The proactive compaction[1] gets triggered for every 500msec and run
compaction on the node for COMPACTION_HPAGE_ORDER (usually order-9) pages
based on the value set to sysctl.compaction_proactiveness. Triggering the
compaction for every 500msec in search of COMPACTION_HPAGE_ORDER pages is
not needed for all applications, especially on the embedded system
usecases which may have few MB's of RAM. Enabling the proactive
compaction in its state will endup in running almost always on such
systems.
Other side, proactive compaction can still be very much useful for getting
a set of higher order pages in some controllable manner(controlled by
using the sysctl.compaction_proactiveness). So, on systems where enabling
the proactive compaction always may proove not required, can trigger the
same from user space on write to its sysctl interface. As an example, say
app launcher decide to launch the memory heavy application which can be
launched fast if it gets more higher order pages thus launcher can prepare
the system in advance by triggering the proactive compaction from
userspace.
This triggering of proactive compaction is done on a write to
sysctl.compaction_proactiveness by user.
[1]https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit?id=facdaa917c4d5a376d09d25865f5a863f906234a
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak vm.rst, per Mike]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1627653207-12317-1-git-send-email-charante@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Charan Teja Reddy <charante@codeaurora.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Iurii Zaikin <yzaikin@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <nigupta@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Khalid Aziz <khalid.aziz@oracle.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Vinayak Menon <vinmenon@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The sysctl_compact_memory is mostly unused in mm/compaction.c It just
acts as a place holder for sysctl to store .data.
But the .data itself is not needed here.
So we can get ride of this variable completely and make .data as NULL.
This will also eliminate the extern declaration from header file. No
functionality is broken or changed this way.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1614852224-14671-1-git-send-email-pintu@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Pintu Kumar <pintu@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Pintu Agarwal <pintu.ping@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
defer_compaction() and compaction_deferred() and compaction_restarting()
in mm/compaction.c won't be used in other files, so make them static, and
remove the declaration in the header file.
Take the chance to fix a typo.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201123170801.GA9625@rlk
Signed-off-by: Hui Su <sh_def@163.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <nigupta@nvidia.com>
Cc: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Mateusz Nosek <mateusznosek0@gmail.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The enum value 'COMPACT_INACTIVE' is never used so can be removed.
Signed-off-by: Mateusz Nosek <mateusznosek0@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200917110750.12015-1-mateusznosek0@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Proactive compaction uses per-node/zone "fragmentation score" which is
always in range [0, 100], so use unsigned type of these scores as well as
for related constants.
Signed-off-by: Nitin Gupta <nigupta@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Iurii Zaikin <yzaikin@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200618010319.13159-1-nigupta@nvidia.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For some applications, we need to allocate almost all memory as hugepages.
However, on a running system, higher-order allocations can fail if the
memory is fragmented. Linux kernel currently does on-demand compaction as
we request more hugepages, but this style of compaction incurs very high
latency. Experiments with one-time full memory compaction (followed by
hugepage allocations) show that kernel is able to restore a highly
fragmented memory state to a fairly compacted memory state within <1 sec
for a 32G system. Such data suggests that a more proactive compaction can
help us allocate a large fraction of memory as hugepages keeping
allocation latencies low.
For a more proactive compaction, the approach taken here is to define a
new sysctl called 'vm.compaction_proactiveness' which dictates bounds for
external fragmentation which kcompactd tries to maintain.
The tunable takes a value in range [0, 100], with a default of 20.
Note that a previous version of this patch [1] was found to introduce too
many tunables (per-order extfrag{low, high}), but this one reduces them to
just one sysctl. Also, the new tunable is an opaque value instead of
asking for specific bounds of "external fragmentation", which would have
been difficult to estimate. The internal interpretation of this opaque
value allows for future fine-tuning.
Currently, we use a simple translation from this tunable to [low, high]
"fragmentation score" thresholds (low=100-proactiveness, high=low+10%).
The score for a node is defined as weighted mean of per-zone external
fragmentation. A zone's present_pages determines its weight.
To periodically check per-node score, we reuse per-node kcompactd threads,
which are woken up every 500 milliseconds to check the same. If a node's
score exceeds its high threshold (as derived from user-provided
proactiveness value), proactive compaction is started until its score
reaches its low threshold value. By default, proactiveness is set to 20,
which implies threshold values of low=80 and high=90.
This patch is largely based on ideas from Michal Hocko [2]. See also the
LWN article [3].
Performance data
================
System: x64_64, 1T RAM, 80 CPU threads.
Kernel: 5.6.0-rc3 + this patch
echo madvise | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
echo madvise | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag
Before starting the driver, the system was fragmented from a userspace
program that allocates all memory and then for each 2M aligned section,
frees 3/4 of base pages using munmap. The workload is mainly anonymous
userspace pages, which are easy to move around. I intentionally avoided
unmovable pages in this test to see how much latency we incur when
hugepage allocations hit direct compaction.
1. Kernel hugepage allocation latencies
With the system in such a fragmented state, a kernel driver then allocates
as many hugepages as possible and measures allocation latency:
(all latency values are in microseconds)
- With vanilla 5.6.0-rc3
percentile latency
–––––––––– –––––––
5 7894
10 9496
25 12561
30 15295
40 18244
50 21229
60 27556
75 30147
80 31047
90 32859
95 33799
Total 2M hugepages allocated = 383859 (749G worth of hugepages out of 762G
total free => 98% of free memory could be allocated as hugepages)
- With 5.6.0-rc3 + this patch, with proactiveness=20
sysctl -w vm.compaction_proactiveness=20
percentile latency
–––––––––– –––––––
5 2
10 2
25 3
30 3
40 3
50 4
60 4
75 4
80 4
90 5
95 429
Total 2M hugepages allocated = 384105 (750G worth of hugepages out of 762G
total free => 98% of free memory could be allocated as hugepages)
2. JAVA heap allocation
In this test, we first fragment memory using the same method as for (1).
Then, we start a Java process with a heap size set to 700G and request the
heap to be allocated with THP hugepages. We also set THP to madvise to
allow hugepage backing of this heap.
/usr/bin/time
java -Xms700G -Xmx700G -XX:+UseTransparentHugePages -XX:+AlwaysPreTouch
The above command allocates 700G of Java heap using hugepages.
- With vanilla 5.6.0-rc3
17.39user 1666.48system 27:37.89elapsed
- With 5.6.0-rc3 + this patch, with proactiveness=20
8.35user 194.58system 3:19.62elapsed
Elapsed time remains around 3:15, as proactiveness is further increased.
Note that proactive compaction happens throughout the runtime of these
workloads. The situation of one-time compaction, sufficient to supply
hugepages for following allocation stream, can probably happen for more
extreme proactiveness values, like 80 or 90.
