Patch series "KFENCE: A low-overhead sampling-based memory safety error detector", v7.
This adds the Kernel Electric-Fence (KFENCE) infrastructure. KFENCE is a
low-overhead sampling-based memory safety error detector of heap
use-after-free, invalid-free, and out-of-bounds access errors. This
series enables KFENCE for the x86 and arm64 architectures, and adds
KFENCE hooks to the SLAB and SLUB allocators.
KFENCE is designed to be enabled in production kernels, and has near
zero performance overhead. Compared to KASAN, KFENCE trades performance
for precision. The main motivation behind KFENCE's design, is that with
enough total uptime KFENCE will detect bugs in code paths not typically
exercised by non-production test workloads. One way to quickly achieve a
large enough total uptime is when the tool is deployed across a large
fleet of machines.
KFENCE objects each reside on a dedicated page, at either the left or
right page boundaries. The pages to the left and right of the object
page are "guard pages", whose attributes are changed to a protected
state, and cause page faults on any attempted access to them. Such page
faults are then intercepted by KFENCE, which handles the fault
gracefully by reporting a memory access error.
Guarded allocations are set up based on a sample interval (can be set
via kfence.sample_interval). After expiration of the sample interval,
the next allocation through the main allocator (SLAB or SLUB) returns a
guarded allocation from the KFENCE object pool. At this point, the timer
is reset, and the next allocation is set up after the expiration of the
interval.
To enable/disable a KFENCE allocation through the main allocator's
fast-path without overhead, KFENCE relies on static branches via the
static keys infrastructure. The static branch is toggled to redirect the
allocation to KFENCE.
The KFENCE memory pool is of fixed size, and if the pool is exhausted no
further KFENCE allocations occur. The default config is conservative
with only 255 objects, resulting in a pool size of 2 MiB (with 4 KiB
pages).
We have verified by running synthetic benchmarks (sysbench I/O,
hackbench) and production server-workload benchmarks that a kernel with
KFENCE (using sample intervals 100-500ms) is performance-neutral
compared to a non-KFENCE baseline kernel.
KFENCE is inspired by GWP-ASan [1], a userspace tool with similar
properties. The name "KFENCE" is a homage to the Electric Fence Malloc
Debugger [2].
For more details, see Documentation/dev-tools/kfence.rst added in the
series -- also viewable here:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google/kasan/kfence/Documentation/dev-tools/kfence.rst
[1] http://llvm.org/docs/GwpAsan.html
[2] https://linux.die.net/man/3/efence
This patch (of 9):
This adds the Kernel Electric-Fence (KFENCE) infrastructure. KFENCE is a
low-overhead sampling-based memory safety error detector of heap
use-after-free, invalid-free, and out-of-bounds access errors.
KFENCE is designed to be enabled in production kernels, and has near
zero performance overhead. Compared to KASAN, KFENCE trades performance
for precision. The main motivation behind KFENCE's design, is that with
enough total uptime KFENCE will detect bugs in code paths not typically
exercised by non-production test workloads. One way to quickly achieve a
large enough total uptime is when the tool is deployed across a large
fleet of machines.
KFENCE objects each reside on a dedicated page, at either the left or
right page boundaries. The pages to the left and right of the object
page are "guard pages", whose attributes are changed to a protected
state, and cause page faults on any attempted access to them. Such page
faults are then intercepted by KFENCE, which handles the fault
gracefully by reporting a memory access error. To detect out-of-bounds
writes to memory within the object's page itself, KFENCE also uses
pattern-based redzones. The following figure illustrates the page
layout:
---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---
| xxxxxxxxx | O : | xxxxxxxxx | : O | xxxxxxxxx |
| xxxxxxxxx | B : | xxxxxxxxx | : B | xxxxxxxxx |
| x GUARD x | J : RED- | x GUARD x | RED- : J | x GUARD x |
| xxxxxxxxx | E : ZONE | xxxxxxxxx | ZONE : E | xxxxxxxxx |
| xxxxxxxxx | C : | xxxxxxxxx | : C | xxxxxxxxx |
| xxxxxxxxx | T : | xxxxxxxxx | : T | xxxxxxxxx |
---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---
Guarded allocations are set up based on a sample interval (can be set
via kfence.sample_interval). After expiration of the sample interval, a
guarded allocation from the KFENCE object pool is returned to the main
allocator (SLAB or SLUB). At this point, the timer is reset, and the
next allocation is set up after the expiration of the interval.
To enable/disable a KFENCE allocation through the main allocator's
fast-path without overhead, KFENCE relies on static branches via the
static keys infrastructure. The static branch is toggled to redirect the
allocation to KFENCE. To date, we have verified by running synthetic
benchmarks (sysbench I/O, hackbench) that a kernel compiled with KFENCE
is performance-neutral compared to the non-KFENCE baseline.
For more details, see Documentation/dev-tools/kfence.rst (added later in
the series).
[elver@google.com: fix parameter description for kfence_object_start()]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106092149.GA2851373@elver.google.com
[elver@google.com: avoid stalling work queue task without allocations]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CADYN=9J0DQhizAGB0-jz4HOBBh+05kMBXb4c0cXMS7Qi5NAJiw@mail.gmail.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201110135320.3309507-1-elver@google.com
[elver@google.com: fix potential deadlock due to wake_up()]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/000000000000c0645805b7f982e4@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210104130749.1768991-1-elver@google.com
[elver@google.com: add option to use KFENCE without static keys]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210111091544.3287013-1-elver@google.com
[elver@google.com: add missing copyright and description headers]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210118092159.145934-1-elver@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201103175841.3495947-2-elver@google.com
Signed-off-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de>
Co-developed-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@purestorage.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It's the only user. This also garbage collects the CONFIG_FRAME_VECTOR
symbol from all over the tree (well just one place, somehow omap media
driver still had this in its Kconfig, despite not using it).
Reviewed-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Acked-by: Hans Verkuil <hverkuil-cisco@xs4all.nl>
Acked-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Tomasz Figa <tfiga@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@intel.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@ziepe.ca>
Cc: Pawel Osciak <pawel@osciak.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Tomasz Figa <tfiga@chromium.org>
Cc: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Cc: linux-samsung-soc@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-media@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Link: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/patch/msgid/20201127164131.2244124-7-daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch
The goal of these tracepoints is to be able to debug lock contention
issues. This lock is acquired on most (all?) mmap / munmap / page fault
operations, so a multi-threaded process which does a lot of these can
experience significant contention.
We trace just before we start acquisition, when the acquisition returns
(whether it succeeded or not), and when the lock is released (or
downgraded). The events are broken out by lock type (read / write).
