The comment about credit estimates isn't true anymore. We do what the
comment describes now.
Reviewed-by: Zheng Liu <wenqing.lz@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Currently when we add a buffer to a transaction, we wait until the
buffer is removed from BJ_Shadow list (so that we prevent any changes
to the buffer that is just written to the journal). This can take
unnecessarily long as a lot happens between the time the buffer is
submitted to the journal and the time when we remove the buffer from
BJ_Shadow list. (e.g. We wait for all data buffers in the
transaction, we issue a cache flush, etc.) Also this creates a
dependency of do_get_write_access() on transaction commit (namely
waiting for data IO to complete) which we want to avoid when
implementing transaction reservation.
So we modify commit code to set new BH_Shadow flag when temporary
shadowing buffer is created and we clear that flag once IO on that
buffer is complete. This allows do_get_write_access() to wait only
for BH_Shadow bit and thus removes the dependency on data IO
completion.
Reviewed-by: Zheng Liu <wenqing.lz@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Similarly as for metadata buffers, also log descriptor buffers don't
really need the journal head. So strip it and remove BJ_LogCtl list.
Reviewed-by: Zheng Liu <wenqing.lz@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
When writing metadata to the journal, we create temporary buffer heads
for that task. We also attach journal heads to these buffer heads but
the only purpose of the journal heads is to keep buffers linked in
transaction's BJ_IO list. We remove the need for journal heads by
reusing buffer_head's b_assoc_buffers list for that purpose. Also
since BJ_IO list is just a temporary list for transaction commit, we
use a private list in jbd2_journal_commit_transaction() for that thus
removing BJ_IO list from transaction completely.
Reviewed-by: Zheng Liu <wenqing.lz@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
invalidatepage now accepts range to invalidate and there are two file
system using jbd2 also implementing punch hole feature which can benefit
from this. We need to implement the same thing for jbd2 layer in order to
allow those file system take benefit of this functionality.
This commit adds length argument to the jbd2_journal_invalidatepage()
and updates all instances in ext4 and ocfs2.
Signed-off-by: Lukas Czerner <lczerner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
While investigating interactivity problems it was clear that processes
sometimes stall for long periods of times if an attempt is made to
lock a buffer which is undergoing writeback. It would stall in
a trace looking something like
[<ffffffff811a39de>] __lock_buffer+0x2e/0x30
[<ffffffff8123a60f>] do_get_write_access+0x43f/0x4b0
[<ffffffff8123a7cb>] jbd2_journal_get_write_access+0x2b/0x50
[<ffffffff81220f79>] __ext4_journal_get_write_access+0x39/0x80
[<ffffffff811f3198>] ext4_reserve_inode_write+0x78/0xa0
[<ffffffff811f3209>] ext4_mark_inode_dirty+0x49/0x220
[<ffffffff811f57d1>] ext4_dirty_inode+0x41/0x60
[<ffffffff8119ac3e>] __mark_inode_dirty+0x4e/0x2d0
[<ffffffff8118b9b9>] update_time+0x79/0xc0
[<ffffffff8118ba98>] file_update_time+0x98/0x100
[<ffffffff81110ffc>] __generic_file_aio_write+0x17c/0x3b0
[<ffffffff811112aa>] generic_file_aio_write+0x7a/0xf0
[<ffffffff811ea853>] ext4_file_write+0x83/0xd0
[<ffffffff81172b23>] do_sync_write+0xa3/0xe0
[<ffffffff811731ae>] vfs_write+0xae/0x180
[<ffffffff8117361d>] sys_write+0x4d/0x90
[<ffffffff8159d62d>] system_call_fastpath+0x1a/0x1f
[<ffffffffffffffff>] 0xffffffffffffffff
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
The jbd2_alloc_handle() function is only called by new_handle(). So
this commit uses kmem_cache_zalloc() instead of
kmem_cache_alloc()/memset().
Signed-off-by: Zheng Liu <wenqing.lz@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata() didn't get a reference to journal_head it
was working with. This is OK in most of the cases since the journal head
should be attached to a transaction but in rare occasions when we are
journalling data, __ext4_journalled_writepage() can race with
jbd2_journal_invalidatepage() stripping buffers from a page and thus
journal head can be freed under hands of jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata().
Fix the problem by getting own journal head reference in
jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata() (and also in jbd2_journal_set_triggers()
which can possibly have the same issue).
Reported-by: Zheng Liu <gnehzuil.liu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Handles which stay open a long time are problematic when it comes time
to close down a transaction so it can be committed. These tracepoints
will help us determine which ones are the problematic ones, and to
validate whether changes makes things better or worse.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Track the delay between when we first request that the commit begin
and when it actually begins, so we can see how much of a gap exists.
In theory, this should just be the remaining scheduling quantuum of
the thread which requested the commit (assuming it was not a
synchronous operation which triggered the commit request) plus
scheduling overhead; however, it's possible that real time processes
might get in the way of letting the kjournald thread from executing.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
which could cause file system corruptions when performing file punch
operations.
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Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4
Pull ext4 bug fixes from Ted Ts'o:
"Various bug fixes for ext4. Perhaps the most serious bug fixed is one
which could cause file system corruptions when performing file punch
operations."
* tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4:
ext4: avoid hang when mounting non-journal filesystems with orphan list
ext4: lock i_mutex when truncating orphan inodes
ext4: do not try to write superblock on ro remount w/o journal
ext4: include journal blocks in df overhead calcs
ext4: remove unaligned AIO warning printk
ext4: fix an incorrect comment about i_mutex
ext4: fix deadlock in journal_unmap_buffer()
ext4: split off ext4_journalled_invalidatepage()
jbd2: fix assertion failure in jbd2_journal_flush()
ext4: check dioread_nolock on remount
ext4: fix extent tree corruption caused by hole punch
We cannot wait for transaction commit in journal_unmap_buffer()
because we hold page lock which ranks below transaction start. We
solve the issue by bailing out of journal_unmap_buffer() and
jbd2_journal_invalidatepage() with -EBUSY. Caller is then responsible
for waiting for transaction commit to finish and try invalidation
again. Since the issue can happen only for page stradding i_size, it
is simple enough to manually call jbd2_journal_invalidatepage() for
such page from ext4_setattr(), check the return value and wait if
necessary.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
The following race is possible between start_this_handle() and someone
calling jbd2_journal_flush().
Process A Process B
start_this_handle().
if (journal->j_barrier_count) # false
if (!journal->j_running_transaction) { #true
read_unlock(&journal->j_state_lock);
jbd2_journal_lock_updates()
jbd2_journal_flush()
write_lock(&journal->j_state_lock);
if (journal->j_running_transaction) {
# false
... wait for committing trans ...
write_unlock(&journal->j_state_lock);
...
write_lock(&journal->j_state_lock);
if (!journal->j_running_transaction) { # true
jbd2_get_transaction(journal, new_transaction);
write_unlock(&journal->j_state_lock);
goto repeat; # eventually blocks on j_barrier_count > 0
...
J_ASSERT(!journal->j_running_transaction);
# fails
We fix the race by rechecking j_barrier_count after reacquiring j_state_lock
in exclusive mode.
Reported-by: yjwsignal@empal.com
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
inline data, which allows small files or directories to be stored in
the in-inode extended attribute area. (This requires that the file
system use inodes which are at least 256 bytes or larger; 128 byte
inodes do not have any room for in-inode xattrs.)
The second new feature is SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA support. This is
enabled by the extent status tree patches, and this infrastructure
will be used to further optimize ext4 in the future.
Beyond that, we have the usual collection of code cleanups and bug
fixes.
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Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4
Pull ext4 update from Ted Ts'o:
"There are two major features for this merge window. The first is
inline data, which allows small files or directories to be stored in
the in-inode extended attribute area. (This requires that the file
system use inodes which are at least 256 bytes or larger; 128 byte
inodes do not have any room for in-inode xattrs.)
The second new feature is SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA support. This is
enabled by the extent status tree patches, and this infrastructure
will be used to further optimize ext4 in the future.
Beyond that, we have the usual collection of code cleanups and bug
fixes."
* tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (63 commits)
ext4: zero out inline data using memset() instead of empty_zero_page
ext4: ensure Inode flags consistency are checked at build time
ext4: Remove CONFIG_EXT4_FS_XATTR
ext4: remove unused variable from ext4_ext_in_cache()
ext4: remove redundant initialization in ext4_fill_super()
ext4: remove redundant code in ext4_alloc_inode()
ext4: use sync_inode_metadata() when syncing inode metadata
ext4: enable ext4 inline support
ext4: let fallocate handle inline data correctly
ext4: let ext4_truncate handle inline data correctly
ext4: evict inline data out if we need to strore xattr in inode
ext4: let fiemap work with inline data
ext4: let ext4_rename handle inline dir
ext4: let empty_dir handle inline dir
ext4: let ext4_delete_entry() handle inline data
ext4: make ext4_delete_entry generic
ext4: let ext4_find_entry handle inline data
ext4: create a new function search_dir
ext4: let ext4_readdir handle inline data
ext4: let add_dir_entry handle inline data properly
...
"Whether" is misspelled in various comments across the tree; this
fixes them. No code changes.
Signed-off-by: Adam Buchbinder <adam.buchbinder@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
ext4_handle_release_buffer() was intended to remove journal
write access from a buffer, but it doesn't actually do anything
at all other than add a BUFFER_TRACE point, but it's not reliably
used for that either. Remove all the associated dead code.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Reviewed-by: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
ext4 users of data=journal mode with blocksize < pagesize were
occasionally hitting assertion failure in
jbd2_journal_commit_transaction() checking whether the transaction has
at least as many credits reserved as buffers attached. The core of the
problem is that when a file gets truncated, buffers that still need
checkpointing or that are attached to the committing transaction are
left with buffer_mapped set. When this happens to buffers beyond i_size
attached to a page stradding i_size, subsequent write extending the file
will see these buffers and as they are mapped (but underlying blocks
were freed) things go awry from here.
The assertion failure just coincidentally (and in this case luckily as
we would start corrupting filesystem) triggers due to journal_head not
being properly cleaned up as well.
