's node is the nearest node.
2. the node contains some memory
the node has been onlined, and cpu's node is still needed
to migrate the sleep task on the cpu to the same node.
So we do nothing in try_offline_node() in this case.
[rientjes@google.com: export the function try_offline_node() fix]
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
is_valid_nodemask() was introduced by commit 19770b3260 ("mm: filter
based on a nodemask as well as a gfp_mask"). but it does not match its
comments, because it does not check the zone which > policy_zone.
Also in commit b377fd3982 ("Apply memory policies to top two highest
zones when highest zone is ZONE_MOVABLE"), this commits told us, if
highest zone is ZONE_MOVABLE, we should also apply memory policies to
it. so ZONE_MOVABLE should be valid zone for policies.
is_valid_nodemask() need to be changed to match it.
Fix: check all zones, even its zoneid > policy_zone. Use
nodes_intersects() instead open code to check it.
Reported-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since there is no way to guarentee the address of pgdat/zone is not on
stack of any kernel threads or used by other kernel objects without
reference counting or other symchronizing method, we cannot reset
node_data and free pgdat when offlining a node. Just reset pgdat to 0
and reuse the memory when the node is online again.
The problem is suggested by Kamezawa Hiroyuki. The idea is from Wen
Congyang.
NOTE: If we don't reset pgdat to 0, the WARN_ON in free_area_init_node()
will be triggered.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning when CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES=n]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix the warning again again]
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We call hotadd_new_pgdat() to allocate memory to store node_data. So we
should free it when removing a node.
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce a new function try_offline_node() to remove sysfs file of node
when all memory sections of this node are removed. If some memory
sections of this node are not removed, this function does nothing.
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When memory is added, we update zone's and pgdat's start_pfn and
spanned_pages in __add_zone(). So we should revert them when the memory
is removed.
The patch adds a new function __remove_zone() to do this.
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently __remove_section for SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP does nothing. But even
if we use SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP, we can unregister the memory_section.
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce a new API vmemmap_free() to free and remove vmemmap
pagetables. Since pagetable implements are different, each architecture
has to provide its own version of vmemmap_free(), just like
vmemmap_populate().
Note: vmemmap_free() is not implemented for ia64, ppc, s390, and sparc.
[mhocko@suse.cz: fix implicit declaration of remove_pagetable]
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In __remove_section(), we locked pgdat_resize_lock when calling
sparse_remove_one_section(). This lock will disable irq. But we don't
need to lock the whole function. If we do some work to free pagetables
in free_section_usemap(), we need to call flush_tlb_all(), which need
irq enabled. Otherwise the WARN_ON_ONCE() in smp_call_function_many()
will be triggered.
If we lock the whole sparse_remove_one_section(), then we come to this call trace:
------------[ cut here ]------------
WARNING: at kernel/smp.c:461 smp_call_function_many+0xbd/0x260()
Hardware name: PRIMEQUEST 1800E
......
Call Trace:
smp_call_function_many+0xbd/0x260
smp_call_function+0x3b/0x50
on_each_cpu+0x3b/0xc0
flush_tlb_all+0x1c/0x20
remove_pagetable+0x14e/0x1d0
vmemmap_free+0x18/0x20
sparse_remove_one_section+0xf7/0x100
__remove_section+0xa2/0xb0
__remove_pages+0xa0/0xd0
arch_remove_memory+0x6b/0xc0
remove_memory+0xb8/0xf0
acpi_memory_device_remove+0x53/0x96
acpi_device_remove+0x90/0xb2
__device_release_driver+0x7c/0xf0
device_release_driver+0x2f/0x50
acpi_bus_remove+0x32/0x6d
acpi_bus_trim+0x91/0x102
acpi_bus_hot_remove_device+0x88/0x16b
acpi_os_execute_deferred+0x27/0x34
process_one_work+0x20e/0x5c0
worker_thread+0x12e/0x370
kthread+0xee/0x100
ret_from_fork+0x7c/0xb0
---[ end trace 25e85300f542aa01 ]---
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For removing memmap region of sparse-vmemmap which is allocated bootmem,
memmap region of sparse-vmemmap needs to be registered by
get_page_bootmem(). So the patch searches pages of virtual mapping and
registers the pages by get_page_bootmem().
NOTE: register_page_bootmem_memmap() is not implemented for ia64,
ppc, s390, and sparc. So introduce CONFIG_HAVE_BOOTMEM_INFO_NODE
and revert register_page_bootmem_info_node() when platform doesn't
support it.
It's implemented by adding a new Kconfig option named
CONFIG_HAVE_BOOTMEM_INFO_NODE, which will be automatically selected
by memory-hotplug feature fully supported archs(currently only on
x86_64).
Since we have 2 config options called MEMORY_HOTPLUG and
MEMORY_HOTREMOVE used for memory hot-add and hot-remove separately,
and codes in function register_page_bootmem_info_node() are only
used for collecting infomation for hot-remove, so reside it under
MEMORY_HOTREMOVE.
Besides page_isolation.c selected by MEMORY_ISOLATION under
MEMORY_HOTPLUG is also such case, move it too.
[mhocko@suse.cz: put register_page_bootmem_memmap inside CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_SPARSE]
[linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com: introduce CONFIG_HAVE_BOOTMEM_INFO_NODE and revert register_page_bootmem_info_node()]
[mhocko@suse.cz: remove the arch specific functions without any implementation]
[linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com: mm/Kconfig: move auto selects from MEMORY_HOTPLUG to MEMORY_HOTREMOVE as needed]
[rientjes@google.com: fix defined but not used warning]
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For removing memory, we need to remove page tables. But it depends on
architecture. So the patch introduce arch_remove_memory() for removing
page table. Now it only calls __remove_pages().
Note: __remove_pages() for some archtecuture is not implemented
(I don't know how to implement it for s390).
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When (hot)adding memory into system, /sys/firmware/memmap/X/{end, start,
type} sysfs files are created. But there is no code to remove these
files. This patch implements the function to remove them.
We cannot free firmware_map_entry which is allocated by bootmem because
there is no way to do so when the system is up. But we can at least
remember the address of that memory and reuse the storage when the
memory is added next time.
This patch also introduces a new list map_entries_bootmem to link the
map entries allocated by bootmem when they are removed, and a lock to
protect it. And these entries will be reused when the memory is
hot-added again.
The idea is suggestted by Andrew Morton.
NOTE: It is unsafe to return an entry pointer and release the
map_entries_lock. So we should not hold the map_entries_lock
separately in firmware_map_find_entry() and
firmware_map_remove_entry(). Hold the map_entries_lock across find
and remove /sys/firmware/memmap/X operation.
And also, users of these two functions need to be careful to
hold the lock when using these two functions.
[tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com: Hold spinlock across find|remove /sys operation]
[tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com: fix the wrong comments of map_entries]
[tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com: reuse the storage of /sys/firmware/memmap/X/ allocated by bootmem]
[tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com: fix section mismatch problem]
[tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com: fix the doc format in drivers/firmware/memmap.c]
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Julian Calaby <julian.calaby@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We remove the memory like this:
1. lock memory hotplug
2. offline a memory block
3. unlock memory hotplug
4. repeat 1-3 to offline all memory blocks
5. lock memory hotplug
6. remove memory(TODO)
7. unlock memory hotplug
All memory blocks must be offlined before removing memory. But we don't
hold the lock in the whole operation. So we should check whether all
memory blocks are offlined before step6. Otherwise, kernel maybe
panicked.
Offlining a memory block and removing a memory device can be two
different operations. Users can just offline some memory blocks without
removing the memory device. For this purpose, the kernel has held
lock_memory_hotplug() in __offline_pages(). To reuse the code for
memory hot-remove, we repeat step 1-3 to offline all the memory blocks,
repeatedly lock and unlock memory hotplug, but not hold the memory
hotplug lock in the whole operation.
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
memory can't be offlined when CONFIG_MEMCG is selected. For example:
there is a memory device on node 1. The address range is [1G, 1.5G).
You will find 4 new directories memory8, memory9, memory10, and memory11
under the directory /sys/devices/system/memory/.
If CONFIG_MEMCG is selected, we will allocate memory to store page
cgroup when we online pages. When we online memory8, the memory stored
page cgroup is not provided by this memory device. But when we online
memory9, the memory stored page cgroup may be provided by memory8. So
we can't offline memory8 now. We should offline the memory in the
reversed order.
When the memory device is hotremoved, we will auto offline memory
provided by this memory device. But we don't know which memory is
onlined first, so offlining memory may fail. In such case, iterate
twice to offline the memory. 1st iterate: offline every non primary
memory block. 2nd iterate: offline primary (i.e. first added) memory
block.
This idea is suggested by KOSAKI Motohiro.
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
do_mmap_pgoff() rounds up the desired size to the next PAGE_SIZE
multiple, however there was no equivalent code in mm_populate(), which
caused issues.
This could be fixed by introduced the same rounding in mm_populate(),
however I think it's preferable to make do_mmap_pgoff() return populate
as a size rather than as a boolean, so we don't have to duplicate the
size rounding logic in mm_populate().
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gregungerer@westnet.com.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The vm_populate() code populates user mappings without constantly
holding the mmap_sem. This makes it susceptible to racy userspace
programs: the user mappings may change while vm_populate() is running,
and in this case vm_populate() may end up populating the new mapping
instead of the old one.
In order to reduce the possibility of userspace getting surprised by
this behavior, this change introduces the VM_POPULATE vma flag which
gets set on vmas we want vm_populate() to work on. This way
vm_populate() may still end up populating the new mapping after such a
race, but only if the new mapping is also one that the user has
requested (using MAP_SHARED, MAP_LOCKED or mlock) to be populated.