The events are also broken out by memcg path. For container-based
workloads, users often think of several processes in a memcg as a single
logical "task", so collecting statistics at this level is useful.
The end goal is to get latency information. This isn't directly included
in the trace events. Instead, users are expected to compute the time
between "start locking" and "acquire returned", using e.g. synthetic
events or BPF. The benefit we get from this is simpler code.
Because we use tracepoint_enabled() to decide whether or not to trace,
this patch has effectively no overhead unless tracepoints are enabled at
runtime. If tracepoints are enabled, there is a performance impact, but
how much depends on exactly what e.g. the BPF program does.
[axelrasmussen@google.com: fix use-after-free race and css ref leak in tracepoints]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201130233504.3725241-1-axelrasmussen@google.com
[axelrasmussen@google.com: v3]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201207213358.573750-1-axelrasmussen@google.com
[rostedt@goodmis.org: in-depth examples of tracepoint_enabled() usage, and per-cpu-per-context buffer design]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201105211739.568279-2-axelrasmussen@google.com
Signed-off-by: Axel Rasmussen <axelrasmussen@google.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: Chinwen Chang <chinwen.chang@mediatek.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Laurent Dufour <ldufour@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Yafang Shao <laoar.shao@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "selftests/vm: gup_test, hmm-tests, assorted improvements", v3.
Summary: This series provides two main things, and a number of smaller
supporting goodies. The two main points are:
1) Add a new sub-test to gup_test, which in turn is a renamed version
of gup_benchmark. This sub-test allows nicer testing of dump_pages(),
at least on user-space pages.
For quite a while, I was doing a quick hack to gup_test.c whenever I
wanted to try out changes to dump_page(). Then Matthew Wilcox asked me
what I meant when I said "I used my dump_page() unit test", and I
realized that it might be nice to check in a polished up version of
that.
Details about how it works and how to use it are in the commit
description for patch #6 ("selftests/vm: gup_test: introduce the
dump_pages() sub-test").
2) Fixes a limitation of hmm-tests: these tests are incredibly useful,
but only if people actually build and run them. And it turns out that
libhugetlbfs is a little too effective at throwing a wrench in the
works, there. So I've added a little configuration check that removes
just two of the 21 hmm-tests, if libhugetlbfs is not available.
Further details in the commit description of patch #8
("selftests/vm: hmm-tests: remove the libhugetlbfs dependency").
Other smaller things that this series does:
a) Remove code duplication by creating gup_test.h.
b) Clear up the sub-test organization, and their invocation within
run_vmtests.sh.
c) Other minor assorted improvements.
[1] v2 is here:
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-doc/20200929212747.251804-1-jhubbard@nvidia.com/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/r/CAHk-=wgh-TMPHLY3jueHX7Y2fWh3D+nMBqVS__AZm6-oorquWA@mail.gmail.com
This patch (of 9):
Rename nearly every "gup_benchmark" reference and file name to "gup_test".
The one exception is for the actual gup benchmark test itself.
The current code already does a *little* bit more than benchmarking, and
definitely covers more than get_user_pages_fast(). More importantly,
however, subsequent patches are about to add some functionality that is
non-benchmark related.
Closely related changes:
* Kconfig: in addition to renaming the options from GUP_BENCHMARK to
GUP_TEST, update the help text to reflect that it's no longer a
benchmark-only test.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201026064021.3545418-1-jhubbard@nvidia.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201026064021.3545418-2-jhubbard@nvidia.com
Signed-off-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@nvidia.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
kmemleak-test.c is just a kmemleak test module, which also can not be used
as a built-in kernel module. Thus, i think it may should not be in mm
dir, and move the kmemleak-test.c to samples/kmemleak/kmemleak-test.c.
Fix the spelling of built-in by the way.
Signed-off-by: Hui Su <sh_def@163.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <miguel.ojeda.sandonis@gmail.com>
Cc: Divya Indi <divya.indi@oracle.com>
Cc: Tomas Winkler <tomas.winkler@intel.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200925183729.GA172837@rlk
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The functionality in lib/ioremap.c deals with pagetables, vmalloc and
caches, so it naturally belongs to mm/ Moving it there will also allow
declaring p?d_alloc_track functions in an header file inside mm/ rather
than having those declarations in include/linux/mm.h
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Abdul Haleem <abdhalee@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Cc: Joerg Roedel <joro@8bytes.org>
Cc: Joerg Roedel <jroedel@suse.de>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Satheesh Rajendran <sathnaga@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Stafford Horne <shorne@gmail.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200627143453.31835-8-rppt@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
KCSAN is a dynamic race detector, which relies on compile-time
instrumentation, and uses a watchpoint-based sampling approach to detect
races.
The feature was under development for quite some time and has already found
legitimate bugs.
Unfortunately it comes with a limitation, which was only understood late in
the development cycle:
It requires an up to date CLANG-11 compiler
CLANG-11 is not yet released (scheduled for June), but it's the only
compiler today which handles the kernel requirements and especially the
annotations of functions to exclude them from KCSAN instrumentation
correctly.
These annotations really need to work so that low level entry code and
especially int3 text poke handling can be completely isolated.
A detailed discussion of the requirements and compiler issues can be found
here:
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CANpmjNMTsY_8241bS7=XAfqvZHFLrVEkv_uM4aDUWE_kh3Rvbw@mail.gmail.com/
We came to the conclusion that trying to work around compiler limitations
and bugs again would end up in a major trainwreck, so requiring a working
compiler seemed to be the best choice.
For Continous Integration purposes the compiler restriction is manageable
and that's where most xxSAN reports come from.
For a change this limitation might make GCC people actually look at their
bugs. Some issues with CSAN in GCC are 7 years old and one has been 'fixed'
3 years ago with a half baken solution which 'solved' the reported issue
but not the underlying problem.
The KCSAN developers also ponder to use a GCC plugin to become independent,
but that's not something which will show up in a few days.
Blocking KCSAN until wide spread compiler support is available is not a
really good alternative because the continuous growth of lockless
optimizations in the kernel demands proper tooling support.
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Merge tag 'locking-kcsan-2020-06-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull the Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer from Thomas Gleixner:
"The Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer (KCSAN) is a dynamic race detector,
which relies on compile-time instrumentation, and uses a
watchpoint-based sampling approach to detect races.
The feature was under development for quite some time and has already
found legitimate bugs.
Unfortunately it comes with a limitation, which was only understood
late in the development cycle:
It requires an up to date CLANG-11 compiler
CLANG-11 is not yet released (scheduled for June), but it's the only
compiler today which handles the kernel requirements and especially
the annotations of functions to exclude them from KCSAN
instrumentation correctly.
