The 'if (dev)' statement already move into dev_{put , hold}, so remove
redundant if statements.
Signed-off-by: Yajun Deng <yajun.deng@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
phonet has a single private ioctl that is broken in compat
mode on big-endian machines today because the data returned
from it is never copied back to user space.
Move it over to the ndo_siocdevprivate callback, which also
fixes the compat issue.
Cc: Remi Denis-Courmont <courmisch@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <courmisch@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Passing NULL to phonet_pernet causes a crash via BUG_ON.
Dereferencing net in net_generic() also has the same effect.
This patch removes the redundant BUG_ON check on the same parameter.
Signed-off-by: Xu Wang <vulab@iscas.ac.cn>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Based on 1 normalized pattern(s):
this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
it under the terms of the gnu general public license version 2 as
published by the free software foundation this program is
distributed in the hope that it will be useful but without any
warranty without even the implied warranty of merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose see the gnu general public license
for more details you should have received a copy of the gnu general
public license along with this program if not write to the free
software foundation inc 51 franklin st fifth floor boston ma 02110
1301 usa
extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier
GPL-2.0-only
has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 246 file(s).
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Alexios Zavras <alexios.zavras@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net>
Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190530000436.674189849@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Variants of proc_create{,_data} that directly take a struct seq_operations
and deal with network namespaces in ->open and ->release. All callers of
proc_create + seq_open_net converted over, and seq_{open,release}_net are
removed entirely.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Be sure that pndevs.list initialized in net_init hook was return
to initial state.
Signed-off-by: Vasily Averin <vvs@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Make struct pernet_operations::id unsigned.
There are 2 reasons to do so:
1)
This field is really an index into an zero based array and
thus is unsigned entity. Using negative value is out-of-bound
access by definition.
2)
On x86_64 unsigned 32-bit data which are mixed with pointers
via array indexing or offsets added or subtracted to pointers
are preffered to signed 32-bit data.
"int" being used as an array index needs to be sign-extended
to 64-bit before being used.
void f(long *p, int i)
{
g(p[i]);
}
roughly translates to
movsx rsi, esi
mov rdi, [rsi+...]
call g
MOVSX is 3 byte instruction which isn't necessary if the variable is
unsigned because x86_64 is zero extending by default.
Now, there is net_generic() function which, you guessed it right, uses
"int" as an array index:
static inline void *net_generic(const struct net *net, int id)
{
...
ptr = ng->ptr[id - 1];
...
}
And this function is used a lot, so those sign extensions add up.
Patch snipes ~1730 bytes on allyesconfig kernel (without all junk
messing with code generation):
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 70/598 up/down: 396/-2126 (-1730)
Unfortunately some functions actually grow bigger.
This is a semmingly random artefact of code generation with register
allocator being used differently. gcc decides that some variable
needs to live in new r8+ registers and every access now requires REX
prefix. Or it is shifted into r12, so [r12+0] addressing mode has to be
used which is longer than [r8]
However, overall balance is in negative direction:
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 70/598 up/down: 396/-2126 (-1730)
function old new delta
nfsd4_lock 3886 3959 +73
tipc_link_build_proto_msg 1096 1140 +44
mac80211_hwsim_new_radio 2776 2808 +32
tipc_mon_rcv 1032 1058 +26
svcauth_gss_legacy_init 1413 1429 +16
tipc_bcbase_select_primary 379 392 +13
nfsd4_exchange_id 1247 1260 +13
nfsd4_setclientid_confirm 782 793 +11
...
put_client_renew_locked 494 480 -14
ip_set_sockfn_get 730 716 -14
geneve_sock_add 829 813 -16
nfsd4_sequence_done 721 703 -18
nlmclnt_lookup_host 708 686 -22
nfsd4_lockt 1085 1063 -22
nfs_get_client 1077 1050 -27
tcf_bpf_init 1106 1076 -30
nfsd4_encode_fattr 5997 5930 -67
Total: Before=154856051, After=154854321, chg -0.00%
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
So far, only net_device * could be passed along with netdevice notifier
event. This patch provides a possibility to pass custom structure
able to provide info that event listener needs to know.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Pirko <jiri@resnulli.us>
v2->v3: fix typo on simeth
shortened dev_getter
shortened notifier_info struct name
v1->v2: fix notifier_call parameter in call_netdevice_notifier()
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
proc_net_remove is only used to remove proc entries
that under /proc/net,it's not a general function for
removing proc entries of netns. if we want to remove
some proc entries which under /proc/net/stat/, we still
need to call remove_proc_entry.
this patch use remove_proc_entry to replace proc_net_remove.
we can remove proc_net_remove after this patch.
Signed-off-by: Gao feng <gaofeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Right now, some modules such as bonding use proc_create
to create proc entries under /proc/net/, and other modules
such as ipv4 use proc_net_fops_create.
It looks a little chaos.this patch changes all of
proc_net_fops_create to proc_create. we can remove
proc_net_fops_create after this patch.
Signed-off-by: Gao feng <gaofeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Use of "unsigned int" is preferred to bare "unsigned" in net tree.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Recently an oops was reported in phonet if there was a failure during
network namespace creation.