In the above Java workload, proactiveness is set to 20. The test starts
with a node's score of 80 or higher, depending on the delay between the
fragmentation step and starting the benchmark, which gives more-or-less
time for the initial round of compaction. As t he benchmark consumes
hugepages, node's score quickly rises above the high threshold (90) and
proactive compaction starts again, which brings down the score to the low
threshold level (80). Repeat.
bpftrace also confirms proactive compaction running 20+ times during the
runtime of this Java benchmark. kcompactd threads consume 100% of one of
the CPUs while it tries to bring a node's score within thresholds.
Backoff behavior
================
Above workloads produce a memory state which is easy to compact. However,
if memory is filled with unmovable pages, proactive compaction should
essentially back off. To test this aspect:
- Created a kernel driver that allocates almost all memory as hugepages
followed by freeing first 3/4 of each hugepage.
- Set proactiveness=40
- Note that proactive_compact_node() is deferred maximum number of times
with HPAGE_FRAG_CHECK_INTERVAL_MSEC of wait between each check
(=> ~30 seconds between retries).
[1] https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/11098289/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20161230131412.GI13301@dhcp22.suse.cz/
[3] https://lwn.net/Articles/817905/
Signed-off-by: Nitin Gupta <nigupta@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Khalid Aziz <khalid.aziz@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@redhat.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Khalid Aziz <khalid.aziz@oracle.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@nitingupta.dev>
Cc: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@redhat.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200616204527.19185-1-nigupta@nvidia.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Merge more updates from Andrew Morton:
"More mm/ work, plenty more to come
Subsystems affected by this patch series: slub, memcg, gup, kasan,
pagealloc, hugetlb, vmscan, tools, mempolicy, memblock, hugetlbfs,
thp, mmap, kconfig"
* akpm: (131 commits)
arm64: mm: use ARCH_HAS_DEBUG_WX instead of arch defined
x86: mm: use ARCH_HAS_DEBUG_WX instead of arch defined
riscv: support DEBUG_WX
mm: add DEBUG_WX support
drivers/base/memory.c: cache memory blocks in xarray to accelerate lookup
mm/thp: rename pmd_mknotpresent() as pmd_mkinvalid()
powerpc/mm: drop platform defined pmd_mknotpresent()
mm: thp: don't need to drain lru cache when splitting and mlocking THP
hugetlbfs: get unmapped area below TASK_UNMAPPED_BASE for hugetlbfs
sparc32: register memory occupied by kernel as memblock.memory
include/linux/memblock.h: fix minor typo and unclear comment
mm, mempolicy: fix up gup usage in lookup_node
tools/vm/page_owner_sort.c: filter out unneeded line
mm: swap: memcg: fix memcg stats for huge pages
mm: swap: fix vmstats for huge pages
mm: vmscan: limit the range of LRU type balancing
mm: vmscan: reclaim writepage is IO cost
mm: vmscan: determine anon/file pressure balance at the reclaim root
mm: balance LRU lists based on relative thrashing
mm: only count actual rotations as LRU reclaim cost
...
classzone_idx is just different name for high_zoneidx now. So, integrate
them and add some comment to struct alloc_context in order to reduce
future confusion about the meaning of this variable.
The accessor, ac_classzone_idx() is also removed since it isn't needed
after integration.
In addition to integration, this patch also renames high_zoneidx to
highest_zoneidx since it represents more precise meaning.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Ye Xiaolong <xiaolong.ye@intel.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1587095923-7515-3-git-send-email-iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of having all the sysctl handlers deal with user pointers, which
is rather hairy in terms of the BPF interaction, copy the input to and
from userspace in common code. This also means that the strings are
always NUL-terminated by the common code, making the API a little bit
safer.
As most handler just pass through the data to one of the common handlers
a lot of the changes are mechnical.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Andrey Ignatov <rdna@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Mike Kravetz reports that "hugetlb allocations could stall for minutes or
hours when should_compact_retry() would return true more often then it
should. Specifically, this was in the case where compact_result was
COMPACT_DEFERRED and COMPACT_PARTIAL_SKIPPED and no progress was being
made."
The problem is that the compaction_withdrawn() test in
should_compact_retry() includes compaction outcomes that are only possible
on low compaction priority, and results in a retry without increasing the
priority. This may result in furter reclaim, and more incomplete
compaction attempts.
With this patch, compaction priority is raised when possible, or
should_compact_retry() returns false.
The COMPACT_SKIPPED result doesn't really fit together with the other
outcomes in compaction_withdrawn(), as that's a result caused by
insufficient order-0 pages, not due to low compaction priority. With this
patch, it is moved to a new compaction_needs_reclaim() function, and for
that outcome we keep the current logic of retrying if it looks like
reclaim will be able to help.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190806014744.15446-4-mike.kravetz@oracle.com
Reported-by: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Declaration of struct node is required regardless. On UMA systems,
including compaction.h without preceding node.h shouldn't cause a build
error.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190208080437.253322-1-yuzhao@google.com
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction is inherently race-prone as a suitable page freed during
compaction can be allocated by any parallel task. This patch uses a
capture_control structure to isolate a page immediately when it is freed
by a direct compactor in the slow path of the page allocator. The
intent is to avoid redundant scanning.
5.0.0-rc1 5.0.0-rc1
selective-v3r17 capture-v3r19
Amean fault-both-1 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 * 0.00%*
Amean fault-both-3 2582.11 ( 0.00%) 2563.68 ( 0.71%)
Amean fault-both-5 4500.26 ( 0.00%) 4233.52 ( 5.93%)
Amean fault-both-7 5819.53 ( 0.00%) 6333.65 ( -8.83%)
Amean fault-both-12 9321.18 ( 0.00%) 9759.38 ( -4.70%)
Amean fault-both-18 9782.76 ( 0.00%) 10338.76 ( -5.68%)
Amean fault-both-24 15272.81 ( 0.00%) 13379.55 * 12.40%*
Amean fault-both-30 15121.34 ( 0.00%) 16158.25 ( -6.86%)
Amean fault-both-32 18466.67 ( 0.00%) 18971.21 ( -2.73%)
Latency is only moderately affected but the devil is in the details. A
closer examination indicates that base page fault latency is reduced but
latency of huge pages is increased as it takes creater care to succeed.