These annotations really need to work so that low level entry code and
especially int3 text poke handling can be completely isolated.
A detailed discussion of the requirements and compiler issues can be
found here:
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CANpmjNMTsY_8241bS7=XAfqvZHFLrVEkv_uM4aDUWE_kh3Rvbw@mail.gmail.com/
We came to the conclusion that trying to work around compiler
limitations and bugs again would end up in a major trainwreck, so
requiring a working compiler seemed to be the best choice.
For Continous Integration purposes the compiler restriction is
manageable and that's where most xxSAN reports come from.
For a change this limitation might make GCC people actually look at
their bugs. Some issues with CSAN in GCC are 7 years old and one has
been 'fixed' 3 years ago with a half baken solution which 'solved' the
reported issue but not the underlying problem.
The KCSAN developers also ponder to use a GCC plugin to become
independent, but that's not something which will show up in a few
days.
Blocking KCSAN until wide spread compiler support is available is not
a really good alternative because the continuous growth of lockless
optimizations in the kernel demands proper tooling support"
* tag 'locking-kcsan-2020-06-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (76 commits)
compiler_types.h, kasan: Use __SANITIZE_ADDRESS__ instead of CONFIG_KASAN to decide inlining
compiler.h: Move function attributes to compiler_types.h
compiler.h: Avoid nested statement expression in data_race()
compiler.h: Remove data_race() and unnecessary checks from {READ,WRITE}_ONCE()
kcsan: Update Documentation to change supported compilers
kcsan: Remove 'noinline' from __no_kcsan_or_inline
kcsan: Pass option tsan-instrument-read-before-write to Clang
kcsan: Support distinguishing volatile accesses
kcsan: Restrict supported compilers
kcsan: Avoid inserting __tsan_func_entry/exit if possible
ubsan, kcsan: Don't combine sanitizer with kcov on clang
objtool, kcsan: Add kcsan_disable_current() and kcsan_enable_current_nowarn()
kcsan: Add __kcsan_{enable,disable}_current() variants
checkpatch: Warn about data_race() without comment
kcsan: Use GFP_ATOMIC under spin lock
Improve KCSAN documentation a bit
kcsan: Make reporting aware of KCSAN tests
kcsan: Fix function matching in report
kcsan: Change data_race() to no longer require marking racing accesses
kcsan: Move kcsan_{disable,enable}_current() to kcsan-checks.h
...
Merge the state of the locking kcsan branch before the read/write_once()
and the atomics modifications got merged.
Squash the fallout of the rebase on top of the read/write once and atomic
fallback work into the merge. The history of the original branch is
preserved in tag locking-kcsan-2020-06-02.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Patch series "improve use_mm / unuse_mm", v2.
This series improves the use_mm / unuse_mm interface by better documenting
the assumptions, and my taking the set_fs manipulations spread over the
callers into the core API.
This patch (of 3):
Use the proper API instead.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200404094101.672954-1-hch@lst.de
These helpers are only for use with kernel threads, and I will tie them
more into the kthread infrastructure going forward. Also move the
prototypes to kthread.h - mmu_context.h was a little weird to start with
as it otherwise contains very low-level MM bits.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Reviewed-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Acked-by: Felix Kuehling <Felix.Kuehling@amd.com>
Cc: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Felipe Balbi <balbi@kernel.org>
Cc: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Zhenyu Wang <zhenyuw@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Zhi Wang <zhi.a.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200404094101.672954-1-hch@lst.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200416053158.586887-1-hch@lst.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200404094101.672954-5-hch@lst.de
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds tests which will validate architecture page table helpers and
other accessors in their compliance with expected generic MM semantics.
This will help various architectures in validating changes to existing
page table helpers or addition of new ones.
This test covers basic page table entry transformations including but not
limited to old, young, dirty, clean, write, write protect etc at various
level along with populating intermediate entries with next page table page
and validating them.
Test page table pages are allocated from system memory with required size
and alignments. The mapped pfns at page table levels are derived from a
real pfn representing a valid kernel text symbol. This test gets called
via late_initcall().
This test gets built and run when CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_PGTABLE is selected.
Any architecture, which is willing to subscribe this test will need to
select ARCH_HAS_DEBUG_VM_PGTABLE. For now this is limited to arc, arm64,
x86, s390 and powerpc platforms where the test is known to build and run
successfully Going forward, other architectures too can subscribe the test
after fixing any build or runtime problems with their page table helpers.
Folks interested in making sure that a given platform's page table helpers
conform to expected generic MM semantics should enable the above config
which will just trigger this test during boot. Any non conformity here
will be reported as an warning which would need to be fixed. This test
will help catch any changes to the agreed upon semantics expected from
generic MM and enable platforms to accommodate it thereafter.
[anshuman.khandual@arm.com: v17]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1587436495-22033-3-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com
[anshuman.khandual@arm.com: v18]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1588564865-31160-3-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com
Suggested-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr>
Signed-off-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com> [s390]
Tested-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> [ppc32]
Reviewed-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1583919272-24178-1-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Merge tag 'v5.7-rc1' into locking/kcsan, to resolve conflicts and refresh
Resolve these conflicts:
arch/x86/Kconfig
arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
Do a minor "evil merge" to move the KCSAN entry up a bit by a few lines
in the Kconfig to reduce the probability of future conflicts.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
In order to pave the way for free page reporting in virtualized
environments we will need a way to get pages out of the free lists and
identify those pages after they have been returned. To accomplish this,
this patch adds the concept of a Reported Buddy, which is essentially
meant to just be the Uptodate flag used in conjunction with the Buddy page
type.
To prevent the reported pages from leaking outside of the buddy lists I
added a check to clear the PageReported bit in the del_page_from_free_list
function. As a result any reported page that is split, merged, or
allocated will have the flag cleared prior to the PageBuddy value being
cleared.
The process for reporting pages is fairly simple. Once we free a page
that meets the minimum order for page reporting we will schedule a worker
thread to start 2s or more in the future. That worker thread will begin
working from the lowest supported page reporting order up to MAX_ORDER - 1
pulling unreported pages from the free list and storing them in the
scatterlist.
When processing each individual free list it is necessary for the worker
thread to release the zone lock when it needs to stop and report the full
scatterlist of pages. To reduce the work of the next iteration the worker
thread will rotate the free list so that the first unreported page in the
free list becomes the first entry in the list.
It will then call a reporting function providing information on how many
entries are in the scatterlist. Once the function completes it will
return the pages to the free area from which they were allocated and start
over pulling more pages from the free areas until there are no longer
enough pages to report on to keep the worker busy, or we have processed as
many pages as were contained in the free area when we started processing
the list.
