Commit d149e3b25d ("memcg: add the soft_limit reclaim in global direct
reclaim") adds a softlimit hook to shrink_zones(). By this, soft limit
is called as
try_to_free_pages()
do_try_to_free_pages()
shrink_zones()
mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim()
Then, direct reclaim is memcg softlimit hint aware, now.
But, the memory cgroup's "limit" path can call softlimit shrinker.
try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages()
do_try_to_free_pages()
shrink_zones()
mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim()
This will cause a global reclaim when a memcg hits limit.
This is bug. soft_limit_reclaim() should be called when
scanning_global_lru(sc) == true.
And the commit adds a variable "total_scanned" for counting softlimit
scanned pages....it's not "total". This patch removes the variable and
update sc->nr_scanned instead of it. This will affect shrink_slab()'s
scan condition but, global LRU is scanned by softlimit and I think this
change makes sense.
TODO: avoid too much scanning of a zone when softlimit did enough work.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Under heavy memory and filesystem load, users observe the assertion
mapping->nrpages == 0 in end_writeback() trigger. This can be caused by
page reclaim reclaiming the last page from a mapping in the following
race:
CPU0 CPU1
...
shrink_page_list()
__remove_mapping()
__delete_from_page_cache()
radix_tree_delete()
evict_inode()
truncate_inode_pages()
truncate_inode_pages_range()
pagevec_lookup() - finds nothing
end_writeback()
mapping->nrpages != 0 -> BUG
page->mapping = NULL
mapping->nrpages--
Fix the problem by doing a reliable check of mapping->nrpages under
mapping->tree_lock in end_writeback().
Analyzed by Jay <jinshan.xiong@whamcloud.com>, lost in LKML, and dug out
by Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.de>.
Cc: Jay <jinshan.xiong@whamcloud.com>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We cannot take a mutex while holding a spinlock, so flip the order and
fix the locking documentation.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Although it is used (by i915) on nothing but tmpfs, read_cache_page_gfp()
is unsuited to tmpfs, because it inserts a page into pagecache before
calling the filesystem's ->readpage: tmpfs may have pages in swapcache
which only it knows how to locate and switch to filecache.
At present tmpfs provides a ->readpage method, and copes with this by
copying pages; but soon we can simplify it by removing its ->readpage.
Provide shmem_read_mapping_page_gfp() now, ready for that transition,
Export shmem_read_mapping_page_gfp() and add it to list in shmem_fs.h,
with shmem_read_mapping_page() inline for the common mapping_gfp case.
(shmem_read_mapping_page_gfp or shmem_read_cache_page_gfp? Generally the
read_mapping_page functions use the mapping's ->readpage, and the
read_cache_page functions use the supplied filler, so I think
read_cache_page_gfp was slightly misnamed.)
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2.6.35's new truncate convention gave tmpfs the opportunity to control
its file truncation, no longer enforced from outside by vmtruncate().
We shall want to build upon that, to handle pagecache and swap together.
Slightly redefine the ->truncate_range interface: let it now be called
between the unmap_mapping_range()s, with the filesystem responsible for
doing the truncate_inode_pages_range() from it - just as the filesystem
is nowadays responsible for doing that from its ->setattr.
Let's rename shmem_notify_change() to shmem_setattr(). Instead of
calling the generic truncate_setsize(), bring that code in so we can
call shmem_truncate_range() - which will later be updated to perform its
own variant of truncate_inode_pages_range().
Remove the punch_hole unmap_mapping_range() from shmem_truncate_range():
now that the COW's unmap_mapping_range() comes after ->truncate_range,
there is no need to call it a third time.
Export shmem_truncate_range() and add it to the list in shmem_fs.h, so
that i915_gem_object_truncate() can call it explicitly in future; get
this patch in first, then update drm/i915 once this is available (until
then, i915 will just be doing the truncate_inode_pages() twice).