We fix the problem by unmapping buffers if possible (in lots of cases we
just need a buffer attached to a transaction as a place holder but it
must not be written out anyway). And in one case, we just have to bite
the bullet and wait for transaction commit to finish.
CC: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fusionio.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Use kmem_cache_zalloc wrapper instead of flag __GFP_ZERO.
Signed-off-by: Wanlong Gao <gaowanlong@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
The changes to export dirty_writeback_interval are from Artem's s_dirt
cleanup patch series. The same is true of the change to remove the
s_dirt helper functions which never got used by anyone in-tree. I've
run these changes by Al Viro, and am carrying them so that Artem can
more easily fix up the rest of the file systems during the next merge
window. (Originally we had hopped to remove the use of s_dirt from
ext4 during this merge window, but his patches had some bugs, so I
ultimately ended dropping them from the ext4 tree.)
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Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4
Pull ext4 updates for 3.4 from Ted Ts'o:
"Ext4 commits for 3.3 merge window; mostly cleanups and bug fixes
The changes to export dirty_writeback_interval are from Artem's s_dirt
cleanup patch series. The same is true of the change to remove the
s_dirt helper functions which never got used by anyone in-tree. I've
run these changes by Al Viro, and am carrying them so that Artem can
more easily fix up the rest of the file systems during the next merge
window. (Originally we had hopped to remove the use of s_dirt from
ext4 during this merge window, but his patches had some bugs, so I
ultimately ended dropping them from the ext4 tree.)"
* tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (66 commits)
vfs: remove unused superblock helpers
mm: export dirty_writeback_interval
ext4: remove useless s_dirt assignment
ext4: write superblock only once on unmount
ext4: do not mark superblock as dirty unnecessarily
ext4: correct ext4_punch_hole return codes
ext4: remove restrictive checks for EOFBLOCKS_FL
ext4: always set then trimmed blocks count into len
ext4: fix trimmed block count accunting
ext4: fix start and len arguments handling in ext4_trim_fs()
ext4: update s_free_{inodes,blocks}_count during online resize
ext4: change some printk() calls to use ext4_msg() instead
ext4: avoid output message interleaving in ext4_error_<foo>()
ext4: remove trailing newlines from ext4_msg() and ext4_error() messages
ext4: add no_printk argument validation, fix fallout
ext4: remove redundant "EXT4-fs: " from uses of ext4_msg
ext4: give more helpful error message in ext4_ext_rm_leaf()
ext4: remove unused code from ext4_ext_map_blocks()
ext4: rewrite punch hole to use ext4_ext_remove_space()
jbd2: cleanup journal tail after transaction commit
...
The check b_jlist == BJ_None in __journal_try_to_free_buffer() is
always true (__jbd2_journal_temp_unlink_buffer() also checks this in
an assertion) so just remove it.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
There is normally only a handful of these active at any one time, but
putting them in a separate slab cache makes debugging memory
corruption problems easier. Manish Katiyar also wanted this make it
easier to test memory failure scenarios in the jbd2 layer.
Cc: Manish Katiyar <mkatiyar@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Yongqiang Yang <xiaoqiangnk@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
journal_unmap_buffer()'s zap_buffer: code clears a lot of buffer head
state ala discard_buffer(), but does not touch _Delay or _Unwritten as
discard_buffer() does.
This can be problematic in some areas of the ext4 code which assume
that if they have found a buffer marked unwritten or delay, then it's
a live one. Perhaps those spots should check whether it is mapped
as well, but if jbd2 is going to tear down a buffer, let's really
tear it down completely.
Without this I get some fsx failures on sub-page-block filesystems
up until v3.2, at which point 4e96b2dbbf
and 189e868fa8 make the failures go
away, because buried within that large change is some more flag
clearing. I still think it's worth doing in jbd2, since
->invalidatepage leads here directly, and it's the right place
to clear away these flags.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Toshiyuki Okajima found out that when running
for ((i=0; i < 100000; i++)); do
if ((i%2 == 0)); then
chattr +j /mnt/file
else
chattr -j /mnt/file
fi
echo "0" >> /mnt/file
done
process sometimes hangs indefinitely in jbd2_journal_lock_updates().
Toshiyuki identified that the following race happens:
jbd2_journal_lock_updates() |jbd2_journal_stop()
---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------
write_lock(&journal->j_state_lock) | .
++journal->j_barrier_count | .
spin_lock(&tran->t_handle_lock) | .
atomic_read(&tran->t_updates) //not 0 |
| atomic_dec_and_test(&tran->t_updates)
| // t_updates = 0
| wake_up(&journal->j_wait_updates)
prepare_to_wait() | // no process is woken up.
spin_unlock(&tran->t_handle_lock) |
write_unlock(&journal->j_state_lock) |
schedule() // never return |
We fix the problem by first calling prepare_to_wait() and only after that
checking t_updates in jbd2_journal_lock_updates().
Reported-and-analyzed-by: Toshiyuki Okajima <toshi.okajima@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Some jbd2 code prints out kernel messages with "JBD2: " prefix, at the
same time other jbd2 code prints with "JBD: " prefix. Unify the prefix
to "JBD2: ".