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gregungerer@westnet.com.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In find_extend_vma(), we don't need mlock_vma_pages_range() to verify
the vma type - we know we're working with a stack. So, we can call
directly into __mlock_vma_pages_range(), and remove the last
make_pages_present() call site.
Note that we don't use mm_populate() here, so we can't release the
mmap_sem while allocating new stack pages. This is deemed acceptable,
because the stack vmas grow by a bounded number of pages at a time, and
these are anon pages so we don't have to read from disk to populate
them.
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gregungerer@westnet.com.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After the MAP_POPULATE handling has been moved to mmap_region() call
sites, the only remaining use of the flags argument is to pass the
MAP_NORESERVE flag. This can be just as easily handled by
do_mmap_pgoff(), so do that and remove the mmap_region() flags
parameter.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove double parens]
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gregungerer@westnet.com.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When creating new mappings using the MAP_POPULATE / MAP_LOCKED flags (or
with MCL_FUTURE in effect), we want to populate the pages within the
newly created vmas. This may take a while as we may have to read pages
from disk, so ideally we want to do this outside of the write-locked
mmap_sem region.
This change introduces mm_populate(), which is used to defer populating
such mappings until after the mmap_sem write lock has been released.
This is implemented as a generalization of the former do_mlock_pages(),
which accomplished the same task but was using during mlock() /
mlockall().
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Reported-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gregungerer@westnet.com.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have many vma manipulation functions that are fast in the typical
case, but can optionally be instructed to populate an unbounded number
of ptes within the region they work on:
- mmap with MAP_POPULATE or MAP_LOCKED flags;
- remap_file_pages() with MAP_NONBLOCK not set or when working on a
VM_LOCKED vma;
- mmap_region() and all its wrappers when mlock(MCL_FUTURE) is in
effect;
- brk() when mlock(MCL_FUTURE) is in effect.
Current code handles these pte operations locally, while the
sourrounding code has to hold the mmap_sem write side since it's
manipulating vmas. This means we're doing an unbounded amount of pte
population work with mmap_sem held, and this causes problems as Andy
Lutomirski reported (we've hit this at Google as well, though it's not
entirely clear why people keep trying to use mlock(MCL_FUTURE) in the
first place).
I propose introducing a new mm_populate() function to do this pte
population work after the mmap_sem has been released. mm_populate()
does need to acquire the mmap_sem read side, but critically, it doesn't
need to hold it continuously for the entire duration of the operation -
it can drop it whenever things take too long (such as when hitting disk
for a file read) and re-acquire it later on.
The following patches are included
- Patches 1 fixes some issues I noticed while working on the existing code.
If needed, they could potentially go in before the rest of the patches.
- Patch 2 introduces the new mm_populate() function and changes
mmap_region() call sites to use it after they drop mmap_sem. This is
inspired from Andy Lutomirski's proposal and is built as an extension
of the work I had previously done for mlock() and mlockall() around
v2.6.38-rc1. I had tried doing something similar at the time but had
given up as there were so many do_mmap() call sites; the recent cleanups
by Linus and Viro are a tremendous help here.
- Patches 3-5 convert some of the less-obvious places doing unbounded
pte populates to the new mm_populate() mechanism.
- Patches 6-7 are code cleanups that are made possible by the
mm_populate() work. In particular, they remove more code than the
entire patch series added, which should be a good thing :)
- Patch 8 is optional to this entire series. It only helps to deal more
nicely with racy userspace programs that might modify their mappings
while we're trying to populate them. It adds a new VM_POPULATE flag
on the mappings we do want to populate, so that if userspace replaces
them with mappings it doesn't want populated, mm_populate() won't
populate those replacement mappings.
This patch:
Assorted small fixes. The first two are quite small:
- Move check for vma->vm_private_data && !(vma->vm_flags & VM_NONLINEAR)
within existing if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_NONLINEAR)) block.
Purely cosmetic.
- In the VM_LOCKED case, when dropping PG_Mlocked for the over-mapped
range, make sure we own the mmap_sem write lock around the
munlock_vma_pages_range call as this manipulates the vma's vm_flags.
Last fix requires a longer explanation. remap_file_pages() can do its work
either through VM_NONLINEAR manipulation or by creating extra vmas.
These two cases were inconsistent with each other (and ultimately, both wrong)
as to exactly when did they fault in the newly mapped file pages:
- In the VM_NONLINEAR case, new file pages would be populated if
the MAP_NONBLOCK flag wasn't passed. If MAP_NONBLOCK was passed,
new file pages wouldn't be populated even if the vma is already
marked as VM_LOCKED.
- In the linear (emulated) case, the work is passed to the mmap_region()
function which would populate the pages if the vma is marked as
VM_LOCKED, and would not otherwise - regardless of the value of the
MAP_NONBLOCK flag, because MAP_POPULATE wasn't being passed to
mmap_region().
The desired behavior is that we want the pages to be populated and locked
if the vma is marked as VM_LOCKED, or to be populated if the MAP_NONBLOCK
flag is not passed to remap_file_pages().
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gregungerer@westnet.com.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now that balance_pgdat() is slightly tidied up, thanks to more capable
pgdat_balanced(), it's become obvious that pgdat_balanced() is called to
check the status, then break the loop if pgdat is balanced, just to be
immediately called again. The second call is completely unnecessary, of
course.
The patch introduces pgdat_is_balanced boolean, which helps resolve the
above suboptimal behavior, with the added benefit of slightly better
documenting one other place in the function where we jump and skip lots
of code.
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make madvise(MADV_WILLNEED) support swap file prefetch. If memory is
swapout, this syscall can do swapin prefetch. It has no impact if the
memory isn't swapout.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_SWAP=n build]
[sasha.levin@oracle.com: fix BUG on madvise early failure]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Targeted (hard resp soft) reclaim has traditionally tried to scan one
group with decreasing priority until nr_to_reclaim (SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX
pages) is reclaimed or all priorities are exhausted. The reclaim is
then retried until the limit is met.
This approach, however, doesn't work well with deeper hierarchies where
groups higher in the hierarchy do not have any or only very few pages
(this usually happens if those groups do not have any tasks and they
have only re-parented pages after some of their children is removed).
Those groups are reclaimed with decreasing priority pointlessly as there
is nothing to reclaim from them.
An easiest fix is to break out of the memcg iteration loop in
shrink_zone only if the whole hierarchy has been visited or sufficient
pages have been reclaimed. This is also more natural because the
reclaimer expects that the hierarchy under the given root is reclaimed.
As a result we can simplify the soft limit reclaim which does its own
iteration.
[yinghan@google.com: break out of the hierarchy loop only if nr_reclaimed exceeded nr_to_reclaim]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use conventional comparison order]
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Switch ksm to use the new hashtable implementation. This reduces the
amount of generic unrelated code in the ksm module.
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <levinsasha928@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Switch hugemem to use the new hashtable implementation. This reduces
the amount of generic unrelated code in the hugemem.
This also removes the dymanic allocation of the hash table. The upside
is that we save a pointer dereference when accessing the hashtable, but
we lose 8KB if CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is enabled but the processor
doesn't support hugepages.
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction uses the ALIGN macro incorrectly with the migrate scanner by
adding pageblock_nr_pages to a PFN. It happened to work when initially
implemented as the starting PFN was also aligned but with caching
restarts and isolating in smaller chunks this is no longer always true.
The impact is that the migrate scanner scans outside its current
pageblock. As pfn_valid() is still checked properly it does not cause
any failure and the impact of the bug is that in some cases it will scan
more than necessary when it crosses a page boundary but by no more than
COMPACT_CLUSTER_MAX. It is highly unlikely this is even measurable but
it's still wrong so this patch addresses the problem.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
`int' is an inappropriate type for a number-of-pages counter.
While we're there, use the clamp() macro.
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When ex-KSM pages are faulted from swap cache, the fault handler is not
capable of re-establishing anon_vma-spanning KSM pages. In this case, a
copy of the page is created instead, just like during a COW break.
These freshly made copies are known to be exclusive to the faulting VMA
and there is no reason to go look for this page in parent and sibling
processes during rmap operations.
Use page_add_new_anon_rmap() for these copies. This also puts them on
the proper LRU lists and marks them SwapBacked, so we can get rid of
doing this ad-hoc in the KSM copy code.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The restart logic for when reclaim operates back to back with compaction
is currently applied on the lruvec level. But this does not make sense,
because the container of interest for compaction is a zone as a whole,
not the zone pages that are part of a certain memory cgroup.
Negative impact is bounded. For one, the code checks that the lruvec
has enough reclaim candidates, so it does not risk getting stuck on a
condition that can not be fulfilled. And the unfairness of hammering on
one particular memory cgroup to make progress in a zone will be
amortized by the round robin manner in which reclaim goes through the
memory cgroups. Still, this can lead to unnecessary allocation
latencies when the code elects to restart on a hard to reclaim or small
group when there are other, more reclaimable groups in the zone.
Move this logic to the zone level and restart reclaim for all memory
cgroups in a zone when compaction requires more free pages from it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: no need for min_t]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reclaim pressure balance between anon and file pages is calculated
through a tuple of numerators and a shared denominator.
Exceptional cases that want to force-scan anon or file pages configure
the numerators and denominator such that one list is preferred, which is
not necessarily the most obvious way:
fraction[0] = 1;
fraction[1] = 0;
denominator = 1;
goto out;
Make this easier by making the force-scan cases explicit and use the
fractionals only in case they are calculated from reclaim history.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid using unintialized_var()]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A swappiness of 0 has a slightly different meaning for global reclaim
(may swap if file cache really low) and memory cgroup reclaim (never
swap, ever).
