Now that we are doing NUMA-aware shrinking, and can have shrinkers
running in parallel, or working on individual nodes, it seems like we
should also be sticking the node in the output.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I was looking at a trace of the slab shrinkers (attachment in this comment):
https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=72742#c67
and noticed that "total_scan" can go negative in some cases. We
used to dump out the "total_scan" variable directly, but some of
the shrinker modifications along the way changed that.
This patch just dumps it out directly, again. It doesn't make
any sense to derive it from new_nr and nr any more since there
are now other shrinkers that can be running in parallel and
mucking with those values.
Here's an example of the negative numbers in the output:
> kswapd0-840 [000] 160.869398: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 10 new scan count 39 total_scan 29 last shrinker return val 256
> kswapd0-840 [000] 160.869618: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 39 new scan count 102 total_scan 63 last shrinker return val 256
> kswapd0-840 [000] 160.870031: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 102 new scan count 47 total_scan -55 last shrinker return val 768
> kswapd0-840 [000] 160.870464: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 47 new scan count 45 total_scan -2 last shrinker return val 768
> kswapd0-840 [000] 163.384144: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 45 new scan count 56 total_scan 11 last shrinker return val 0
> kswapd0-840 [000] 163.384297: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 56 new scan count 15 total_scan -41 last shrinker return val 256
> kswapd0-840 [000] 163.384414: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 15 new scan count 117 total_scan 102 last shrinker return val 0
> kswapd0-840 [000] 163.384657: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 117 new scan count 36 total_scan -81 last shrinker return val 512
> kswapd0-840 [000] 163.384880: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 36 new scan count 111 total_scan 75 last shrinker return val 256
> kswapd0-840 [000] 163.385256: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 111 new scan count 34 total_scan -77 last shrinker return val 768
> kswapd0-840 [000] 163.385598: mm_shrink_slab_end: i915_gem_inactive_scan+0x0 0xffff8800037cbc68: unused scan count 34 new scan count 122 total_scan 88 last shrinker return val 512
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a loopback NFS mount is active and the backing device for the NFS
mount becomes congested, that can impose throttling delays on the nfsd
threads.
These delays significantly reduce throughput and so the NFS mount remains
congested.
This results in a livelock and the reduced throughput persists.
This livelock has been found in testing with the 'wait_iff_congested'
call, and could possibly be caused by the 'congestion_wait' call.
This livelock is similar to the deadlock which justified the introduction
of PF_LESS_THROTTLE, and the same flag can be used to remove this
livelock.
To minimise the impact of the change, we still throttle nfsd when the
filesystem it is writing to is congested, but not when some separate
filesystem (e.g. the NFS filesystem) is congested.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
throttle_direct_reclaim() is meant to trigger during swap-over-network
during which the min watermark is treated as a pfmemalloc reserve. It
throttes on the first node in the zonelist but this is flawed.
The user-visible impact is that a process running on CPU whose local
memory node has no ZONE_NORMAL will stall for prolonged periods of time,
possibly indefintely. This is due to throttle_direct_reclaim thinking the
pfmemalloc reserves are depleted when in fact they don't exist on that
node.
On a NUMA machine running a 32-bit kernel (I know) allocation requests
from CPUs on node 1 would detect no pfmemalloc reserves and the process
gets throttled. This patch adjusts throttling of direct reclaim to
throttle based on the first node in the zonelist that has a usable
ZONE_NORMAL or lower zone.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
kmem_cache_{create,destroy,shrink} need to get a stable value of
cpu/node online mask, because they init/destroy/access per-cpu/node
kmem_cache parts, which can be allocated or destroyed on cpu/mem
hotplug. To protect against cpu hotplug, these functions use
{get,put}_online_cpus. However, they do nothing to synchronize with
memory hotplug - taking the slab_mutex does not eliminate the
possibility of race as described in patch 2.
What we need there is something like get_online_cpus, but for memory.
We already have lock_memory_hotplug, which serves for the purpose, but
it's a bit of a hammer right now, because it's backed by a mutex. As a
result, it imposes some limitations to locking order, which are not
desirable, and can't be used just like get_online_cpus. That's why in
patch 1 I substitute it with get/put_online_mems, which work exactly
like get/put_online_cpus except they block not cpu, but memory hotplug.
[ v1 can be found at https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/4/6/68. I NAK'ed it by
myself, because it used an rw semaphore for get/put_online_mems,
making them dead lock prune. ]
This patch (of 2):
{un}lock_memory_hotplug, which is used to synchronize against memory
hotplug, is currently backed by a mutex, which makes it a bit of a
hammer - threads that only want to get a stable value of online nodes
mask won't be able to proceed concurrently. Also, it imposes some
strong locking ordering rules on it, which narrows down the set of its
usage scenarios.
This patch introduces get/put_online_mems, which are the same as
get/put_online_cpus, but for memory hotplug, i.e. executing a code
inside a get/put_online_mems section will guarantee a stable value of
online nodes, present pages, etc.
lock_memory_hotplug()/unlock_memory_hotplug() are removed altogether.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Prior to this change, we would decide whether to force scan a LRU during
reclaim if that LRU itself was too small for the current priority.
However, this can lead to the file LRU getting force scanned even if
there are a lot of anonymous pages we can reclaim, leading to hot file
pages getting needlessly reclaimed.
To address this, we instead only force scan when none of the reclaimable
LRUs are big enough.
Gives huge improvements with zswap. For example, when doing -j20 kernel
build in a 500MB container with zswap enabled, runtime (in seconds) is
greatly reduced:
x without this change
+ with this change
N Min Max Median Avg Stddev
x 5 700.997 790.076 763.928 754.05 39.59493
+ 5 141.634 197.899 155.706 161.9 21.270224
Difference at 95.0% confidence
-592.15 +/- 46.3521
-78.5293% +/- 6.14709%
(Student's t, pooled s = 31.7819)
Should also give some improvements in regular (non-zswap) swap cases.
Yes, hughd found significant speedup using regular swap, with several
memcgs under pressure; and it should also be effective in the non-memcg
case, whenever one or another zone LRU is forced too small.
Signed-off-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit 0bf1457f0c ("mm: vmscan: do not swap anon pages
just because free+file is low") because it introduced a regression in
mostly-anonymous workloads, where reclaim would become ineffective and
trap every allocating task in direct reclaim.
The problem is that there is a runaway feedback loop in the scan balance
between file and anon, where the balance tips heavily towards a tiny
thrashing file LRU and anonymous pages are no longer being looked at.
The commit in question removed the safe guard that would detect such
situations and respond with forced anonymous reclaim.
This commit was part of a series to fix premature swapping in loads with
relatively little cache, and while it made a small difference, the cure
is obviously worse than the disease. Revert it.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [3.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Page reclaim force-scans / swaps anonymous pages when file cache drops
below the high watermark of a zone in order to prevent what little cache
remains from thrashing.
However, on bigger machines the high watermark value can be quite large
and when the workload is dominated by a static anonymous/shmem set, the
file set might just be a small window of used-once cache. In such
situations, the VM starts swapping heavily when instead it should be
recycling the no longer used cache.
This is a longer-standing problem, but it's more likely to trigger after
commit 81c0a2bb51 ("mm: page_alloc: fair zone allocator policy")
because file pages can no longer accumulate in a single zone and are
dispersed into smaller fractions among the available zones.
To resolve this, do not force scan anon when file pages are low but
instead rely on the scan/rotation ratios to make the right prediction.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [3.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We abort direct reclaim if we find the zone is ready for compaction.
Sometimes the zone is just a promoted highmem zone to force a scan of
highmem, which is not the intended zone the caller want to allocate a
page from. In this situation, setting aborted_reclaim to indicate the
caller turned back to retry the allocation is waste of time and could
cause a loop in __alloc_pages_slowpath().
This patch does not check compaction_ready() on promoted zones to avoid
the above situation. Only set aborted_reclaim if the caller intended
zone is ready for compaction.
Signed-off-by: Weijie Yang <weijie.yang@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We promote sc->gfp_mask to __GFP_HIGHMEM to forcibly scan highmem if
there are too many buffer_heads pinning highmem. See cc715d99e5 ("mm:
vmscan: forcibly scan highmem if there are too many buffer_heads pinning
highmem").
This patch restores sc->gfp_mask to its caller original value after
finishing the scan job, to avoid the impact on other invocations from
its upper caller, such as vmpressure_prio(), shrink_slab().
Signed-off-by: Weijie Yang <weijie.yang@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The VM maintains cached filesystem pages on two types of lists. One
list holds the pages recently faulted into the cache, the other list
holds pages that have been referenced repeatedly on that first list.
The idea is to prefer reclaiming young pages over those that have shown
to benefit from caching in the past. We call the recently usedbut
ultimately was not significantly better than a FIFO policy and still
thrashed cache based on eviction speed, rather than actual demand for
cache.
This patch solves one half of the problem by decoupling the ability to
detect working set changes from the inactive list size. By maintaining
a history of recently evicted file pages it can detect frequently used
pages with an arbitrarily small inactive list size, and subsequently
apply pressure on the active list based on actual demand for cache, not
just overall eviction speed.
Every zone maintains a counter that tracks inactive list aging speed.
When a page is evicted, a snapshot of this counter is stored in the
now-empty page cache radix tree slot. On refault, the minimum access
distance of the page can be assessed, to evaluate whether the page
should be part of the active list or not.
This fixes the VM's blindness towards working set changes in excess of
the inactive list. And it's the foundation to further improve the
protection ability and reduce the minimum inactive list size of 50%.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reclaim will be leaving shadow entries in the page cache radix tree upon
evicting the real page. As those pages are found from the LRU, an
iput() can lead to the inode being freed concurrently. At this point,
reclaim must no longer install shadow pages because the inode freeing
code needs to ensure the page tree is really empty.
Add an address_space flag, AS_EXITING, that the inode freeing code sets
under the tree lock before doing the final truncate. Reclaim will check
for this flag before installing shadow pages.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The name `max_pass' is misleading, because this variable actually keeps
the estimate number of freeable objects, not the maximal number of
objects we can scan in this pass, which can be twice that. Rename it to
reflect its actual meaning.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no need passing on a shrink_control struct from
try_to_free_pages() and friends to do_try_to_free_pages() and then to
shrink_zones(), because it is only used in shrink_zones() and the only
field initialized on the top level is gfp_mask, which is always equal to
scan_control.gfp_mask. So let's move shrink_control initialization to
shrink_zones().
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reduces the indentation level of do_try_to_free_pages() and removes
extra loop over all eligible zones counting the number of on-LRU pages.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Reviewed-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When direct reclaim is executed by a process bound to a set of NUMA
nodes, we should scan only those nodes when possible, but currently we
will scan kmem from all online nodes even if the kmem shrinker is NUMA
aware. That said, binding a process to a particular NUMA node won't
prevent it from shrinking inode/dentry caches from other nodes, which is
not good. Fix this.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The VM is currently heavily tuned to avoid swapping. Whether that is
good or bad is a separate discussion, but as long as the VM won't swap
to make room for dirty cache, we can not consider anonymous pages when
calculating the amount of dirtyable memory, the baseline to which
dirty_background_ratio and dirty_ratio are applied.
A simple workload that occupies a significant size (40+%, depending on
memory layout, storage speeds etc.) of memory with anon/tmpfs pages and
uses the remainder for a streaming writer demonstrates this problem. In
that case, the actual cache pages are a small fraction of what is
considered dirtyable overall, which results in an relatively large
portion of the cache pages to be dirtied. As kswapd starts rotating
these, random tasks enter direct reclaim and stall on IO.