Though introduced five years ago, no other filesystem is implementing
->truncate_range, and its only other user is madvise(,,MADV_REMOVE): we
expect to convert it to fallocate(,FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE,,) shortly,
whereupon ->truncate_range can be removed from inode_operations -
shmem_truncate_range() will help i915 across that transition too.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Before adding any more global entry points into shmem.c, gather such
prototypes into shmem_fs.h. Remove mm's own declarations from swap.h,
but for now leave the ones in mm.h: because shmem_file_setup() and
shmem_zero_setup() are called from various places, and we should not
force other subsystems to update immediately.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
You would expect to find vmtruncate_range() next to vmtruncate() in
mm/truncate.c: move it there.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 959ecc48fc ("mm/memory_hotplug.c: fix building of node hotplug
zonelist") does not protect the build_all_zonelists() call with
zonelists_mutex as needed. This can lead to races in constructing
zonelist ordering if a concurrent build is underway. Protecting this
with lock_memory_hotplug() is insufficient since zonelists can be
rebuild though sysfs as well.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The error handling in mem_online_node() is incorrect: hotadd_new_pgdat()
returns NULL if the new pgdat could not have been allocated and a pointer
to it otherwise.
mem_online_node() should fail if hotadd_new_pgdat() fails, not the
inverse. This fixes an issue when memoryless nodes are not onlined and
their sysfs interface is not registered when their first cpu is brought
up.
The bug was introduced by commit cf23422b9d ("cpu/mem hotplug: enable
CPUs online before local memory online") iow v2.6.35.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Hugh Dickins points out that lockdep (correctly) spots a potential
deadlock on the anon_vma lock, because we now do a GFP_KERNEL allocation
of anon_vma_chain while doing anon_vma_clone(). The problem is that
page reclaim will want to take the anon_vma lock of any anonymous pages
that it will try to reclaim.
So re-organize the code in anon_vma_clone() slightly: first do just a
GFP_NOWAIT allocation, which will usually work fine. But if that fails,
let's just drop the lock and re-do the allocation, now with GFP_KERNEL.
End result: not only do we avoid the locking problem, this also ends up
getting better concurrency in case the allocation does need to block.
Tim Chen reports that with all these anon_vma locking tweaks, we're now
almost back up to the spinlock performance.
Reported-and-tested-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Tested-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This matches the anon_vma_clone() case, and uses the same lock helper
functions. Because of the need to potentially release the anon_vma's,
it's a bit more complex, though.
We traverse the 'vma->anon_vma_chain' in two phases: the first loop gets
the anon_vma lock (with the helper function that only takes the lock
once for the whole loop), and removes any entries that don't need any
more processing.
The second phase just traverses the remaining list entries (without
holding the anon_vma lock), and does any actual freeing of the
anon_vma's that is required.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Tested-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Tested-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In anon_vma_clone() we traverse the vma->anon_vma_chain of the source
vma, locking the anon_vma for each entry.
But they are all going to have the same root entry, which means that
we're locking and unlocking the same lock over and over again. Which is
expensive in locked operations, but can get _really_ expensive when that
root entry sees any kind of lock contention.
In fact, Tim Chen reports a big performance regression due to this: when
we switched to use a mutex instead of a spinlock, the contention case
gets much worse.
So to alleviate this all, this commit creates a small helper function
(lock_anon_vma_root()) that can be used to take the lock just once
rather than taking and releasing it over and over again.
We still have the same "take the lock and release" it behavior in the
exit path (in unlink_anon_vmas()), but that one is a bit harder to fix
since we're actually freeing the anon_vma entries as we go, and that
will touch the lock too.
Reported-and-tested-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
swapcache will reach the below code path in migrate_page_move_mapping,
and swapcache is accounted as NR_FILE_PAGES but it's not accounted as
NR_SHMEM.
Hugh pointed out we must use PageSwapCache instead of comparing
mapping to &swapper_space, to avoid build failure with CONFIG_SWAP=n.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have some users of this function that date back to before the vma
list was doubly linked, and just are silly. These days, you can find
the previous vma by just following the vma->vm_prev pointer.