In addition, global reclaim at highest priority will scan all LRU lists
equal to their size and ignore other balancing heuristics. UNLESS
swappiness forbids swapping, then the lists are balanced based on recent
reclaim effectiveness. UNLESS file cache is running low, then anonymous
pages are force-scanned.
This (total mess of a) behaviour is implicit and not obvious from the
way the code is organized. At least make it apparent in the code flow
and document the conditions. It will be it easier to come up with sane
semantics later.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In certain cases (kswapd reclaim, memcg target reclaim), a fixed minimum
amount of pages is scanned from the LRU lists on each iteration, to make
progress.
Do not make this minimum bigger than the respective LRU list size,
however, and save some busy work trying to isolate and reclaim pages
that are not there.
Empty LRU lists are quite common with memory cgroups in NUMA
environments because there exists a set of LRU lists for each zone for
each memory cgroup, while the memory of a single cgroup is expected to
stay on just one node. The number of expected empty LRU lists is thus
memcgs * (nodes - 1) * lru types
Each attempt to reclaim from an empty LRU list does expensive size
comparisons between lists, acquires the zone's lru lock etc. Avoid
that.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit e986850598 ("mm, vmscan: only evict file pages when we have
plenty") makes a point of not going for anonymous memory while there is
still enough inactive cache around.
The check was added only for global reclaim, but it is just as useful to
reduce swapping in memory cgroup reclaim:
200M-memcg-defconfig-j2
vanilla patched
Real time 454.06 ( +0.00%) 453.71 ( -0.08%)
User time 668.57 ( +0.00%) 668.73 ( +0.02%)
System time 128.92 ( +0.00%) 129.53 ( +0.46%)
Swap in 1246.80 ( +0.00%) 814.40 ( -34.65%)
Swap out 1198.90 ( +0.00%) 827.00 ( -30.99%)
Pages allocated 16431288.10 ( +0.00%) 16434035.30 ( +0.02%)
Major faults 681.50 ( +0.00%) 593.70 ( -12.86%)
THP faults 237.20 ( +0.00%) 242.40 ( +2.18%)
THP collapse 241.20 ( +0.00%) 248.50 ( +3.01%)
THP splits 157.30 ( +0.00%) 161.40 ( +2.59%)
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As per documentation and other places calling putback_lru_pages(),
putback_lru_pages() is called on error only. Make the CMA code behave
consistently.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove a test-n-branch in the wrapup code]
Signed-off-by: Srinivas Pandruvada <srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Allocating a file structure in function get_empty_filp() might fail because
of several reasons:
- not enough memory for file structures
- operation is not allowed
- user is over its limit
Currently the function returns NULL in all cases and we loose the exact
reason of the error. All callers of get_empty_filp() assume that the function
can fail with ENFILE only.
Return error through pointer. Change all callers to preserve this error code.
[AV: cleaned up a bit, carved the get_empty_filp() part out into a separate commit
(things remaining here deal with alloc_file()), removed pipe(2) behaviour change]
Signed-off-by: Anatol Pomozov <anatol.pomozov@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull x86 mm changes from Peter Anvin:
"This is a huge set of several partly interrelated (and concurrently
developed) changes, which is why the branch history is messier than
one would like.
The *really* big items are two humonguous patchsets mostly developed
by Yinghai Lu at my request, which completely revamps the way we
create initial page tables. In particular, rather than estimating how
much memory we will need for page tables and then build them into that
memory -- a calculation that has shown to be incredibly fragile -- we
now build them (on 64 bits) with the aid of a "pseudo-linear mode" --
a #PF handler which creates temporary page tables on demand.
This has several advantages:
1. It makes it much easier to support things that need access to data
very early (a followon patchset uses this to load microcode way
early in the kernel startup).
2. It allows the kernel and all the kernel data objects to be invoked
from above the 4 GB limit. This allows kdump to work on very large
systems.
3. It greatly reduces the difference between Xen and native (Xen's
equivalent of the #PF handler are the temporary page tables created
by the domain builder), eliminating a bunch of fragile hooks.
The patch series also gets us a bit closer to W^X.
Additional work in this pull is the 64-bit get_user() work which you
were also involved with, and a bunch of cleanups/speedups to
__phys_addr()/__pa()."
* 'x86-mm-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (105 commits)
x86, mm: Move reserving low memory later in initialization
x86, doc: Clarify the use of asm("%edx") in uaccess.h
x86, mm: Redesign get_user with a __builtin_choose_expr hack
x86: Be consistent with data size in getuser.S
x86, mm: Use a bitfield to mask nuisance get_user() warnings
x86/kvm: Fix compile warning in kvm_register_steal_time()
x86-32: Add support for 64bit get_user()
x86-32, mm: Remove reference to alloc_remap()
x86-32, mm: Remove reference to resume_map_numa_kva()
x86-32, mm: Rip out x86_32 NUMA remapping code
x86/numa: Use __pa_nodebug() instead
x86: Don't panic if can not alloc buffer for swiotlb
mm: Add alloc_bootmem_low_pages_nopanic()
x86, 64bit, mm: hibernate use generic mapping_init
x86, 64bit, mm: Mark data/bss/brk to nx
x86: Merge early kernel reserve for 32bit and 64bit
x86: Add Crash kernel low reservation
x86, kdump: Remove crashkernel range find limit for 64bit
memblock: Add memblock_mem_size()
x86, boot: Not need to check setup_header version for setup_data
...
Pull s390 update from Martin Schwidefsky:
"The most prominent change in this patch set is the software dirty bit
patch for s390. It removes __HAVE_ARCH_PAGE_TEST_AND_CLEAR_DIRTY and
the page_test_and_clear_dirty primitive which makes the common memory
management code a bit less obscure.
Heiko fixed most of the PCI related fallout, more often than not
missing GENERIC_HARDIRQS dependencies. Notable is one of the 3270
patches which adds an export to tty_io to be able to resize a tty.
The rest is the usual bunch of cleanups and bug fixes."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/s390/linux: (42 commits)
s390/module: Add missing R_390_NONE relocation type
drivers/gpio: add missing GENERIC_HARDIRQ dependency
drivers/input: add couple of missing GENERIC_HARDIRQS dependencies
s390/cleanup: rename SPP to LPP
s390/mm: implement software dirty bits
s390/mm: Fix crst upgrade of mmap with MAP_FIXED
s390/linker skript: discard exit.data at runtime
drivers/media: add missing GENERIC_HARDIRQS dependency
s390/bpf,jit: add vlan tag support
drivers/net,AT91RM9200: add missing GENERIC_HARDIRQS dependency
iucv: fix kernel panic at reboot
s390/Kconfig: sort list of arch selected config options
phylib: remove !S390 dependeny from Kconfig
uio: remove !S390 dependency from Kconfig
dasd: fix sysfs cleanup in dasd_generic_remove
s390/pci: fix hotplug module init
s390/pci: cleanup clp page allocation
s390/pci: cleanup clp inline assembly
s390/perf: cpum_cf: fallback to software sampling events
s390/mm: provide PAGE_SHARED define
...
Merge misc patches from Andrew Morton:
- Florian has vanished so I appear to have become fbdev maintainer
again :(
- Joel and Mark are distracted to welcome to the new OCFS2 maintainer
- The backlight queue
- Small core kernel changes
- lib/ updates
- The rtc queue
- Various random bits
* akpm: (164 commits)
rtc: rtc-davinci: use devm_*() functions
rtc: rtc-max8997: use devm_request_threaded_irq()
rtc: rtc-max8907: use devm_request_threaded_irq()
rtc: rtc-da9052: use devm_request_threaded_irq()
rtc: rtc-wm831x: use devm_request_threaded_irq()
rtc: rtc-tps80031: use devm_request_threaded_irq()
rtc: rtc-lp8788: use devm_request_threaded_irq()
rtc: rtc-coh901331: use devm_clk_get()
rtc: rtc-vt8500: use devm_*() functions
rtc: rtc-tps6586x: use devm_request_threaded_irq()
rtc: rtc-imxdi: use devm_clk_get()
rtc: rtc-cmos: use dev_warn()/dev_dbg() instead of printk()/pr_debug()
rtc: rtc-pcf8583: use dev_warn() instead of printk()
rtc: rtc-sun4v: use pr_warn() instead of printk()
rtc: rtc-vr41xx: use dev_info() instead of printk()
rtc: rtc-rs5c313: use pr_err() instead of printk()
rtc: rtc-at91rm9200: use dev_dbg()/dev_err() instead of printk()/pr_debug()
rtc: rtc-rs5c372: use dev_dbg()/dev_warn() instead of printk()/pr_debug()
rtc: rtc-ds2404: use dev_err() instead of printk()
rtc: rtc-efi: use dev_err()/dev_warn()/pr_err() instead of printk()
...
This provides a band-aid to provide stable page writes on jbd without
needing to backport the fixed locking and page writeback bit handling
schemes of jbd2. The band-aid works by using bounce buffers to snapshot
page contents instead of waiting.
For those wondering about the ext3 bandage -- fixing the jbd locking
(which was done as part of ext4dev years ago) is a lot of surgery, and
setting PG_writeback on data pages when we actually hold the page lock
dropped ext3 performance by nearly an order of magnitude. If we're
going to migrate iscsi and raid to use stable page writes, the
complaints about high latency will likely return. We might as well
centralize their page snapshotting thing to one place.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind1@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>
Cc: Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov>
Cc: Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Create a helper function to check if a backing device requires stable
page writes and, if so, performs the necessary wait. Then, make it so
that all points in the memory manager that handle making pages writable
use the helper function. This should provide stable page write support
to most filesystems, while eliminating unnecessary waiting for devices
that don't require the feature.