Part of the "problem" is that allocation success rates are close to 100%
even when under pressure and compaction gets harder
5.0.0-rc1 5.0.0-rc1
selective-v3r17 capture-v3r19
Percentage huge-3 96.70 ( 0.00%) 98.23 ( 1.58%)
Percentage huge-5 96.99 ( 0.00%) 95.30 ( -1.75%)
Percentage huge-7 94.19 ( 0.00%) 97.24 ( 3.24%)
Percentage huge-12 94.95 ( 0.00%) 97.35 ( 2.53%)
Percentage huge-18 96.74 ( 0.00%) 97.30 ( 0.58%)
Percentage huge-24 97.07 ( 0.00%) 97.55 ( 0.50%)
Percentage huge-30 95.69 ( 0.00%) 98.50 ( 2.95%)
Percentage huge-32 96.70 ( 0.00%) 99.27 ( 2.65%)
And scan rates are reduced as expected by 6% for the migration scanner
and 29% for the free scanner indicating that there is less redundant
work.
Compaction migrate scanned 20815362 19573286
Compaction free scanned 16352612 11510663
[mgorman@techsingularity.net: remove redundant check]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190201143853.GH9565@techsingularity.net
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190118175136.31341-23-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: YueHaibing <yuehaibing@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
sysctl_extfrag_handler() neglects to propagate the return value from
proc_dointvec_minmax() to its caller. It's a wrapper that doesn't need
to exist, so just use proc_dointvec_minmax() directly.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190104032557.3056-1-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Reported-by: Aditya Pakki <pakki001@umn.edu>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
The new ultimate compaction priority disables some heuristics, which may
result in excessive cost. This is fine for non-costly orders where we
want to try hard before resulting for OOM, but might be disruptive for
costly orders which do not trigger OOM and should generally have some
fallback. Thus, we disable the full priority for costly orders.
Suggested-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160906135258.18335-4-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction uses a watermark gap of (2UL << order) pages at various
places and it's not immediately obvious why. Abstract it through a
compact_gap() wrapper to create a single place with a thorough
explanation.
[vbabka@suse.cz: clarify the comment of compact_gap()]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/7b6aed1f-fdf8-2063-9ff4-bbe4de712d37@suse.cz
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160810091226.6709-9-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
During reclaim/compaction loop, it's desirable to get a final answer
from unsuccessful compaction so we can either fail the allocation or
invoke the OOM killer. However, heuristics such as deferred compaction
or pageblock skip bits can cause compaction to skip parts or whole zones
and lead to premature OOM's, failures or excessive reclaim/compaction
retries.
To remedy this, we introduce a new direct compaction priority called
COMPACT_PRIO_SYNC_FULL, which instructs direct compaction to:
- ignore deferred compaction status for a zone
- ignore pageblock skip hints
- ignore cached scanner positions and scan the whole zone
The new priority should get eventually picked up by
should_compact_retry() and this should improve success rates for costly
allocations using __GFP_REPEAT, such as hugetlbfs allocations, and
reduce some corner-case OOM's for non-costly allocations.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160810091226.6709-6-vbabka@suse.cz
[vbabka@suse.cz: use the MIN_COMPACT_PRIORITY alias]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/d443b884-87e7-1c93-8684-3a3a35759fb1@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
COMPACT_PARTIAL has historically meant that compaction returned after
doing some work without fully compacting a zone. It however didn't
distinguish if compaction terminated because it succeeded in creating
the requested high-order page. This has changed recently and now we
only return COMPACT_PARTIAL when compaction thinks it succeeded, or the
high-order watermark check in compaction_suitable() passes and no
compaction needs to be done.
So at this point we can make the return value clearer by renaming it to
COMPACT_SUCCESS. The next patch will remove some redundant tests for
success where compaction just returned COMPACT_SUCCESS.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160810091226.6709-4-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since kswapd compaction moved to kcompactd, compact_pgdat() is not
called anymore, so we remove it. The only caller of __compact_pgdat()
is compact_node(), so we merge them and remove code that was only
reachable from kswapd.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160810091226.6709-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Async compaction detects contention either due to failing trylock on
zone->lock or lru_lock, or by need_resched(). Since 1f9efdef4f ("mm,
compaction: khugepaged should not give up due to need_resched()") the
code got quite complicated to distinguish these two up to the
__alloc_pages_slowpath() level, so different decisions could be taken
for khugepaged allocations.
After the recent changes, khugepaged allocations don't check for
contended compaction anymore, so we again don't need to distinguish lock
and sched contention, and simplify the current convoluted code a lot.
However, I believe it's also possible to simplify even more and
completely remove the check for contended compaction after the initial
async compaction for costly orders, which was originally aimed at THP
page fault allocations. There are several reasons why this can be done
now:
- with the new defaults, THP page faults no longer do reclaim/compaction at
all, unless the system admin has overridden the default, or application has
indicated via madvise that it can benefit from THP's. In both cases, it
means that the potential extra latency is expected and worth the benefits.
- even if reclaim/compaction proceeds after this patch where it previously
wouldn't, the second compaction attempt is still async and will detect the
contention and back off, if the contention persists
- there are still heuristics like deferred compaction and pageblock skip bits
in place that prevent excessive THP page fault latencies
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160721073614.24395-9-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In the context of direct compaction, for some types of allocations we
would like the compaction to either succeed or definitely fail while
trying as hard as possible. Current async/sync_light migration mode is
insufficient, as there are heuristics such as caching scanner positions,
marking pageblocks as unsuitable or deferring compaction for a zone. At
least the final compaction attempt should be able to override these
heuristics.
To communicate how hard compaction should try, we replace migration mode
with a new enum compact_priority and change the relevant function
signatures. In compact_zone_order() where struct compact_control is
constructed, the priority is mapped to suitable control flags. This
patch itself has no functional change, as the current priority levels
are mapped back to the same migration modes as before. Expanding them
will be done next.
Note that !CONFIG_COMPACTION variant of try_to_compact_pages() is
removed, as the only caller exists under CONFIG_COMPACTION.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160721073614.24395-8-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Randy reported below build error.
> In file included from ../include/linux/balloon_compaction.h:48:0,
> from ../mm/balloon_compaction.c:11:
> ../include/linux/compaction.h:237:51: warning: 'struct node' declared inside parameter list [enabled by default]
> static inline int compaction_register_node(struct node *node)
> ../include/linux/compaction.h:237:51: warning: its scope is only this definition or declaration, which is probably not what you want [enabled by default]
> ../include/linux/compaction.h:242:54: warning: 'struct node' declared inside parameter list [enabled by default]
> static inline void compaction_unregister_node(struct node *node)
>
It was caused by non-lru page migration which needs compaction.h but
compaction.h doesn't include any header to be standalone.