Only consider free pages and file pages dirtyable.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If a shrinker is not NUMA-aware, shrink_slab() should call it exactly
once with nid=0, but currently it is not true: if node 0 is not set in
the nodemask or if it is not online, we will not call such shrinkers at
all. As a result some slabs will be left untouched under some
circumstances. Let us fix it.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Reported-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When reclaiming kmem, we currently don't scan slabs that have less than
batch_size objects (see shrink_slab_node()):
while (total_scan >= batch_size) {
shrinkctl->nr_to_scan = batch_size;
shrinker->scan_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl);
total_scan -= batch_size;
}
If there are only a few shrinkers available, such a behavior won't cause
any problems, because the batch_size is usually small, but if we have a
lot of slab shrinkers, which is perfectly possible since FS shrinkers
are now per-superblock, we can end up with hundreds of megabytes of
practically unreclaimable kmem objects. For instance, mounting a
thousand of ext2 FS images with a hundred of files in each and iterating
over all the files using du(1) will result in about 200 Mb of FS caches
that cannot be dropped even with the aid of the vm.drop_caches sysctl!
This problem was initially pointed out by Glauber Costa [*]. Glauber
proposed to fix it by making the shrink_slab() always take at least one
pass, to put it simply, turning the scan loop above to a do{}while()
loop. However, this proposal was rejected, because it could result in
more aggressive and frequent slab shrinking even under low memory
pressure when total_scan is naturally very small.
This patch is a slightly modified version of Glauber's approach.
Similarly to Glauber's patch, it makes shrink_slab() scan less than
batch_size objects, but only if the total number of objects we want to
scan (total_scan) is greater than the total number of objects available
(max_pass). Since total_scan is biased as half max_pass if the current
delta change is small:
if (delta < max_pass / 4)
total_scan = min(total_scan, max_pass / 2);
this is only possible if we are scanning at high prio. That said, this
patch shouldn't change the vmscan behaviour if the memory pressure is
low, but if we are tight on memory, we will do our best by trying to
reclaim all available objects, which sounds reasonable.
[*] http://www.spinics.net/lists/cgroups/msg06913.html
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Most of the VM_BUG_ON assertions are performed on a page. Usually, when
one of these assertions fails we'll get a BUG_ON with a call stack and
the registers.
I've recently noticed based on the requests to add a small piece of code
that dumps the page to various VM_BUG_ON sites that the page dump is
quite useful to people debugging issues in mm.
This patch adds a VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(cond, page) which beyond doing what
VM_BUG_ON() does, also dumps the page before executing the actual
BUG_ON.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix up includes]
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert commit 3b38722efd ("memcg, vmscan: integrate soft reclaim
tighter with zone shrinking code")
I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert commit a5b7c87f92 ("vmscan, memcg: do softlimit reclaim also
for targeted reclaim")
I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert commit de57780dc6 ("memcg: enhance memcg iterator to support
predicates")
I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert commit e839b6a1c8 ("memcg, vmscan: do not attempt soft limit
reclaim if it would not scan anything")
I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert commit e975de998b ("memcg, vmscan: do not fall into reclaim-all
pass too quickly")
I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Merge more patches from Andrew Morton:
"The rest of MM. Plus one misc cleanup"
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (35 commits)
mm/Kconfig: add MMU dependency for MIGRATION.
kernel: replace strict_strto*() with kstrto*()
mm, thp: count thp_fault_fallback anytime thp fault fails
thp: consolidate code between handle_mm_fault() and do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page()
thp: do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page() cleanup
thp: move maybe_pmd_mkwrite() out of mk_huge_pmd()
mm: cleanup add_to_page_cache_locked()
thp: account anon transparent huge pages into NR_ANON_PAGES
truncate: drop 'oldsize' truncate_pagecache() parameter
mm: make lru_add_drain_all() selective
memcg: document cgroup dirty/writeback memory statistics
memcg: add per cgroup writeback pages accounting
memcg: check for proper lock held in mem_cgroup_update_page_stat
memcg: remove MEMCG_NR_FILE_MAPPED
memcg: reduce function dereference
memcg: avoid overflow caused by PAGE_ALIGN
memcg: rename RESOURCE_MAX to RES_COUNTER_MAX
memcg: correct RESOURCE_MAX to ULLONG_MAX
mm: memcg: do not trap chargers with full callstack on OOM
mm: memcg: rework and document OOM waiting and wakeup
...
Clean up some mess made by the "Soft limit rework" series, and a few other
things.
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shrink_zone starts with soft reclaim pass first and then falls back to
regular reclaim if nothing has been scanned. This behavior is natural
but there is a catch. Memcg iterators, when used with the reclaim
cookie, are designed to help to prevent from over reclaim by
interleaving reclaimers (per node-zone-priority) so the tree walk might
miss many (even all) nodes in the hierarchy e.g. when there are direct
reclaimers racing with each other or with kswapd in the global case or
multiple allocators reaching the limit for the target reclaim case. To
make it even more complicated, targeted reclaim doesn't do the whole
tree walk because it stops reclaiming once it reclaims sufficient pages.
As a result groups over the limit might be missed, thus nothing is
scanned, and reclaim would fall back to the reclaim all mode.
This patch checks for the incomplete tree walk in shrink_zone. If no
group has been visited and the hierarchy is soft reclaimable then we
must have missed some groups, in which case the __shrink_zone is called
again. This doesn't guarantee there will be some progress of course
because the current reclaimer might be still racing with others but it
would at least give a chance to start the walk without a big risk of
reclaim latencies.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mem_cgroup_should_soft_reclaim controls whether soft reclaim pass is
done and it always says yes currently. Memcg iterators are clever to
skip nodes that are not soft reclaimable quite efficiently but
mem_cgroup_should_soft_reclaim can be more clever and do not start the
soft reclaim pass at all if it knows that nothing would be scanned
anyway.
In order to do that, simply reuse mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible for
the target group of the reclaim and allow the pass only if the whole
subtree wouldn't be skipped.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The caller of the iterator might know that some nodes or even subtrees
should be skipped but there is no way to tell iterators about that so the
only choice left is to let iterators to visit each node and do the
selection outside of the iterating code. This, however, doesn't scale
well with hierarchies with many groups where only few groups are
interesting.
This patch adds mem_cgroup_iter_cond variant of the iterator with a
callback which gets called for every visited node. There are three
possible ways how the callback can influence the walk. Either the node is
visited, it is skipped but the tree walk continues down the tree or the
whole subtree of the current group is skipped.
[hughd@google.com: fix memcg-less page reclaim]
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Soft reclaim has been done only for the global reclaim (both background
and direct). Since "memcg: integrate soft reclaim tighter with zone
shrinking code" there is no reason for this limitation anymore as the soft
limit reclaim doesn't use any special code paths and it is a part of the
zone shrinking code which is used by both global and targeted reclaims.
From the semantic point of view it is natural to consider soft limit
before touching all groups in the hierarchy tree which is touching the
hard limit because soft limit tells us where to push back when there is a
memory pressure. It is not important whether the pressure comes from the
limit or imbalanced zones.
This patch simply enables soft reclaim unconditionally in
mem_cgroup_should_soft_reclaim so it is enabled for both global and
targeted reclaim paths. mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible needs to learn
about the root of the reclaim to know where to stop checking soft limit
state of parents up the hierarchy. Say we have
A (over soft limit)
\
B (below s.l., hit the hard limit)
/ \
C D (below s.l.)
B is the source of the outside memory pressure now for D but we shouldn't
soft reclaim it because it is behaving well under B subtree and we can
still reclaim from C (pressumably it is over the limit).
mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible should therefore stop climbing up the
hierarchy at B (root of the memory pressure).
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset is sitting out of tree for quite some time without any
objections. I would be really happy if it made it into 3.12. I do not
want to push it too hard but I think this work is basically ready and
waiting more doesn't help.
The basic idea is quite simple. Pull soft reclaim into shrink_zone in the
first step and get rid of the previous soft reclaim infrastructure.
shrink_zone is done in two passes now. First it tries to do the soft
limit reclaim and it falls back to reclaim-all mode if no group is over
the limit or no pages have been scanned. The second pass happens at the
same priority so the only time we waste is the memcg tree walk which has
been updated in the third step to have only negligible overhead.
As a bonus we will get rid of a _lot_ of code by this and soft reclaim
will not stand out like before when it wasn't integrated into the zone
shrinking code and it reclaimed at priority 0 (the testing results show
that some workloads suffers from such an aggressive reclaim). The clean
up is in a separate patch because I felt it would be easier to review that
way.
The second step is soft limit reclaim integration into targeted reclaim.
It should be rather straight forward. Soft limit has been used only for
the global reclaim so far but it makes sense for any kind of pressure
coming from up-the-hierarchy, including targeted reclaim.
The third step (patches 4-8) addresses the tree walk overhead by enhancing
memcg iterators to enable skipping whole subtrees and tracking number of
over soft limit children at each level of the hierarchy. This information
is updated same way the old soft limit tree was updated (from
memcg_check_events) so we shouldn't see an additional overhead. In fact
mem_cgroup_update_soft_limit is much simpler than tree manipulation done
previously.
__shrink_zone uses mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible as a predicate for
mem_cgroup_iter so the decision whether a particular group should be
visited is done at the iterator level which allows us to decide to skip
the whole subtree as well (if there is no child in excess). This reduces
the tree walk overhead considerably.
* TEST 1
========
My primary test case was a parallel kernel build with 2 groups (make is
running with -j8 with a distribution .config in a separate cgroup without
any hard limit) on a 32 CPU machine booted with 1GB memory and both builds
run taskset to Node 0 cpus.
I was mostly interested in 2 setups. Default - no soft limit set and -
and 0 soft limit set to both groups. The first one should tell us whether
the rework regresses the default behavior while the second one should show
us improvements in an extreme case where both workloads are always over
the soft limit.
/usr/bin/time -v has been used to collect the statistics and each
configuration had 3 runs after fresh boot without any other load on the
system.
base is mmotm-2013-07-18-16-40
rework all 8 patches applied on top of base
* No-limit
User
no-limit/base: min: 651.92 max: 672.65 avg: 664.33 std: 8.01 runs: 6
no-limit/rework: min: 657.34 [100.8%] max: 668.39 [99.4%] avg: 663.13 [99.8%] std: 3.61 runs: 6
System
no-limit/base: min: 69.33 max: 71.39 avg: 70.32 std: 0.79 runs: 6
no-limit/rework: min: 69.12 [99.7%] max: 71.05 [99.5%] avg: 70.04 [99.6%] std: 0.59 runs: 6
Elapsed
no-limit/base: min: 398.27 max: 422.36 avg: 408.85 std: 7.74 runs: 6
no-limit/rework: min: 386.36 [97.0%] max: 438.40 [103.8%] avg: 416.34 [101.8%] std: 18.85 runs: 6
The results are within noise. Elapsed time has a bigger variance but the
average looks good.
* 0-limit
User
0-limit/base: min: 573.76 max: 605.63 avg: 585.73 std: 12.21 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 645.77 [112.6%] max: 666.25 [110.0%] avg: 656.97 [112.2%] std: 7.77 runs: 6
System
0-limit/base: min: 69.57 max: 71.13 avg: 70.29 std: 0.54 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 68.68 [98.7%] max: 71.40 [100.4%] avg: 69.91 [99.5%] std: 0.87 runs: 6
Elapsed
0-limit/base: min: 1306.14 max: 1550.17 avg: 1430.35 std: 90.86 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 404.06 [30.9%] max: 465.94 [30.1%] avg: 434.81 [30.4%] std: 22.68 runs: 6
The improvement is really huge here (even bigger than with my previous
testing and I suspect that this highly depends on the storage). Page
fault statistics tell us at least part of the story:
Minor
0-limit/base: min: 37180461.00 max: 37319986.00 avg: 37247470.00 std: 54772.71 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 36751685.00 [98.8%] max: 36805379.00 [98.6%] avg: 36774506.33 [98.7%] std: 17109.03 runs: 6
Major
0-limit/base: min: 170604.00 max: 221141.00 avg: 196081.83 std: 18217.01 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 2864.00 [1.7%] max: 10029.00 [4.5%] avg: 5627.33 [2.9%] std: 2252.71 runs: 6
Same as with my previous testing Minor faults are more or less within
noise but Major fault count is way bellow the base kernel.