The worker thread will work in a round-robin fashion making its way though
each zone requesting reporting, and through each reportable free list
within that zone. Once all free areas within the zone have been processed
it will check to see if there have been any requests for reporting while
it was processing. If so it will reschedule the worker thread to start up
again in roughly 2s and exit.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Duyck <alexander.h.duyck@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitesh Narayan Lal <nitesh@redhat.com>
Cc: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Pankaj Gupta <pagupta@redhat.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Wei Wang <wei.w.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Yang Zhang <yang.zhang.wz@gmail.com>
Cc: wei qi <weiqi4@huawei.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200211224635.29318.19750.stgit@localhost.localdomain
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Kmemleak could scan task stacks while plain writes happens to those stack
variables which could results in data races. For example, in
sys_rt_sigaction and do_sigaction(), it could have plain writes in a
32-byte size. Since the kmemleak does not care about the actual values of
a non-pointer and all do_sigaction() call sites only copy to stack
variables, just disable KCSAN for kmemleak to avoid annotating anything
outside Kmemleak just because Kmemleak scans everything.
Suggested-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1583263716-25150-1-git-send-email-cai@lca.pw
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a generic version of page table dumping that architectures can opt-in
to.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191218162402.45610-20-steven.price@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Steven Price <steven.price@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Alexandre Ghiti <alex@ghiti.fr>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org>
Cc: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: "Liang, Kan" <kan.liang@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: Zong Li <zong.li@sifive.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Don't instrument 3 more files that contain debugging facilities and
produce large amounts of uninteresting coverage for every syscall.
The following snippets are sprinkled all over the place in kcov traces
in a debugging kernel. We already try to disable instrumentation of
stack unwinding code and of most debug facilities. I guess we did not
use fault-inject.c at the time, and stacktrace.c was somehow missed (or
something has changed in kernel/configs). This change both speeds up
kcov (kernel doesn't need to store these PCs, user-space doesn't need to
process them) and frees trace buffer capacity for more useful coverage.
should_fail
lib/fault-inject.c:149
fail_dump
lib/fault-inject.c:45
stack_trace_save
kernel/stacktrace.c:124
stack_trace_consume_entry
kernel/stacktrace.c:86
stack_trace_consume_entry
kernel/stacktrace.c:89
... a hundred frames skipped ...
stack_trace_consume_entry
kernel/stacktrace.c:93
stack_trace_consume_entry
kernel/stacktrace.c:86
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200116111449.217744-1-dvyukov@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This blacklists several compilation units from KCSAN. See the respective
inline comments for the reasoning.
Signed-off-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
Add two utilities to 1) write-protect and 2) clean all ptes pointing into
a range of an address space.
The utilities are intended to aid in tracking dirty pages (either
driver-allocated system memory or pci device memory).
The write-protect utility should be used in conjunction with
page_mkwrite() and pfn_mkwrite() to trigger write page-faults on page
accesses. Typically one would want to use this on sparse accesses into
large memory regions. The clean utility should be used to utilize
hardware dirtying functionality and avoid the overhead of page-faults,
typically on large accesses into small memory regions.
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
When compiling a kernel with W=1, there are several of those warnings due
to arm64 overriding a field on purpose. Just disable those warnings for
both GCC and Clang of this file, so it will help dig "gems" hidden in the
W=1 warnings by reducing some noises.
mm/init-mm.c:39:2: warning: initializer overrides prior initialization
of this subobject [-Winitializer-overrides]
INIT_MM_CONTEXT(init_mm)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
./arch/arm64/include/asm/mmu.h:133:9: note: expanded from macro
'INIT_MM_CONTEXT'
.pgd = init_pg_dir,
^~~~~~~~~~~
mm/init-mm.c:30:10: note: previous initialization is here
.pgd = swapper_pg_dir,
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Note: there is a side project trying to support explicitly allowing
specific initializer overrides in Clang, but there is no guarantee it
will happen or not.
https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/639
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1566920867-27453-1-git-send-email-cai@lca.pw
Signed-off-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Cc: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
Cc: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "mm: remove quicklist page table caches".
A while ago Nicholas proposed to remove quicklist page table caches [1].
I've rebased his patch on the curren upstream and switched ia64 and sh to
use generic versions of PTE allocation.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20190711030339.20892-1-npiggin@gmail.com
This patch (of 3):
Remove page table allocator "quicklists". These have been around for a
long time, but have not got much traction in the last decade and are only
used on ia64 and sh architectures.
The numbers in the initial commit look interesting but probably don't
apply anymore. If anybody wants to resurrect this it's in the git
history, but it's unhelpful to have this code and divergent allocator
behaviour for minor archs.
Also it might be better to instead make more general improvements to page
allocator if this is still so slow.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1565250728-21721-2-git-send-email-rppt@linux.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
memremap.c implements MM functionality for ZONE_DEVICE, so it really
should be in the mm/ directory, not the kernel/ one.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190722094143.18387-1-hch@lst.de
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Acked-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Improvements and bug fixes for the hmm interface in the kernel:
- Improve clarity, locking and APIs related to the 'hmm mirror' feature
merged last cycle. In linux-next we now see AMDGPU and nouveau to be
using this API.
- Remove old or transitional hmm APIs. These are hold overs from the past
with no users, or APIs that existed only to manage cross tree conflicts.
There are still a few more of these cleanups that didn't make the merge
window cut off.
- Improve some core mm APIs:
* export alloc_pages_vma() for driver use
* refactor into devm_request_free_mem_region() to manage
DEVICE_PRIVATE resource reservations
* refactor duplicative driver code into the core dev_pagemap
struct
- Remove hmm wrappers of improved core mm APIs, instead have drivers use
the simplified API directly
- Remove DEVICE_PUBLIC
- Simplify the kconfig flow for the hmm users and core code
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Merge tag 'for-linus-hmm' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rdma/rdma
Pull HMM updates from Jason Gunthorpe:
"Improvements and bug fixes for the hmm interface in the kernel:
- Improve clarity, locking and APIs related to the 'hmm mirror'
feature merged last cycle. In linux-next we now see AMDGPU and
nouveau to be using this API.
- Remove old or transitional hmm APIs. These are hold overs from the
past with no users, or APIs that existed only to manage cross tree
conflicts. There are still a few more of these cleanups that didn't
make the merge window cut off.