I think proper header for non-lru page migration is migrate.h rather
than compaction.h because migrate.h has already headers needed to work
non-lru page migration indirectly like isolate_mode_t, migrate_mode
MIGRATEPAGE_SUCCESS.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: revert mm-balloon-use-general-non-lru-movable-page-feature-fix.patch temp fix]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160610003304.GE29779@bbox
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Gioh Kim <gi-oh.kim@profitbricks.com>
Cc: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have allowed migration for only LRU pages until now and it was enough
to make high-order pages. But recently, embedded system(e.g., webOS,
android) uses lots of non-movable pages(e.g., zram, GPU memory) so we
have seen several reports about troubles of small high-order allocation.
For fixing the problem, there were several efforts (e,g,. enhance
compaction algorithm, SLUB fallback to 0-order page, reserved memory,
vmalloc and so on) but if there are lots of non-movable pages in system,
their solutions are void in the long run.
So, this patch is to support facility to change non-movable pages with
movable. For the feature, this patch introduces functions related to
migration to address_space_operations as well as some page flags.
If a driver want to make own pages movable, it should define three
functions which are function pointers of struct
address_space_operations.
1. bool (*isolate_page) (struct page *page, isolate_mode_t mode);
What VM expects on isolate_page function of driver is to return *true*
if driver isolates page successfully. On returing true, VM marks the
page as PG_isolated so concurrent isolation in several CPUs skip the
page for isolation. If a driver cannot isolate the page, it should
return *false*.
Once page is successfully isolated, VM uses page.lru fields so driver
shouldn't expect to preserve values in that fields.
2. int (*migratepage) (struct address_space *mapping,
struct page *newpage, struct page *oldpage, enum migrate_mode);
After isolation, VM calls migratepage of driver with isolated page. The
function of migratepage is to move content of the old page to new page
and set up fields of struct page newpage. Keep in mind that you should
indicate to the VM the oldpage is no longer movable via
__ClearPageMovable() under page_lock if you migrated the oldpage
successfully and returns 0. If driver cannot migrate the page at the
moment, driver can return -EAGAIN. On -EAGAIN, VM will retry page
migration in a short time because VM interprets -EAGAIN as "temporal
migration failure". On returning any error except -EAGAIN, VM will give
up the page migration without retrying in this time.
Driver shouldn't touch page.lru field VM using in the functions.
3. void (*putback_page)(struct page *);
If migration fails on isolated page, VM should return the isolated page
to the driver so VM calls driver's putback_page with migration failed
page. In this function, driver should put the isolated page back to the
own data structure.
4. non-lru movable page flags
There are two page flags for supporting non-lru movable page.
* PG_movable
Driver should use the below function to make page movable under
page_lock.
void __SetPageMovable(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping)
It needs argument of address_space for registering migration family
functions which will be called by VM. Exactly speaking, PG_movable is
not a real flag of struct page. Rather than, VM reuses page->mapping's
lower bits to represent it.
#define PAGE_MAPPING_MOVABLE 0x2
page->mapping = page->mapping | PAGE_MAPPING_MOVABLE;
so driver shouldn't access page->mapping directly. Instead, driver
should use page_mapping which mask off the low two bits of page->mapping
so it can get right struct address_space.
For testing of non-lru movable page, VM supports __PageMovable function.
However, it doesn't guarantee to identify non-lru movable page because
page->mapping field is unified with other variables in struct page. As
well, if driver releases the page after isolation by VM, page->mapping
doesn't have stable value although it has PAGE_MAPPING_MOVABLE (Look at
__ClearPageMovable). But __PageMovable is cheap to catch whether page
is LRU or non-lru movable once the page has been isolated. Because LRU
pages never can have PAGE_MAPPING_MOVABLE in page->mapping. It is also
good for just peeking to test non-lru movable pages before more
expensive checking with lock_page in pfn scanning to select victim.
For guaranteeing non-lru movable page, VM provides PageMovable function.
Unlike __PageMovable, PageMovable functions validates page->mapping and
mapping->a_ops->isolate_page under lock_page. The lock_page prevents
sudden destroying of page->mapping.
Driver using __SetPageMovable should clear the flag via
__ClearMovablePage under page_lock before the releasing the page.
* PG_isolated
To prevent concurrent isolation among several CPUs, VM marks isolated
page as PG_isolated under lock_page. So if a CPU encounters PG_isolated
non-lru movable page, it can skip it. Driver doesn't need to manipulate
the flag because VM will set/clear it automatically. Keep in mind that
if driver sees PG_isolated page, it means the page have been isolated by
VM so it shouldn't touch page.lru field. PG_isolated is alias with
PG_reclaim flag so driver shouldn't use the flag for own purpose.
[opensource.ganesh@gmail.com: mm/compaction: remove local variable is_lru]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160618014841.GA7422@leo-test
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1464736881-24886-3-git-send-email-minchan@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Gioh Kim <gi-oh.kim@profitbricks.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Ganesh Mahendran <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: John Einar Reitan <john.reitan@foss.arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
"mm: consider compaction feedback also for costly allocation" has
removed the upper bound for the reclaim/compaction retries based on the
number of reclaimed pages for costly orders. While this is desirable
the patch did miss a mis interaction between reclaim, compaction and the
retry logic. The direct reclaim tries to get zones over min watermark
while compaction backs off and returns COMPACT_SKIPPED when all zones
are below low watermark + 1<<order gap. If we are getting really close
to OOM then __compaction_suitable can keep returning COMPACT_SKIPPED a
high order request (e.g. hugetlb order-9) while the reclaim is not able
to release enough pages to get us over low watermark. The reclaim is
still able to make some progress (usually trashing over few remaining
pages) so we are not able to break out from the loop.
I have seen this happening with the same test described in "mm: consider
compaction feedback also for costly allocation" on a swapless system.
The original problem got resolved by "vmscan: consider classzone_idx in
compaction_ready" but it shows how things might go wrong when we
approach the oom event horizont.
The reason why compaction requires being over low rather than min
watermark is not clear to me. This check was there essentially since
56de7263fc ("mm: compaction: direct compact when a high-order
allocation fails"). It is clearly an implementation detail though and
we shouldn't pull it into the generic retry logic while we should be
able to cope with such eventuality. The only place in
should_compact_retry where we retry without any upper bound is for
compaction_withdrawn() case.
Introduce compaction_zonelist_suitable function which checks the given
zonelist and returns true only if there is at least one zone which would
would unblock __compaction_suitable if more memory got reclaimed. In
this implementation it checks __compaction_suitable with NR_FREE_PAGES
plus part of the reclaimable memory as the target for the watermark
check. The reclaimable memory is reduced linearly by the allocation
order. The idea is that we do not want to reclaim all the remaining
memory for a single allocation request just unblock
__compaction_suitable which doesn't guarantee we will make a further
progress.