While this looks as a nice win it is fair to say that 0-limit
configuration is quite artificial. So I was playing with 0-no-limit
loads as well.
* TEST 2
========
The following results are from 2 groups configuration on a 16GB machine
(single NUMA node).
- A running stream IO (dd if=/dev/zero of=local.file bs=1024) with
2*TotalMem with 0 soft limit.
- B running a mem_eater which consumes TotalMem-1G without any limit. The
mem_eater consumes the memory in 100 chunks with 1s nap after each
mmap+poppulate so that both loads have chance to fight for the memory.
The expected result is that B shouldn't be reclaimed and A shouldn't see
a big dropdown in elapsed time.
User
base: min: 2.68 max: 2.89 avg: 2.76 std: 0.09 runs: 3
rework: min: 3.27 [122.0%] max: 3.74 [129.4%] avg: 3.44 [124.6%] std: 0.21 runs: 3
System
base: min: 86.26 max: 88.29 avg: 87.28 std: 0.83 runs: 3
rework: min: 81.05 [94.0%] max: 84.96 [96.2%] avg: 83.14 [95.3%] std: 1.61 runs: 3
Elapsed
base: min: 317.28 max: 332.39 avg: 325.84 std: 6.33 runs: 3
rework: min: 281.53 [88.7%] max: 298.16 [89.7%] avg: 290.99 [89.3%] std: 6.98 runs: 3
System time improved slightly as well as Elapsed. My previous testing
has shown worse numbers but this again seem to depend on the storage
speed.
My theory is that the writeback doesn't catch up and prio-0 soft reclaim
falls into wait on writeback page too often in the base kernel. The
patched kernel doesn't do that because the soft reclaim is done from the
kswapd/direct reclaim context. This can be seen on the following graph
nicely. The A's group usage_in_bytes regurarly drops really low very often.
All 3 runs
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/stream.png
resp. a detail of the single run
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/stream-one-run.png
mem_eater seems to be doing better as well. It gets to the full
allocation size faster as can be seen on the following graph:
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/mem_eater-one-run.png
/proc/meminfo collected during the test also shows that rework kernel
hasn't swapped that much (well almost not at all):
base: max: 123900 K avg: 56388.29 K
rework: max: 300 K avg: 128.68 K
kswapd and direct reclaim statistics are of no use unfortunatelly because
soft reclaim is not accounted properly as the counters are hidden by
global_reclaim() checks in the base kernel.
* TEST 3
========
Another test was the same configuration as TEST2 except the stream IO was
replaced by a single kbuild (16 parallel jobs bound to Node0 cpus same as
in TEST1) and mem_eater allocated TotalMem-200M so kbuild had only 200MB
left.
Kbuild did better with the rework kernel here as well:
User
base: min: 860.28 max: 872.86 avg: 868.03 std: 5.54 runs: 3
rework: min: 880.81 [102.4%] max: 887.45 [101.7%] avg: 883.56 [101.8%] std: 2.83 runs: 3
System
base: min: 84.35 max: 85.06 avg: 84.79 std: 0.31 runs: 3
rework: min: 85.62 [101.5%] max: 86.09 [101.2%] avg: 85.79 [101.2%] std: 0.21 runs: 3
Elapsed
base: min: 135.36 max: 243.30 avg: 182.47 std: 45.12 runs: 3
rework: min: 110.46 [81.6%] max: 116.20 [47.8%] avg: 114.15 [62.6%] std: 2.61 runs: 3
Minor
base: min: 36635476.00 max: 36673365.00 avg: 36654812.00 std: 15478.03 runs: 3
rework: min: 36639301.00 [100.0%] max: 36695541.00 [100.1%] avg: 36665511.00 [100.0%] std: 23118.23 runs: 3
Major
base: min: 14708.00 max: 53328.00 avg: 31379.00 std: 16202.24 runs: 3
rework: min: 302.00 [2.1%] max: 414.00 [0.8%] avg: 366.33 [1.2%] std: 47.22 runs: 3
Again we can see a significant improvement in Elapsed (it also seems to
be more stable), there is a huge dropdown for the Major page faults and
much more swapping:
base: max: 583736 K avg: 112547.43 K
rework: max: 4012 K avg: 124.36 K
Graphs from all three runs show the variability of the kbuild quite
nicely. It even seems that it took longer after every run with the base
kernel which would be quite surprising as the source tree for the build is
removed and caches are dropped after each run so the build operates on a
freshly extracted sources everytime.
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/kbuild-mem_eater.png
My other testing shows that this is just a matter of timing and other runs
behave differently the std for Elapsed time is similar ~50. Example of
other three runs:
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/kbuild-mem_eater2.png
So to wrap this up. The series is still doing good and improves the soft
limit.
The testing results for bunch of cgroups with both stream IO and kbuild
loads can be found in "memcg: track children in soft limit excess to
improve soft limit".
This patch:
Memcg soft reclaim has been traditionally triggered from the global
reclaim paths before calling shrink_zone. mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim
then picked up a group which exceeds the soft limit the most and reclaimed
it with 0 priority to reclaim at least SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages.
The infrastructure requires per-node-zone trees which hold over-limit
groups and keep them up-to-date (via memcg_check_events) which is not cost
free. Although this overhead hasn't turned out to be a bottle neck the
implementation is suboptimal because mem_cgroup_update_tree has no idea
which zones consumed memory over the limit so we could easily end up
having a group on a node-zone tree having only few pages from that
node-zone.
This patch doesn't try to fix node-zone trees management because it seems
that integrating soft reclaim into zone shrinking sounds much easier and
more appropriate for several reasons. First of all 0 priority reclaim was
a crude hack which might lead to big stalls if the group's LRUs are big
and hard to reclaim (e.g. a lot of dirty/writeback pages). Soft reclaim
should be applicable also to the targeted reclaim which is awkward right
now without additional hacks. Last but not least the whole infrastructure
eats quite some code.
After this patch shrink_zone is done in 2 passes. First it tries to do
the soft reclaim if appropriate (only for global reclaim for now to keep
compatible with the original state) and fall back to ignoring soft limit
if no group is eligible to soft reclaim or nothing has been scanned during
the first pass. Only groups which are over their soft limit or any of
their parents up the hierarchy is over the limit are considered eligible
during the first pass.
Soft limit tree which is not necessary anymore will be removed in the
follow up patch to make this patch smaller and easier to review.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull vfs pile 4 from Al Viro:
"list_lru pile, mostly"
This came out of Andrew's pile, Al ended up doing the merge work so that
Andrew didn't have to.
Additionally, a few fixes.
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (42 commits)
super: fix for destroy lrus
list_lru: dynamically adjust node arrays
shrinker: Kill old ->shrink API.
shrinker: convert remaining shrinkers to count/scan API
staging/lustre/libcfs: cleanup linux-mem.h
staging/lustre/ptlrpc: convert to new shrinker API
staging/lustre/obdclass: convert lu_object shrinker to count/scan API
staging/lustre/ldlm: convert to shrinkers to count/scan API
hugepage: convert huge zero page shrinker to new shrinker API
i915: bail out earlier when shrinker cannot acquire mutex
drivers: convert shrinkers to new count/scan API
fs: convert fs shrinkers to new scan/count API
xfs: fix dquot isolation hang
xfs-convert-dquot-cache-lru-to-list_lru-fix
xfs: convert dquot cache lru to list_lru
xfs: rework buffer dispose list tracking
xfs-convert-buftarg-lru-to-generic-code-fix
xfs: convert buftarg LRU to generic code
fs: convert inode and dentry shrinking to be node aware
vmscan: per-node deferred work
...
This patch is based on KOSAKI's work and I add a little more description,
please refer https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/14/74.
Currently, I found system can enter a state that there are lots of free
pages in a zone but only order-0 and order-1 pages which means the zone is
heavily fragmented, then high order allocation could make direct reclaim
path's long stall(ex, 60 seconds) especially in no swap and no compaciton
enviroment. This problem happened on v3.4, but it seems issue still lives
in current tree, the reason is do_try_to_free_pages enter live lock:
kswapd will go to sleep if the zones have been fully scanned and are still
not balanced. As kswapd thinks there's little point trying all over again
to avoid infinite loop. Instead it changes order from high-order to
0-order because kswapd think order-0 is the most important. Look at
73ce02e9 in detail. If watermarks are ok, kswapd will go back to sleep
and may leave zone->all_unreclaimable =3D 0. It assume high-order users
can still perform direct reclaim if they wish.
Direct reclaim continue to reclaim for a high order which is not a
COSTLY_ORDER without oom-killer until kswapd turn on
zone->all_unreclaimble= . This is because to avoid too early oom-kill.
So it means direct_reclaim depends on kswapd to break this loop.
In worst case, direct-reclaim may continue to page reclaim forever when
kswapd sleeps forever until someone like watchdog detect and finally kill
the process. As described in:
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.mm/103737
We can't turn on zone->all_unreclaimable from direct reclaim path because
direct reclaim path don't take any lock and this way is racy. Thus this
patch removes zone->all_unreclaimable field completely and recalculates
zone reclaimable state every time.
Note: we can't take the idea that direct-reclaim see zone->pages_scanned
directly and kswapd continue to use zone->all_unreclaimable. Because, it
is racy. commit 929bea7c71 (vmscan: all_unreclaimable() use
zone->all_unreclaimable as a name) describes the detail.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: uninline zone_reclaimable_pages() and zone_reclaimable()]
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Cc: Neil Zhang <zhangwm@marvell.com>
Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Lisa Du <cldu@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The goal of this patch series is to improve performance of munlock() of
large mlocked memory areas on systems without THP. This is motivated by
reported very long times of crash recovery of processes with such areas,
where munlock() can take several seconds. See
http://lwn.net/Articles/548108/
The work was driven by a simple benchmark (to be included in mmtests) that
mmaps() e.g. 56GB with MAP_LOCKED | MAP_POPULATE and measures the time of
munlock(). Profiling was performed by attaching operf --pid to the
process and sending a signal to trigger the munlock() part and then notify
bach the monitoring wrapper to stop operf, so that only munlock() appears
in the profile.
The profiles have shown that CPU time is spent mostly by atomic operations
and repeated locking per single pages. This series aims to reduce both, starting
from simpler to more complex changes.
Patch 1 performs a simple cleanup in putback_lru_page() so that page lru base
type is not determined without being actually needed.
Patch 2 removes an unnecessary call to lru_add_drain() which drains the per-cpu
pagevec after each munlocked page is put there.
Patch 3 changes munlock_vma_range() to use an on-stack pagevec for isolating
multiple non-THP pages under a single lru_lock instead of locking and
processing each page separately.
Patch 4 changes the NR_MLOCK accounting to be called only once per the pvec
introduced by previous patch.
Patch 5 uses the introduced pagevec to batch also the work of putback_lru_page
when possible, bypassing the per-cpu pvec and associated overhead.
Patch 6 removes a redundant get_page/put_page pair which saves costly atomic
operations.
Patch 7 avoids calling follow_page_mask() on each individual page, and obtains
multiple page references under a single page table lock where possible.