In some cases you don't need any find_vma() lookup at all, and in other
cases you're better off with the regular "find_vma()" that uses the vma
cache front-end lookup.
Some "find_vma_prev()" users are still valid, though. For example, in
the case of a stack that grows up, it can be the case that we don't find
any 'vma' at all (because we're looking up an address that is past the
last vma), and that the stack that we want to grow is the 'prev' vma.
But that kind of special case aside, we generally should prefer to use
'find_vma()'.
Noticed due to a totally unrelated POWER memory corruption bug that just
happened to hit in 'find_vma_prev()' and made me go "Hmm - why are we
using that function here?".
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrea Righi reported a case where an exiting task can race against
ksmd::scan_get_next_rmap_item (http://lkml.org/lkml/2011/6/1/742) easily
triggering a NULL pointer dereference in ksmd.
ksm_scan.mm_slot == &ksm_mm_head with only one registered mm
CPU 1 (__ksm_exit) CPU 2 (scan_get_next_rmap_item)
list_empty() is false
lock slot == &ksm_mm_head
list_del(slot->mm_list)
(list now empty)
unlock
lock
slot = list_entry(slot->mm_list.next)
(list is empty, so slot is still ksm_mm_head)
unlock
slot->mm == NULL ... Oops
Close this race by revalidating that the new slot is not simply the list
head again.
Andrea's test case:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#define BUFSIZE getpagesize()
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
void *ptr;
if (posix_memalign(&ptr, getpagesize(), BUFSIZE) < 0) {
perror("posix_memalign");
exit(1);
}
if (madvise(ptr, BUFSIZE, MADV_MERGEABLE) < 0) {
perror("madvise");
exit(1);
}
*(char *)NULL = 0;
return 0;
}
Reported-by: Andrea Righi <andrea@betterlinux.com>
Tested-by: Andrea Righi <andrea@betterlinux.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Asynchronous compaction is used when promoting to huge pages. This is all
very nice but if there are a number of processes in compacting memory, a
large number of pages can be isolated. An "asynchronous" process can
stall for long periods of time as a result with a user reporting that
firefox can stall for 10s of seconds. This patch aborts asynchronous
compaction if too many pages are isolated as it's better to fail a
hugepage promotion than stall a process.
[minchan.kim@gmail.com: return COMPACT_PARTIAL for abort]
Reported-and-tested-by: Ury Stankevich <urykhy@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It is unsafe to run page_count during the physical pfn scan because
compound_head could trip on a dangling pointer when reading
page->first_page if the compound page is being freed by another CPU.
[mgorman@suse.de: split out patch]
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction works with two scanners, a migration and a free scanner. When
the scanners crossover, migration within the zone is complete. The
location of the scanner is recorded on each cycle to avoid excesive
scanning.
When a zone is small and mostly reserved, it's very easy for the migration
scanner to be close to the end of the zone. Then the following situation
can occurs
o migration scanner isolates some pages near the end of the zone
o free scanner starts at the end of the zone but finds that the
migration scanner is already there
o free scanner gets reinitialised for the next cycle as
cc->migrate_pfn + pageblock_nr_pages
moving the free scanner into the next zone
o migration scanner moves into the next zone
When this happens, NR_ISOLATED accounting goes haywire because some of the
accounting happens against the wrong zone. One zones counter remains
positive while the other goes negative even though the overall global
count is accurate. This was reported on X86-32 with !SMP because !SMP
allows the negative counters to be visible. The fact that it is the bug
should theoritically be possible there.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
fragmentation_index() returns -1000 when the allocation might succeed
This doesn't match the comment and code in compaction_suitable(). I
thought compaction_suitable should return COMPACT_PARTIAL in -1000
case, because in this case allocation could succeed depending on
watermarks.
The impact of this is that compaction starts and compact_finished() is
called which rechecks the watermarks and the free lists. It should have
the same result in that compaction should not start but is more expensive.