Before this patchset, all filesystems would block, regardless of whether
or not it was necessary. ext3 would wait, but still generate occasional
checksum errors. The network filesystems were left to do their own
thing, so they'd wait too.
After this patchset, all the disk filesystems except ext3 and btrfs will
wait only if the hardware requires it. ext3 (if necessary) snapshots
pages instead of blocking, and btrfs provides its own bdi so the mm will
never wait. Network filesystems haven't been touched, so either they
provide their own stable page guarantees or they don't block at all.
The blocking behavior is back to what it was before 3.0 if you don't
have a disk requiring stable page writes.
Here's the result of using dbench to test latency on ext2:
3.8.0-rc3:
Operation Count AvgLat MaxLat
----------------------------------------
WriteX 109347 0.028 59.817
ReadX 347180 0.004 3.391
Flush 15514 29.828 287.283
Throughput 57.429 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=287.290 ms
3.8.0-rc3 + patches:
WriteX 105556 0.029 4.273
ReadX 335004 0.005 4.112
Flush 14982 30.540 298.634
Throughput 55.4496 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=298.650 ms
As you can see, the maximum write latency drops considerably with this
patch enabled. The other filesystems (ext3/ext4/xfs/btrfs) behave
similarly, but see the cover letter for those results.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind1@gmail.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>
Cc: Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov>
Cc: Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset ("stable page writes, part 2") makes some key
modifications to the original 'stable page writes' patchset. First, it
provides creators (devices and filesystems) of a backing_dev_info a flag
that declares whether or not it is necessary to ensure that page
contents cannot change during writeout. It is no longer assumed that
this is true of all devices (which was never true anyway). Second, the
flag is used to relaxed the wait_on_page_writeback calls so that wait
only occurs if the device needs it. Third, it fixes up the remaining
disk-backed filesystems to use this improved conditional-wait logic to
provide stable page writes on those filesystems.
It is hoped that (for people not using checksumming devices, anyway)
this patchset will give back unnecessary performance decreases since the
original stable page write patchset went into 3.0. Sorry about not
fixing it sooner.
Complaints were registered by several people about the long write
latencies introduced by the original stable page write patchset.
Generally speaking, the kernel ought to allocate as little extra memory
as possible to facilitate writeout, but for people who simply cannot
wait, a second page stability strategy is (re)introduced: snapshotting
page contents. The waiting behavior is still the default strategy; to
enable page snapshotting, a superblock flag (MS_SNAP_STABLE) must be
set. This flag is used to bandaid^Henable stable page writeback on
ext3[1], and is not used anywhere else.
Given that there are already a few storage devices and network FSes that
have rolled their own page stability wait/page snapshot code, it would
be nice to move towards consolidating all of these. It seems possible
that iscsi and raid5 may wish to use the new stable page write support
to enable zero-copy writeout.
Thank you to Jan Kara for helping fix a couple more filesystems.
Per Andrew Morton's request, here are the result of using dbench to measure
latencies on ext2:
3.8.0-rc3:
Operation Count AvgLat MaxLat
----------------------------------------
WriteX 109347 0.028 59.817
ReadX 347180 0.004 3.391
Flush 15514 29.828 287.283
Throughput 57.429 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=287.290 ms
3.8.0-rc3 + patches:
WriteX 105556 0.029 4.273
ReadX 335004 0.005 4.112
Flush 14982 30.540 298.634
Throughput 55.4496 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=298.650 ms
As you can see, for ext2 the maximum write latency decreases from ~60ms
on a laptop hard disk to ~4ms. I'm not sure why the flush latencies
increase, though I suspect that being able to dirty pages faster gives
the flusher more work to do.
On ext4, the average write latency decreases as well as all the maximum
latencies:
3.8.0-rc3:
WriteX 85624 0.152 33.078
ReadX 272090 0.010 61.210
Flush 12129 36.219 168.260
Throughput 44.8618 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=168.276 ms
3.8.0-rc3 + patches:
WriteX 86082 0.141 30.928
ReadX 273358 0.010 36.124
Flush 12214 34.800 165.689
Throughput 44.9941 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=165.722 ms
XFS seems to exhibit similar latency improvements as ext2:
3.8.0-rc3:
WriteX 125739 0.028 104.343
ReadX 399070 0.005 4.115
Flush 17851 25.004 131.390
Throughput 66.0024 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=131.406 ms
3.8.0-rc3 + patches:
WriteX 123529 0.028 6.299
ReadX 392434 0.005 4.287
Flush 17549 25.120 188.687
Throughput 64.9113 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=188.704 ms
...and btrfs, just to round things out, also shows some latency
decreases:
3.8.0-rc3:
WriteX 67122 0.083 82.355
ReadX 212719 0.005 2.828
Flush 9547 47.561 147.418
Throughput 35.3391 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=147.433 ms
3.8.0-rc3 + patches:
WriteX 64898 0.101 71.631
ReadX 206673 0.005 7.123
Flush 9190 47.963 219.034
Throughput 34.0795 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=219.044 ms
Before this patchset, all filesystems would block, regardless of whether
or not it was necessary. ext3 would wait, but still generate occasional
checksum errors. The network filesystems were left to do their own
thing, so they'd wait too.
After this patchset, all the disk filesystems except ext3 and btrfs will
wait only if the hardware requires it. ext3 (if necessary) snapshots
pages instead of blocking, and btrfs provides its own bdi so the mm will
never wait. Network filesystems haven't been touched, so either they
provide their own wait code, or they don't block at all. The blocking
behavior is back to what it was before 3.0 if you don't have a disk
requiring stable page writes.
This patchset has been tested on 3.8.0-rc3 on x64 with ext3, ext4, and
xfs. I've spot-checked 3.8.0-rc4 and seem to be getting the same
results as -rc3.
[1] The alternative fixes to ext3 include fixing the locking order and
page bit handling like we did for ext4 (but then why not just use
ext4?), or setting PG_writeback so early that ext3 becomes extremely
slow. I tried that, but the number of write()s I could initiate dropped
by nearly an order of magnitude. That was a bit much even for the
author of the stable page series! :)
This patch:
Creates a per-backing-device flag that tracks whether or not pages must
be held immutable during writeout. Eventually it will be used to waive
wait_for_page_writeback() if nothing requires stable pages.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind1@gmail.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>
Cc: Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov>
Cc: Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Here is the big driver core merge for 3.9-rc1
There are two major series here, both of which touch lots of drivers all
over the kernel, and will cause you some merge conflicts:
- add a new function called devm_ioremap_resource() to properly be
able to check return values.
- remove CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL
If you need me to provide a merged tree to handle these resolutions,
please let me know.
Other than those patches, there's not much here, some minor fixes and
updates.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Merge tag 'driver-core-3.9-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core
Pull driver core patches from Greg Kroah-Hartman:
"Here is the big driver core merge for 3.9-rc1
There are two major series here, both of which touch lots of drivers
all over the kernel, and will cause you some merge conflicts:
- add a new function called devm_ioremap_resource() to properly be
able to check return values.
- remove CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL
Other than those patches, there's not much here, some minor fixes and
updates"
Fix up trivial conflicts
* tag 'driver-core-3.9-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core: (221 commits)
base: memory: fix soft/hard_offline_page permissions
drivercore: Fix ordering between deferred_probe and exiting initcalls
backlight: fix class_find_device() arguments
TTY: mark tty_get_device call with the proper const values
driver-core: constify data for class_find_device()
firmware: Ignore abort check when no user-helper is used
firmware: Reduce ifdef CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER
firmware: Make user-mode helper optional
firmware: Refactoring for splitting user-mode helper code
Driver core: treat unregistered bus_types as having no devices
watchdog: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
thermal: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
spi: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
power: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
mtd: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
mmc: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
mfd: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
media: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
iommu: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
drm: Convert to devm_ioremap_resource()
...
Pull fuse updates from Miklos Szeredi:
"The biggest part of this pull request is a patch series from Maxim
Patlasov to optimize scatter-gather direct IO. There's also the
addition of a "readdirplus" API, poll events and various fixes and
cleanups.
There's a one line change outside of fuse to mm/filemap.c which makes
the argument of iov_iter_single_seg_count() const, required by Maxim's
patches."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/fuse: (22 commits)
fuse: allow control of adaptive readdirplus use
Synchronize fuse header with one used in library
fuse: send poll events
fuse: don't WARN when nlink is zero
fuse: avoid out-of-scope stack access
fuse: bump version for READDIRPLUS
FUSE: Adapt readdirplus to application usage patterns
Do not use RCU for current process credentials
fuse: cleanup fuse_direct_io()
fuse: optimize __fuse_direct_io()
fuse: optimize fuse_get_user_pages()
fuse: pass iov[] to fuse_get_user_pages()
mm: minor cleanup of iov_iter_single_seg_count()
fuse: use req->page_descs[] for argpages cases
fuse: add per-page descriptor <offset, length> to fuse_req
fuse: rework fuse_do_ioctl()
fuse: rework fuse_perform_write()
fuse: rework fuse_readpages()
fuse: rework fuse_retrieve()
fuse: categorize fuse_get_req()
...
Pull scheduler changes from Ingo Molnar:
"Main changes:
- scheduler side full-dynticks (user-space execution is undisturbed
and receives no timer IRQs) preparation changes that convert the
cputime accounting code to be full-dynticks ready, from Frederic
Weisbecker.
- Initial sched.h split-up changes, by Clark Williams
- select_idle_sibling() performance improvement by Mike Galbraith:
" 1 tbench pair (worst case) in a 10 core + SMT package:
pre 15.22 MB/sec 1 procs
post 252.01 MB/sec 1 procs "
- sched_rr_get_interval() ABI fix/change. We think this detail is not
used by apps (so it's not an ABI in practice), but lets keep it
under observation.