Signed-off-by: Eryu Guan <guaneryu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Fix build error when CONFIG_BUG is not enabled:
fs/jbd2/transaction.c:1175:3: error: implicit declaration of function '__WARN'
by changing __WARN() to WARN_ON(), as suggested by
Arnaud Lacombe <lacombar@gmail.com>.
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Arnaud Lacombe <lacombar@gmail.com>
This silences some Sparse warnings:
fs/jbd2/transaction.c:135:69: warning: incorrect type in argument 2 (different base types)
fs/jbd2/transaction.c:135:69: expected restricted gfp_t [usertype] flags
fs/jbd2/transaction.c:135:69: got int [signed] gfp_mask
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Add debugging information in case jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata() is
called with a buffer_head which didn't have
jbd2_journal_get_write_access() called on it, or if the journal_head
has the wrong transaction in it. In addition, return an error code.
This won't change anything for ocfs2, which will BUG_ON() the non-zero
exit code.
For ext4, the caller of this function is ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(),
and on seeing a non-zero return code, will call __ext4_journal_stop(),
which will print the function and line number of the (buggy) calling
function and abort the journal. This will allow us to recover instead
of bug halting, which is better from a robustness and reliability
point of view.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
jbd2_journal_remove_journal_head() can oops when trying to access
journal_head returned by bh2jh(). This is caused for example by the
following race:
TASK1 TASK2
jbd2_journal_commit_transaction()
...
processing t_forget list
__jbd2_journal_refile_buffer(jh);
if (!jh->b_transaction) {
jbd_unlock_bh_state(bh);
jbd2_journal_try_to_free_buffers()
jbd2_journal_grab_journal_head(bh)
jbd_lock_bh_state(bh)
__journal_try_to_free_buffer()
jbd2_journal_put_journal_head(jh)
jbd2_journal_remove_journal_head(bh);
jbd2_journal_put_journal_head() in TASK2 sees that b_jcount == 0 and
buffer is not part of any transaction and thus frees journal_head
before TASK1 gets to doing so. Note that even buffer_head can be
released by try_to_free_buffers() after
jbd2_journal_put_journal_head() which adds even larger opportunity for
oops (but I didn't see this happen in reality).
Fix the problem by making transactions hold their own journal_head
reference (in b_jcount). That way we don't have to remove journal_head
explicitely via jbd2_journal_remove_journal_head() and instead just
remove journal_head when b_jcount drops to zero. The result of this is
that [__]jbd2_journal_refile_buffer(),
[__]jbd2_journal_unfile_buffer(), and
__jdb2_journal_remove_checkpoint() can free journal_head which needs
modification of a few callers. Also we have to be careful because once
journal_head is removed, buffer_head might be freed as well. So we
have to get our own buffer_head reference where it matters.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
credits isn't a parameter for jbd2_journal_get_write_access and
jbd2_journal_get_undo_access. So remove the corresponding comments.
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Tao Ma <boyu.mt@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
jbd2__journal_start() returns an ERR_PTR() value rather than NULL on
failure.
Signed-off-by: Eryu Guan <guaneryu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
In data=ordered mode, it's theoretically possible (however rare) that
an inode is filed to transaction's t_inode_list and a flusher thread
writes all the data and inode is reclaimed before the transaction
starts to commit. In such a case, we could erroneously omit sending a
flush to file system device when it is different from the journal
device (because data can still be in disk cache only).
Fix the problem by setting a flag in a transaction when some inode is added
to it and then send disk flush in the commit code when the flag is set.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
t_max_wait is added in commit 8e85fb3f to indicate how long we
were waiting for new transaction to start. In commit 6d0bf005,
it is moved to another function named update_t_max_wait to
avoid a build warning. But the wrong thing is that the original
'ts' is initialized in the start of function start_this_handle
and we can calculate t_max_wait in the right way. while with
this change, ts is initialized within the function and t_max_wait
can never be calculated right.
This patch moves the initialization of ts to the original beginning
of start_this_handle and pass it to function update_t_max_wait so
that it can be calculated right and the build warning is avoided also.