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pages isolated for migration are accounted with the vmstat counters
NR_ISOLATE_[ANON|FILE]. Callers of migrate_pages() are expected to
increment these counters when pages are isolated from the LRU. Once the
pages have been migrated, they are put back on the LRU or freed and the
isolated count is decremented.
Memory failure is not properly accounting for pages it isolates causing
the NR_ISOLATED counters to be negative. On SMP builds, this goes
unnoticed as negative counters are treated as 0 due to expected per-cpu
drift. On UP builds, the counter is treated by too_many_isolated() as a
large value causing processes to enter D state during page reclaim or
compaction. This patch accounts for pages isolated by memory failure
correctly.
[mel@csn.ul.ie: rewrote changelog]
Reviewed-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Based on Michal Hocko's comment.
We are not draining per cpu cached charges during soft limit reclaim
because background reclaim doesn't care about charges. It tries to free
some memory and charges will not give any.
Cached charges might influence only selection of the biggest soft limit
offender but as the call is done only after the selection has been already
done it makes no change.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For performance, memory cgroup caches some "charge" from res_counter into
per cpu cache. This works well but because it's cache, it needs to be
flushed in some cases. Typical cases are
1. when someone hit limit.
2. when rmdir() is called and need to charges to be 0.
But "1" has problem.
Recently, with large SMP machines, we see many kworker runs because of
flushing memcg's cache. Bad things in implementation are that even if a
cpu contains a cache for memcg not related to a memcg which hits limit,
drain code is called.
This patch does
A) check percpu cache contains a useful data or not.
B) check other asynchronous percpu draining doesn't run.
C) don't call local cpu callback.
(*)This patch avoid changing the calling condition with hard-limit.
When I run "cat 1Gfile > /dev/null" under 300M limit memcg,
[Before]
13767 kamezawa 20 0 98.6m 424 416 D 10.0 0.0 0:00.61 cat
58 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.6 0.0 0:00.09 kworker/2:1
60 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.6 0.0 0:00.08 kworker/4:1
4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.02 kworker/0:0
57 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.05 kworker/1:1
61 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.05 kworker/5:1
62 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.05 kworker/6:1
63 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.05 kworker/7:1
[After]
2676 root 20 0 98.6m 416 416 D 9.3 0.0 0:00.87 cat
2626 kamezawa 20 0 15192 1312 920 R 0.3 0.0 0:00.28 top
1 root 20 0 19384 1496 1204 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.66 init
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd
3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0
4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make percpu_charge_mutex static, tweak comments]
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Hierarchical reclaim doesn't swap out if memsw and resource limits are
thye same (memsw_is_minimum == true) because we would hit mem+swap limit
anyway (during hard limit reclaim).
If it comes to the soft limit we shouldn't consider memsw_is_minimum at
all because it doesn't make much sense. Either the soft limit is bellow
the hard limit and then we cannot hit mem+swap limit or the direct reclaim
takes a precedence.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 21a3c96468 ("memcg: allocate memory cgroup structures in local
nodes") makes page_cgroup allocation as NUMA aware. But that caused a
problem https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=36192.
The problem was getting a NID from invalid struct pages, which was not
initialized because it was out-of-node, out of [node_start_pfn,
node_end_pfn)
Now, with sparsemem, page_cgroup_init scans pfn from 0 to max_pfn. But
this may scan a pfn which is not on any node and can access memmap which
is not initialized.
This makes page_cgroup_init() for SPARSEMEM node aware and remove a code
to get nid from page->flags. (Then, we'll use valid NID always.)
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: try to fix up comments]
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 406eb0c9ba ("memcg: add memory.numastat api for numa
statistics") adds memory.numa_stat file for memory cgroup. But the file
permissions are wrong.
[kamezawa@bluextal linux-2.6]$ ls -l /cgroup/memory/A/memory.numa_stat
---------- 1 root root 0 Jun 9 18:36 /cgroup/memory/A/memory.numa_stat
This patch fixes the permission as
[root@bluextal kamezawa]# ls -l /cgroup/memory/A/memory.numa_stat
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jun 10 16:49 /cgroup/memory/A/memory.numa_stat
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When 1GB hugepages are allocated on a system, free(1) reports less
available memory than what really is installed in the box. Also, if the
total size of hugepages allocated on a system is over half of the total
memory size, CommitLimit becomes a negative number.