Measurements were made using 3.11-rc3 as a baseline. The first set of
measurements shows the possibly ideal conditions where batching should
help the most. All memory is allocated from a single NUMA node and THP is
disabled.
timedmunlock
3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Elapsed min 3.38 ( 0.00%) 3.39 ( -0.13%) 3.00 ( 11.33%) 2.70 ( 20.20%) 2.67 ( 21.11%) 2.37 ( 29.88%) 2.20 ( 34.91%) 1.91 ( 43.59%)
Elapsed mean 3.39 ( 0.00%) 3.40 ( -0.23%) 3.01 ( 11.33%) 2.70 ( 20.26%) 2.67 ( 21.21%) 2.38 ( 29.88%) 2.21 ( 34.93%) 1.92 ( 43.46%)
Elapsed stddev 0.01 ( 0.00%) 0.01 (-43.09%) 0.01 ( 15.42%) 0.01 ( 23.42%) 0.00 ( 89.78%) 0.01 ( -7.15%) 0.00 ( 76.69%) 0.02 (-91.77%)
Elapsed max 3.41 ( 0.00%) 3.43 ( -0.52%) 3.03 ( 11.29%) 2.72 ( 20.16%) 2.67 ( 21.63%) 2.40 ( 29.50%) 2.21 ( 35.21%) 1.96 ( 42.39%)
Elapsed range 0.03 ( 0.00%) 0.04 (-51.16%) 0.02 ( 6.27%) 0.02 ( 14.67%) 0.00 ( 88.90%) 0.03 (-19.18%) 0.01 ( 73.70%) 0.06 (-113.35%
The second set of measurements simulates the worst possible conditions for
batching by using numactl --interleave, so that there is in fact only one
page per pagevec. Even in this case the series seems to improve
performance thanks to reduced atomic operations and removal of
lru_add_drain().
timedmunlock
3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Elapsed min 4.00 ( 0.00%) 4.04 ( -0.93%) 3.87 ( 3.37%) 3.72 ( 6.94%) 3.81 ( 4.72%) 3.69 ( 7.82%) 3.64 ( 8.92%) 3.41 ( 14.81%)
Elapsed mean 4.17 ( 0.00%) 4.15 ( 0.51%) 4.03 ( 3.49%) 3.89 ( 6.84%) 3.86 ( 7.48%) 3.89 ( 6.69%) 3.70 ( 11.27%) 3.48 ( 16.59%)
Elapsed stddev 0.16 ( 0.00%) 0.08 ( 50.76%) 0.10 ( 41.58%) 0.16 ( 4.59%) 0.05 ( 72.38%) 0.19 (-12.91%) 0.05 ( 68.09%) 0.06 ( 66.03%)
Elapsed max 4.34 ( 0.00%) 4.32 ( 0.56%) 4.19 ( 3.62%) 4.12 ( 5.15%) 3.91 ( 9.88%) 4.12 ( 5.25%) 3.80 ( 12.58%) 3.56 ( 18.08%)
Elapsed range 0.34 ( 0.00%) 0.28 ( 17.91%) 0.32 ( 6.45%) 0.40 (-15.73%) 0.10 ( 70.06%) 0.43 (-24.84%) 0.15 ( 55.32%) 0.15 ( 56.16%)
For completeness, a third set of measurements shows the situation where
THP is enabled and allocations are again done on a single NUMA node. Here
munlock() is already very fast thanks to huge pages, and this series does
not compromise that performance. It seems that the removal of call to
lru_add_drain() still helps a bit.
timedmunlock
3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3 3.11-rc3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Elapsed min 0.01 ( 0.00%) 0.01 ( -0.11%) 0.01 ( 6.59%) 0.01 ( 5.41%) 0.01 ( 5.45%) 0.01 ( 5.03%) 0.01 ( 6.08%) 0.01 ( 5.20%)
Elapsed mean 0.01 ( 0.00%) 0.01 ( -0.27%) 0.01 ( 6.39%) 0.01 ( 5.30%) 0.01 ( 5.32%) 0.01 ( 5.03%) 0.01 ( 5.97%) 0.01 ( 5.22%)
Elapsed stddev 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( -9.59%) 0.00 ( 10.77%) 0.00 ( 3.24%) 0.00 ( 24.42%) 0.00 ( 31.86%) 0.00 ( -7.46%) 0.00 ( 6.11%)
Elapsed max 0.01 ( 0.00%) 0.01 ( -0.01%) 0.01 ( 6.83%) 0.01 ( 5.42%) 0.01 ( 5.79%) 0.01 ( 5.53%) 0.01 ( 6.08%) 0.01 ( 5.26%)
Elapsed range 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 7.30%) 0.00 ( 24.38%) 0.00 ( 6.10%) 0.00 ( 30.79%) 0.00 ( 42.52%) 0.00 ( 6.11%) 0.00 ( 10.07%)
This patch (of 7):
In putback_lru_page() since commit c53954a092 (""mm: remove lru parameter
from __lru_cache_add and lru_cache_add_lru") it is no longer needed to
determine lru list via page_lru_base_type().
This patch replaces it with simple flag is_unevictable which says that the
page was put on the inevictable list. This is the only information that
matters in subsequent tests.
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Jörn Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The way the page allocator interacts with kswapd creates aging imbalances,
where the amount of time a userspace page gets in memory under reclaim
pressure is dependent on which zone, which node the allocator took the
page frame from.
#1 fixes missed kswapd wakeups on NUMA systems, which lead to some
nodes falling behind for a full reclaim cycle relative to the other
nodes in the system
#3 fixes an interaction where kswapd and a continuous stream of page
allocations keep the preferred zone of a task between the high and
low watermark (allocations succeed + kswapd does not go to sleep)
indefinitely, completely underutilizing the lower zones and
thrashing on the preferred zone
These patches are the aging fairness part of the thrash-detection based
file LRU balancing. Andrea recommended to submit them separately as they
are bugfixes in their own right.
The following test ran a foreground workload (memcachetest) with
background IO of various sizes on a 4 node 8G system (similar results were
observed with single-node 4G systems):
parallelio
BAS FAIRALLO
BASE FAIRALLOC
Ops memcachetest-0M 5170.00 ( 0.00%) 5283.00 ( 2.19%)
Ops memcachetest-791M 4740.00 ( 0.00%) 5293.00 ( 11.67%)
Ops memcachetest-2639M 2551.00 ( 0.00%) 4950.00 ( 94.04%)
Ops memcachetest-4487M 2606.00 ( 0.00%) 3922.00 ( 50.50%)
Ops io-duration-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops io-duration-791M 55.00 ( 0.00%) 18.00 ( 67.27%)
Ops io-duration-2639M 235.00 ( 0.00%) 103.00 ( 56.17%)
Ops io-duration-4487M 278.00 ( 0.00%) 173.00 ( 37.77%)
Ops swaptotal-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-791M 245184.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-2639M 468069.00 ( 0.00%) 108778.00 ( 76.76%)
Ops swaptotal-4487M 452529.00 ( 0.00%) 76623.00 ( 83.07%)
Ops swapin-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-791M 108297.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-2639M 169537.00 ( 0.00%) 50031.00 ( 70.49%)
Ops swapin-4487M 167435.00 ( 0.00%) 34178.00 ( 79.59%)
Ops minorfaults-0M 1518666.00 ( 0.00%) 1503993.00 ( 0.97%)
Ops minorfaults-791M 1676963.00 ( 0.00%) 1520115.00 ( 9.35%)
Ops minorfaults-2639M 1606035.00 ( 0.00%) 1799717.00 (-12.06%)
Ops minorfaults-4487M 1612118.00 ( 0.00%) 1583825.00 ( 1.76%)
Ops majorfaults-0M 6.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-791M 13836.00 ( 0.00%) 10.00 ( 99.93%)
Ops majorfaults-2639M 22307.00 ( 0.00%) 6490.00 ( 70.91%)
Ops majorfaults-4487M 21631.00 ( 0.00%) 4380.00 ( 79.75%)
BAS FAIRALLO
BASE FAIRALLOC
User 287.78 460.97
System 2151.67 3142.51
Elapsed 9737.00 8879.34
BAS FAIRALLO
BASE FAIRALLOC
Minor Faults 53721925 57188551
Major Faults 392195 15157
Swap Ins 2994854 112770
Swap Outs 4907092 134982
Direct pages scanned 0 41824
Kswapd pages scanned 32975063 8128269
Kswapd pages reclaimed 6323069 7093495
Direct pages reclaimed 0 41824
Kswapd efficiency 19% 87%
Kswapd velocity 3386.573 915.414
Direct efficiency 100% 100%
Direct velocity 0.000 4.710
Percentage direct scans 0% 0%
Zone normal velocity 2011.338 550.661
Zone dma32 velocity 1365.623 369.221
Zone dma velocity 9.612 0.242
Page writes by reclaim 18732404.000 614807.000
Page writes file 13825312 479825
Page writes anon 4907092 134982
Page reclaim immediate 85490 5647
Sector Reads 12080532 483244
Sector Writes 88740508 65438876
Page rescued immediate 0 0
Slabs scanned 82560 12160
Direct inode steals 0 0
Kswapd inode steals 24401 40013
Kswapd skipped wait 0 0
THP fault alloc 6 8
THP collapse alloc 5481 5812
THP splits 75 22
THP fault fallback 0 0
THP collapse fail 0 0
Compaction stalls 0 54
Compaction success 0 45
Compaction failures 0 9
Page migrate success 881492 82278
Page migrate failure 0 0
Compaction pages isolated 0 60334
Compaction migrate scanned 0 53505
Compaction free scanned 0 1537605
Compaction cost 914 86
NUMA PTE updates 46738231 41988419
NUMA hint faults 31175564 24213387
NUMA hint local faults 10427393 6411593
NUMA pages migrated 881492 55344
AutoNUMA cost 156221 121361
The overall runtime was reduced, throughput for both the foreground
workload as well as the background IO improved, major faults, swapping and
reclaim activity shrunk significantly, reclaim efficiency more than
quadrupled.
This patch:
When the page allocator fails to get a page from all zones in its given
zonelist, it wakes up the per-node kswapds for all zones that are at their
low watermark.
However, with a system under load the free pages in a zone can fluctuate
enough that the allocation fails but the kswapd wakeup is also skipped
while the zone is still really close to the low watermark.
When one node misses a wakeup like this, it won't be aged before all the
other node's zones are down to their low watermarks again. And skipping a
full aging cycle is an obvious fairness problem.
Kswapd runs until the high watermarks are restored, so it should also be
woken when the high watermarks are not met. This ages nodes more equally
and creates a safety margin for the page counter fluctuation.
By using zone_balanced(), it will now check, in addition to the watermark,
if compaction requires more order-0 pages to create a higher order page.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul Bolle <paul.bollee@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are no more users of this API, so kill it dead, dead, dead and
quietly bury the corpse in a shallow, unmarked grave in a dark forest deep
in the hills...
[glommer@openvz.org: added flowers to the grave]
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The list_lru infrastructure already keeps per-node LRU lists in its
node-specific list_lru_node arrays and provide us with a per-node API, and
the shrinkers are properly equiped with node information. This means that
we can now focus our shrinking effort in a single node, but the work that
is deferred from one run to another is kept global at nr_in_batch. Work
can be deferred, for instance, during direct reclaim under a GFP_NOFS
allocation, where situation, all the filesystem shrinkers will be
prevented from running and accumulate in nr_in_batch the amount of work
they should have done, but could not.
This creates an impedance problem, where upon node pressure, work deferred
will accumulate and end up being flushed in other nodes. The problem we
describe is particularly harmful in big machines, where many nodes can
accumulate at the same time, all adding to the global counter nr_in_batch.
As we accumulate more and more, we start to ask for the caches to flush
even bigger numbers. The result is that the caches are depleted and do
not stabilize. To achieve stable steady state behavior, we need to tackle
it differently.
In this patch we keep the deferred count per-node, in the new array
nr_deferred[] (the name is also a bit more descriptive) and will never
accumulate that to other nodes.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pass the node of the current zone being reclaimed to shrink_slab(),
allowing the shrinker control nodemask to be set appropriately for node
aware shrinkers.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The current shrinker callout API uses an a single shrinker call for
multiple functions. To determine the function, a special magical value is
passed in a parameter to change the behaviour. This complicates the
implementation and return value specification for the different
behaviours.
Separate the two different behaviours into separate operations, one to
return a count of freeable objects in the cache, and another to scan a
certain number of objects in the cache for freeing. In defining these new
operations, ensure the return values and resultant behaviours are clearly
defined and documented.
Modify shrink_slab() to use the new API and implement the callouts for all
the existing shrinkers.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
After the patch "mm: vmscan: Flatten kswapd priority loop" was merged
the scanning priority of kswapd changed.