The new helper is then used if compaction_withdrawn() feedback was
provided so we do not retry if there is no outlook for a further
progress. !costly requests shouldn't be affected much - e.g. order-2
pages would require to have at least 64kB on the reclaimable LRUs while
order-9 would need at least 32M which should be enough to not lock up.
[vbabka@suse.cz: fix classzone_idx vs. high_zoneidx usage in compaction_zonelist_suitable]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix it for Mel's mm-page_alloc-remove-field-from-alloc_context.patch]
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction can provide a wild variation of feedback to the caller. Many
of them are implementation specific and the caller of the compaction
(especially the page allocator) shouldn't be bound to specifics of the
current implementation.
This patch abstracts the feedback into three basic types:
- compaction_made_progress - compaction was active and made some
progress.
- compaction_failed - compaction failed and further attempts to
invoke it would most probably fail and therefore it is not
worth retrying
- compaction_withdrawn - compaction wasn't invoked for an
implementation specific reasons. In the current implementation
it means that the compaction was deferred, contended or the
page scanners met too early without any progress. Retrying is
still worthwhile.
[vbabka@suse.cz: do not change thp back off behavior]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix typo in comment, per Hillf]
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
compaction_result will be used as the primary feedback channel for
compaction users. At the same time try_to_compact_pages (and
potentially others) assume a certain ordering where a more specific
feedback takes precendence.
This gets a bit awkward when we have conflicting feedback from different
zones. E.g one returing COMPACT_COMPLETE meaning the full zone has been
scanned without any outcome while other returns with COMPACT_PARTIAL aka
made some progress. The caller should get COMPACT_PARTIAL because that
means that the compaction still can make some progress. The same
applies for COMPACT_PARTIAL vs COMPACT_PARTIAL_SKIPPED.
Reorder PARTIAL to be the largest one so the larger the value is the
more progress we have done.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
COMPACT_COMPLETE now means that compaction and free scanner met. This
is not very useful information if somebody just wants to use this
feedback and make any decisions based on that. The current caller might
be a poor guy who just happened to scan tiny portion of the zone and
that could be the reason no suitable pages were compacted. Make sure we
distinguish the full and partial zone walks.
Consumers should treat COMPACT_PARTIAL_SKIPPED as a potential success
and be optimistic in retrying.
The existing users of COMPACT_COMPLETE are conservatively changed to use
COMPACT_PARTIAL_SKIPPED as well but some of them should be probably
reconsidered and only defer the compaction only for COMPACT_COMPLETE
with the new semantic.
This patch shouldn't introduce any functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
try_to_compact_pages() can currently return COMPACT_SKIPPED even when
the compaction is defered for some zone just because zone DMA is skipped
in 99% of cases due to watermark checks. This makes COMPACT_DEFERRED
basically unusable for the page allocator as a feedback mechanism.
Make sure we distinguish those two states properly and switch their
ordering in the enum. This would mean that the COMPACT_SKIPPED will be
returned only when all eligible zones are skipped.
As a result COMPACT_DEFERRED handling for THP in __alloc_pages_slowpath
will be more precise and we would bail out rather than reclaim.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction code is doing weird dances between COMPACT_FOO -> int ->
unsigned long
But there doesn't seem to be any reason for that. All functions which
return/use one of those constants are not expecting any other value so it
really makes sense to define an enum for them and make it clear that no
other values are expected.
This is a pure cleanup and shouldn't introduce any functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
alloc_flags is a bitmask of flags but it is signed which does not
necessarily generate the best code depending on the compiler. Even
without an impact, it makes more sense that this be unsigned.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Memory compaction can be currently performed in several contexts:
- kswapd balancing a zone after a high-order allocation failure
- direct compaction to satisfy a high-order allocation, including THP
page fault attemps
- khugepaged trying to collapse a hugepage
- manually from /proc
The purpose of compaction is two-fold. The obvious purpose is to
satisfy a (pending or future) high-order allocation, and is easy to
evaluate. The other purpose is to keep overal memory fragmentation low
and help the anti-fragmentation mechanism. The success wrt the latter
purpose is more
The current situation wrt the purposes has a few drawbacks:
- compaction is invoked only when a high-order page or hugepage is not
available (or manually). This might be too late for the purposes of
keeping memory fragmentation low.
- direct compaction increases latency of allocations. Again, it would
be better if compaction was performed asynchronously to keep
fragmentation low, before the allocation itself comes.
- (a special case of the previous) the cost of compaction during THP
page faults can easily offset the benefits of THP.
- kswapd compaction appears to be complex, fragile and not working in
some scenarios. It could also end up compacting for a high-order
allocation request when it should be reclaiming memory for a later
order-0 request.
To improve the situation, we should be able to benefit from an
equivalent of kswapd, but for compaction - i.e. a background thread
which responds to fragmentation and the need for high-order allocations
(including hugepages) somewhat proactively.
One possibility is to extend the responsibilities of kswapd, which could
however complicate its design too much. It should be better to let
kswapd handle reclaim, as order-0 allocations are often more critical
than high-order ones.
Another possibility is to extend khugepaged, but this kthread is a
single instance and tied to THP configs.
This patch goes with the option of a new set of per-node kthreads called
kcompactd, and lays the foundations, without introducing any new
tunables. The lifecycle mimics kswapd kthreads, including the memory
hotplug hooks.
For compaction, kcompactd uses the standard compaction_suitable() and
ompact_finished() criteria and the deferred compaction functionality.
Unlike direct compaction, it uses only sync compaction, as there's no
allocation latency to minimize.
This patch doesn't yet add a call to wakeup_kcompactd. The kswapd
compact/reclaim loop for high-order pages will be replaced by waking up
kcompactd in the next patch with the description of what's wrong with
the old approach.
Waking up of the kcompactd threads is also tied to kswapd activity and
follows these rules:
- we don't want to affect any fastpaths, so wake up kcompactd only from
the slowpath, as it's done for kswapd
- if kswapd is doing reclaim, it's more important than compaction, so
don't invoke kcompactd until kswapd goes to sleep
- the target order used for kswapd is passed to kcompactd
Future possible future uses for kcompactd include the ability to wake up
kcompactd on demand in special situations, such as when hugepages are
not available (currently not done due to __GFP_NO_KSWAPD) or when a
fragmentation event (i.e. __rmqueue_fallback()) occurs. It's also
possible to perform periodic compaction with kcompactd.
[arnd@arndb.de: fix build errors with kcompactd]
[paul.gortmaker@windriver.com: don't use modular references for non modular code]
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction returns prematurely with COMPACT_PARTIAL when contended or has
fatal signal pending. This is ok for the callers, but might be misleading
in the traces, as the usual reason to return COMPACT_PARTIAL is that we
think the allocation should succeed. After this patch we distinguish the
premature ending condition in the mm_compaction_finished and
mm_compaction_end tracepoints.