- Improve some core mm APIs:
- export alloc_pages_vma() for driver use
- refactor into devm_request_free_mem_region() to manage
DEVICE_PRIVATE resource reservations
- refactor duplicative driver code into the core dev_pagemap
struct
- Remove hmm wrappers of improved core mm APIs, instead have drivers
use the simplified API directly
- Remove DEVICE_PUBLIC
- Simplify the kconfig flow for the hmm users and core code"
* tag 'for-linus-hmm' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rdma/rdma: (42 commits)
mm: don't select MIGRATE_VMA_HELPER from HMM_MIRROR
mm: remove the HMM config option
mm: sort out the DEVICE_PRIVATE Kconfig mess
mm: simplify ZONE_DEVICE page private data
mm: remove hmm_devmem_add
mm: remove hmm_vma_alloc_locked_page
nouveau: use devm_memremap_pages directly
nouveau: use alloc_page_vma directly
PCI/P2PDMA: use the dev_pagemap internal refcount
device-dax: use the dev_pagemap internal refcount
memremap: provide an optional internal refcount in struct dev_pagemap
memremap: replace the altmap_valid field with a PGMAP_ALTMAP_VALID flag
memremap: remove the data field in struct dev_pagemap
memremap: add a migrate_to_ram method to struct dev_pagemap_ops
memremap: lift the devmap_enable manipulation into devm_memremap_pages
memremap: pass a struct dev_pagemap to ->kill and ->cleanup
memremap: move dev_pagemap callbacks into a separate structure
memremap: validate the pagemap type passed to devm_memremap_pages
mm: factor out a devm_request_free_mem_region helper
mm: export alloc_pages_vma
...
Always build mm/gup.c so that we don't have to provide separate nommu
stubs. Also merge the get_user_pages_fast and __get_user_pages_fast stubs
when HAVE_FAST_GUP into the main implementations, which will never call
the fast path if HAVE_FAST_GUP is not set.
This also ensures the new put_user_pages* helpers are available for nommu,
as those are currently missing, which would create a problem as soon as we
actually grew users for it.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190625143715.1689-13-hch@lst.de
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@mellanox.com>
Cc: Khalid Aziz <khalid.aziz@oracle.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Rich Felker <dalias@libc.org>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All the mm/hmm.c code is better keyed off HMM_MIRROR. Also let nouveau
depend on it instead of the mix of a dummy dependency symbol plus the
actually selected one. Drop various odd dependencies, as the code is
pretty portable.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Ira Weiny <ira.weiny@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@mellanox.com>
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@mellanox.com>
Patch series "mm: Randomize free memory", v10.
This patch (of 3):
Randomization of the page allocator improves the average utilization of
a direct-mapped memory-side-cache. Memory side caching is a platform
capability that Linux has been previously exposed to in HPC
(high-performance computing) environments on specialty platforms. In
that instance it was a smaller pool of high-bandwidth-memory relative to
higher-capacity / lower-bandwidth DRAM. Now, this capability is going
to be found on general purpose server platforms where DRAM is a cache in
front of higher latency persistent memory [1].
Robert offered an explanation of the state of the art of Linux
interactions with memory-side-caches [2], and I copy it here:
It's been a problem in the HPC space:
http://www.nersc.gov/research-and-development/knl-cache-mode-performance-coe/
A kernel module called zonesort is available to try to help:
https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/xeon-phi-software
and this abandoned patch series proposed that for the kernel:
https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170823100205.17311-1-lukasz.daniluk@intel.com
Dan's patch series doesn't attempt to ensure buffers won't conflict, but
also reduces the chance that the buffers will. This will make performance
more consistent, albeit slower than "optimal" (which is near impossible
to attain in a general-purpose kernel). That's better than forcing
users to deploy remedies like:
"To eliminate this gradual degradation, we have added a Stream
measurement to the Node Health Check that follows each job;
nodes are rebooted whenever their measured memory bandwidth
falls below 300 GB/s."
A replacement for zonesort was merged upstream in commit cc9aec03e5
("x86/numa_emulation: Introduce uniform split capability"). With this
numa_emulation capability, memory can be split into cache sized
("near-memory" sized) numa nodes. A bind operation to such a node, and
disabling workloads on other nodes, enables full cache performance.
However, once the workload exceeds the cache size then cache conflicts
are unavoidable. While HPC environments might be able to tolerate
time-scheduling of cache sized workloads, for general purpose server
platforms, the oversubscribed cache case will be the common case.
The worst case scenario is that a server system owner benchmarks a
workload at boot with an un-contended cache only to see that performance
degrade over time, even below the average cache performance due to
excessive conflicts. Randomization clips the peaks and fills in the
valleys of cache utilization to yield steady average performance.
Here are some performance impact details of the patches:
1/ An Intel internal synthetic memory bandwidth measurement tool, saw a
3X speedup in a contrived case that tries to force cache conflicts.
The contrived cased used the numa_emulation capability to force an
instance of the benchmark to be run in two of the near-memory sized
numa nodes. If both instances were placed on the same emulated they
would fit and cause zero conflicts. While on separate emulated nodes
without randomization they underutilized the cache and conflicted
unnecessarily due to the in-order allocation per node.
2/ A well known Java server application benchmark was run with a heap
size that exceeded cache size by 3X. The cache conflict rate was 8%
for the first run and degraded to 21% after page allocator aging. With
randomization enabled the rate levelled out at 11%.
3/ A MongoDB workload did not observe measurable difference in
cache-conflict rates, but the overall throughput dropped by 7% with
randomization in one case.
4/ Mel Gorman ran his suite of performance workloads with randomization
enabled on platforms without a memory-side-cache and saw a mix of some
improvements and some losses [3].
While there is potentially significant improvement for applications that
depend on low latency access across a wide working-set, the performance
may be negligible to negative for other workloads. For this reason the
shuffle capability defaults to off unless a direct-mapped
memory-side-cache is detected. Even then, the page_alloc.shuffle=0
parameter can be specified to disable the randomization on those systems.
Outside of memory-side-cache utilization concerns there is potentially
security benefit from randomization. Some data exfiltration and
return-oriented-programming attacks rely on the ability to infer the
location of sensitive data objects. The kernel page allocator, especially
early in system boot, has predictable first-in-first out behavior for
physical pages. Pages are freed in physical address order when first
onlined.
Quoting Kees:
"While we already have a base-address randomization
(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_MEMORY), attacks against the same hardware and
memory layouts would certainly be using the predictability of
allocation ordering (i.e. for attacks where the base address isn't
important: only the relative positions between allocated memory).
This is common in lots of heap-style attacks. They try to gain
control over ordering by spraying allocations, etc.
I'd really like to see this because it gives us something similar
to CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM but for the page allocator."
While SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM reduces the predictability of some local slab
caches it leaves vast bulk of memory to be predictably in order allocated.
However, it should be noted, the concrete security benefits are hard to
quantify, and no known CVE is mitigated by this randomization.
Introduce shuffle_free_memory(), and its helper shuffle_zone(), to perform
a Fisher-Yates shuffle of the page allocator 'free_area' lists when they
are initially populated with free memory at boot and at hotplug time. Do
this based on either the presence of a page_alloc.shuffle=Y command line
parameter, or autodetection of a memory-side-cache (to be added in a
follow-on patch).
The shuffling is done in terms of CONFIG_SHUFFLE_PAGE_ORDER sized free
pages where the default CONFIG_SHUFFLE_PAGE_ORDER is MAX_ORDER-1 i.e. 10,
4MB this trades off randomization granularity for time spent shuffling.
MAX_ORDER-1 was chosen to be minimally invasive to the page allocator
while still showing memory-side cache behavior improvements, and the
expectation that the security implications of finer granularity
randomization is mitigated by CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM. The
performance impact of the shuffling appears to be in the noise compared to
other memory initialization work.
This initial randomization can be undone over time so a follow-on patch is
introduced to inject entropy on page free decisions. It is reasonable to
ask if the page free entropy is sufficient, but it is not enough due to
the in-order initial freeing of pages. At the start of that process
putting page1 in front or behind page0 still keeps them close together,
page2 is still near page1 and has a high chance of being adjacent. As
more pages are added ordering diversity improves, but there is still high
page locality for the low address pages and this leads to no significant
impact to the cache conflict rate.
[1]: https://itpeernetwork.intel.com/intel-optane-dc-persistent-memory-operating-modes/
[2]: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/AT5PR8401MB1169D656C8B5E121752FC0F8AB120@AT5PR8401MB1169.NAMPRD84.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM
[3]: https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/10/12/309
[dan.j.williams@intel.com: fix shuffle enable]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/154943713038.3858443.4125180191382062871.stgit@dwillia2-desk3.amr.corp.intel.com
[cai@lca.pw: fix SHUFFLE_PAGE_ALLOCATOR help texts]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190425201300.75650-1-cai@lca.pw
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/154899811738.3165233.12325692939590944259.stgit@dwillia2-desk3.amr.corp.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Keith Busch <keith.busch@intel.com>
Cc: Robert Elliott <elliott@hpe.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All architecures use memblock for early memory management. There is no need
for the CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK configuration option.
[rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com: of/fdt: fixup #ifdefs]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180919103457.GA20545@rapoport-lnx
[rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com: csky: fixups after bootmem removal]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180926112744.GC4628@rapoport-lnx
[rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com: remove stale #else and the code it protects]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1538067825-24835-1-git-send-email-rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1536927045-23536-4-git-send-email-rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Tested-by: Jonathan Cameron <jonathan.cameron@huawei.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Greentime Hu <green.hu@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Guan Xuetao <gxt@pku.edu.cn>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Ley Foon Tan <lftan@altera.com>
Cc: Mark Salter <msalter@redhat.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com>
Cc: Richard Kuo <rkuo@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Rich Felker <dalias@libc.org>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Serge Semin <fancer.lancer@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All achitectures select NO_BOOTMEM which essentially becomes 'Y' for any
kernel configuration and therefore it can be removed.
[alexander.h.duyck@linux.intel.com: remove now defunct NO_BOOTMEM from depends list for deferred init]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180925201814.3576.15105.stgit@localhost.localdomain
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1536927045-23536-3-git-send-email-rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Duyck <alexander.h.duyck@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Greentime Hu <green.hu@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Guan Xuetao <gxt@pku.edu.cn>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Ley Foon Tan <lftan@altera.com>
Cc: Mark Salter <msalter@redhat.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com>
Cc: Richard Kuo <rkuo@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Rich Felker <dalias@libc.org>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Serge Semin <fancer.lancer@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
- Core mmu_gather changes which allow tracking the levels of page-table
being cleared together with the arm64 low-level flushing routines
- Support for the new ARMv8.5 PSTATE.SSBS bit which can be used to
mitigate Spectre-v4 dynamically without trapping to EL3 firmware
- Introduce COMPAT_SIGMINSTKSZ for use in compat_sys_sigaltstack
- Optimise emulation of MRS instructions to ID_* registers on ARMv8.4
- Support for Common Not Private (CnP) translations allowing threads of
the same CPU to share the TLB entries
- Accelerated crc32 routines
- Move swapper_pg_dir to the rodata section
- Trap WFI instruction executed in user space
- ARM erratum 1188874 workaround (arch_timer)
- Miscellaneous fixes and clean-ups
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Merge tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux
Pull arm64 updates from Catalin Marinas:
"Apart from some new arm64 features and clean-ups, this also contains
the core mmu_gather changes for tracking the levels of the page table
being cleared and a minor update to the generic
compat_sys_sigaltstack() introducing COMPAT_SIGMINSKSZ.
Summary:
- Core mmu_gather changes which allow tracking the levels of
page-table being cleared together with the arm64 low-level flushing
routines
- Support for the new ARMv8.5 PSTATE.SSBS bit which can be used to
mitigate Spectre-v4 dynamically without trapping to EL3 firmware
- Introduce COMPAT_SIGMINSTKSZ for use in compat_sys_sigaltstack
- Optimise emulation of MRS instructions to ID_* registers on ARMv8.4
- Support for Common Not Private (CnP) translations allowing threads
of the same CPU to share the TLB entries
- Accelerated crc32 routines
- Move swapper_pg_dir to the rodata section
- Trap WFI instruction executed in user space
- ARM erratum 1188874 workaround (arch_timer)
- Miscellaneous fixes and clean-ups"
* tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux: (78 commits)
arm64: KVM: Guests can skip __install_bp_hardening_cb()s HYP work
arm64: cpufeature: Trap CTR_EL0 access only where it is necessary
arm64: cpufeature: Fix handling of CTR_EL0.IDC field
arm64: cpufeature: ctr: Fix cpu capability check for late CPUs
Documentation/arm64: HugeTLB page implementation
arm64: mm: Use __pa_symbol() for set_swapper_pgd()
arm64: Add silicon-errata.txt entry for ARM erratum 1188873
Revert "arm64: uaccess: implement unsafe accessors"
arm64: mm: Drop the unused cpu parameter
MAINTAINERS: fix bad sdei paths
arm64: mm: Use #ifdef for the __PAGETABLE_P?D_FOLDED defines
arm64: Fix typo in a comment in arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c
arm64: xen: Use existing helper to check interrupt status
arm64: Use daifflag_restore after bp_hardening
arm64: daifflags: Use irqflags functions for daifflags
arm64: arch_timer: avoid unused function warning
arm64: Trap WFI executed in userspace
arm64: docs: Document SSBS HWCAP
arm64: docs: Fix typos in ELF hwcaps
arm64/kprobes: remove an extra semicolon in arch_prepare_kprobe
...