The problem is that gigantic hugepages (order > MAX_ORDER) can only be
allocated at boot with bootmem, thus its frames are not accounted to
'totalram_pages'. However, they are accounted to hugetlb_total_pages()
What happens to turn CommitLimit into a negative number is this
calculation, in fs/proc/meminfo.c:
allowed = ((totalram_pages - hugetlb_total_pages())
* sysctl_overcommit_ratio / 100) + total_swap_pages;
A similar calculation occurs in __vm_enough_memory() in mm/mmap.c.
Also, every vm statistic which depends on 'totalram_pages' will render
confusing values, as if system were 'missing' some part of its memory.
Impact of this bug:
When gigantic hugepages are allocated and sysctl_overcommit_memory ==
OVERCOMMIT_NEVER. In a such situation, __vm_enough_memory() goes through
the mentioned 'allowed' calculation and might end up mistakenly returning
-ENOMEM, thus forcing the system to start reclaiming pages earlier than it
would be ususal, and this could cause detrimental impact to overall
system's performance, depending on the workload.
Besides the aforementioned scenario, I can only think of this causing
annoyances with memory reports from /proc/meminfo and free(1).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: standardize comment layout]
Reported-by: Russ Anderson <rja@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@linux.com>
Acked-by: Russ Anderson <rja@sgi.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
During memory hotplug we refresh zonelists when we online a page in a new
zone. It means that the node's zonelist is not initialized until pages
are onlined. So for example, "nid" passed by MEM_GOING_ONLINE notifier
will point to NODE_DATA(nid) which has no zone fallback list. Moreover,
if we hot-add cpu-only nodes, alloc_pages() will do no fallback.
This patch makes a zonelist when a new pgdata is available.
Note: in production, at fujitsu, memory should be onlined before cpu
and our server didn't have any memory-less nodes and had no problems.
But recent changes in MEM_GOING_ONLINE+page_cgroup
will access not initialized zonelist of node.
Anyway, there are memory-less node and we need some care.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 56de7263fc ("mm: compaction: direct compact when a high-order
allocation fails") introduced a check for cc->order == -1 in
compact_finished. We should continue compacting in that case because
the request came from userspace and there is no particular order to
compact for. Similar check has been added by 82478fb7 (mm: compaction:
prevent division-by-zero during user-requested compaction) for
compaction_suitable.
The check is, however, done after zone_watermark_ok which uses order as a
right hand argument for shifts. Not only watermark check is pointless if
we can break out without it but it also uses 1 << -1 which is not well
defined (at least from C standard). Let's move the -1 check above
zone_watermark_ok.
[minchan.kim@gmail.com> - caught compaction_suitable]
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hioryu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Running a ktest.pl test, I hit the following bug on x86_32:
------------[ cut here ]------------
WARNING: at arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c:81 __kunmap_atomic+0x64/0xc1()
Hardware name:
Modules linked in:
Pid: 93, comm: sh Not tainted 2.6.39-test+ #1
Call Trace:
[<c04450da>] warn_slowpath_common+0x7c/0x91
[<c042f5df>] ? __kunmap_atomic+0x64/0xc1
[<c042f5df>] ? __kunmap_atomic+0x64/0xc1^M
[<c0445111>] warn_slowpath_null+0x22/0x24
[<c042f5df>] __kunmap_atomic+0x64/0xc1
[<c04d4a22>] unmap_vmas+0x43a/0x4e0
[<c04d9065>] exit_mmap+0x91/0xd2
[<c0443057>] mmput+0x43/0xad
[<c0448358>] exit_mm+0x111/0x119
[<c044855f>] do_exit+0x1ff/0x5fa
[<c0454ea2>] ? set_current_blocked+0x3c/0x40
[<c0454f24>] ? sigprocmask+0x7e/0x8e
[<c0448b55>] do_group_exit+0x65/0x88
[<c0448b90>] sys_exit_group+0x18/0x1c
[<c0c3915f>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x38
---[ end trace 8055f74ea3c0eb62 ]---
Running a ktest.pl git bisect, found the culprit: commit e303297e6c
("mm: extended batches for generic mmu_gather")
But although this was the commit triggering the bug, it was not the one
originally responsible for the bug. That was commit d16dfc550f ("mm:
mmu_gather rework").