- misc RT scheduling cleanups, optimizations"
* 'sched-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (24 commits)
sched/rt: Add <linux/sched/rt.h> header to <linux/init_task.h>
cputime: Remove irqsave from seqlock readers
sched, powerpc: Fix sched.h split-up build failure
cputime: Restore CPU_ACCOUNTING config defaults for PPC64
sched/rt: Move rt specific bits into new header file
sched/rt: Add a tuning knob to allow changing SCHED_RR timeslice
sched: Move sched.h sysctl bits into separate header
sched: Fix signedness bug in yield_to()
sched: Fix select_idle_sibling() bouncing cow syndrome
sched/rt: Further simplify pick_rt_task()
sched/rt: Do not account zero delta_exec in update_curr_rt()
cputime: Safely read cputime of full dynticks CPUs
kvm: Prepare to add generic guest entry/exit callbacks
cputime: Use accessors to read task cputime stats
cputime: Allow dynamic switch between tick/virtual based cputime accounting
cputime: Generic on-demand virtual cputime accounting
cputime: Move default nsecs_to_cputime() to jiffies based cputime file
cputime: Librarize per nsecs resolution cputime definitions
cputime: Avoid multiplication overflow on utime scaling
context_tracking: Export context state for generic vtime
...
Fix up conflict in kernel/context_tracking.c due to comment additions.
Commit c060f943d0 ("mm: use aligned zone start for pfn_to_bitidx
calculation") fixed out calculation of the index into the pageblock
bitmap when a !SPARSEMEM zome was not aligned to pageblock_nr_pages.
However, the _allocation_ of that bitmap had never taken this alignment
requirement into accout, so depending on the exact size and alignment of
the zone, the use of that index could then access past the allocation,
resulting in some very subtle memory corruption.
This was reported (and bisected) by Ingo Molnar: one of his random
config builds would hang with certain very specific kernel command line
options.
In the meantime, commit c060f943d0 has been marked for stable, so this
fix needs to be back-ported to the stable kernels that backported the
commit to use the right alignment.
Bisected-and-tested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The s390 architecture is unique in respect to dirty page detection,
it uses the change bit in the per-page storage key to track page
modifications. All other architectures track dirty bits by means
of page table entries. This property of s390 has caused numerous
problems in the past, e.g. see git commit ef5d437f71
"mm: fix XFS oops due to dirty pages without buffers on s390".
To avoid future issues in regard to per-page dirty bits convert
s390 to a fault based software dirty bit detection mechanism. All
user page table entries which are marked as clean will be hardware
read-only, even if the pte is supposed to be writable. A write by
the user process will trigger a protection fault which will cause
the user pte to be marked as dirty and the hardware read-only bit
is removed.
With this change the dirty bit in the storage key is irrelevant
for Linux as a host, but the storage key is still required for
KVM guests. The effect is that page_test_and_clear_dirty and the
related code can be removed. The referenced bit in the storage
key is still used by the page_test_and_clear_young primitive to
provide page age information.
For page cache pages of mappings with mapping_cap_account_dirty
there will not be any change in behavior as the dirty bit tracking
already uses read-only ptes to control the amount of dirty pages.
Only for swap cache pages and pages of mappings without
mapping_cap_account_dirty there can be additional protection faults.
To avoid an excessive number of additional faults the mk_pte
primitive checks for PageDirty if the pgprot value allows for writes
and pre-dirties the pte. That avoids all additional faults for
tmpfs and shmem pages until these pages are added to the swap cache.
Signed-off-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
The total number of low memory pages is determined as totalram_pages -
totalhigh_pages, so without this patch all CMA pageblocks placed in
highmem were accounted to low memory.
Signed-off-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The designed workflow for the caches in kmemcg is: register it with
memcg_register_cache() if kmemcg is already available or later on when a
new kmemcg appears at memcg_update_cache_sizes() which will handle all
caches in the system. The caches created at boot time will be handled
by the later, and the memcg-caches as well as any system caches that are
registered later on by the former.
There is a bug, however, in memcg_register_cache: we correctly set up
the array size, but do not mark the cache as a root cache.
This means that allocations for any cache appearing late in the game
will see memcg->memcg_params->is_root_cache == false, and in particular,
trigger VM_BUG_ON(!cachep->memcg_params->is_root_cache) in
__memcg_kmem_cache_get.
The obvious fix is to include the missing assignment.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With commit 8e72033f2a ("thp: make MADV_HUGEPAGE check for
mm->def_flags") the VM_NOHUGEPAGE flag may be set on s390 in
mm->def_flags for certain processes, to prevent future thp mappings.
This would be overwritten by do_mlockall(), which sets it back to 0 with
an optional VM_LOCKED flag set.
To fix this, instead of overwriting mm->def_flags in do_mlockall(), only
the VM_LOCKED flag should be set or cleared.
Signed-off-by: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Reported-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Move rt scheduler definitions out of include/linux/sched.h into
new file include/linux/sched/rt.h
Signed-off-by: Clark Williams <williams@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130207094707.7b9f825f@riff.lan
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Move the sysctl-related bits from include/linux/sched.h into
a new file: include/linux/sched/sysctl.h. Then update source
files requiring access to those bits by including the new
header file.
Signed-off-by: Clark Williams <williams@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130207094659.06dced96@riff.lan
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
commit "slab: Common Kmalloc cache determination" made mistake
in kmalloc_slab(). SLAB_CACHE_DMA is for kmem_cache creation,
not for allocation. For allocation, we should use GFP_XXX to identify
type of allocation. So, change SLAB_CACHE_DMA to GFP_DMA.
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Reported-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Variables were not properly converted and the conversion caused
a naming conflict.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
We use rwsem since commit 5a505085f0 ("mm/rmap: Convert the struct
anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem"). And most of comments are converted to
the new rwsem lock; while just 2 more missed from:
$ git grep 'anon_vma->mutex'
Signed-off-by: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When setting a huge PTE, besides calling pte_mkhuge(), we also need to
call arch_make_huge_pte(), which we indeed do in make_huge_pte(), but we
forget to do in hugetlb_change_protection() and remove_migration_pte().
Signed-off-by: Zhigang Lu <zlu@tilera.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
No reason to preserve the huge zero page in core dumps.
Reported-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Put the definitions for the kmem_cache_node structures together so that
we have one structure. That will allow us to create more common fields in
the future which could yield more opportunities to share code.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
The list3 or l3 pointers are pointing to per node structures. Reflect
that in the names of variables used.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Extract the optimized lookup functions from slub and put them into
slab_common.c. Then make slab use these functions as well.
Joonsoo notes that this fixes some issues with constant folding which
also reduces the code size for slub.
https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/10/20/82
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
The kmalloc array is created in similar ways in both SLAB
and SLUB. Create a common function and have both allocators
call that function.
V1->V2:
Whitespace cleanup
Reviewed-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Have a common definition fo the kmalloc cache arrays in
SLAB and SLUB
Acked-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Standardize the constants that describe the smallest and largest
object kept in the kmalloc arrays for SLAB and SLUB.
Differentiate between the maximum size for which a slab cache is used
(KMALLOC_MAX_CACHE_SIZE) and the maximum allocatable size
(KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE, KMALLOC_MAX_ORDER).
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Have a common naming between both slab caches for future changes.
Acked-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Rename the structure used for the per node structures in slab
to have a name that expresses that fact.
Acked-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Make slab use the common functions. We can get rid of a lot
of old ugly stuff as a results. Among them the sizes
array and the weird include/linux/kmalloc_sizes file and
some pretty bad #include statements in slab_def.h.
The one thing that is different in slab is that the 32 byte
cache will also be created for arches that have page sizes
larger than 4K. There are numerous smaller allocations that
SLOB and SLUB can handle better because of their support for
smaller allocation sizes so lets keep the 32 byte slab also
for arches with > 4K pages.
Reviewed-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Use it to get mem size under the limit_pfn.
to replace local version in x86 reserved_initrd.
-v2: remove not needed cast that is pointed out by HPA.
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1359058816-7615-29-git-send-email-yinghai@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
Coming patches to x86/mm2 require the changes and advanced baseline in
x86/boot.
Resolved Conflicts:
arch/x86/kernel/setup.c
mm/nobootmem.c
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
There is no backing store to tmpfs and file creation rules are the
same as for any other filesystem so it is semantically safe to allow
unprivileged users to mount it. ramfs is safe for the same reasons so
allow either flavor of tmpfs to be mounted by a user namespace root
user.
The memory control group successfully limits how much memory tmpfs can
consume on any system that cares about a user namespace root using
tmpfs to exhaust memory the memory control group can be deployed.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
The function does not modify iov_iter which 'i' points to.
Signed-off-by: Maxim Patlasov <mpatlasov@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
In bdi_position_ratio(), get difference (setpoint-dirty) right even when
negative. Both setpoint and dirty are unsigned long, the difference was
zero-padded thus wrongly sign-extended to s64. This issue affects all
32-bit architectures, does not affect 64-bit architectures where long
and s64 are equivalent.
In this function, dirty is between freerun and limit, the pseudo-float x
is between [-1,1], expected to be negative about half the time. With
zero-padding, instead of a small negative x we obtained a large positive
one so bdi_position_ratio() returned garbage.
Casting the difference to s64 also prevents overflow with left-shift;
though normally these numbers are small and I never observed a 32-bit
overflow there.
(This patch does not solve the PAE OOM issue.)