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Tao Ma <boyu.mt@taobao.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Reviewed-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
On an SMP ARM system running ext4, I've received a report that the
first J_ASSERT in jbd2_journal_commit_transaction has been triggering:
J_ASSERT(journal->j_running_transaction != NULL);
While investigating possible causes for this problem, I noticed that
__jbd2_log_start_commit() is getting called with j_state_lock only
read-locked, in spite of the fact that it's possible for it might
j_commit_request. Fix this by grabbing the necessary information so
we can test to see if we need to start a new transaction before
dropping the read lock, and then calling jbd2_log_start_commit() which
will grab the write lock.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
'buffer_head' should be 'journal_head'
This is a port of a patch which Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com> made
to fs/jbd to jbd2.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
An attempt to modify the file system during the call to
jbd2_destroy_journal() can lead to a system lockup. So add some
checking to make it much more obvious when this happens to and to
determine where the offending code is located.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
* 'next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (40 commits)
ext4: Adding error check after calling ext4_mb_regular_allocator()
ext4: Fix dirtying of journalled buffers in data=journal mode
ext4: re-inline ext4_rec_len_(to|from)_disk functions
jbd2: Remove t_handle_lock from start_this_handle()
jbd2: Change j_state_lock to be a rwlock_t
jbd2: Use atomic variables to avoid taking t_handle_lock in jbd2_journal_stop
ext4: Add mount options in superblock
ext4: force block allocation on quota_off
ext4: fix freeze deadlock under IO
ext4: drop inode from orphan list if ext4_delete_inode() fails
ext4: check to make make sure bd_dev is set before dereferencing it
jbd2: Make barrier messages less scary
ext4: don't print scary messages for allocation failures post-abort
ext4: fix EFBIG edge case when writing to large non-extent file
ext4: fix ext4_get_blocks references
ext4: Always journal quota file modifications
ext4: Fix potential memory leak in ext4_fill_super
ext4: Don't error out the fs if the user tries to make a file too big
ext4: allocate stripe-multiple IOs on stripe boundaries
ext4: move aio completion after unwritten extent conversion
...
Fix up conflicts in fs/ext4/inode.c as per Ted.
Fix up xfs conflicts as per earlier xfs merge.
This should remove the last exclusive lock from start_this_handle(),
so that we should now be able to start multiple transactions at the
same time on large SMP systems.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Lockstat reports have shown that j_state_lock is a major source of
lock contention, especially on systems with more than 4 CPU cores. So
change it to be a read/write spinlock.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
By using an atomic_t for t_updates and t_outstanding credits, this
should allow us to not need to take transaction t_handle_lock in
jbd2_journal_stop().
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
__GFP_NOFAIL is going away, so add our own retry loop. Also add
jbd2__journal_start() and jbd2__journal_restart() which take a gfp
mask, so that file systems can optionally (re)start transaction
handles using GFP_KERNEL. If they do this, then they need to be
prepared to handle receiving an PTR_ERR(-ENOMEM) error, and be ready
to reflect that error up to userspace.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
OCFS2 uses t_commit trigger to compute and store checksum of the just
committed blocks. When a buffer has b_frozen_data, checksum is computed
for it instead of b_data but this can result in an old checksum being
written to the filesystem in the following scenario:
1) transaction1 is opened
2) handle1 is opened
3) journal_access(handle1, bh)
- This sets jh->b_transaction to transaction1
4) modify(bh)
5) journal_dirty(handle1, bh)
6) handle1 is closed
7) start committing transaction1, opening transaction2
8) handle2 is opened
9) journal_access(handle2, bh)
- This copies off b_frozen_data to make it safe for transaction1 to commit.
jh->b_next_transaction is set to transaction2.
10) jbd2_journal_write_metadata() checksums b_frozen_data
11) the journal correctly writes b_frozen_data to the disk journal
12) handle2 is closed
- There was no dirty call for the bh on handle2, so it is never queued for
any more journal operation
13) Checkpointing finally happens, and it just spools the bh via normal buffer
writeback. This will write b_data, which was never triggered on and thus
contains a wrong (old) checksum.
This patch fixes the problem by calling the trigger at the moment data is
frozen for journal commit - i.e., either when b_frozen_data is created by
do_get_write_access or just before we write a buffer to the log if
b_frozen_data does not exist. We also rename the trigger to t_frozen as
that better describes when it is called.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
One of the most contended locks in the jbd2 layer is j_state_lock when
running dbench. This is especially true if using the real-time kernel
with its "sleeping spinlocks" patch that replaces spinlocks with
priority inheriting mutexes --- but it also shows up on large SMP
benchmarks.
Thanks to John Stultz for pointing this out.
Reviewed by Mingming Cao and Jan Kara.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Delay discarding buffers in journal_unmap_buffer until
we know that "add to orphan" operation has definitely been
committed, otherwise the log space of committing transation
may be freed and reused before truncate get committed, updates
may get lost if crash happens.
Signed-off-by: dingdinghua <dingdinghua@nrchpc.ac.cn>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
lockdep annotation for a transaction start has been at the end of
jbd2_journal_start(). But a transaction is also started from
jbd2_journal_restart(). Move the lockdep annotation to start_this_handle()
which covers both cases.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
fix jiffie rounding in jbd commit timer setup code. Rounding down
could cause the timer to be fired before the corresponding transaction
has expired. That transaction can stay not committed forever if no
new transaction is created or expicit sync/umount happens.
Signed-off-by: Alex Zhuravlev (Tomas) <alex.zhuravlev@sun.com>
Signed-off-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@sun.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
The following race can happen:
CPU1 CPU2
checkpointing code checks the buffer, adds
it to an array for writeback
do_get_write_access()
...
lock_buffer()
unlock_buffer()
flush_batch() submits the buffer for IO
__jbd2_journal_file_buffer()
So a buffer under writeout is returned from
do_get_write_access(). Since the filesystem code relies on the fact
that journaled buffers cannot be written out, it does not take the
buffer lock and so it can modify buffer while it is under
writeout. That can lead to a filesystem corruption if we crash at the
right moment.