The code in zap_pte_range() has something that looks like the following:
pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
do {
[...]
} while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
pte_unmap_unlock(pte - 1, ptl);
The pte starts off pointing at the first element in the page table
directory that was returned by the pte_offset_map_lock(). When it's done
with the page, pte will be pointing to anything between the next entry and
the first entry of the next page inclusive. By doing a pte - 1, this puts
the pte back onto the original page, which is all that pte_unmap_unlock()
needs.
In most archs (64 bit), this is not an issue as the pte is ignored in the
pte_unmap_unlock(). But on 32 bit archs, where things may be kmapped, it
is essential that the pte passed to pte_unmap_unlock() resides on the same
page that was given by pte_offest_map_lock().
The problem came in d16dfc55 ("mm: mmu_gather rework") where it introduced
a "break;" from the while loop. This alone did not seem to easily trigger
the bug. But the modifications made by e303297e6 caused that "break;" to
be hit on the first iteration, before the pte++.
The pte not being incremented will now cause pte_unmap_unlock(pte - 1) to
be pointing to the previous page. This will cause the wrong page to be
unmapped, and also trigger the warning above.
The simple solution is to just save the pointer given by
pte_offset_map_lock() and use it in the unlock.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While testing for memcg aware swap token, I observed a swap token was
often grabbed an intermittent running process (eg init, auditd) and they
never release a token.
Why?
Some processes (eg init, auditd, audispd) wake up when a process exiting.
And swap token can be get first page-in process when a process exiting
makes no swap token owner. Thus such above intermittent running process
often get a token.
And currently, swap token priority is only decreased at page fault path.
Then, if the process sleep immediately after to grab swap token, the swap
token priority never be decreased. That's obviously undesirable.
This patch implement very poor (and lightweight) priority aging. It only
be affect to the above corner case and doesn't change swap tendency
workload performance (eg multi process qsbench load)
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, memcg reclaim can disable swap token even if the swap token mm
doesn't belong in its memory cgroup. It's slightly risky. If an admin
creates very small mem-cgroup and silly guy runs contentious heavy memory
pressure workload, every tasks are going to lose swap token and then
system may become unresponsive. That's bad.
This patch adds 'memcg' parameter into disable_swap_token(). and if the
parameter doesn't match swap token, VM doesn't disable it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel<riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix new kernel-doc warnings in mm/memory.c:
Warning(mm/memory.c:1327): No description found for parameter 'tlb'
Warning(mm/memory.c:1327): Excess function parameter 'tlbp' description in 'unmap_vmas'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Johannes noticed the vmstat update is already taken care of by
khugepaged_alloc_hugepage() internally. The only places that are required
to update the vmstat are the callers of alloc_hugepage (callers of
khugepaged_alloc_hugepage aren't).
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/penberg/slab-2.6:
SLAB: Record actual last user of freed objects.
slub: always align cpu_slab to honor cmpxchg_double requirement
* 'for-linus-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6:
vfs: make unlink() and rmdir() return ENOENT in preference to EROFS
lmLogOpen() broken failure exit
usb: remove bad dput after dentry_unhash
more conservative S_NOSEC handling
Al Viro observes that in the hugetlb case, handle_mm_fault() may return
a value of the kind ENOSPC when its caller is expecting a value of the
kind VM_FAULT_SIGBUS: fix alloc_huge_page()'s failure returns.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Caching "we have already removed suid/caps" was overenthusiastic as merged.