The contended status covers the following reasons:
- lock contention or need_resched() detected in async compaction
- fatal signal pending
- too many pages isolated in the zone (only for async compaction)
Further distinguishing the exact reason seems unnecessary for now.
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some compaction tracepoints convert the integer return values to strings
using the compaction_status_string array. This works for in-kernel
printing, but not userspace trace printing of raw captured trace such as
via trace-cmd report.
This patch converts the private array to appropriate tracepoint macros
that result in proper userspace support.
trace-cmd output before:
transhuge-stres-4235 [000] 453.149280: mm_compaction_finished: node=0
zone=ffffffff81815d7a order=9 ret=
after:
transhuge-stres-4235 [000] 453.149280: mm_compaction_finished: node=0
zone=ffffffff81815d7a order=9 ret=partial
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, pages which are marked as unevictable are protected from
compaction, but not from other types of migration. The POSIX real time
extension explicitly states that mlock() will prevent a major page
fault, but the spirit of this is that mlock() should give a process the
ability to control sources of latency, including minor page faults.
However, the mlock manpage only explicitly says that a locked page will
not be written to swap and this can cause some confusion. The
compaction code today does not give a developer who wants to avoid swap
but wants to have large contiguous areas available any method to achieve
this state. This patch introduces a sysctl for controlling compaction
behavior with respect to the unevictable lru. Users who demand no page
faults after a page is present can set compact_unevictable_allowed to 0
and users who need the large contiguous areas can enable compaction on
locked memory by leaving the default value of 1.
To illustrate this problem I wrote a quick test program that mmaps a
large number of 1MB files filled with random data. These maps are
created locked and read only. Then every other mmap is unmapped and I
attempt to allocate huge pages to the static huge page pool. When the
compact_unevictable_allowed sysctl is 0, I cannot allocate hugepages
after fragmenting memory. When the value is set to 1, allocations
succeed.
Signed-off-by: Eric B Munson <emunson@akamai.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction deferring logic is heavy hammer that block the way to the
compaction. It doesn't consider overall system state, so it could prevent
user from doing compaction falsely. In other words, even if system has
enough range of memory to compact, compaction would be skipped due to
compaction deferring logic. This patch add new tracepoint to understand
work of deferring logic. This will also help to check compaction success
and fail.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It is not well analyzed that when/why compaction start/finish or not.
With these new tracepoints, we can know much more about start/finish
reason of compaction. I can find following bug with these tracepoint.
http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-mm/msg81582.html
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We now have tracepoint for begin event of compaction and it prints start
position of both scanners, but, tracepoint for end event of compaction
doesn't print finish position of both scanners. It'd be also useful to
know finish position of both scanners so this patch add it. It will help
to find odd behavior or problem on compaction internal logic.
And mode is added to both begin/end tracepoint output, since according to
mode, compaction behavior is quite different.
And lastly, status format is changed to string rather than status number
for readability.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix sparse warning]
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Expand the usage of the struct alloc_context introduced in the previous
patch also for calling try_to_compact_pages(), to reduce the number of its
parameters. Since the function is in different compilation unit, we need
to move alloc_context definition in the shared mm/internal.h header.
With this change we get simpler code and small savings of code size and stack
usage:
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/1 up/down: 0/-27 (-27)
function old new delta
__alloc_pages_direct_compact 283 256 -27
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/1 up/down: 0/-13 (-13)
function old new delta
try_to_compact_pages 582 569 -13
Stack usage of __alloc_pages_direct_compact goes from 24 to none (per
scripts/checkstack.pl).
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since commit 53853e2d2b ("mm, compaction: defer each zone individually
instead of preferred zone"), compaction is deferred for each zone where
sync direct compaction fails, and reset where it succeeds. However, it
was observed that for DMA zone compaction often appeared to succeed
while subsequent allocation attempt would not, due to different outcome
of watermark check.
In order to properly defer compaction in this zone, the candidate zone
has to be passed back to __alloc_pages_direct_compact() and compaction
deferred in the zone after the allocation attempt fails.
The large source of mismatch between watermark check in compaction and
allocation was the lack of alloc_flags and classzone_idx values in
compaction, which has been fixed in the previous patch. So with this
problem fixed, we can simplify the code by removing the candidate_zone
parameter and deferring in __alloc_pages_direct_compact().
After this patch, the compaction activity during stress-highalloc
benchmark is still somewhat increased, but it's negligible compared to the
increase that occurred without the better watermark checking. This
suggests that it is still possible to apparently succeed in compaction but
fail to allocate, possibly due to parallel allocation activity.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Suggested-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction relies on zone watermark checks for decisions such as if it's
worth to start compacting in compaction_suitable() or whether compaction
should stop in compact_finished(). The watermark checks take
classzone_idx and alloc_flags parameters, which are related to the memory
allocation request. But from the context of compaction they are currently
passed as 0, including the direct compaction which is invoked to satisfy
the allocation request, and could therefore know the proper values.
The lack of proper values can lead to mismatch between decisions taken
during compaction and decisions related to the allocation request. Lack
of proper classzone_idx value means that lowmem_reserve is not taken into
account. This has manifested (during recent changes to deferred
compaction) when DMA zone was used as fallback for preferred Normal zone.
compaction_suitable() without proper classzone_idx would think that the
watermarks are already satisfied, but watermark check in
get_page_from_freelist() would fail. Because of this problem, deferring
compaction has extra complexity that can be removed in the following
patch.
The issue (not confirmed in practice) with missing alloc_flags is opposite
in nature. For allocations that include ALLOC_HIGH, ALLOC_HIGHER or
ALLOC_CMA in alloc_flags (the last includes all MOVABLE allocations on
CMA-enabled systems) the watermark checking in compaction with 0 passed
will be stricter than in get_page_from_freelist(). In these cases
compaction might be running for a longer time than is really needed.
Another issue compaction_suitable() is that the check for "does the zone
need compaction at all?" comes only after the check "does the zone have
enough free free pages to succeed compaction". The latter considers extra
pages for migration and can therefore in some situations fail and return
COMPACT_SKIPPED, although the high-order allocation would succeed and we
should return COMPACT_PARTIAL.
This patch fixes these problems by adding alloc_flags and classzone_idx to
struct compact_control and related functions involved in direct compaction
and watermark checking. Where possible, all other callers of
compaction_suitable() pass proper values where those are known. This is
currently limited to classzone_idx, which is sometimes known in kswapd
context. However, the direct reclaim callers should_continue_reclaim()
and compaction_ready() do not currently know the proper values, so the
coordination between reclaim and compaction may still not be as accurate
as it could. This can be fixed later, if it's shown to be an issue.