We fix the problem by clearing the buffer dirty bit under buffer_lock
even if the buffer is on BJ_None list. Actually, we clear the dirty
bit regardless the list the buffer is in and warn about the fact if
the buffer is already journalled.
Thanks for spotting the problem goes to dingdinghua <dingdinghua85@gmail.com>.
Reported-by: dingdinghua <dingdinghua85@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
This patch reverts 3f31fddf, which is no longer needed because if a
race between freeing buffer and committing transaction functionality
occurs and dio gets error, currently dio falls back to buffered IO due
to the commit 6ccfa806.
Signed-off-by: Hisashi Hifumi <hifumi.hisashi@oss.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
If a commit is triggered by fsync(), set a flag indicating the journal
blocks associated with the transaction should be flushed out using
WRITE_SYNC.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
If we race with commit code setting i_transaction to NULL, we could
possibly dereference it. Proper locking requires the journal pointer
(to access journal->j_list_lock), which we don't have. So we have to
change the prototype of the function so that filesystem passes us the
journal pointer. Also add a more detailed comment about why the
function jbd2_journal_begin_ordered_truncate() does what it does and
how it should be used.
Thanks to Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com> for pointing to the
suspitious code.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Acked-by: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
CC: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
CC: ocfs2-devel@oss.oracle.com
CC: mfasheh@suse.de
CC: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
* 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (57 commits)
jbd2: Fix oops in jbd2_journal_init_inode() on corrupted fs
ext4: Remove "extents" mount option
block: Add Kconfig help which notes that ext4 needs CONFIG_LBD
ext4: Make printk's consistently prefixed with "EXT4-fs: "
ext4: Add sanity checks for the superblock before mounting the filesystem
ext4: Add mount option to set kjournald's I/O priority
jbd2: Submit writes to the journal using WRITE_SYNC
jbd2: Add pid and journal device name to the "kjournald2 starting" message
ext4: Add markers for better debuggability
ext4: Remove code to create the journal inode
ext4: provide function to release metadata pages under memory pressure
ext3: provide function to release metadata pages under memory pressure
add releasepage hooks to block devices which can be used by file systems
ext4: Fix s_dirty_blocks_counter if block allocation failed with nodelalloc
ext4: Init the complete page while building buddy cache
ext4: Don't allow new groups to be added during block allocation
ext4: mark the blocks/inode bitmap beyond end of group as used
ext4: Use new buffer_head flag to check uninit group bitmaps initialization
ext4: Fix the race between read_inode_bitmap() and ext4_new_inode()
ext4: code cleanup
...
Filesystems often to do compute intensive operation on some
metadata. If this operation is repeated many times, it can be very
expensive. It would be much nicer if the operation could be performed
once before a buffer goes to disk.
This adds triggers to jbd2 buffer heads. Just before writing a metadata
buffer to the journal, jbd2 will optionally call a commit trigger associated
with the buffer. If the journal is aborted, an abort trigger will be
called on any dirty buffers as they are dropped from pending
transactions.
ocfs2 will use this feature.
Initially I tried to come up with a more generic trigger that could be
used for non-buffer-related events like transaction completion. It
doesn't tie nicely, because the information a buffer trigger needs
(specific to a journal_head) isn't the same as what a transaction
trigger needs (specific to a tranaction_t or perhaps journal_t). So I
implemented a buffer set, with the understanding that
journal/transaction wide triggers should be implemented separately.
There is only one trigger set allowed per buffer. I can't think of any
reason to attach more than one set. Contrast this with a journal or
transaction in which multiple places may want to watch the entire
transaction separately.
The trigger sets are considered static allocation from the jbd2
perspective. ocfs2 will just have one trigger set per block type,
setting the same set on every bh of the same type.
Signed-off-by: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Add new mount options, min_batch_time and max_batch_time, which
controls how long the jbd2 layer should wait for additional filesystem
operations to get batched with a synchronous write transaction.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
This patch removes the static sleep time in favor of a more self
optimizing approach where we measure the average amount of time it
takes to commit a transaction to disk and the ammount of time a
transaction has been running. If somebody does a sync write or an
fsync() traditionally we would sleep for 1 jiffies, which depending on
the value of HZ could be a significant amount of time compared to how
long it takes to commit a transaction to the underlying storage. With
this patch instead of sleeping for a jiffie, we check to see if the
amount of time this transaction has been running is less than the
average commit time, and if it is we sleep for the delta using
schedule_hrtimeout to give us a higher precision sleep time. This
greatly benefits high end storage where you could end up sleeping for
longer than it takes to commit the transaction and therefore sitting
idle instead of allowing the transaction to be committed by keeping
the sleep time to a minimum so you are sure to always be doing
something.
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
The multiblock allocator needs to be able to release blocks (and issue
a blkdev discard request) when the transaction which freed those
blocks is committed. Previously this was done via a polling mechanism
when blocks are allocated or freed. A much better way of doing things
is to create a jbd2 callback function and attaching the list of blocks
to be freed directly to the transaction structure.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
the names were too generic:
drivers/uio/uio.c:87: error: expected identifier or '(' before 'do'
drivers/uio/uio.c:87: error: expected identifier or '(' before 'while'
drivers/uio/uio.c:113: error: 'map_release' undeclared here (not in a function)
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Most the free-standing lock_acquire() usages look remarkably similar, sweep
them into a new helper.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
This patch adds necessary framework into JBD2 to be able to track inodes
with each transaction and write-out their dirty data during transaction
commit time.