On network filesystems we might have had suid/caps set on another client,
silently picked by this client on revalidate, all of that *without* clearing
the S_NOSEC flag.
AFAICS, the only reasonably sane way to deal with that is
* new superblock flag; unless set, S_NOSEC is not going to be set.
* local block filesystems set it in their ->mount() (more accurately,
mount_bdev() does, so does btrfs ->mount(), users of mount_bdev() other than
local block ones clear it)
* if any network filesystem (or a cluster one) wants to use S_NOSEC,
it'll need to set MS_NOSEC in sb->s_flags *AND* take care to clear S_NOSEC when
inode attribute changes are picked from other clients.
It's not an earth-shattering hole (anybody that can set suid on another client
will almost certainly be able to write to the file before doing that anyway),
but it's a bug that needs fixing.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Currently, when using CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB, we put in kfree() or
kmem_cache_free() as the last user of free objects, which is not
very useful, so change it to the caller of those functions instead.
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
On an architecture without CMPXCHG_LOCAL but with DEBUG_VM enabled,
the VM_BUG_ON() in __pcpu_double_call_return_bool() will cause an early
panic during boot unless we always align cpu_slab properly.
In principle we could remove the alignment-testing VM_BUG_ON() for
architectures that don't have CMPXCHG_LOCAL, but leaving it in means
that new code will tend not to break x86 even if it is introduced
on another platform, and it's low cost to require alignment.
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
This reverts commit a197b59ae6.
As rmk says:
"Commit a197b59ae6 (mm: fail GFP_DMA allocations when ZONE_DMA is not
configured) is causing regressions on ARM with various drivers which
use GFP_DMA.
The behaviour up until now has been to silently ignore that flag when
CONFIG_ZONE_DMA is not enabled, and to allocate from the normal zone.
However, as a result of the above commit, such allocations now fail
which causes drivers to fail. These are regressions compared to the
previous kernel version."
so just revert it.
Requested-by: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Inspired by an analysis from Hugh on why again all this doesn't explode
in our face.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On one machine I've been getting hangs, a page fault's anon_vma_prepare()
waiting in anon_vma_lock(), other processes waiting for that page's lock.
This is a replay of last year's f18194275c "mm: fix hang on
anon_vma->root->lock".
The new page_lock_anon_vma() places too much faith in its refcount: when
it has acquired the mutex_trylock(), it's possible that a racing task in
anon_vma_alloc() has just reallocated the struct anon_vma, set refcount
to 1, and is about to reset its anon_vma->root.
Fix this by saving anon_vma->root, and relying on the usual page_mapped()
check instead of a refcount check: if page is still mapped, the anon_vma
is still ours; if page is not still mapped, we're no longer interested.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I've hit the "address >= vma->vm_end" check in do_page_add_anon_rmap()
just once. The stack showed khugepaged allocation trying to compact
pages: the call to page_add_anon_rmap() coming from remove_migration_pte().
That path holds anon_vma lock, but does not hold mmap_sem: it can
therefore race with a split_vma(), and in commit 5f70b962cc "mmap:
avoid unnecessary anon_vma lock" we just took away the anon_vma lock
protection when adjusting vma->vm_end.
I don't think that particular BUG_ON ever caught anything interesting,
so better replace it by a comment, than reinstate the anon_vma locking.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While running fsx on tmpfs with a memhog then swapoff, swapoff was hanging
(interruptibly), repeatedly failing to locate the owner of a 0xff entry in
the swap_map.
Although shmem_writepage() does abandon when it sees incoming page index
is beyond eof, there was still a window in which shmem_truncate_range()
could come in between writepage's dropping lock and updating swap_map,
find the half-completed swap_map entry, and in trying to free it,
leave it in a state that swap_shmem_alloc() could not correct.
Arguably a bug in __swap_duplicate()'s and swap_entry_free()'s handling
of the different cases, but easiest to fix by moving swap_shmem_alloc()
under cover of the lock.
