Arm64 has a more optimized spinning loop (atomic_cond_read_acquire)
using wfe for spinlock that can boost performance of sibling threads
by putting the current cpu to a wait state that is broken only when
the monitored variable changes or an external event happens.
OSQ has a more complicated spinning loop. Besides the lock value, it
also checks for need_resched() and vcpu_is_preempted(). The check for
need_resched() is not a problem as it is only set by the tick interrupt
handler. That will be detected by the spinning cpu right after iret.
The vcpu_is_preempted() check, however, is a problem as changes to the
preempt state of of previous node will not affect the wait state. For
ARM64, vcpu_is_preempted is not currently defined and so is a no-op.
Will has indicated that he is planning to para-virtualize wfe instead
of defining vcpu_is_preempted for PV support. So just add a comment in
arch/arm64/include/asm/spinlock.h to indicate that vcpu_is_preempted()
should not be defined as suggested.
On a 2-socket 56-core 224-thread ARM64 system, a kernel mutex locking
microbenchmark was run for 10s with and without the patch. The
performance numbers before patch were:
Running locktest with mutex [runtime = 10s, load = 1]
Threads = 224, Min/Mean/Max = 316/123,143/2,121,269
Threads = 224, Total Rate = 2,757 kop/s; Percpu Rate = 12 kop/s
After patch, the numbers were:
Running locktest with mutex [runtime = 10s, load = 1]
Threads = 224, Min/Mean/Max = 334/147,836/1,304,787
Threads = 224, Total Rate = 3,311 kop/s; Percpu Rate = 15 kop/s
So there was about 20% performance improvement.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200113150735.21956-1-longman@redhat.com
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Fix ordering of link creation between node->prev and prev->next in
osq_lock(). A case in which the status of optimistic spin queue is
CPU6->CPU2 in which CPU6 has acquired the lock.
tail
v
,-. <- ,-.
|6| |2|
`-' -> `-'
At this point if CPU0 comes in to acquire osq_lock, it will update the
tail count.
CPU2 CPU0
----------------------------------
tail
v
,-. <- ,-. ,-.
|6| |2| |0|
`-' -> `-' `-'
After tail count update if CPU2 starts to unqueue itself from
optimistic spin queue, it will find an updated tail count with CPU0 and
update CPU2 node->next to NULL in osq_wait_next().
unqueue-A
tail
v
,-. <- ,-. ,-.
|6| |2| |0|
`-' `-' `-'
unqueue-B
->tail != curr && !node->next
If reordering of following stores happen then prev->next where prev
being CPU2 would be updated to point to CPU0 node:
tail
v
,-. <- ,-. ,-.
|6| |2| |0|
`-' `-' -> `-'
osq_wait_next()
node->next <- 0
xchg(node->next, NULL)
tail
v
,-. <- ,-. ,-.
|6| |2| |0|
`-' `-' `-'
unqueue-C
At this point if next instruction
WRITE_ONCE(next->prev, prev);
in CPU2 path is committed before the update of CPU0 node->prev = prev then
CPU0 node->prev will point to CPU6 node.
tail
v----------. v
,-. <- ,-. ,-.
|6| |2| |0|
`-' `-' `-'
`----------^
At this point if CPU0 path's node->prev = prev is committed resulting
in change of CPU0 prev back to CPU2 node. CPU2 node->next is NULL
currently,
tail
v
,-. <- ,-. <- ,-.
|6| |2| |0|
`-' `-' `-'
`----------^
so if CPU0 gets into unqueue path of osq_lock it will keep spinning
in infinite loop as condition prev->next == node will never be true.
Signed-off-by: Prateek Sood <prsood@codeaurora.org>
[ Added pictures, rewrote comments. ]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: sramana@codeaurora.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1500040076-27626-1-git-send-email-prsood@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
An over-committed guest with more vCPUs than pCPUs has a heavy overload
in osq_lock().
This is because if vCPU-A holds the osq lock and yields out, vCPU-B ends
up waiting for per_cpu node->locked to be set. IOW, vCPU-B waits for
vCPU-A to run and unlock the osq lock.
Use the new vcpu_is_preempted(cpu) interface to detect if a vCPU is
currently running or not, and break out of the spin-loop if so.
test case:
$ perf record -a perf bench sched messaging -g 400 -p && perf report
before patch:
18.09% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] osq_lock
12.28% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] rwsem_spin_on_owner
5.27% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] mutex_unlock
3.89% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] wait_consider_task
3.64% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] _raw_write_lock_irq
3.41% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] mutex_spin_on_owner.is
2.49% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] system_call
after patch:
20.68% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] mutex_spin_on_owner
8.45% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] mutex_unlock
4.12% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] system_call
3.01% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] system_call_common
2.83% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] copypage_power7
2.64% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] rwsem_spin_on_owner
2.00% sched-messaging [kernel.vmlinux] [k] osq_lock
Suggested-by: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Pan Xinhui <xinhui.pan@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: David.Laight@ACULAB.COM
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: benh@kernel.crashing.org
Cc: bsingharora@gmail.com
Cc: dave@stgolabs.net
Cc: kernellwp@gmail.com
Cc: konrad.wilk@oracle.com
Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: mpe@ellerman.id.au
Cc: paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Cc: paulus@samba.org
Cc: rkrcmar@redhat.com
Cc: virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org
Cc: will.deacon@arm.com
Cc: xen-devel-request@lists.xenproject.org
Cc: xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1478077718-37424-3-git-send-email-xinhui.pan@linux.vnet.ibm.com
[ Translated to English. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
With the s390 special case of a yielding cpu_relax() implementation gone,
we can now remove all users of cpu_relax_lowlatency() and replace them
with cpu_relax().