This new ordered mode brings all sorts of advantages such as possibility
to get rid of journal heads and buffer heads for data buffers in ordered
mode, better ordering of writes on transaction commit, simplification of
some JBD code, no more anonymous pages when truncate of data being
committed happens. Also with this new ordered mode, delayed allocation
on ordered mode is much simpler.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
journal_try_to_free_buffers() could race with jbd commit transaction
when the later is holding the buffer reference while waiting for the
data buffer to flush to disk. If the caller of
journal_try_to_free_buffers() request tries hard to release the buffers,
it will treat the failure as error and return back to the caller. We
have seen the directo IO failed due to this race. Some of the caller of
releasepage() also expecting the buffer to be dropped when passed with
GFP_KERNEL mask to the releasepage()->journal_try_to_free_buffers().
With this patch, if the caller is passing the GFP_KERNEL to indicating
this call could wait, in case of try_to_free_buffers() failed, let's
waiting for journal_commit_transaction() to finish commit the current
committing transaction , then try to free those buffers again with
journal locked.
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
__FUNCTION__ is gcc-specific, use __func__
Signed-off-by: Harvey Harrison <harvey.harrison@gmail.com>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
There are several cases where the running transaction can get buffers
added to its BJ_Metadata list which it never dirtied, which makes its
t_nr_buffers counter end up larger than its t_outstanding_credits
counter.
This will cause issues when starting new transactions as while we are
logging buffers we decrement t_outstanding_buffers, so when
t_outstanding_buffers goes negative, we will report that we need less
space in the journal than we actually need, so transactions will be
started even though there may not be enough room for them. In the worst
case scenario (which admittedly is almost impossible to reproduce) this
will result in the journal running out of space.
The fix is to only refile buffers from the committing transaction to the
running transactions BJ_Modified list when b_modified is set on that
journal, which is the only way to be sure if the running transaction has
modified that buffer.
This patch also fixes an accounting error in journal_forget, it is
possible that we can call journal_forget on a buffer without having
modified it, only gotten write access to it, so instead of freeing a
credit, we only do so if the buffer was modified. The assert will help
catch if this problem occurs. Without these two patches I could hit
this assert within minutes of running postmark, with them this issue no
longer arises.
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Currently at the start of a journal commit we loop through all of the buffers
on the committing transaction and clear the b_modified flag (the flag that is
set when a transaction modifies the buffer) under the j_list_lock.
The problem is that everywhere else this flag is modified only under the jbd2
lock buffer flag, so it will race with a running transaction who could
potentially set it, and have it unset by the committing transaction.
This is also a big waste, you can have several thousands of buffers that you
are clearing the modified flag on when you may not need to. This patch
removes this code and instead clears the b_modified flag upon entering
do_get_write_access/journal_get_create_access, so if that transaction does
indeed use the buffer then it will be accounted for properly, and if it does
not then we know we didn't use it.
That will be important for the next patch in this series. Tested thoroughly
by myself using postmark/iozone/bonnie++.
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Get rid of sparse related warnings from places that use integer as NULL
pointer. (Ported from upstream ext3/jbd changes.)
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
While "every 5 seconds" doesn't sound as a problem, there can be many
of these (and these timers do add up over all the kernel). The "5
second" wakeup isn't really timing sensitive; in addition even with
rounding it'll still happen every 5 seconds (with the exception of the
very first time, which is likely to be rounded up to somewhere closer
to 6 seconds)
(Ported from similar JBD patch made by Arjan van de Ven to
fs/jbd/transaction.c)
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
The patch below updates the jbd stats patch to 2.6.20/jbd2.
The initial patch was posted by Alex Tomas in December 2005
(http://marc.info/?l=linux-ext4&m=113538565128617&w=2).
It provides statistics via procfs such as transaction lifetime and size.
Sometimes, investigating performance problems, i find useful to have
stats from jbd about transaction's lifetime, size, etc. here is a
patch for review and inclusion probably.