Paul Szabo psz@maths.usyd.edu.auhttp://www.maths.usyd.edu.au/u/psz/
School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sydney Australia
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Paul Szabo <psz@maths.usyd.edu.au>
Reference: http://bugs.debian.org/695182
Signed-off-by: Paul Szabo <psz@maths.usyd.edu.au>
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Fix up all callers as they were before, with make one change: an
unsigned module taints the kernel, but doesn't turn off lockdep.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
This is to fix up a build problem with a wireless driver due to the
dynamic-debug patches in this branch.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
The CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL config item has not carried much meaning for a
while now and is almost always enabled by default. As agreed during the
Linux kernel summit, remove it from any "depends on" lines in Kconfigs.
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
CC: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
CC: Jan Beulich <JBeulich@novell.com>
CC: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
CC: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Add tracepoints for page dirtying, writeback_single_inode start, inode
dirtying and writeback. For the latter two inode events, a pair of
events are defined to denote start and end of the operations (the
starting one has _start suffix and the one w/o suffix happens after
the operation is complete). These inode ops are FS specific and can
be non-trivial and having enclosing tracepoints is useful for external
tracers.
This is part of tracepoint additions to improve visiblity into
dirtying / writeback operations for io tracer and userland.
v2: writeback_dirty_inode[_start] TPs may be called for files on
pseudo FSes w/ unregistered bdi. Check whether bdi->dev is %NULL
before dereferencing.
v3: buffer dirtying moved to a block TP.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Eric Wong reported on 3.7 and 3.8-rc2 that ppoll() got stuck when
waiting for POLLIN on a local TCP socket. It was easier to trigger if
there was disk IO and dirty pages at the same time and he bisected it to
commit 1fb3f8ca0e ("mm: compaction: capture a suitable high-order page
immediately when it is made available").
The intention of that patch was to improve high-order allocations under
memory pressure after changes made to reclaim in 3.6 drastically hurt
THP allocations but the approach was flawed. For Eric, the problem was
that page->pfmemalloc was not being cleared for captured pages leading
to a poor interaction with swap-over-NFS support causing the packets to
be dropped. However, I identified a few more problems with the patch
including the fact that it can increase contention on zone->lock in some
cases which could result in async direct compaction being aborted early.
In retrospect the capture patch took the wrong approach. What it should
have done is mark the pageblock being migrated as MIGRATE_ISOLATE if it
was allocating for THP and avoided races that way. While the patch was
showing to improve allocation success rates at the time, the benefit is
marginal given the relative complexity and it should be revisited from
scratch in the context of the other reclaim-related changes that have
taken place since the patch was first written and tested. This patch
partially reverts commit 1fb3f8ca0e ("mm: compaction: capture a
suitable high-order page immediately when it is made available").
Reported-and-tested-by: Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>
Tested-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Zhouping Liu reported the following against 3.8-rc1 when running a mmap
testcase from LTP.
mapcount 0 page_mapcount 3
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at mm/huge_memory.c:1798!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP
Modules linked in: ip6table_filter ip6_tables ebtable_nat ebtables bnep bluetooth rfkill iptable_mangle ipt_REJECT nf_conntrack_ipv4 nf_defrag_ipv4 xt_conntrack nf_conntrack iptable_filter ip_tables be2iscsi iscsi_boot_sysfs bnx2i cnic uio cxgb4i cxgb4 cxgb3i cxgb3 mdio libcxgbi ib_iser rdma_cm ib_addr iw_cm ib_cm ib_sa ib_mad ib_core iscsi_tcp libiscsi_tcp libiscsi scsi_transport_iscsi vfat fat dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log dm_mod cdc_ether iTCO_wdt i7core_edac coretemp usbnet iTCO_vendor_support mii crc32c_intel edac_core lpc_ich shpchp ioatdma mfd_core i2c_i801 pcspkr serio_raw bnx2 microcode dca vhost_net tun macvtap macvlan kvm_intel kvm uinput mgag200 sr_mod cdrom i2c_algo_bit sd_mod drm_kms_helper crc_t10dif ata_generic pata_acpi ttm ata_piix drm libata i2c_core megaraid_sas
CPU 1
Pid: 23217, comm: mmap10 Not tainted 3.8.0-rc1mainline+ #17 IBM IBM System x3400 M3 Server -[7379I08]-/69Y4356
RIP: __split_huge_page+0x677/0x6d0
RSP: 0000:ffff88017a03fc08 EFLAGS: 00010293
RAX: 0000000000000003 RBX: ffff88027a6c22e0 RCX: 00000000000034d2
RDX: 000000000000748b RSI: 0000000000000046 RDI: 0000000000000246
RBP: ffff88017a03fcb8 R08: ffffffff819d2440 R09: 000000000000054a
R10: 0000000000aaaaaa R11: 00000000ffffffff R12: 0000000000000000
R13: 00007f4f11a00000 R14: ffff880179e96e00 R15: ffffea0005c08000
FS: 00007f4f11f4a740(0000) GS:ffff88017bc20000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
CR2: 00000037e9ebb404 CR3: 000000017a436000 CR4: 00000000000007e0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Process mmap10 (pid: 23217, threadinfo ffff88017a03e000, task ffff880172dd32e0)
Stack:
ffff88017a540ec8 ffff88017a03fc20 ffffffff816017b5 ffff88017a03fc88
ffffffff812fa014 0000000000000000 ffff880279ebd5c0 00000000f4f11a4c
00000007f4f11f49 00000007f4f11a00 ffff88017a540ef0 ffff88017a540ee8
Call Trace:
split_huge_page+0x68/0xb0
__split_huge_page_pmd+0x134/0x330
split_huge_page_pmd_mm+0x51/0x60
split_huge_page_address+0x3b/0x50
__vma_adjust_trans_huge+0x9c/0xf0
vma_adjust+0x684/0x750
__split_vma.isra.28+0x1fa/0x220
do_munmap+0xf9/0x420
vm_munmap+0x4e/0x70
sys_munmap+0x2b/0x40
system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
Alexander Beregalov and Alex Xu reported similar bugs and Hillf Danton
identified that commit 5a505085f0 ("mm/rmap: Convert the struct
anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem") and commit 4fc3f1d66b ("mm/rmap,
migration: Make rmap_walk_anon() and try_to_unmap_anon() more scalable")
were likely the problem. Reverting these commits was reported to solve
the problem for Alexander.
Despite the reason for these commits, NUMA balancing is not the direct
source of the problem. split_huge_page() expects the anon_vma lock to
be exclusive to serialise the whole split operation. Ordinarily it is
expected that the anon_vma lock would only be required when updating the
avcs but THP also uses the anon_vma rwsem for collapse and split
operations where the page lock or compound lock cannot be used (as the
page is changing from base to THP or vice versa) and the page table
locks are insufficient.
This patch takes the anon_vma lock for write to serialise against parallel
split_huge_page as THP expected before the conversion to rwsem.
Reported-and-tested-by: Zhouping Liu <zliu@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Alex Xu <alex_y_xu@yahoo.ca>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 5a505085f0 ("mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex to an
rwsem") turned anon_vma mutex to rwsem.
However, the properly annotated nested locking in mm_take_all_locks()
has been converted from
mutex_lock_nest_lock(&anon_vma->root->mutex, &mm->mmap_sem);
to
down_write(&anon_vma->root->rwsem);
which is incomplete, and causes the false positive report from lockdep
below.
Annotate the fact that mmap_sem is used as an outter lock to serialize
taking of all the anon_vma rwsems at once no matter the order, using the
down_write_nest_lock() primitive.
This patch fixes this lockdep report:
=============================================
[ INFO: possible recursive locking detected ]
3.8.0-rc2-00036-g5f73896 #171 Not tainted
---------------------------------------------
qemu-kvm/2315 is trying to acquire lock:
(&anon_vma->rwsem){+.+...}, at: mm_take_all_locks+0x149/0x1b0
but task is already holding lock:
(&anon_vma->rwsem){+.+...}, at: mm_take_all_locks+0x149/0x1b0
other info that might help us debug this:
Possible unsafe locking scenario:
CPU0
----
lock(&anon_vma->rwsem);
lock(&anon_vma->rwsem);
*** DEADLOCK ***
May be due to missing lock nesting notation
4 locks held by qemu-kvm/2315:
#0: (&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}, at: do_mmu_notifier_register+0xfc/0x170
#1: (mm_all_locks_mutex){+.+...}, at: mm_take_all_locks+0x36/0x1b0
#2: (&mapping->i_mmap_mutex){+.+...}, at: mm_take_all_locks+0xc9/0x1b0
#3: (&anon_vma->rwsem){+.+...}, at: mm_take_all_locks+0x149/0x1b0
stack backtrace:
Pid: 2315, comm: qemu-kvm Not tainted 3.8.0-rc2-00036-g5f73896 #171
Call Trace:
print_deadlock_bug+0xf2/0x100
validate_chain+0x4f6/0x720
__lock_acquire+0x359/0x580
lock_acquire+0x121/0x190
down_write+0x3f/0x70
mm_take_all_locks+0x149/0x1b0
do_mmu_notifier_register+0x68/0x170
mmu_notifier_register+0xe/0x10
kvm_create_vm+0x22b/0x330 [kvm]
kvm_dev_ioctl+0xf8/0x1a0 [kvm]
do_vfs_ioctl+0x9d/0x350
sys_ioctl+0x91/0xb0
system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Tested-by: Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently free_all_bootmem_core ignores that node_min_pfn may be not
multiple of BITS_PER_LONG. Eg commit 6dccdcbe2c ("mm: bootmem: fix
checking the bitmap when finally freeing bootmem") shifts vec by lower
bits of start instead of lower bits of idx. Also
if (IS_ALIGNED(start, BITS_PER_LONG) && vec == ~0UL)
assumes that vec bit 0 corresponds to start pfn, which is only true when
node_min_pfn is a multiple of BITS_PER_LONG. Also loop in the else
clause can double-free pages (e.g. with node_min_pfn == start == 1,
map[0] == ~0 on 32-bit machine page 32 will be double-freed).