In preparation for maintaining the mmu_gather code as its own entity,
move the implementation out of memory.c and into its own file.
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
The implementation of readahead(2) syscall is identical to that of
fadvise64(POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED) with a few exceptions:
1. readahead(2) returns -EINVAL for !mapping->a_ops and fadvise64()
ignores the request and returns 0.
2. fadvise64() checks for integer overflow corner case
3. fadvise64() calls the optional filesystem fadvise() file operation
Unite the two implementations by calling vfs_fadvise() from readahead(2)
syscall. Check the !mapping->a_ops in readahead(2) syscall to preserve
documented syscall ABI behaviour.
Suggested-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: d1d04ef857 ("ovl: stack file ops")
Signed-off-by: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
With the addition of memfd hugetlbfs support, we now have the situation
where memfd depends on TMPFS -or- HUGETLBFS. Previously, memfd was only
supported on tmpfs, so it made sense that the code resided in shmem.c.
In the current code, memfd is only functional if TMPFS is defined. If
HUGETLFS is defined and TMPFS is not defined, then memfd functionality
will not be available for hugetlbfs. This does not cause BUGs, just a
lack of potentially desired functionality.
Code is restructured in the following way:
- include/linux/memfd.h is a new file containing memfd specific
definitions previously contained in shmem_fs.h.
- mm/memfd.c is a new file containing memfd specific code previously
contained in shmem.c.
- memfd specific code is removed from shmem_fs.h and shmem.c.
- A new config option MEMFD_CREATE is added that is defined if TMPFS
or HUGETLBFS is defined.
No functional changes are made to the code: restructuring only.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180415182119.4517-4-mike.kravetz@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Khalid Aziz <khalid.aziz@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: David Herrmann <dh.herrmann@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Marc-Andr Lureau <marcandre.lureau@gmail.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For mm/swap_slots.c, use the traditional Linux method of conditional
compilation and linking instead of always compiling it by using #ifdef
CONFIG_SWAP and #endif for the entire source file (excluding header
files).
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/c2a47015-0b5a-d0d9-8bc7-9984c049df20@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Performance of get_user_pages_fast() is critical for some workloads, but
it's tricky to test it directly.
This patch provides /sys/kernel/debug/gup_benchmark that helps with
testing performance of it.
See tools/testing/selftests/vm/gup_benchmark.c for userspace
counterpart.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170908215603.9189-2-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Thorsten Leemhuis <regressions@leemhuis.info>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
This moves all new code including new page migration helper behind kernel
Kconfig option so that there is no codee bloat for arch or user that do
not want to use HMM or any of its associated features.
arm allyesconfig (without all the patchset, then with and this patch):
text data bss dec hex filename
83721896 46511131 27582964 157815991 96814b7 ../without/vmlinux
83722364 46511131 27582964 157816459 968168b vmlinux
[jglisse@redhat.com: struct hmm is only use by HMM mirror functionality]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170825213133.27286-1-jglisse@redhat.com
[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: fix build (arm multi_v7_defconfig)]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170828181849.323ab81b@canb.auug.org.au
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170818032858.7447-1-jglisse@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
HMM provides 3 separate types of functionality:
- Mirroring: synchronize CPU page table and device page table
- Device memory: allocating struct page for device memory
- Migration: migrating regular memory to device memory
This patch introduces some common helpers and definitions to all of
those 3 functionality.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170817000548.32038-3-jglisse@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Evgeny Baskakov <ebaskakov@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Mark Hairgrove <mhairgrove@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Sherry Cheung <SCheung@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Subhash Gutti <sgutti@nvidia.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: David Nellans <dnellans@nvidia.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <liubo95@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is limited visibility into the use of percpu memory leaving us
unable to reason about correctness of parameters and overall use of
percpu memory. These counters and statistics aim to help understand
basic statistics about percpu memory such as number of allocations over
the lifetime, allocation sizes, and fragmentation.
New Config: PERCPU_STATS
Signed-off-by: Dennis Zhou <dennisz@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
This patch makes arch-independent testcases for RODATA. Both x86 and
x86_64 already have testcases for RODATA, But they are arch-specific
because using inline assembly directly.
And cacheflush.h is not a suitable location for rodata-test related
things. Since they were in cacheflush.h, If someone change the state of
CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA_TEST, It cause overhead of kernel build.
To solve the above issues, write arch-independent testcases and move it
to shared location.
[jinb.park7@gmail.com: fix config dependency]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170209131625.GA16954@pjb1027-Latitude-E5410
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170129105436.GA9303@pjb1027-Latitude-E5410
Signed-off-by: Jinbum Park <jinb.park7@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Valentin Rothberg <valentinrothberg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce a new interface to check if a page is mapped into a vma. It
aims to address shortcomings of page_check_address{,_transhuge}.
Existing interface is not able to handle PTE-mapped THPs: it only finds
the first PTE. The rest lefted unnoticed.
page_vma_mapped_walk() iterates over all possible mapping of the page in
the vma.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170129173858.45174-3-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We add per cpu caches for swap slots that can be allocated and freed
quickly without the need to touch the swap info lock.
Two separate caches are maintained for swap slots allocated and swap
slots returned. This is to allow the swap slots to be returned to the
global pool in a batch so they will have a chance to be coaelesced with
other slots in a cluster. We do not reuse the slots that are returned
right away, as it may increase fragmentation of the slots.
The swap allocation cache is protected by a mutex as we may sleep when
searching for empty slots in cache. The swap free cache is protected by
a spin lock as we cannot sleep in the free path.
We refill the swap slots cache when we run out of slots, and we disable
the swap slots cache and drain the slots if the global number of slots
fall below a low watermark threshold. We re-enable the cache agian when
the slots available are above a high watermark.
[ying.huang@intel.com: use raw_cpu_ptr over this_cpu_ptr for swap slots access]
[tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com: add comments on locks in swap_slots.h]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170118180327.GA24225@linux.intel.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/35de301a4eaa8daa2977de6e987f2c154385eb66.1484082593.git.tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> escreveu:
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This affectively reverts commit 377ccbb483 ("Makefile: Mute warning
for __builtin_return_address(>0) for tracing only") because it turns out
that it really isn't tracing only - it's all over the tree.