The priority now rises until it is scanning enough pages to meet the
high watermark. shrink_inactive_list sets ZONE_WRITEBACK if a number of
pages were encountered under writeback but this value is scaled based on
the priority. As kswapd frequently scans with a higher priority now it
is relatively easy to set ZONE_WRITEBACK. This patch removes the
scaling and treates writeback pages similar to how it treats unqueued
dirty pages and congested pages. The user-visible effect should be that
kswapd will writeback fewer pages from reclaim context.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Direct reclaim is not aborting to allow compaction to go ahead properly.
do_try_to_free_pages is told to abort reclaim which is happily ignores
and instead increases priority instead until it reaches 0 and starts
shrinking file/anon equally. This patch corrects the situation by
aborting reclaim when requested instead of raising priority.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Similar to __pagevec_lru_add, this patch removes the LRU parameter from
__lru_cache_add and lru_cache_add_lru as the caller does not control the
exact LRU the page gets added to. lru_cache_add_lru gets renamed to
lru_cache_add the name is silly without the lru parameter. With the
parameter removed, it is required that the caller indicate if they want
the page added to the active or inactive list by setting or clearing
PageActive respectively.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Suggested the patch]
[gang.chen@asianux.com: fix used-unintialized warning]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Chen Gang <gang.chen@asianux.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Alexey Lyahkov <alexey.lyashkov@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrew Perepechko <anserper@ya.ru>
Cc: Robin Dong <sanbai@taobao.com>
Cc: Theodore Tso <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Bernd Schubert <bernd.schubert@fastmail.fm>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Page reclaim keeps track of dirty and under writeback pages and uses it
to determine if wait_iff_congested() should stall or if kswapd should
begin writing back pages. This fails to account for buffer pages that
can be under writeback but not PageWriteback which is the case for
filesystems like ext3 ordered mode. Furthermore, PageDirty buffer pages
can have all the buffers clean and writepage does no IO so it should not
be accounted as congested.
This patch adds an address_space operation that filesystems may
optionally use to check if a page is really dirty or really under
writeback. An implementation is provided for for buffer_heads is added
and used for block operations and ext3 in ordered mode. By default the
page flags are obeyed.
Credit goes to Jan Kara for identifying that the page flags alone are
not sufficient for ext3 and sanity checking a number of ideas on how the
problem could be addressed.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently a zone will only be marked congested if the underlying BDI is
congested but if dirty pages are spread across zones it is possible that
an individual zone is full of dirty pages without being congested. The
impact is that zone gets scanned very quickly potentially reclaiming
really clean pages. This patch treats pages marked for immediate
reclaim as congested for the purposes of marking a zone ZONE_CONGESTED
and stalling in wait_iff_congested.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shrink_inactive_list makes decisions on whether to stall based on the
number of dirty pages encountered. The wait_iff_congested() call in
shrink_page_list does no such thing and it's arbitrary.
This patch moves the decision on whether to set ZONE_CONGESTED and the
wait_iff_congested call into shrink_page_list. This keeps all the
decisions on whether to stall or not in the one place.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In shrink_page_list a decision may be made to stall and flag a zone as
ZONE_WRITEBACK so that if a large number of unqueued dirty pages are
encountered later then the reclaimer will stall. Set ZONE_WRITEBACK
before potentially going to sleep so it is noticed sooner.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit "mm: vmscan: Block kswapd if it is encountering pages under
writeback" blocks page reclaim if it encounters pages under writeback
marked for immediate reclaim. It blocks while pages are still isolated
from the LRU which is unnecessary. This patch defers the blocking until
after the isolated pages have been processed and tidies up some of the
comments.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Further testing of the "Reduce system disruption due to kswapd"
discovered a few problems. First and foremost, it's possible for pages
under writeback to be freed which will lead to badness. Second, as
pages were not being swapped the file LRU was being scanned faster and
clean file pages were being reclaimed. In some cases this results in
increased read IO to re-read data from disk. Third, more pages were
being written from kswapd context which can adversly affect IO
performance. Lastly, it was observed that PageDirty pages are not
necessarily dirty on all filesystems (buffers can be clean while
PageDirty is set and ->writepage generates no IO) and not all
filesystems set PageWriteback when the page is being written (e.g.
ext3). This disconnect confuses the reclaim stalling logic. This
follow-up series is aimed at these problems.
The tests were based on three kernels
vanilla: kernel 3.9 as that is what the current mmotm uses as a baseline
mmotm-20130522 is mmotm as of 22nd May with "Reduce system disruption due to
kswapd" applied on top as per what should be in Andrew's tree
right now
lessdisrupt-v7r10 is this follow-up series on top of the mmotm kernel
The first test used memcached+memcachetest while some background IO was
in progress as implemented by the parallel IO tests implement in MM
Tests. memcachetest benchmarks how many operations/second memcached can
service. It starts with no background IO on a freshly created ext4
filesystem and then re-runs the test with larger amounts of IO in the
background to roughly simulate a large copy in progress. The
expectation is that the IO should have little or no impact on
memcachetest which is running entirely in memory.
parallelio
3.9.0 3.9.0 3.9.0
vanilla mm1-mmotm-20130522 mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Ops memcachetest-0M 23117.00 ( 0.00%) 22780.00 ( -1.46%) 22763.00 ( -1.53%)
Ops memcachetest-715M 23774.00 ( 0.00%) 23299.00 ( -2.00%) 22934.00 ( -3.53%)
Ops memcachetest-2385M 4208.00 ( 0.00%) 24154.00 (474.00%) 23765.00 (464.76%)
Ops memcachetest-4055M 4104.00 ( 0.00%) 25130.00 (512.33%) 24614.00 (499.76%)
Ops io-duration-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops io-duration-715M 12.00 ( 0.00%) 7.00 ( 41.67%) 6.00 ( 50.00%)
Ops io-duration-2385M 116.00 ( 0.00%) 21.00 ( 81.90%) 21.00 ( 81.90%)
Ops io-duration-4055M 160.00 ( 0.00%) 36.00 ( 77.50%) 35.00 ( 78.12%)
Ops swaptotal-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-715M 140138.00 ( 0.00%) 18.00 ( 99.99%) 18.00 ( 99.99%)
Ops swaptotal-2385M 385682.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-4055M 418029.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-715M 144.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-2385M 134227.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-4055M 125618.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops minorfaults-0M 1536429.00 ( 0.00%) 1531632.00 ( 0.31%) 1533541.00 ( 0.19%)
Ops minorfaults-715M 1786996.00 ( 0.00%) 1612148.00 ( 9.78%) 1608832.00 ( 9.97%)
Ops minorfaults-2385M 1757952.00 ( 0.00%) 1614874.00 ( 8.14%) 1613541.00 ( 8.21%)
Ops minorfaults-4055M 1774460.00 ( 0.00%) 1633400.00 ( 7.95%) 1630881.00 ( 8.09%)
Ops majorfaults-0M 1.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-715M 184.00 ( 0.00%) 167.00 ( 9.24%) 166.00 ( 9.78%)
Ops majorfaults-2385M 24444.00 ( 0.00%) 155.00 ( 99.37%) 93.00 ( 99.62%)
Ops majorfaults-4055M 21357.00 ( 0.00%) 147.00 ( 99.31%) 134.00 ( 99.37%)
memcachetest is the transactions/second reported by memcachetest. In
the vanilla kernel note that performance drops from around
23K/sec to just over 4K/second when there is 2385M of IO going
on in the background. With current mmotm, there is no collapse
in performance and with this follow-up series there is little
change.
swaptotal is the total amount of swap traffic. With mmotm and the follow-up
series, the total amount of swapping is much reduced.
3.9.0 3.9.0 3.9.0
vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Minor Faults 11160152 10706748 10622316
Major Faults 46305 755 678
Swap Ins 260249 0 0
Swap Outs 683860 18 18
Direct pages scanned 0 678 2520
Kswapd pages scanned 6046108 8814900 1639279
Kswapd pages reclaimed 1081954 1172267 1094635
Direct pages reclaimed 0 566 2304
Kswapd efficiency 17% 13% 66%
Kswapd velocity 5217.560 7618.953 1414.879
Direct efficiency 100% 83% 91%
Direct velocity 0.000 0.586 2.175
Percentage direct scans 0% 0% 0%
Zone normal velocity 5105.086 6824.681 671.158
Zone dma32 velocity 112.473 794.858 745.896
Zone dma velocity 0.000 0.000 0.000
Page writes by reclaim 1929612.000 6861768.000 32821.000
Page writes file 1245752 6861750 32803
Page writes anon 683860 18 18
Page reclaim immediate 7484 40 239
Sector Reads 1130320 93996 86900
Sector Writes 13508052 10823500 11804436
Page rescued immediate 0 0 0
Slabs scanned 33536 27136 18560
Direct inode steals 0 0 0
Kswapd inode steals 8641 1035 0
Kswapd skipped wait 0 0 0
THP fault alloc 8 37 33
THP collapse alloc 508 552 515
THP splits 24 1 1
THP fault fallback 0 0 0
THP collapse fail 0 0 0
There are a number of observations to make here
1. Swap outs are almost eliminated. Swap ins are 0 indicating that the
pages swapped were really unused anonymous pages. Related to that,
major faults are much reduced.
2. kswapd efficiency was impacted by the initial series but with these
follow-up patches, the efficiency is now at 66% indicating that far
fewer pages were skipped during scanning due to dirty or writeback
pages.
3. kswapd velocity is reduced indicating that fewer pages are being scanned
with the follow-up series as kswapd now stalls when the tail of the
LRU queue is full of unqueued dirty pages. The stall gives flushers a
chance to catch-up so kswapd can reclaim clean pages when it wakes
4. In light of Zlatko's recent reports about zone scanning imbalances,
mmtests now reports scanning velocity on a per-zone basis. With mainline,
you can see that the scanning activity is dominated by the Normal
zone with over 45 times more scanning in Normal than the DMA32 zone.
With the series currently in mmotm, the ratio is slightly better but it
is still the case that the bulk of scanning is in the highest zone. With
this follow-up series, the ratio of scanning between the Normal and
DMA32 zone is roughly equal.
5. As Dave Chinner observed, the current patches in mmotm increased the
number of pages written from kswapd context which is expected to adversly
impact IO performance. With the follow-up patches, far fewer pages are
written from kswapd context than the mainline kernel
6. With the series in mmotm, fewer inodes were reclaimed by kswapd. With
the follow-up series, there is less slab shrinking activity and no inodes
were reclaimed.
7. Note that "Sectors Read" is drastically reduced implying that the source
data being used for the IO is not being aggressively discarded due to
page reclaim skipping over dirty pages and reclaiming clean pages. Note
that the reducion in reads could also be due to inode data not being
re-read from disk after a slab shrink.
3.9.0 3.9.0 3.9.0
vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Mean sda-avgqz 166.99 32.09 33.44
Mean sda-await 853.64 192.76 185.43
Mean sda-r_await 6.31 9.24 5.97
Mean sda-w_await 2992.81 202.65 192.43
Max sda-avgqz 1409.91 718.75 698.98
Max sda-await 6665.74 3538.00 3124.23
Max sda-r_await 58.96 111.95 58.00
Max sda-w_await 28458.94 3977.29 3148.61
In light of the changes in writes from reclaim context, the number of
reads and Dave Chinner's concerns about IO performance I took a closer
look at the IO stats for the test disk. Few observations
1. The average queue size is reduced by the initial series and roughly
the same with this follow up.
2. Average wait times for writes are reduced and as the IO
is completing faster it at least implies that the gain is because
flushers are writing the files efficiently instead of page reclaim
getting in the way.
3. The reduction in maximum write latency is staggering. 28 seconds down
to 3 seconds.
Jan Kara asked how NFS is affected by all of this. Unstable pages can
be taken into account as one of the patches in the series shows but it
is still the case that filesystems with unusual handling of dirty or
writeback could still be treated better.
Tests like postmark, fsmark and largedd showed up nothing useful. On my test
setup, pages are simply not being written back from reclaim context with or
without the patches and there are no changes in performance. My test setup
probably is just not strong enough network-wise to be really interesting.