Additionaly the checks in compact_suitable() are reordered to address the
second issue described above.
The effect of this patch should be slightly better high-order allocation
success rates and/or less compaction overhead, depending on the type of
allocations and presence of CMA. It allows simplifying deferred
compaction code in a followup patch.
When testing with stress-highalloc, there was some slight improvement
(which might be just due to variance) in success rates of non-THP-like
allocations.
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Async compaction aborts when it detects zone lock contention or
need_resched() is true. David Rientjes has reported that in practice,
most direct async compactions for THP allocation abort due to
need_resched(). This means that a second direct compaction is never
attempted, which might be OK for a page fault, but khugepaged is intended
to attempt a sync compaction in such case and in these cases it won't.
This patch replaces "bool contended" in compact_control with an int that
distinguishes between aborting due to need_resched() and aborting due to
lock contention. This allows propagating the abort through all compaction
functions as before, but passing the abort reason up to
__alloc_pages_slowpath() which decides when to continue with direct
reclaim and another compaction attempt.
Another problem is that try_to_compact_pages() did not act upon the
reported contention (both need_resched() or lock contention) immediately
and would proceed with another zone from the zonelist. When
need_resched() is true, that means initializing another zone compaction,
only to check again need_resched() in isolate_migratepages() and aborting.
For zone lock contention, the unintended consequence is that the lock
contended status reported back to the allocator is detrmined from the last
zone where compaction was attempted, which is rather arbitrary.
This patch fixes the problem in the following way:
- async compaction of a zone aborting due to need_resched() or fatal signal
pending means that further zones should not be tried. We report
COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED to the allocator.
- aborting zone compaction due to lock contention means we can still try
another zone, since it has different set of locks. We report back
COMPACT_CONTENDED_LOCK only if *all* zones where compaction was attempted,
it was aborted due to lock contention.
As a result of these fixes, khugepaged will proceed with second sync
compaction as intended, when the preceding async compaction aborted due to
need_resched(). Page fault compactions aborting due to need_resched()
will spare some cycles previously wasted by initializing another zone
compaction only to abort again. Lock contention will be reported only
when compaction in all zones aborted due to lock contention, and therefore
it's not a good idea to try again after reclaim.
In stress-highalloc from mmtests configured to use __GFP_NO_KSWAPD, this
has improved number of THP collapse allocations by 10%, which shows
positive effect on khugepaged. The benchmark's success rates are
unchanged as it is not recognized as khugepaged. Numbers of compact_stall
and compact_fail events have however decreased by 20%, with
compact_success still a bit improved, which is good. With benchmark
configured not to use __GFP_NO_KSWAPD, there is 6% improvement in THP
collapse allocations, and only slight improvement in stalls and failures.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warnings]
Reported-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When direct sync compaction is often unsuccessful, it may become deferred
for some time to avoid further useless attempts, both sync and async.
Successful high-order allocations un-defer compaction, while further
unsuccessful compaction attempts prolong the compaction deferred period.
Currently the checking and setting deferred status is performed only on
the preferred zone of the allocation that invoked direct compaction. But
compaction itself is attempted on all eligible zones in the zonelist, so
the behavior is suboptimal and may lead both to scenarios where 1)
compaction is attempted uselessly, or 2) where it's not attempted despite
good chances of succeeding, as shown on the examples below:
1) A direct compaction with Normal preferred zone failed and set
deferred compaction for the Normal zone. Another unrelated direct
compaction with DMA32 as preferred zone will attempt to compact DMA32
zone even though the first compaction attempt also included DMA32 zone.
In another scenario, compaction with Normal preferred zone failed to
compact Normal zone, but succeeded in the DMA32 zone, so it will not
defer compaction. In the next attempt, it will try Normal zone which
will fail again, instead of skipping Normal zone and trying DMA32
directly.
2) Kswapd will balance DMA32 zone and reset defer status based on
watermarks looking good. A direct compaction with preferred Normal
zone will skip compaction of all zones including DMA32 because Normal
was still deferred. The allocation might have succeeded in DMA32, but
won't.
This patch makes compaction deferring work on individual zone basis
instead of preferred zone. For each zone, it checks compaction_deferred()
to decide if the zone should be skipped. If watermarks fail after
compacting the zone, defer_compaction() is called. The zone where
watermarks passed can still be deferred when the allocation attempt is
unsuccessful. When allocation is successful, compaction_defer_reset() is
called for the zone containing the allocated page. This approach should
approximate calling defer_compaction() only on zones where compaction was
attempted and did not yield allocated page. There might be corner cases
but that is inevitable as long as the decision to stop compacting dues not
guarantee that a page will be allocated.
Due to a new COMPACT_DEFERRED return value, some functions relying
implicitly on COMPACT_SKIPPED = 0 had to be updated, with comments made
more accurate. The did_some_progress output parameter of
__alloc_pages_direct_compact() is removed completely, as the caller
actually does not use it after compaction sets it - it is only considered
when direct reclaim sets it.
During testing on a two-node machine with a single very small Normal zone
on node 1, this patch has improved success rates in stress-highalloc
mmtests benchmark. The success here were previously made worse by commit
3a025760fc ("mm: page_alloc: spill to remote nodes before waking
kswapd") as kswapd was no longer resetting often enough the deferred
compaction for the Normal zone, and DMA32 zones on both nodes were thus
not considered for compaction. On different machine, success rates were
improved with __GFP_NO_KSWAPD allocations.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_COMPACTION=n build]
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We're going to want to manipulate the migration mode for compaction in the
page allocator, and currently compact_control's sync field is only a bool.
Currently, we only do MIGRATE_ASYNC or MIGRATE_SYNC_LIGHT compaction
depending on the value of this bool. Convert the bool to enum
migrate_mode and pass the migration mode in directly. Later, we'll want
to avoid MIGRATE_SYNC_LIGHT for thp allocations in the pagefault patch to
avoid unnecessary latency.
This also alters compaction triggered from sysfs, either for the entire
system or for a node, to force MIGRATE_SYNC.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com: use MIGRATE_SYNC in alloc_contig_range()]
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Suggested-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently there are several functions to manipulate the deferred
compaction state variables. The remaining case where the variables are
touched directly is when a successful allocation occurs in direct
compaction, or is expected to be successful in the future by kswapd.
Here, the lowest order that is expected to fail is updated, and in the
case of successful allocation, the deferred status and counter is reset
completely.
Create a new function compaction_defer_reset() to encapsulate this
functionality and make it easier to understand the code. No functional
change.