[ 163.733755] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 163.734501] kernel BUG at include/net/netns/generic.h:45!
[ 163.734501] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
[ 163.734501] CPU 2
[ 163.734501] Pid: 19145, comm: trinity Tainted: G W 3.4.0-rc1-next-20120405-sasha-dirty #57
[ 163.734501] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff824d6062>] [<ffffffff824d6062>] phonet_pernet+0x182/0x1a0
[ 163.734501] RSP: 0018:ffff8800674d5ca8 EFLAGS: 00010246
[ 163.734501] RAX: 000000003fffffff RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffff8800678c88d8
[ 163.734501] RDX: 00000000003f4000 RSI: ffff8800678c8910 RDI: 0000000000000282
[ 163.734501] RBP: ffff8800674d5cc8 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
[ 163.734501] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff880068bec920
[ 163.734501] R13: ffffffff836b90c0 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
[ 163.734501] FS: 00007f055e8de700(0000) GS:ffff88007d000000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 163.734501] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
[ 163.734501] CR2: 00007f055e6bb518 CR3: 0000000070c16000 CR4: 00000000000406e0
[ 163.734501] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
[ 163.734501] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
[ 163.734501] Process trinity (pid: 19145, threadinfo ffff8800674d4000, task ffff8800678c8000)
[ 163.734501] Stack:
[ 163.734501] ffffffff824d5f00 ffffffff810e2ec1 ffff880067ae0000 00000000ffffffd4
[ 163.734501] ffff8800674d5cf8 ffffffff824d667a ffff880067ae0000 00000000ffffffd4
[ 163.734501] ffffffff836b90c0 0000000000000000 ffff8800674d5d18 ffffffff824d707d
[ 163.734501] Call Trace:
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff824d5f00>] ? phonet_pernet+0x20/0x1a0
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff810e2ec1>] ? get_parent_ip+0x11/0x50
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff824d667a>] phonet_device_destroy+0x1a/0x100
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff824d707d>] phonet_device_notify+0x3d/0x50
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff810dd96e>] notifier_call_chain+0xee/0x130
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff810dd9d1>] raw_notifier_call_chain+0x11/0x20
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff821cce12>] call_netdevice_notifiers+0x52/0x60
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff821cd235>] rollback_registered_many+0x185/0x270
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff821cd334>] unregister_netdevice_many+0x14/0x60
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff823123e3>] ipip_exit_net+0x1b3/0x1d0
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff82312230>] ? ipip_rcv+0x420/0x420
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff821c8515>] ops_exit_list+0x35/0x70
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff821c911b>] setup_net+0xab/0xe0
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff821c9416>] copy_net_ns+0x76/0x100
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff810dc92b>] create_new_namespaces+0xfb/0x190
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff810dca21>] unshare_nsproxy_namespaces+0x61/0x80
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff810afd1f>] sys_unshare+0xff/0x290
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff8187622e>] ? trace_hardirqs_on_thunk+0x3a/0x3f
[ 163.734501] [<ffffffff82665539>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
[ 163.734501] Code: e0 c3 fe 66 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 c7 c2 40 60 4d 82 be 01 00 00 00 48 c7 c7 80 d1 23 83 e8 48 2a c4 fe e8 73 06 c8 fe 48 85 db 75 0e <0f> 0b 0f 1f 40 00 eb fe 66 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 83 c4 10 48 89 d8
[ 163.734501] RIP [<ffffffff824d6062>] phonet_pernet+0x182/0x1a0
[ 163.734501] RSP <ffff8800674d5ca8>
[ 163.861289] ---[ end trace fb5615826c548066 ]---
After investigation it turns out there were two issues.
1) Phonet was not implementing network devices but was using register_pernet_device
instead of register_pernet_subsys.
This was allowing there to be cases when phonenet was not initialized and
the phonet net_generic was not set for a network namespace when network
device events were being reported on the netdevice_notifier for a network
namespace leading to the oops above.
2) phonet_exit_net was implementing a confusing and special case of handling all
network devices from going away that it was hard to see was correct, and would
only occur when the phonet module was removed.
Now that unregister_netdevice_notifier has been modified to synthesize unregistration
events for the network devices that are extant when called this confusing special
case in phonet_exit_net is no longer needed.
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Acked-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
commit a9b3cd7f32 (rcu: convert uses of rcu_assign_pointer(x, NULL) to
RCU_INIT_POINTER) did a lot of incorrect changes, since it did a
complete conversion of rcu_assign_pointer(x, y) to RCU_INIT_POINTER(x,
y).
We miss needed barriers, even on x86, when y is not NULL.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
CC: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
CC: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
When assigning a NULL value to an RCU protected pointer, no barrier
is needed. The rcu_assign_pointer, used to handle that but will soon
change to not handle the special case.
Convert all rcu_assign_pointer of NULL value.