I ran a longer-lived memcached test with IO going to NFS instead of a local disk
parallelio
3.9.0 3.9.0 3.9.0
vanilla mm1-mmotm-20130522 mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Ops memcachetest-0M 23323.00 ( 0.00%) 23241.00 ( -0.35%) 23321.00 ( -0.01%)
Ops memcachetest-715M 25526.00 ( 0.00%) 24763.00 ( -2.99%) 23242.00 ( -8.95%)
Ops memcachetest-2385M 8814.00 ( 0.00%) 26924.00 (205.47%) 23521.00 (166.86%)
Ops memcachetest-4055M 5835.00 ( 0.00%) 26827.00 (359.76%) 25560.00 (338.05%)
Ops io-duration-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops io-duration-715M 65.00 ( 0.00%) 71.00 ( -9.23%) 11.00 ( 83.08%)
Ops io-duration-2385M 129.00 ( 0.00%) 94.00 ( 27.13%) 53.00 ( 58.91%)
Ops io-duration-4055M 301.00 ( 0.00%) 100.00 ( 66.78%) 108.00 ( 64.12%)
Ops swaptotal-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-715M 14394.00 ( 0.00%) 949.00 ( 93.41%) 63.00 ( 99.56%)
Ops swaptotal-2385M 401483.00 ( 0.00%) 24437.00 ( 93.91%) 30118.00 ( 92.50%)
Ops swaptotal-4055M 554123.00 ( 0.00%) 35688.00 ( 93.56%) 63082.00 ( 88.62%)
Ops swapin-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-715M 4522.00 ( 0.00%) 560.00 ( 87.62%) 63.00 ( 98.61%)
Ops swapin-2385M 169861.00 ( 0.00%) 5026.00 ( 97.04%) 13917.00 ( 91.81%)
Ops swapin-4055M 192374.00 ( 0.00%) 10056.00 ( 94.77%) 25729.00 ( 86.63%)
Ops minorfaults-0M 1445969.00 ( 0.00%) 1520878.00 ( -5.18%) 1454024.00 ( -0.56%)
Ops minorfaults-715M 1557288.00 ( 0.00%) 1528482.00 ( 1.85%) 1535776.00 ( 1.38%)
Ops minorfaults-2385M 1692896.00 ( 0.00%) 1570523.00 ( 7.23%) 1559622.00 ( 7.87%)
Ops minorfaults-4055M 1654985.00 ( 0.00%) 1581456.00 ( 4.44%) 1596713.00 ( 3.52%)
Ops majorfaults-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 1.00 (-99.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-715M 763.00 ( 0.00%) 265.00 ( 65.27%) 75.00 ( 90.17%)
Ops majorfaults-2385M 23861.00 ( 0.00%) 894.00 ( 96.25%) 2189.00 ( 90.83%)
Ops majorfaults-4055M 27210.00 ( 0.00%) 1569.00 ( 94.23%) 4088.00 ( 84.98%)
1. Performance does not collapse due to IO which is good. IO is also completing
faster. Note with mmotm, IO completes in a third of the time and faster again
with this series applied
2. Swapping is reduced, although not eliminated. The figures for the follow-up
look bad but it does vary a bit as the stalling is not perfect for nfs
or filesystems like ext3 with unusual handling of dirty and writeback
pages
3. There are swapins, particularly with larger amounts of IO indicating
that active pages are being reclaimed. However, the number of much
reduced.
3.9.0 3.9.0 3.9.0
vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Minor Faults 36339175 35025445 35219699
Major Faults 310964 27108 51887
Swap Ins 2176399 173069 333316
Swap Outs 3344050 357228 504824
Direct pages scanned 8972 77283 43242
Kswapd pages scanned 20899983 8939566 14772851
Kswapd pages reclaimed 6193156 5172605 5231026
Direct pages reclaimed 8450 73802 39514
Kswapd efficiency 29% 57% 35%
Kswapd velocity 3929.743 1847.499 3058.840
Direct efficiency 94% 95% 91%
Direct velocity 1.687 15.972 8.954
Percentage direct scans 0% 0% 0%
Zone normal velocity 3721.907 939.103 2185.142
Zone dma32 velocity 209.522 924.368 882.651
Zone dma velocity 0.000 0.000 0.000
Page writes by reclaim 4082185.000 526319.000 537114.000
Page writes file 738135 169091 32290
Page writes anon 3344050 357228 504824
Page reclaim immediate 9524 170 5595843
Sector Reads 8909900 861192 1483680
Sector Writes 13428980 1488744 2076800
Page rescued immediate 0 0 0
Slabs scanned 38016 31744 28672
Direct inode steals 0 0 0
Kswapd inode steals 424 0 0
Kswapd skipped wait 0 0 0
THP fault alloc 14 15 119
THP collapse alloc 1767 1569 1618
THP splits 30 29 25
THP fault fallback 0 0 0
THP collapse fail 8 5 0
Compaction stalls 17 41 100
Compaction success 7 31 95
Compaction failures 10 10 5
Page migrate success 7083 22157 62217
Page migrate failure 0 0 0
Compaction pages isolated 14847 48758 135830
Compaction migrate scanned 18328 48398 138929
Compaction free scanned 2000255 355827 1720269
Compaction cost 7 24 68
I guess the main takeaway again is the much reduced page writes
from reclaim context and reduced reads.
3.9.0 3.9.0 3.9.0
vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Mean sda-avgqz 23.58 0.35 0.44
Mean sda-await 133.47 15.72 15.46
Mean sda-r_await 4.72 4.69 3.95
Mean sda-w_await 507.69 28.40 33.68
Max sda-avgqz 680.60 12.25 23.14
Max sda-await 3958.89 221.83 286.22
Max sda-r_await 63.86 61.23 67.29
Max sda-w_await 11710.38 883.57 1767.28
And as before, write wait times are much reduced.
This patch:
The patch "mm: vmscan: Have kswapd writeback pages based on dirty pages
encountered, not priority" decides whether to writeback pages from reclaim
context based on the number of dirty pages encountered. This situation is
flagged too easily and flushers are not given the chance to catch up
resulting in more pages being written from reclaim context and potentially
impacting IO performance. The check for PageWriteback is also misplaced
as it happens within a PageDirty check which is nonsense as the dirty may
have been cleared for IO. The accounting is updated very late and pages
that are already under writeback, were reactivated, could not unmapped or
could not be released are all missed. Similarly, a page is considered
congested for reasons other than being congested and pages that cannot be
written out in the correct context are skipped. Finally, it considers
stalling and writing back filesystem pages due to encountering dirty
anonymous pages at the tail of the LRU which is dumb.
This patch causes kswapd to begin writing filesystem pages from reclaim
context only if page reclaim found that all filesystem pages at the tail
of the LRU were unqueued dirty pages. Before it starts writing filesystem
pages, it will stall to give flushers a chance to catch up. The decision
on whether wait_iff_congested is also now determined by dirty filesystem
pages only. Congested pages are based on whether the underlying BDI is
congested regardless of the context of the reclaiming process.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
balance_pgdat() is very long and some of the logic can and should be
internal to kswapd_shrink_zone(). Move it so the flow of
balance_pgdat() is marginally easier to follow.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently kswapd checks if it should start writepage as it shrinks each
zone without taking into consideration if the zone is balanced or not.
This is not wrong as such but it does not make much sense either. This
patch checks once per pgdat scan if kswapd should be writing pages.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Historically, kswapd used to congestion_wait() at higher priorities if
it was not making forward progress. This made no sense as the failure
to make progress could be completely independent of IO. It was later
replaced by wait_iff_congested() and removed entirely by commit 258401a6
(mm: don't wait on congested zones in balance_pgdat()) as it was
duplicating logic in shrink_inactive_list().
This is problematic. If kswapd encounters many pages under writeback
and it continues to scan until it reaches the high watermark then it
will quickly skip over the pages under writeback and reclaim clean young
pages or push applications out to swap.
The use of wait_iff_congested() is not suited to kswapd as it will only
stall if the underlying BDI is really congested or a direct reclaimer
was unable to write to the underlying BDI. kswapd bypasses the BDI
congestion as it sets PF_SWAPWRITE but even if this was taken into
account then it would cause direct reclaimers to stall on writeback
which is not desirable.
This patch sets a ZONE_WRITEBACK flag if direct reclaim or kswapd is
encountering too many pages under writeback. If this flag is set and
kswapd encounters a PageReclaim page under writeback then it'll assume
that the LRU lists are being recycled too quickly before IO can complete
and block waiting for some IO to complete.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently kswapd queues dirty pages for writeback if scanning at an
elevated priority but the priority kswapd scans at is not related to the
number of unqueued dirty encountered. Since commit "mm: vmscan: Flatten
kswapd priority loop", the priority is related to the size of the LRU
and the zone watermark which is no indication as to whether kswapd
should write pages or not.
This patch tracks if an excessive number of unqueued dirty pages are
being encountered at the end of the LRU. If so, it indicates that dirty
pages are being recycled before flusher threads can clean them and flags
the zone so that kswapd will start writing pages until the zone is
balanced.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Page reclaim at priority 0 will scan the entire LRU as priority 0 is
considered to be a near OOM condition. Kswapd can reach priority 0
quite easily if it is encountering a large number of pages it cannot
reclaim such as pages under writeback. When this happens, kswapd
reclaims very aggressively even though there may be no real risk of
allocation failure or OOM.
This patch prevents kswapd reaching priority 0 and trying to reclaim the
world. Direct reclaimers will still reach priority 0 in the event of an
OOM situation.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In the past, kswapd makes a decision on whether to compact memory after
the pgdat was considered balanced. This more or less worked but it is
late to make such a decision and does not fit well now that kswapd makes
a decision whether to exit the zone scanning loop depending on reclaim
progress.
This patch will compact a pgdat if at least the requested number of
pages were reclaimed from unbalanced zones for a given priority. If any
zone is currently balanced, kswapd will not call compaction as it is
expected the necessary pages are already available.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
kswapd stops raising the scanning priority when at least
SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages have been reclaimed or the pgdat is considered
balanced. It then rechecks if it needs to restart at DEF_PRIORITY and
whether high-order reclaim needs to be reset. This is not wrong per-se
but it is confusing to follow and forcing kswapd to stay at DEF_PRIORITY
may require several restarts before it has scanned enough pages to meet
the high watermark even at 100% efficiency. This patch irons out the
logic a bit by controlling when priority is raised and removing the
"goto loop_again".
This patch has kswapd raise the scanning priority until it is scanning
enough pages that it could meet the high watermark in one shrink of the
LRU lists if it is able to reclaim at 100% efficiency. It will not
raise the scanning prioirty higher unless it is failing to reclaim any
pages.
To avoid infinite looping for high-order allocation requests kswapd will
not reclaim for high-order allocations when it has reclaimed at least
twice the number of pages as the allocation request.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Simplistically, the anon and file LRU lists are scanned proportionally
depending on the value of vm.swappiness although there are other factors
taken into account by get_scan_count(). The patch "mm: vmscan: Limit
the number of pages kswapd reclaims" limits the number of pages kswapd
reclaims but it breaks this proportional scanning and may evenly shrink
anon/file LRUs regardless of vm.swappiness.
This patch preserves the proportional scanning and reclaim. It does
mean that kswapd will reclaim more than requested but the number of
pages will be related to the high watermark.
[mhocko@suse.cz: Correct proportional reclaim for memcg and simplify]
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: Recalculate scan based on target]
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: Account for already scanned pages properly]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This series does not fix all the current known problems with reclaim but
it addresses one important swapping bug when there is background IO.