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Eric Wong reported on 3.7 and 3.8-rc2 that ppoll() got stuck when
waiting for POLLIN on a local TCP socket. It was easier to trigger if
there was disk IO and dirty pages at the same time and he bisected it to
commit 1fb3f8ca0e ("mm: compaction: capture a suitable high-order page
immediately when it is made available").
The intention of that patch was to improve high-order allocations under
memory pressure after changes made to reclaim in 3.6 drastically hurt
THP allocations but the approach was flawed. For Eric, the problem was
that page->pfmemalloc was not being cleared for captured pages leading
to a poor interaction with swap-over-NFS support causing the packets to
be dropped. However, I identified a few more problems with the patch
including the fact that it can increase contention on zone->lock in some
cases which could result in async direct compaction being aborted early.
In retrospect the capture patch took the wrong approach. What it should
have done is mark the pageblock being migrated as MIGRATE_ISOLATE if it
was allocating for THP and avoided races that way. While the patch was
showing to improve allocation success rates at the time, the benefit is
marginal given the relative complexity and it should be revisited from
scratch in the context of the other reclaim-related changes that have
taken place since the patch was first written and tested. This patch
partially reverts commit 1fb3f8ca "mm: compaction: capture a suitable
high-order page immediately when it is made available".
Reported-and-tested-by: Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>
Tested-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction caches if a pageblock was scanned and no pages were isolated so
that the pageblocks can be skipped in the future to reduce scanning. This
information is not cleared by the page allocator based on activity due to
the impact it would have to the page allocator fast paths. Hence there is
a requirement that something clear the cache or pageblocks will be skipped
forever. Currently the cache is cleared if there were a number of recent
allocation failures and it has not been cleared within the last 5 seconds.
Time-based decisions like this are terrible as they have no relationship
to VM activity and is basically a big hammer.
Unfortunately, accurate heuristics would add cost to some hot paths so
this patch implements a rough heuristic. There are two cases where the
cache is cleared.
1. If a !kswapd process completes a compaction cycle (migrate and free
scanner meet), the zone is marked compact_blockskip_flush. When kswapd
goes to sleep, it will clear the cache. This is expected to be the
common case where the cache is cleared. It does not really matter if
kswapd happens to be asleep or going to sleep when the flag is set as
it will be woken on the next allocation request.
2. If there have been multiple failures recently and compaction just
finished being deferred then a process will clear the cache and start a
full scan. This situation happens if there are multiple high-order
allocation requests under heavy memory pressure.
The clearing of the PG_migrate_skip bits and other scans is inherently
racy but the race is harmless. For allocations that can fail such as THP,
they will simply fail. For requests that cannot fail, they will retry the
allocation. Tests indicated that scanning rates were roughly similar to
when the time-based heuristic was used and the allocation success rates
were similar.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Cc: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While compaction is migrating pages to free up large contiguous blocks
for allocation it races with other allocation requests that may steal
these blocks or break them up. This patch alters direct compaction to
capture a suitable free page as soon as it becomes available to reduce
this race. It uses similar logic to split_free_page() to ensure that
watermarks are still obeyed.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jim Schutt reported a problem that pointed at compaction contending
heavily on locks. The workload is straight-forward and in his own words;
The systems in question have 24 SAS drives spread across 3 HBAs,
running 24 Ceph OSD instances, one per drive. FWIW these servers
are dual-socket Intel 5675 Xeons w/48 GB memory. I've got ~160
Ceph Linux clients doing dd simultaneously to a Ceph file system
backed by 12 of these servers.
Early in the test everything looks fine
procs -------------------memory------------------ ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
31 15 0 287216 576 38606628 0 0 2 1158 2 14 1 3 95 0 0
27 15 0 225288 576 38583384 0 0 18 2222016 203357 134876 11 56 17 15 0
28 17 0 219256 576 38544736 0 0 11 2305932 203141 146296 11 49 23 17 0
6 18 0 215596 576 38552872 0 0 7 2363207 215264 166502 12 45 22 20 0
22 18 0 226984 576 38596404 0 0 3 2445741 223114 179527 12 43 23 22 0
and then it goes to pot
procs -------------------memory------------------ ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
163 8 0 464308 576 36791368 0 0 11 22210 866 536 3 13 79 4 0
207 14 0 917752 576 36181928 0 0 712 1345376 134598 47367 7 90 1 2 0
123 12 0 685516 576 36296148 0 0 429 1386615 158494 60077 8 84 5 3 0
123 12 0 598572 576 36333728 0 0 1107 1233281 147542 62351 7 84 5 4 0
622 7 0 660768 576 36118264 0 0 557 1345548 151394 59353 7 85 4 3 0
223 11 0 283960 576 36463868 0 0 46 1107160 121846 33006 6 93 1 1 0
Note that system CPU usage is very high blocks being written out has
dropped by 42%. He analysed this with perf and found
perf record -g -a sleep 10
perf report --sort symbol --call-graph fractal,5
34.63% [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
|
|--97.30%-- isolate_freepages
| compaction_alloc
| unmap_and_move
| migrate_pages
| compact_zone
| compact_zone_order
| try_to_compact_pages
| __alloc_pages_direct_compact
| __alloc_pages_slowpath
| __alloc_pages_nodemask
| alloc_pages_vma
| do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page
| handle_mm_fault
| do_page_fault
| page_fault
| |
| |--87.39%-- skb_copy_datagram_iovec
| | tcp_recvmsg
| | inet_recvmsg
| | sock_recvmsg
| | sys_recvfrom
| | system_call
| | __recv
| | |
| | --100.00%-- (nil)
| |
| --12.61%-- memcpy
--2.70%-- [...]
There was other data but primarily it is all showing that compaction is
contended heavily on the zone->lock and zone->lru_lock.
commit [b2eef8c0: mm: compaction: minimise the time IRQs are disabled
while isolating pages for migration] noted that it was possible for
migration to hold the lru_lock for an excessive amount of time. Very
broadly speaking this patch expands the concept.
This patch introduces compact_checklock_irqsave() to check if a lock
is contended or the process needs to be scheduled. If either condition
is true then async compaction is aborted and the caller is informed.
The page allocator will fail a THP allocation if compaction failed due
to contention. This patch also introduces compact_trylock_irqsave()
which will acquire the lock only if it is not contended and the process
does not need to schedule.
Reported-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Tested-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Charan Teja Reddy
Zhen Lei
Pintu Kumar
Hui Su
Mateusz Nosek
Nitin Gupta
Linus Torvalds
Joonsoo Kim
Christoph Hellwig
Vlastimil Babka
Yu Zhao
Mel Gorman
Matthew Wilcox
Greg Kroah-Hartman
Minchan Kim
Michal Hocko
Eric B Munson
David Rientjes
Andrew Morton
Mel Gorman