//smpl
@@ expression P; @@
- rcu_assign_pointer(P, NULL)
+ RCU_INIT_POINTER(P, NULL)
// </smpl>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next-2.6: (1446 commits)
macvlan: fix panic if lowerdev in a bond
tg3: Add braces around 5906 workaround.
tg3: Fix NETIF_F_LOOPBACK error
macvlan: remove one synchronize_rcu() call
networking: NET_CLS_ROUTE4 depends on INET
irda: Fix error propagation in ircomm_lmp_connect_response()
irda: Kill set but unused variable 'bytes' in irlan_check_command_param()
irda: Kill set but unused variable 'clen' in ircomm_connect_indication()
rxrpc: Fix set but unused variable 'usage' in rxrpc_get_transport()
be2net: Kill set but unused variable 'req' in lancer_fw_download()
irda: Kill set but unused vars 'saddr' and 'daddr' in irlan_provider_connect_indication()
atl1c: atl1c_resume() is only used when CONFIG_PM_SLEEP is defined.
rxrpc: Fix set but unused variable 'usage' in rxrpc_get_peer().
rxrpc: Kill set but unused variable 'local' in rxrpc_UDP_error_handler()
rxrpc: Kill set but unused variable 'sp' in rxrpc_process_connection()
rxrpc: Kill set but unused variable 'sp' in rxrpc_rotate_tx_window()
pkt_sched: Kill set but unused variable 'protocol' in tc_classify()
isdn: capi: Use pr_debug() instead of ifdefs.
tg3: Update version to 3.119
tg3: Apply rx_discards fix to 5719/5720
...
Fix up trivial conflicts in arch/x86/Kconfig and net/mac80211/agg-tx.c
as per Davem.
The rcu callback phonet_device_rcu_free() just calls a kfree(),
so we use kfree_rcu() instead of the call_rcu(phonet_device_rcu_free).
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Four years ago, Patrick made a change to hold rtnl mutex during netlink
dump callbacks.
I believe it was a wrong move. This slows down concurrent dumps, making
good old /proc/net/ files faster than rtnetlink in some situations.
This occurred to me because one "ip link show dev ..." was _very_ slow
on a workload adding/removing network devices in background.
All dump callbacks are able to use RCU locking now, so this patch does
roughly a revert of commits :
1c2d670f36 : [RTNETLINK]: Hold rtnl_mutex during netlink dump callbacks
6313c1e099 : [RTNETLINK]: Remove unnecessary locking in dump callbacks
This let writers fight for rtnl mutex and readers going full speed.
It also takes care of phonet : phonet_route_get() is now called from rcu
read section. I renamed it to phonet_route_get_rcu()
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Cc: Remi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Replace open-coded loop with for_each_set_bit().
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Use call_rcu rather than synchronize_rcu.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Pirko <jpirko@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
As in for example pppoe introduce phonet_pernet and use it instead of calling
net_generic directly.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Pirko <jpirko@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Replace open-coded loop with for_each_set_bit().
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
__net_init/__net_exit are apparently not going away, so use them
to full extent.
In some cases __net_init was removed, because it was called from
__net_exit code.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Take advantage of the new pernet automatic storage management,
and stop using compatibility network namespace functions.
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The Phonet "universe" only has 64 addresses, so we keep a trivial flat
routing table.
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
From: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
In some cases, the network device driver knows what layer-3 address the
device should have. This adds support for the Phonet stack to
automatically request from the driver and add that address to the
network device.
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
net/phonet/pn_dev.c: In function `phonet_device_get':
net/phonet/pn_dev.c:99: warning: 'dev' might be used uninitialized in this function
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
As reported by Oliver Hartkopp:
net/phonet/pn_dev.c: In function ‘phonet_init_net’:
net/phonet/pn_dev.c:221: error: implicit declaration of function
‘proc_net_fops_create’
net/phonet/pn_dev.c: In function ‘phonet_exit_net’:
net/phonet/pn_dev.c:242: error: implicit declaration of function ‘proc_net_remove’
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This provides a list of sockets with their Phonet bind addresses and
some socket debug informations through /proc/net/phonet.
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Netlink address deletion events were not sent when a network device
vanished neither when Phonet was unloaded.
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Incoming packets and sockets are already gone.
The netdevice notifier is unregistered under the RTNL lock
There remains a race with the rtnetlink handlers unregistration, but it
is a generic RTNL issue that was already present before this change.
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
A NULL dereference would occur when trying to delete an addres from a
network device that does not have any Phonet address.
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This provides support for adding Phonet addresses to and removing
Phonet addresses from network devices.
Signed-off-by: Rémi Denis-Courmont <remi.denis-courmont@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Yajun Deng
Arnd Bergmann
Xu Wang
Thomas Gleixner
Christoph Hellwig
Vasily Averin
Alexey Dobriyan
Fabian Frederick
Jiri Pirko
Gao feng
Rémi Denis-Courmont
Eric Dumazet
Eric W. Biederman
Stephen Hemminger
Linus Torvalds
Lai Jiangshan
Akinobu Mita
Jiri Pirko
Tejun Heo
David S. Miller
remi.denis-courmont@nokia