Changelog since V3
- Drop the slab shrink changes in light of Glaubers series and
discussions highlighted that there were a number of potential
problems with the patch. (mel)
- Rebased to 3.10-rc1
Changelog since V2
- Preserve ratio properly for proportional scanning (kamezawa)
Changelog since V1
- Rename ZONE_DIRTY to ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY (andi)
- Reformat comment in shrink_page_list (andi)
- Clarify some comments (dhillf)
- Rework how the proportional scanning is preserved
- Add PageReclaim check before kswapd starts writeback
- Reset sc.nr_reclaimed on every full zone scan
Kswapd and page reclaim behaviour has been screwy in one way or the
other for a long time. Very broadly speaking it worked in the far past
because machines were limited in memory so it did not have that many
pages to scan and it stalled congestion_wait() frequently to prevent it
going completely nuts. In recent times it has behaved very
unsatisfactorily with some of the problems compounded by the removal of
stall logic and the introduction of transparent hugepage support with
high-order reclaims.
There are many variations of bugs that are rooted in this area. One
example is reports of a large copy operations or backup causing the
machine to grind to a halt or applications pushed to swap. Sometimes in
low memory situations a large percentage of memory suddenly gets
reclaimed. In other cases an application starts and kswapd hits 100%
CPU usage for prolonged periods of time and so on. There is now talk of
introducing features like an extra free kbytes tunable to work around
aspects of the problem instead of trying to deal with it. It's
compounded by the problem that it can be very workload and machine
specific.
This series aims at addressing some of the worst of these problems
without attempting to fundmentally alter how page reclaim works.
Patches 1-2 limits the number of pages kswapd reclaims while still obeying
the anon/file proportion of the LRUs it should be scanning.
Patches 3-4 control how and when kswapd raises its scanning priority and
deletes the scanning restart logic which is tricky to follow.
Patch 5 notes that it is too easy for kswapd to reach priority 0 when
scanning and then reclaim the world. Down with that sort of thing.
Patch 6 notes that kswapd starts writeback based on scanning priority which
is not necessarily related to dirty pages. It will have kswapd
writeback pages if a number of unqueued dirty pages have been
recently encountered at the tail of the LRU.
Patch 7 notes that sometimes kswapd should stall waiting on IO to complete
to reduce LRU churn and the likelihood that it'll reclaim young
clean pages or push applications to swap. It will cause kswapd
to block on IO if it detects that pages being reclaimed under
writeback are recycling through the LRU before the IO completes.
Patchies 8-9 are cosmetic but balance_pgdat() is easier to follow after they
are applied.
This was tested using memcached+memcachetest while some background IO
was in progress as implemented by the parallel IO tests implement in MM
Tests.
memcachetest benchmarks how many operations/second memcached can service
and it is run multiple times. It starts with no background IO and then
re-runs the test with larger amounts of IO in the background to roughly
simulate a large copy in progress. The expectation is that the IO
should have little or no impact on memcachetest which is running
entirely in memory.
3.10.0-rc1 3.10.0-rc1
vanilla lessdisrupt-v4
Ops memcachetest-0M 22155.00 ( 0.00%) 22180.00 ( 0.11%)
Ops memcachetest-715M 22720.00 ( 0.00%) 22355.00 ( -1.61%)
Ops memcachetest-2385M 3939.00 ( 0.00%) 23450.00 (495.33%)
Ops memcachetest-4055M 3628.00 ( 0.00%) 24341.00 (570.92%)
Ops io-duration-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops io-duration-715M 12.00 ( 0.00%) 7.00 ( 41.67%)
Ops io-duration-2385M 118.00 ( 0.00%) 21.00 ( 82.20%)
Ops io-duration-4055M 162.00 ( 0.00%) 36.00 ( 77.78%)
Ops swaptotal-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-715M 140134.00 ( 0.00%) 18.00 ( 99.99%)
Ops swaptotal-2385M 392438.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-4055M 449037.00 ( 0.00%) 27864.00 ( 93.79%)
Ops swapin-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-715M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-2385M 148031.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops swapin-4055M 135109.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops minorfaults-0M 1529984.00 ( 0.00%) 1530235.00 ( -0.02%)
Ops minorfaults-715M 1794168.00 ( 0.00%) 1613750.00 ( 10.06%)
Ops minorfaults-2385M 1739813.00 ( 0.00%) 1609396.00 ( 7.50%)
Ops minorfaults-4055M 1754460.00 ( 0.00%) 1614810.00 ( 7.96%)
Ops majorfaults-0M 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-715M 185.00 ( 0.00%) 180.00 ( 2.70%)
Ops majorfaults-2385M 24472.00 ( 0.00%) 101.00 ( 99.59%)
Ops majorfaults-4055M 22302.00 ( 0.00%) 229.00 ( 98.97%)
Note how the vanilla kernels performance collapses when there is enough
IO taking place in the background. This drop in performance is part of
what users complain of when they start backups. Note how the swapin and
major fault figures indicate that processes were being pushed to swap
prematurely. With the series applied, there is no noticable performance
drop and while there is still some swap activity, it's tiny.
20 iterations of this test were run in total and averaged. Every 5
iterations, additional IO was generated in the background using dd to
measure how the workload was impacted. The 0M, 715M, 2385M and 4055M
subblock refer to the amount of IO going on in the background at each
iteration. So memcachetest-2385M is reporting how many
transactions/second memcachetest recorded on average over 5 iterations
while there was 2385M of IO going on in the ground. There are six
blocks of information reported here
memcachetest is the transactions/second reported by memcachetest. In
the vanilla kernel note that performance drops from around
22K/sec to just under 4K/second when there is 2385M of IO going
on in the background. This is one type of performance collapse
users complain about if a large cp or backup starts in the
background
io-duration refers to how long it takes for the background IO to
complete. It's showing that with the patched kernel that the IO
completes faster while not interfering with the memcache
workload
swaptotal is the total amount of swap traffic. With the patched kernel,
the total amount of swapping is much reduced although it is
still not zero.
swapin in this case is an indication as to whether we are swap trashing.
The closer the swapin/swapout ratio is to 1, the worse the
trashing is. Note with the patched kernel that there is no swapin
activity indicating that all the pages swapped were really inactive
unused pages.
minorfaults are just minor faults. An increased number of minor faults
can indicate that page reclaim is unmapping the pages but not
swapping them out before they are faulted back in. With the
patched kernel, there is only a small change in minor faults
majorfaults are just major faults in the target workload and a high
number can indicate that a workload is being prematurely
swapped. With the patched kernel, major faults are much reduced. As
there are no swapin's recorded so it's not being swapped. The likely
explanation is that that libraries or configuration files used by
the workload during startup get paged out by the background IO.
Overall with the series applied, there is no noticable performance drop
due to background IO and while there is still some swap activity, it's
tiny and the lack of swapins imply that the swapped pages were inactive
and unused.
3.10.0-rc1 3.10.0-rc1
vanilla lessdisrupt-v4
Page Ins 1234608 101892
Page Outs 12446272 11810468
Swap Ins 283406 0
Swap Outs 698469 27882
Direct pages scanned 0 136480
Kswapd pages scanned 6266537 5369364
Kswapd pages reclaimed 1088989 930832
Direct pages reclaimed 0 120901
Kswapd efficiency 17% 17%
Kswapd velocity 5398.371 4635.115
Direct efficiency 100% 88%
Direct velocity 0.000 117.817
Percentage direct scans 0% 2%
Page writes by reclaim 1655843 4009929
Page writes file 957374 3982047
Page writes anon 698469 27882
Page reclaim immediate 5245 1745
Page rescued immediate 0 0
Slabs scanned 33664 25216
Direct inode steals 0 0
Kswapd inode steals 19409 778
Kswapd skipped wait 0 0
THP fault alloc 35 30
THP collapse alloc 472 401
THP splits 27 22
THP fault fallback 0 0
THP collapse fail 0 1
Compaction stalls 0 4
Compaction success 0 0
Compaction failures 0 4
Page migrate success 0 0
Page migrate failure 0 0
Compaction pages isolated 0 0
Compaction migrate scanned 0 0
Compaction free scanned 0 0
Compaction cost 0 0
NUMA PTE updates 0 0
NUMA hint faults 0 0
NUMA hint local faults 0 0
NUMA pages migrated 0 0
AutoNUMA cost 0 0
Unfortunately, note that there is a small amount of direct reclaim due to
kswapd no longer reclaiming the world. ftrace indicates that the direct
reclaim stalls are mostly harmless with the vast bulk of the stalls
incurred by dd
23 tclsh-3367
38 memcachetest-13733
49 memcachetest-12443
57 tee-3368
1541 dd-13826
1981 dd-12539
A consequence of the direct reclaim for dd is that the processes for the
IO workload may show a higher system CPU usage. There is also a risk that
kswapd not reclaiming the world may mean that it stays awake balancing
zones, does not stall on the appropriate events and continually scans
pages it cannot reclaim consuming CPU. This will be visible as continued
high CPU usage but in my own tests I only saw a single spike lasting less
than a second and I did not observe any problems related to reclaim while
running the series on my desktop.
This patch:
The number of pages kswapd can reclaim is bound by the number of pages it
scans which is related to the size of the zone and the scanning priority.
In many cases the priority remains low because it's reset every
SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX reclaimed pages but in the event kswapd scans a large
number of pages it cannot reclaim, it will raise the priority and
potentially discard a large percentage of the zone as sc->nr_to_reclaim is
ULONG_MAX. The user-visible effect is a reclaim "spike" where a large
percentage of memory is suddenly freed. It would be bad enough if this
was just unused memory but because of how anon/file pages are balanced it
is possible that applications get pushed to swap unnecessarily.
This patch limits the number of pages kswapd will reclaim to the high
watermark. Reclaim will still overshoot due to it not being a hard limit
as shrink_lruvec() will ignore the sc.nr_to_reclaim at DEF_PRIORITY but it
prevents kswapd reclaiming the world at higher priorities. The number of
pages it reclaims is not adjusted for high-order allocations as kswapd
will reclaim excessively if it is to balance zones for high-order
allocations.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In page reclaim, huge page is split. split_huge_page() adds tail pages
to LRU list. Since we are reclaiming a huge page, it's better we
reclaim all subpages of the huge page instead of just the head page.
This patch adds split tail pages to shrink page list so the tail pages
can be reclaimed soon.
Before this patch, run a swap workload:
thp_fault_alloc 3492
thp_fault_fallback 608
thp_collapse_alloc 6
thp_collapse_alloc_failed 0
thp_split 916
With this patch:
thp_fault_alloc 4085
thp_fault_fallback 16
thp_collapse_alloc 90
thp_collapse_alloc_failed 0
thp_split 1272
fallback allocation is reduced a lot.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_SWAP=n build]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With this patch userland applications that want to maintain the
interactivity/memory allocation cost can use the pressure level
notifications. The levels are defined like this:
The "low" level means that the system is reclaiming memory for new
allocations. Monitoring this reclaiming activity might be useful for
maintaining cache level. Upon notification, the program (typically
"Activity Manager") might analyze vmstat and act in advance (i.e.
prematurely shutdown unimportant services).
The "medium" level means that the system is experiencing medium memory
pressure, the system might be making swap, paging out active file
caches, etc. Upon this event applications may decide to further analyze
vmstat/zoneinfo/memcg or internal memory usage statistics and free any
resources that can be easily reconstructed or re-read from a disk.
The "critical" level means that the system is actively thrashing, it is
about to out of memory (OOM) or even the in-kernel OOM killer is on its
way to trigger. Applications should do whatever they can to help the
system. It might be too late to consult with vmstat or any other
statistics, so it's advisable to take an immediate action.
The events are propagated upward until the event is handled, i.e. the
events are not pass-through. Here is what this means: for example you
have three cgroups: A->B->C. Now you set up an event listener on
cgroups A, B and C, and suppose group C experiences some pressure. In
this situation, only group C will receive the notification, i.e. groups
A and B will not receive it. This is done to avoid excessive
"broadcasting" of messages, which disturbs the system and which is
especially bad if we are low on memory or thrashing. So, organize the
cgroups wisely, or propagate the events manually (or, ask us to
implement the pass-through events, explaining why would you need them.)