We already also had the warning disabled separately for mm/usercopy.c
(which this commit also removes), and it turns out that we will also
want to disable it for get_lock_parent_ip(), that is used for at least
TRACE_IRQFLAGS. Which (when enabled) ends up being all over the tree.
Steven Rostedt had a patch that tried to limit it to just the config
options that actually triggered this, but quite frankly, the extra
complexity and abstraction just isn't worth it. We have never actually
had a case where the warning is actually useful, so let's just disable
it globally and not worry about it.
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
khugepaged implementation grew to the point when it deserve separate
file in source.
Let's move it to mm/khugepaged.c.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1466021202-61880-32-git-send-email-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is the start of porting PAX_USERCOPY into the mainline kernel. This
is the first set of features, controlled by CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY. The
work is based on code by PaX Team and Brad Spengler, and an earlier port
from Casey Schaufler. Additional non-slab page tests are from Rik van Riel.
This patch contains the logic for validating several conditions when
performing copy_to_user() and copy_from_user() on the kernel object
being copied to/from:
- address range doesn't wrap around
- address range isn't NULL or zero-allocated (with a non-zero copy size)
- if on the slab allocator:
- object size must be less than or equal to copy size (when check is
implemented in the allocator, which appear in subsequent patches)
- otherwise, object must not span page allocations (excepting Reserved
and CMA ranges)
- if on the stack
- object must not extend before/after the current process stack
- object must be contained by a valid stack frame (when there is
arch/build support for identifying stack frames)
- object must not overlap with kernel text
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Tested-by: Valdis Kletnieks <valdis.kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
This patch introduces z3fold, a special purpose allocator for storing
compressed pages. It is designed to store up to three compressed pages
per physical page. It is a ZBUD derivative which allows for higher
compression ratio keeping the simplicity and determinism of its
predecessor.
This patch comes as a follow-up to the discussions at the Embedded Linux
Conference in San-Diego related to the talk [1]. The outcome of these
discussions was that it would be good to have a compressed page
allocator as stable and deterministic as zbud with with higher
compression ratio.
To keep the determinism and simplicity, z3fold, just like zbud, always
stores an integral number of compressed pages per page, but it can store
up to 3 pages unlike zbud which can store at most 2. Therefore the
compression ratio goes to around 2.6x while zbud's one is around 1.7x.
The patch is based on the latest linux.git tree.
This version has been updated after testing on various simulators (e.g.
ARM Versatile Express, MIPS Malta, x86_64/Haswell) and basing on
comments from Dan Streetman [3].
[1] https://openiotelc2016.sched.org/event/6DAC/swapping-and-embedded-compression-relieves-the-pressure-vitaly-wool-softprise-consulting-ou
[2] https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/4/21/799
[3] https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/5/4/852
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160509151753.ec3f9fda3c9898d31ff52a32@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Vitaly Wool <vitalywool@gmail.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@redhat.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add KASAN hooks to SLAB allocator.
This patch is based on the "mm: kasan: unified support for SLUB and SLAB
allocators" patch originally prepared by Dmitry Chernenkov.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <adech.fo@gmail.com>
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <ryabinin.a.a@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Konstantin Serebryany <kcc@google.com>
Cc: Dmitry Chernenkov <dmitryc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
kcov provides code coverage collection for coverage-guided fuzzing
(randomized testing). Coverage-guided fuzzing is a testing technique
that uses coverage feedback to determine new interesting inputs to a
system. A notable user-space example is AFL
(http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/). However, this technique is not
widely used for kernel testing due to missing compiler and kernel
support.
kcov does not aim to collect as much coverage as possible. It aims to
collect more or less stable coverage that is function of syscall inputs.
To achieve this goal it does not collect coverage in soft/hard
interrupts and instrumentation of some inherently non-deterministic or
non-interesting parts of kernel is disbled (e.g. scheduler, locking).
Currently there is a single coverage collection mode (tracing), but the
API anticipates additional collection modes. Initially I also
implemented a second mode which exposes coverage in a fixed-size hash
table of counters (what Quentin used in his original patch). I've
dropped the second mode for simplicity.
This patch adds the necessary support on kernel side. The complimentary
compiler support was added in gcc revision 231296.
We've used this support to build syzkaller system call fuzzer, which has
found 90 kernel bugs in just 2 months:
https://github.com/google/syzkaller/wiki/Found-Bugs
We've also found 30+ bugs in our internal systems with syzkaller.
Another (yet unexplored) direction where kcov coverage would greatly
help is more traditional "blob mutation". For example, mounting a
random blob as a filesystem, or receiving a random blob over wire.
Why not gcov. Typical fuzzing loop looks as follows: (1) reset
coverage, (2) execute a bit of code, (3) collect coverage, repeat. A
typical coverage can be just a dozen of basic blocks (e.g. an invalid
input). In such context gcov becomes prohibitively expensive as
reset/collect coverage steps depend on total number of basic
blocks/edges in program (in case of kernel it is about 2M). Cost of
kcov depends only on number of executed basic blocks/edges. On top of
that, kernel requires per-thread coverage because there are always
background threads and unrelated processes that also produce coverage.
With inlined gcov instrumentation per-thread coverage is not possible.
kcov exposes kernel PCs and control flow to user-space which is
insecure. But debugfs should not be mapped as user accessible.
Based on a patch by Quentin Casasnovas.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make task_struct.kcov_mode have type `enum kcov_mode']
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: unbreak allmodconfig]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: follow x86 Makefile layout standards]
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: syzkaller <syzkaller@googlegroups.com>
Cc: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Tavis Ormandy <taviso@google.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Quentin Casasnovas <quentin.casasnovas@oracle.com>
Cc: Kostya Serebryany <kcc@google.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@google.com>
Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: David Drysdale <drysdale@google.com>
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <ryabinin.a.a@gmail.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Alexander Potapenko
Daniel Vetter
Axel Rasmussen
John Hubbard
Hui Su
Mike Rapoport
Linus Torvalds
Thomas Gleixner
Christoph Hellwig
Anshuman Khandual
Ingo Molnar
Alexander Duyck
Qian Cai
Steven Price
Dmitry Vyukov
Marco Elver
Thomas Hellstrom
Nicholas Piggin
Dan Williams
Mike Rapoport
Peter Zijlstra
Amir Goldstein
Mike Kravetz
Randy Dunlap
Kirill A. Shutemov
Levin, Alexander (Sasha Levin)
Greg Kroah-Hartman
Jérôme Glisse
Dennis Zhou
Jinbum Park
Tim Chen
Kees Cook
Vitaly Wool