More interesting than the bug: it's been there since 2.6.33, why could
I not see it with earlier kernels? The mmotm of two weeks ago seems to
have some magic for generating races, this is just one of three I found.
With yesterday's git I first saw this in mainline, bisected in search of
that magic, but the easy reproducibility evaporated. Oh well, fix the bug.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6: (36 commits)
Cache xattr security drop check for write v2
fs: block_page_mkwrite should wait for writeback to finish
mm: Wait for writeback when grabbing pages to begin a write
configfs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
fat: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
hpfs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
minix: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
fuse: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
coda: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
afs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
affs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
9p: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
ncpfs: fix rename over directory with dangling references
ncpfs: document dentry_unhash usage
ecryptfs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
hostfs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
hfsplus: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
hfs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rename
omfs: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash on rmdir, dir rneame
udf: remove unnecessary dentry_unhash from rmdir, dir rename
...
* 'perf-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (25 commits)
perf: Fix SIGIO handling
perf top: Don't stop if no kernel symtab is found
perf top: Handle kptr_restrict
perf top: Remove unused macro
perf events: initialize fd array to -1 instead of 0
perf tools: Make sure kptr_restrict warnings fit 80 col terms
perf tools: Fix build on older systems
perf symbols: Handle /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict
perf: Remove duplicate headers
ftrace: Add internal recursive checks
tracing: Update btrfs's tracepoints to use u64 interface
tracing: Add __print_symbolic_u64 to avoid warnings on 32bit machine
ftrace: Set ops->flag to enabled even on static function tracing
tracing: Have event with function tracer check error return
ftrace: Have ftrace_startup() return failure code
jump_label: Check entries limit in __jump_label_update
ftrace/recordmcount: Avoid STT_FUNC symbols as base on ARM
scripts/tags.sh: Add magic for trace-events for etags too
scripts/tags.sh: Fix ctags for DEFINE_EVENT()
x86/ftrace: Fix compiler warning in ftrace.c
...
Some recent benchmarking on btrfs showed that a major scaling bottleneck
on large systems on btrfs is currently the xattr lookup on every write.
Why xattr lookup on every write I hear you ask?
write wants to drop suid and security related xattrs that could set o
capabilities for executables. To do that it currently looks up
security.capability on EVERY write (even for non executables) to decide
whether to drop it or not.
In btrfs this causes an additional tree walk, hitting some per file system
locks and quite bad scalability. In a simple read workload on a 8S
system I saw over 90% CPU time in spinlocks related to that.
Chris Mason tells me this is also a problem in ext4, where it hits
the global mbcache lock.
This patch adds a simple per inode to avoid this problem. We only
do the lookup once per file and then if there is no xattr cache
the decision. All xattr changes clear the flag.
I also used the same flag to avoid the suid check, although
that one is pretty cheap.
A file system can also set this flag when it creates the inode,
if it has a cheap way to do so. This is done for some common file systems
in followon patches.
With this patch a major part of the lock contention disappears
for btrfs. Some testing on smaller systems didn't show significant
performance changes, but at least it helps the larger systems
and is generally more efficient.
v2: Rename is_sgid. add file system helper.
Cc: chris.mason@oracle.com
Cc: josef@redhat.com
Cc: viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk
Cc: agruen@linbit.com
Cc: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
When grabbing a page for a buffered IO write, the mm should wait for writeback
on the page to complete so that the page does not become writable during the IO
operation. This change is needed to provide page stability during writes for
all filesystems.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki
Jan Kara
Peter Zijlstra
Hugh Dickins
David Rientjes
Linus Torvalds
Andrea Arcangeli
Mel Gorman
Shaohua Li
Minchan Kim
Rafael Aquini
Michal Hocko
Steven Rostedt
KOSAKI Motohiro
Randy Dunlap
Al Viro
Suleiman Souhlal
Chris Metcalf
Peter Zijlstra
Andi Kleen
Darrick J. Wong
Ingo Molnar