for example, stats after creation of 3M files in htree directory:
[root@bob ~]# cat /proc/fs/jbd/sda/history
R/C tid wait run lock flush log hndls block inlog ctime write drop close
R 261 8260 2720 0 0 750 9892 8170 8187
C 259 750 0 4885 1
R 262 20 2200 10 0 770 9836 8170 8187
R 263 30 2200 10 0 3070 9812 8170 8187
R 264 0 5000 10 0 1340 0 0 0
C 261 8240 3212 4957 0
R 265 8260 1470 0 0 4640 9854 8170 8187
R 266 0 5000 10 0 1460 0 0 0
C 262 8210 2989 4868 0
R 267 8230 1490 10 0 4440 9875 8171 8188
R 268 0 5000 10 0 1260 0 0 0
C 263 7710 2937 4908 0
R 269 7730 1470 10 0 3330 9841 8170 8187
R 270 0 5000 10 0 830 0 0 0
C 265 8140 3234 4898 0
C 267 720 0 4849 1
R 271 8630 2740 20 0 740 9819 8170 8187
C 269 800 0 4214 1
R 272 40 2170 10 0 830 9716 8170 8187
R 273 40 2280 0 0 3530 9799 8170 8187
R 274 0 5000 10 0 990 0 0 0
where,
R - line for transaction's life from T_RUNNING to T_FINISHED
C - line for transaction's checkpointing
tid - transaction's id
wait - for how long we were waiting for new transaction to start
(the longest period journal_start() took in this transaction)
run - real transaction's lifetime (from T_RUNNING to T_LOCKED
lock - how long we were waiting for all handles to close
(time the transaction was in T_LOCKED)
flush - how long it took to flush all data (data=ordered)
log - how long it took to write the transaction to the log
hndls - how many handles got to the transaction
block - how many blocks got to the transaction
inlog - how many blocks are written to the log (block + descriptors)
ctime - how long it took to checkpoint the transaction
write - how many blocks have been written during checkpointing
drop - how many blocks have been dropped during checkpointing
close - how many running transactions have been closed to checkpoint this one
all times are in msec.
[root@bob ~]# cat /proc/fs/jbd/sda/info
280 transaction, each upto 8192 blocks
average:
1633ms waiting for transaction
3616ms running transaction
5ms transaction was being locked
1ms flushing data (in ordered mode)
1799ms logging transaction
11781 handles per transaction
5629 blocks per transaction
5641 logged blocks per transaction
Signed-off-by: Johann Lombardi <johann.lombardi@bull.net>
Signed-off-by: Mariusz Kozlowski <m.kozlowski@tuxland.pl>
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
JBD2: Replace slab allocations with page allocations
JBD2 allocate memory for committed_data and frozen_data from slab. However
JBD2 should not pass slab pages down to the block layer. Use page allocator
pages instead. This will also prepare JBD for the large blocksize patchset.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Many files include the filename at the beginning, serveral used a wrong one.
Signed-off-by: Uwe Kleine-König <ukleinek@informatik.uni-freiburg.de>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Remove includes of <linux/smp_lock.h> where it is not used/needed.
Suggested by Al Viro.
Builds cleanly on x86_64, i386, alpha, ia64, powerpc, sparc,
sparc64, and arm (all 59 defconfigs).
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When running several fsx's and other filesystem stress tests, we found
cases where an unmapped buffer was still being sent to submit_bh by the
ext3 dirty data journaling code.
I saw this happen in two ways, both related to another thread doing a
truncate which would unmap the buffer in question.
Either we would get into journal_dirty_data with a bh which was already
unmapped (although journal_dirty_data_fn had checked for this earlier, the
state was not locked at that point), or it would get unmapped in the middle
of journal_dirty_data when we dropped locks to call sync_dirty_buffer.
By re-checking for mapped state after we've acquired the bh state lock, we
should avoid these races. If we find a buffer which is no longer mapped,
we essentially ignore it, because journal_unmap_buffer has already decided
that this buffer can go away.
I've also added tracepoints in these two cases, and made a couple other
tracepoint changes that I found useful in debugging this.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <esandeen@redhat.com>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
A disk generated some I/O error, after it, I hitted
J_ASSERT(transaction->t_updates > 0) in journal_stop().
It seems to happened on ext3_truncate() path from stack trace. Then,
maybe the following case may trigger J_ASSERT(transaction->t_updates > 0).
ext3_truncate()
-> ext3_free_branches()
-> ext3_journal_test_restart()
-> ext3_journal_restart()
-> journal_restart()
transaction->t_updates--;
/* another process aborted journal */
-> start_this_handle()
returns -EROFS without transaction->t_updates++;
-> ext3_journal_stop()
-> journal_stop()
J_ASSERT(transaction->t_updates > 0)
If journal was aborted in middle of journal_restart(), ext3_truncate()
may trigger J_ASSERT().
Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Mingming Cao originally did this work, and Shaggy reproduced it using some
scripts from her.
Signed-off-by: Mingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@austin.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This is a simple copy of the files in fs/jbd to fs/jbd2 and
/usr/incude/linux/[ext4_]jbd.h to /usr/include/[ext4_]jbd2.h
Signed-off-by: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@austin.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Jan Kara
Lukas Czerner
Theodore Ts'o
Zheng Liu
Dmitry Monakhov
Linus Torvalds
Adam Buchbinder
Eric Sandeen
Wanlong Gao
Cong Wang
Yongqiang Yang
Eryu Guan
Randy Dunlap
Dan Carpenter
Tao Ma
Ding Dinghua
Lucas De Marchi
Uwe Kleine-König
Andreas Dilger
Hisashi Hifumi
Joel Becker
Josef Bacik
Ingo Molnar
Peter Zijlstra
Mingming Cao
Harvey Harrison
Randy Dunlap
Johann Lombardi
Uwe Kleine-König
Adrian Bunk
Eric Sandeen
OGAWA Hirofumi
Dave Kleikamp