Signed-off-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Cc: Noam Camus <noamc@ezchip.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org
Cc: xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1477386195-32736-5-git-send-email-borntraeger@de.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The Cavium guys reported a soft lockup on their arm64 machine, caused by
commit c55a6ffa62 ("locking/osq: Relax atomic semantics"):
mutex_optimistic_spin+0x9c/0x1d0
__mutex_lock_slowpath+0x44/0x158
mutex_lock+0x54/0x58
kernfs_iop_permission+0x38/0x70
__inode_permission+0x88/0xd8
inode_permission+0x30/0x6c
link_path_walk+0x68/0x4d4
path_openat+0xb4/0x2bc
do_filp_open+0x74/0xd0
do_sys_open+0x14c/0x228
SyS_openat+0x3c/0x48
el0_svc_naked+0x24/0x28
This is because in osq_lock we initialise the node for the current CPU:
node->locked = 0;
node->next = NULL;
node->cpu = curr;
and then publish the current CPU in the lock tail:
old = atomic_xchg_acquire(&lock->tail, curr);
Once the update to lock->tail is visible to another CPU, the node is
then live and can be both read and updated by concurrent lockers.
Unfortunately, the ACQUIRE semantics of the xchg operation mean that
there is no guarantee the contents of the node will be visible before
lock tail is updated. This can lead to lock corruption when, for
example, a concurrent locker races to set the next field.
Fixes: c55a6ffa62 ("locking/osq: Relax atomic semantics"):
Reported-by: David Daney <ddaney@caviumnetworks.com>
Reported-by: Andrew Pinski <andrew.pinski@caviumnetworks.com>
Tested-by: Andrew Pinski <andrew.pinski@caviumnetworks.com>
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1449856001-21177-1-git-send-email-will.deacon@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
... by using acquire/release for ops around the lock->tail. As such,
weakly ordered archs can benefit from more relaxed use of barriers
when issuing atomics.
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@hpe.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1442216244-4409-3-git-send-email-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
With the new standardized functions, we can replace all
ACCESS_ONCE() calls across relevant locking - this includes
lockref and seqlock while at it.
ACCESS_ONCE() does not work reliably on non-scalar types.
For example gcc 4.6 and 4.7 might remove the volatile tag
for such accesses during the SRA (scalar replacement of
aggregates) step:
https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=58145
Update the new calls regardless of if it is a scalar type,
this is cleaner than having three alternatives.
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1424662301.6539.18.camel@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Both mutexes and rwsems took a performance hit when we switched
over from the original mcs code to the cancelable variant (osq).
The reason being the use of smp_load_acquire() when polling for
node->locked. This is not needed as reordering is not an issue,
as such, relax the barrier semantics. Paul describes the scenario
nicely: https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/11/19/405
- If we start polling before the insertion is complete, all that
happens is that the first few polls have no chance of seeing a lock
grant.
- Ordering the polling against the initialization -- the above
xchg() is already doing that for us.
The smp_load_acquire() when unqueuing make sense. In addition,
we don't need to worry about leaking the critical region as
osq is only used internally.
This impacts both regular and large levels of concurrency,
ie on a 40 core system with a disk intensive workload:
disk-1 804.83 ( 0.00%) 828.16 ( 2.90%)
disk-61 8063.45 ( 0.00%) 18181.82 (125.48%)
disk-121 7187.41 ( 0.00%) 20119.17 (179.92%)
disk-181 6933.32 ( 0.00%) 20509.91 (195.82%)
disk-241 6850.81 ( 0.00%) 20397.80 (197.74%)
disk-301 6815.22 ( 0.00%) 20287.58 (197.68%)
disk-361 7080.40 ( 0.00%) 20205.22 (185.37%)
disk-421 7076.13 ( 0.00%) 19957.33 (182.04%)
disk-481 7083.25 ( 0.00%) 19784.06 (179.31%)
disk-541 7038.39 ( 0.00%) 19610.92 (178.63%)
disk-601 7072.04 ( 0.00%) 19464.53 (175.23%)
disk-661 7010.97 ( 0.00%) 19348.23 (175.97%)
disk-721 7069.44 ( 0.00%) 19255.33 (172.37%)
disk-781 7007.58 ( 0.00%) 19103.14 (172.61%)
disk-841 6981.18 ( 0.00%) 18964.22 (171.65%)
disk-901 6968.47 ( 0.00%) 18826.72 (170.17%)
disk-961 6964.61 ( 0.00%) 18708.02 (168.62%)
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1420573509-24774-7-git-send-email-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
We have two flavors of the MCS spinlock: standard and cancelable (OSQ).
While each one is independent of the other, we currently mix and match
them. This patch:
- Moves the OSQ code out of mcs_spinlock.h (which only deals with the traditional
version) into include/linux/osq_lock.h. No unnecessary code is added to the
more global header file, anything locks that make use of OSQ must include
it anyway.
- Renames mcs_spinlock.c to osq_lock.c. This file only contains osq code.
- Introduces a CONFIG_LOCK_SPIN_ON_OWNER in order to only build osq_lock
if there is support for it.
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Jason Low <jason.low2@hp.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Cc: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@hp.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1420573509-24774-5-git-send-email-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Waiman Long
Greg Kroah-Hartman
Prateek Sood
Pan Xinhui
Christian Borntraeger
Will Deacon
Davidlohr Bueso