This bug causes the following message during xtensa kernel boot:
bootmem::free_all_bootmem_core nid=0 start=1 end=8000
BUG: Bad page state in process swapper pfn:00001
page:d04bd020 count:0 mapcount:-127 mapping: (null) index:0x2
page flags: 0x0()
Call Trace:
bad_page+0x8c/0x9c
free_pages_prepare+0x5e/0x88
free_hot_cold_page+0xc/0xa0
__free_pages+0x24/0x38
__free_pages_bootmem+0x54/0x56
free_all_bootmem_core$part$11+0xeb/0x138
free_all_bootmem+0x46/0x58
mem_init+0x25/0xa4
start_kernel+0x11e/0x25c
should_never_return+0x0/0x3be7
The fix is the following:
- always align vec so that its bit 0 corresponds to start
- provide BITS_PER_LONG bits in vec, if those bits are available in the
map
- don't free pages past next start position in the else clause.
Signed-off-by: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Gavin Shan <shangw@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Prasad Koya <prasad.koya@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The current calculation in pfn_to_bitidx assumes that (pfn -
zone->zone_start_pfn) >> pageblock_order will return the same bit for
all pfn in a pageblock. If zone_start_pfn is not aligned to
pageblock_nr_pages, this may not always be correct.
Consider the following with pageblock order = 10, zone start 2MB:
pfn | pfn - zone start | (pfn - zone start) >> page block order
----------------------------------------------------------------
0x26000 | 0x25e00 | 0x97
0x26100 | 0x25f00 | 0x97
0x26200 | 0x26000 | 0x98
0x26300 | 0x26100 | 0x98
This means that calling {get,set}_pageblock_migratetype on a single page
will not set the migratetype for the full block. Fix this by rounding
down zone_start_pfn when doing the bitidx calculation.
For our use case, the effects of this bug were mostly tied to the fact
that CMA allocations would either take a long time or fail to happen.
Depending on the driver using CMA, this could result in anything from
visual glitches to application failures.
Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <lauraa@codeaurora.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
when run the folloing command under shell, it will return error
sh/$ echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
sh/$ sh: write error: Bad address
After strace, I found the following log:
...
write(1, "1\n", 2) = 3
write(1, "", 4294967295) = -1 EFAULT (Bad address)
write(2, "echo: write error: Bad address\n", 31echo: write error: Bad address
) = 31
This tells system return 3(COMPACT_COMPLETE) after write data to
compact_memory.
The fix is to make the system just return 0 instead 3(COMPACT_COMPLETE)
from sysctl_compaction_handler after compaction_nodes finished.
Signed-off-by: Jason Liu <r64343@freescale.com>
Suggested-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The memmove span covers from (next+1) to the end of the array, and the
index of next is (i+1), so the index of (next+1) is (i+2). So the size
of remaining array elements is (type->cnt - (i + 2)).
Since the remaining elements of the memblock array are move forward by
one element and there is only one additional element caused by this bug.
So there won't be any write overflow here but read overflow. It may
read one more element out of the array address if the array happens to
be full. Commonly it doesn't matter at all but if the array happens to
be located at the end a memblock, it may cause a invalid read operation
for the physical address doesn't exist.
There are 2 *happens to be* here, so I think the probability is quite
low, I don't know if any guy is haunted by this bug before.
Mostly I think it's user-invisible.
Signed-off-by: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Hugh Dickins pointed out that migrate_misplaced_transhuge_page() does
not check page_count before migrating like base page migration and
khugepage. He could not see why this was safe and he is right.
The potential impact of the bug is avoided due to the limitations of
NUMA balancing. The page_mapcount() check ensures that only a single
address space is using this page and as THPs are typically private it
should not be possible for another address space to fault it in
parallel. If the address space has one associated task then it's
difficult to have both a GUP pin and be referencing the page at the same
time. If there are multiple tasks then a buggy scenario requires that
another thread be accessing the page while the direct IO is in flight.
This is dodgy behaviour as there is a possibility of corruption with or
without THP migration. It would be
While we happen to be safe for the most part it is shoddy to depend on
such "safety" so this patch checks the page count similar to anonymous
pages. Note that this does not mean that the page_mapcount() check can
go away. If we were to remove the page_mapcount() check the the THP
would have to be unmapped from all referencing PTEs, replaced with
migration PTEs and restored properly afterwards.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The check for a pmd being in the process of being split was dropped by
mistake by commit d10e63f294 ("mm: numa: Create basic numa page
hinting infrastructure"). Put it back.
Reported-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Debugged-by: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Kirill Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since commit e303297e6c ("mm: extended batches for generic
mmu_gather") we are batching pages to be freed until either
tlb_next_batch cannot allocate a new batch or we are done.
This works just fine most of the time but we can get in troubles with
non-preemptible kernel (CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE or CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY)
on large machines where too aggressive batching might lead to soft
lockups during process exit path (exit_mmap) because there are no
scheduling points down the free_pages_and_swap_cache path and so the
freeing can take long enough to trigger the soft lockup.
The lockup is harmless except when the system is setup to panic on
softlockup which is not that unusual.
The simplest way to work around this issue is to limit the maximum
number of batches in a single mmu_gather. 10k of collected pages should
be safe to prevent from soft lockups (we would have 2ms for one) even if
they are all freed without an explicit scheduling point.
This patch doesn't add any new explicit scheduling points because it
relies on zap_pmd_range during page tables zapping which calls
cond_resched per PMD.
The following lockup has been reported for 3.0 kernel with a huge
process (in order of hundreds gigs but I do know any more details).
BUG: soft lockup - CPU#56 stuck for 22s! [kernel:31053]
Modules linked in: af_packet nfs lockd fscache auth_rpcgss nfs_acl sunrpc mptctl mptbase autofs4 binfmt_misc dm_round_robin dm_multipath bonding cpufreq_conservative cpufreq_userspace cpufreq_powersave pcc_cpufreq mperf microcode fuse loop osst sg sd_mod crc_t10dif st qla2xxx scsi_transport_fc scsi_tgt netxen_nic i7core_edac iTCO_wdt joydev e1000e serio_raw pcspkr edac_core iTCO_vendor_support acpi_power_meter rtc_cmos hpwdt hpilo button container usbhid hid dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log linear uhci_hcd ehci_hcd usbcore usb_common scsi_dh_emc scsi_dh_alua scsi_dh_hp_sw scsi_dh_rdac scsi_dh dm_snapshot pcnet32 mii edd dm_mod raid1 ext3 mbcache jbd fan thermal processor thermal_sys hwmon cciss scsi_mod
Supported: Yes
CPU 56
Pid: 31053, comm: kernel Not tainted 3.0.31-0.9-default #1 HP ProLiant DL580 G7
RIP: 0010: _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x8/0x10
RSP: 0018:ffff883ec1037af0 EFLAGS: 00000206
RAX: 0000000000000e00 RBX: ffffea01a0817e28 RCX: ffff88803ffd9e80
RDX: 0000000000000200 RSI: 0000000000000206 RDI: 0000000000000206
RBP: 0000000000000002 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffff887ec724a400
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: dead000000200200 R12: ffffffff8144c26e
R13: 0000000000000030 R14: 0000000000000297 R15: 000000000000000e
FS: 00007ed834282700(0000) GS:ffff88c03f200000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
CR2: 000000000068b240 CR3: 0000003ec13c5000 CR4: 00000000000006e0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Process kernel (pid: 31053, threadinfo ffff883ec1036000, task ffff883ebd5d4100)
Call Trace:
release_pages+0xc5/0x260
free_pages_and_swap_cache+0x9d/0xc0
tlb_flush_mmu+0x5c/0x80
tlb_finish_mmu+0xe/0x50
exit_mmap+0xbd/0x120
mmput+0x49/0x120
exit_mm+0x122/0x160
do_exit+0x17a/0x430
do_group_exit+0x3d/0xb0
get_signal_to_deliver+0x247/0x480
do_signal+0x71/0x1b0
do_notify_resume+0x98/0xb0
int_signal+0x12/0x17
DWARF2 unwinder stuck at int_signal+0x12/0x17
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [3.0+]
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 702d1a6e07 ("memory-hotplug: fix kswapd looping forever
problem") added an isolated pageblocks counter (nr_pageblock_isolate in
struct zone) and used it to adjust free pages counter in
zone_watermark_ok_safe() to prevent kswapd looping forever problem.
Then later, commit 2139cbe627 ("cma: fix counting of isolated pages")
fixed accounting of isolated pages in global free pages counter. It
made the previous zone_watermark_ok_safe() fix unnecessary and
potentially harmful (cause now isolated pages may be accounted twice
making free pages counter incorrect).
This patch removes the special isolated pageblocks counter altogether
which fixes zone_watermark_ok_safe() free pages check.
Reported-by: Tomasz Stanislawski <t.stanislaws@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
CONFIG_HOTPLUG is going away as an option. As a result, the __dev*
markings need to be removed.
This change removes the use of __devinit from the file.
Based on patches originally written by Bill Pemberton, but redone by me
in order to handle some of the coding style issues better, by hand.
Cc: Bill Pemberton <wfp5p@virginia.edu>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Sasha was fuzzing with trinity and reported the following problem:
BUG: sleeping function called from invalid context at kernel/mutex.c:269
in_atomic(): 1, irqs_disabled(): 0, pid: 6361, name: trinity-main
2 locks held by trinity-main/6361:
#0: (&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}, at: [<ffffffff810aa314>] __do_page_fault+0x1e4/0x4f0
#1: (&(&mm->page_table_lock)->rlock){+.+...}, at: [<ffffffff8122f017>] handle_pte_fault+0x3f7/0x6a0
Pid: 6361, comm: trinity-main Tainted: G W
3.7.0-rc2-next-20121024-sasha-00001-gd95ef01-dirty #74
Call Trace:
__might_sleep+0x1c3/0x1e0
mutex_lock_nested+0x29/0x50
mpol_shared_policy_lookup+0x2e/0x90
shmem_get_policy+0x2e/0x30
get_vma_policy+0x5a/0xa0
mpol_misplaced+0x41/0x1d0
handle_pte_fault+0x465/0x6a0
This was triggered by a different version of automatic NUMA balancing
but in theory the current version is vunerable to the same problem.
do_numa_page
-> numa_migrate_prep
-> mpol_misplaced
-> get_vma_policy
-> shmem_get_policy
It's very unlikely this will happen as shared pages are not marked
pte_numa -- see the page_mapcount() check in change_pte_range() -- but
it is possible.
To address this, this patch restores sp->lock as originally implemented
by Kosaki Motohiro. In the path where get_vma_policy() is called, it
should not be calling sp_alloc() so it is not necessary to treat the PTL
specially.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the unused argument (formerly no_context) from mpol_parse_str()
and from mpol_to_str().
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Recently I suggested using "mount -o remount,mpol=local /tmp" in NUMA
mempolicy testing. Very nasty. Reading /proc/mounts, /proc/pid/mounts
or /proc/pid/mountinfo may then corrupt one bit of kernel memory, often
in a page table (causing "Bad swap" or "Bad page map" warning or "Bad
pagetable" oops), sometimes in a vm_area_struct or rbnode or somewhere
worse. "mpol=prefer" and "mpol=prefer:Node" are equally toxic.
Recent NUMA enhancements are not to blame: this dates back to 2.6.35,
when commit e17f74af35 "mempolicy: don't call mpol_set_nodemask() when
no_context" skipped mpol_parse_str()'s call to mpol_set_nodemask(),
which used to initialize v.preferred_node, or set MPOL_F_LOCAL in flags.
With slab poisoning, you can then rely on mpol_to_str() to set the bit
for node 0x6b6b, probably in the next page above the caller's stack.
mpol_parse_str() is only called from shmem_parse_options(): no_context
is always true, so call it unused for now, and remove !no_context code.
Set v.nodes or v.preferred_node or MPOL_F_LOCAL as mpol_to_str() might
expect. Then mpol_to_str() can ignore its no_context argument also,
the mpol being appropriately initialized whether contextualized or not.
Rename its no_context unused too, and let subsequent patch remove them
(that's not needed for stable backporting, which would involve rejects).
I don't understand why MPOL_LOCAL is described as a pseudo-policy:
it's a reasonable policy which suffers from a confusing implementation
in terms of MPOL_PREFERRED with MPOL_F_LOCAL. I believe this would be
much more robust if MPOL_LOCAL were recognized in switch statements
throughout, MPOL_F_LOCAL deleted, and MPOL_PREFERRED use the (possibly
empty) nodes mask like everyone else, instead of its preferred_node
variant (I presume an optimization from the days before MPOL_LOCAL).
But that would take me too long to get right and fully tested.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
An unintended consequence of commit 4ae0a48b5e ("mm: modify
pgdat_balanced() so that it also handles order-0") is that
wait_iff_congested() can now be called with NULL 'struct zone *'
producing kernel oops like this:
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference
IP: [<ffffffff811542d9>] wait_iff_congested+0x59/0x140
This trivial patch fixes it.
Reported-by: Zhouping Liu <zliu@redhat.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Teach pgdat_balanced() about order-0 allocations so that we can simplify
code in a few places in vmstat.c.
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Merge the rest of Andrew's patches for -rc1:
"A bunch of fixes and misc missed-out-on things.
That'll do for -rc1. I still have a batch of IPC patches which still
have a possible bug report which I'm chasing down."
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (25 commits)
keys: use keyring_alloc() to create module signing keyring
keys: fix unreachable code
sendfile: allows bypassing of notifier events
SGI-XP: handle non-fatal traps
fat: fix incorrect function comment
Documentation: ABI: remove testing/sysfs-devices-node
proc: fix inconsistent lock state
linux/kernel.h: fix DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST with unsigned divisors
memcg: don't register hotcpu notifier from ->css_alloc()
checkpatch: warn on uapi #includes that #include <uapi/...
revert "rtc: recycle id when unloading a rtc driver"
mm: clean up transparent hugepage sysfs error messages
hfsplus: add error message for the case of failure of sync fs in delayed_sync_fs() method
hfsplus: rework processing of hfs_btree_write() returned error
hfsplus: rework processing errors in hfsplus_free_extents()
hfsplus: avoid crash on failed block map free
kcmp: include linux/ptrace.h
drivers/rtc/rtc-imxdi.c: must include <linux/spinlock.h>
mm: cma: WARN if freed memory is still in use
exec: do not leave bprm->interp on stack
...
Clarify error messages and correct a few typos in the transparent hugepage
sysfs init code.
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Eder <jeder@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Memory returned to free_contig_range() must have no other references.
Let kernel to complain loudly if page reference count is not equal to 1.
[rientjes@google.com: support sparsemem]
Signed-off-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The system uses global_dirtyable_memory() to calculate number of
dirtyable pages/pages that can be allocated to the page cache. A bug
causes an underflow thus making the page count look like a big unsigned
number. This in turn confuses the dirty writeback throttling to
aggressively write back pages as they become dirty (usually 1 page at a
time). This generally only affects systems with highmem because the
underflowed count gets subtracted from the global count of dirtyable
memory.
The problem was introduced with v3.2-4896-gab8fabd
Fix is to ensure we don't get an underflowed total of either highmem or
global dirtyable memory.
Signed-off-by: Sonny Rao <sonnyrao@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Puneet Kumar <puneetster@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: Damien Wyart <damien.wyart@free.fr>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
isolate_freepages_block() and isolate_migratepages_range() are used for
CMA as well as compaction so it breaks build for CONFIG_CMA &&
!CONFIG_COMPACTION.
This patch fixes it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: add "do { } while (0)", per Mel]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Latinoware 2012.
There's a slightly non-trivial merge in virtio-net, as we cleaned up the
virtio add_buf interface while DaveM accepted the mq virtio-net patches.
You can see my solution in my pending-rebases branch, if that helps, but I
know you love merging:
https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux.git;a=commit;h=12e4e64fa66a4c812e4855de32abdb4d819526fe
Cheers,
Rusty.
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Merge tag 'virtio-next-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux
Pull virtio update from Rusty Russell:
"Some nice cleanups, and even a patch my wife did as a "live" demo for
Latinoware 2012.
There's a slightly non-trivial merge in virtio-net, as we cleaned up
the virtio add_buf interface while DaveM accepted the mq virtio-net
patches."
* tag 'virtio-next-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux: (27 commits)
virtio_console: Add support for remoteproc serial
virtio_console: Merge struct buffer_token into struct port_buffer
virtio: add drv_to_virtio to make code clearly
virtio: use dev_to_virtio wrapper in virtio
virtio-mmio: Fix irq parsing in command line parameter
virtio_console: Free buffers from out-queue upon close
virtio: Convert dev_printk(KERN_<LEVEL> to dev_<level>(
virtio_console: Use kmalloc instead of kzalloc
virtio_console: Free buffer if splice fails
virtio: tools: make it clear that virtqueue_add_buf() no longer returns > 0
virtio: scsi: make it clear that virtqueue_add_buf() no longer returns > 0
virtio: rpmsg: make it clear that virtqueue_add_buf() no longer returns > 0
virtio: net: make it clear that virtqueue_add_buf() no longer returns > 0
virtio: console: make it clear that virtqueue_add_buf() no longer returns > 0
virtio: make virtqueue_add_buf() returning 0 on success, not capacity.
virtio: console: don't rely on virtqueue_add_buf() returning capacity.
virtio_net: don't rely on virtqueue_add_buf() returning capacity.
virtio-net: remove unused skb_vnet_hdr->num_sg field
virtio-net: correct capacity math on ring full
virtio: move queue_index and num_free fields into core struct virtqueue.
...
Linus Torvalds
Hugh Dickins
Greg Thelen
Mel Gorman
Cliff Wickman
Michel Lespinasse
Zhang Yanfei
Naoya Horiguchi
Michal Hocko
Minchan Kim
David Rientjes
Robin Holt
Cody P Schafer
Johannes Weiner
Petr Holasek
Glauber Costa
Paul Szabo
Konstantin Khlebnikov
Shaohua Li
Peter Zijlstra
Ming Lei
Zlatko Calusic
Xishi Qiu
Jiang Liu
Tang Chen
Wen Congyang
Lai Jiangshan
Yasuaki Ishimatsu
Sasha Levin
Andrew Morton
Sasha Levin
Srinivas Pandruvada
Sha Zhengju
Al Viro
Anatol Pomozov
Darrick J. Wong
Martin Schwidefsky
Marek Szyprowski
Gerald Schaefer
Clark Williams
Joonsoo Kim
Christoph Lameter
Yuanhan Liu
Tony Lu
Kirill A. Shutemov
Yinghai Lu
H. Peter Anvin
Eric W. Biederman
Maxim Patlasov
paul.szabo@sydney.edu.au
Rusty Russell
Greg Kroah-Hartman
Kees Cook
Tejun Heo
Jiri Kosina
Max Filippov
Laura Abbott
Jason Liu
Lin Feng
Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz
Jeremy Eder
Sonny Rao
Marco Stornelli