Performance wise, the memory pressure notifications feature itself is
lightweight and does not require much of bookkeeping, in contrast to the
rest of memcg features. Unfortunately, as of current memcg
implementation, pages accounting is an inseparable part and cannot be
turned off. The good news is that there are some efforts[1] to improve
the situation; plus, implementing the same, fully API-compatible[2]
interface for CONFIG_MEMCG=n case (e.g. embedded) is also a viable
option, so it will not require any changes on the userland side.
[1] http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.cgroups/6291
[2] http://lkml.org/lkml/2013/2/21/454
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_CGROPUPS=n warnings]
Signed-off-by: Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Leonid Moiseichuk <leonid.moiseichuk@nokia.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Local variable total_scanned is no longer used.
Signed-off-by: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix the error return value in kswapd_run(). The bug was introduced by
commit d5dc0ad928 ("mm/vmscan: fix error number for failed kthread").
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This variable is calculated from nr_free_pagecache_pages so
change its type to unsigned long.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Recently, Luigi reported there are lots of free swap space when OOM
happens. It's easily reproduced on zram-over-swap, where many instance
of memory hogs are running and laptop_mode is enabled. He said there
was no problem when he disabled laptop_mode. The problem when I
investigate problem is following as.
Assumption for easy explanation: There are no page cache page in system
because they all are already reclaimed.
1. try_to_free_pages disable may_writepage when laptop_mode is enabled.
2. shrink_inactive_list isolates victim pages from inactive anon lru list.
3. shrink_page_list adds them to swapcache via add_to_swap but it doesn't
pageout because sc->may_writepage is 0 so the page is rotated back into
inactive anon lru list. The add_to_swap made the page Dirty by SetPageDirty.
4. 3 couldn't reclaim any pages so do_try_to_free_pages increase priority and
retry reclaim with higher priority.
5. shrink_inactlive_list try to isolate victim pages from inactive anon lru list
but got failed because it try to isolate pages with ISOLATE_CLEAN mode but
inactive anon lru list is full of dirty pages by 3 so it just returns
without any reclaim progress.
6. do_try_to_free_pages doesn't set may_writepage due to zero total_scanned.
Because sc->nr_scanned is increased by shrink_page_list but we don't call
shrink_page_list in 5 due to short of isolated pages.
Above loop is continued until OOM happens.
The problem didn't happen before [1] was merged because old logic's
isolatation in shrink_inactive_list was successful and tried to call
shrink_page_list to pageout them but it still ends up failed to page out
by may_writepage. But important point is that sc->nr_scanned was
increased although we couldn't swap out them so do_try_to_free_pages
could set may_writepages.
Since commit f80c067361 ("mm: zone_reclaim: make isolate_lru_page()
filter-aware") was introduced, it's not a good idea any more to depends
on only the number of scanned pages for setting may_writepage. So this
patch adds new trigger point of setting may_writepage as below
DEF_PRIOIRTY - 2 which is used to show the significant memory pressure
in VM so it's good fit for our purpose which would be better to lose
power saving or clickety rather than OOM killing.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
An inactive file list is considered low when its active counterpart is
bigger, regardless of whether it is a global zone LRU list or a memcg
zone LRU list. The only difference is in how the LRU size is assessed.
get_lru_size() does the right thing for both global and memcg reclaim
situations.
Get rid of inactive_file_is_low_global() and
mem_cgroup_inactive_file_is_low() by using get_lru_size() and compare
the numbers in common code.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
swap_lock is heavily contended when I test swap to 3 fast SSD (even
slightly slower than swap to 2 such SSD). The main contention comes
from swap_info_get(). This patch tries to fix the gap with adding a new
per-partition lock.
Global data like nr_swapfiles, total_swap_pages, least_priority and
swap_list are still protected by swap_lock.
nr_swap_pages is an atomic now, it can be changed without swap_lock. In
theory, it's possible get_swap_page() finds no swap pages but actually
there are free swap pages. But sounds not a big problem.
Accessing partition specific data (like scan_swap_map and so on) is only
protected by swap_info_struct.lock.
Changing swap_info_struct.flags need hold swap_lock and
swap_info_struct.lock, because scan_scan_map() will check it. read the
flags is ok with either the locks hold.
If both swap_lock and swap_info_struct.lock must be hold, we always hold
the former first to avoid deadlock.
swap_entry_free() can change swap_list. To delete that code, we add a
new highest_priority_index. Whenever get_swap_page() is called, we
check it. If it's valid, we use it.
It's a pity get_swap_page() still holds swap_lock(). But in practice,
swap_lock() isn't heavily contended in my test with this patch (or I can
say there are other much more heavier bottlenecks like TLB flush). And
BTW, looks get_swap_page() doesn't really need the lock. We never free
swap_info[] and we check SWAP_WRITEOK flag. The only risk without the
lock is we could swapout to some low priority swap, but we can quickly
recover after several rounds of swap, so sounds not a big deal to me.
But I'd prefer to fix this if it's a real problem.
"swap: make each swap partition have one address_space" improved the
swapout speed from 1.7G/s to 2G/s. This patch further improves the
speed to 2.3G/s, so around 15% improvement. It's a multi-process test,
so TLB flush isn't the biggest bottleneck before the patches.
[arnd@arndb.de: fix it for nommu]
[hughd@google.com: add missing unlock]
[minchan@kernel.org: get rid of lockdep whinge on sys_swapon]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch introduces PF_MEMALLOC_NOIO on process flag('flags' field of
'struct task_struct'), so that the flag can be set by one task to avoid
doing I/O inside memory allocation in the task's context.
The patch trys to solve one deadlock problem caused by block device, and
the problem may happen at least in the below situations:
- during block device runtime resume, if memory allocation with
GFP_KERNEL is called inside runtime resume callback of any one of its
ancestors(or the block device itself), the deadlock may be triggered
inside the memory allocation since it might not complete until the block
device becomes active and the involed page I/O finishes. The situation
is pointed out first by Alan Stern. It is not a good approach to
convert all GFP_KERNEL[1] in the path into GFP_NOIO because several
subsystems may be involved(for example, PCI, USB and SCSI may be
involved for usb mass stoarage device, network devices involved too in
the iSCSI case)
- during block device runtime suspend, because runtime resume need to
wait for completion of concurrent runtime suspend.
- during error handling of usb mass storage deivce, USB bus reset will
be put on the device, so there shouldn't have any memory allocation with
GFP_KERNEL during USB bus reset, otherwise the deadlock similar with
above may be triggered. Unfortunately, any usb device may include one
mass storage interface in theory, so it requires all usb interface
drivers to handle the situation. In fact, most usb drivers don't know
how to handle bus reset on the device and don't provide .pre_set() and
.post_reset() callback at all, so USB core has to unbind and bind driver
for these devices. So it is still not practical to resort to GFP_NOIO
for solving the problem.
Also the introduced solution can be used by block subsystem or block
drivers too, for example, set the PF_MEMALLOC_NOIO flag before doing
actual I/O transfer.
It is not a good idea to convert all these GFP_KERNEL in the affected
path into GFP_NOIO because these functions doing that may be implemented
as library and will be called in many other contexts.
In fact, memalloc_noio_flags() can convert some of current static
GFP_NOIO allocation into GFP_KERNEL back in other non-affected contexts,
at least almost all GFP_NOIO in USB subsystem can be converted into
GFP_KERNEL after applying the approach and make allocation with GFP_NOIO
only happen in runtime resume/bus reset/block I/O transfer contexts
generally.
[1], several GFP_KERNEL allocation examples in runtime resume path
- pci subsystem
acpi_os_allocate
<-acpi_ut_allocate
<-ACPI_ALLOCATE_ZEROED
<-acpi_evaluate_object
<-__acpi_bus_set_power
<-acpi_bus_set_power
<-acpi_pci_set_power_state
<-platform_pci_set_power_state
<-pci_platform_power_transition
<-__pci_complete_power_transition
<-pci_set_power_state
<-pci_restore_standard_config
<-pci_pm_runtime_resume
- usb subsystem
usb_get_status
<-finish_port_resume
<-usb_port_resume
<-generic_resume
<-usb_resume_device
<-usb_resume_both
<-usb_runtime_resume
- some individual usb drivers
usblp, uvc, gspca, most of dvb-usb-v2 media drivers, cpia2, az6007, ....
That is just what I have found. Unfortunately, this allocation can only
be found by human being now, and there should be many not found since
any function in the resume path(call tree) may allocate memory with
GFP_KERNEL.
Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Cc: Oliver Neukum <oneukum@suse.de>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jiri.kosina@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: David Decotigny <david.decotigny@google.com>
Cc: Tom Herbert <therbert@google.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
From: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Commit 92df3a723f ("mm: vmscan: throttle reclaim if encountering too
many dirty pages under writeback") introduced waiting on congested zones
based on a sane algorithm in shrink_inactive_list().
What this means is that there's no more need for throttling and
additional heuristics in balance_pgdat(). So, let's remove it and tidy
up the code.
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now we have zone->managed_pages for "pages managed by the buddy system
in the zone", so replace zone->present_pages with zone->managed_pages if
what the user really wants is number of allocatable pages.
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Maciej Rutecki <maciej.rutecki@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Clayton <chris2553@googlemail.com>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now that balance_pgdat() is slightly tidied up, thanks to more capable
pgdat_balanced(), it's become obvious that pgdat_balanced() is called to
check the status, then break the loop if pgdat is balanced, just to be
immediately called again. The second call is completely unnecessary, of
course.
The patch introduces pgdat_is_balanced boolean, which helps resolve the
above suboptimal behavior, with the added benefit of slightly better
documenting one other place in the function where we jump and skip lots
of code.
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Targeted (hard resp soft) reclaim has traditionally tried to scan one
group with decreasing priority until nr_to_reclaim (SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX
pages) is reclaimed or all priorities are exhausted. The reclaim is
then retried until the limit is met.
This approach, however, doesn't work well with deeper hierarchies where
groups higher in the hierarchy do not have any or only very few pages
(this usually happens if those groups do not have any tasks and they
have only re-parented pages after some of their children is removed).
Those groups are reclaimed with decreasing priority pointlessly as there
is nothing to reclaim from them.
An easiest fix is to break out of the memcg iteration loop in
shrink_zone only if the whole hierarchy has been visited or sufficient
pages have been reclaimed. This is also more natural because the
reclaimer expects that the hierarchy under the given root is reclaimed.
As a result we can simplify the soft limit reclaim which does its own
iteration.
[yinghan@google.com: break out of the hierarchy loop only if nr_reclaimed exceeded nr_to_reclaim]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use conventional comparison order]
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The restart logic for when reclaim operates back to back with compaction
is currently applied on the lruvec level. But this does not make sense,
because the container of interest for compaction is a zone as a whole,
not the zone pages that are part of a certain memory cgroup.
Negative impact is bounded. For one, the code checks that the lruvec
has enough reclaim candidates, so it does not risk getting stuck on a
condition that can not be fulfilled. And the unfairness of hammering on
one particular memory cgroup to make progress in a zone will be
amortized by the round robin manner in which reclaim goes through the
memory cgroups. Still, this can lead to unnecessary allocation
latencies when the code elects to restart on a hard to reclaim or small
group when there are other, more reclaimable groups in the zone.
Move this logic to the zone level and restart reclaim for all memory
cgroups in a zone when compaction requires more free pages from it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: no need for min_t]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reclaim pressure balance between anon and file pages is calculated
through a tuple of numerators and a shared denominator.
Exceptional cases that want to force-scan anon or file pages configure
the numerators and denominator such that one list is preferred, which is
not necessarily the most obvious way:
fraction[0] = 1;
fraction[1] = 0;
denominator = 1;
goto out;
Make this easier by making the force-scan cases explicit and use the
fractionals only in case they are calculated from reclaim history.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid using unintialized_var()]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A swappiness of 0 has a slightly different meaning for global reclaim
(may swap if file cache really low) and memory cgroup reclaim (never
swap, ever).
In addition, global reclaim at highest priority will scan all LRU lists
equal to their size and ignore other balancing heuristics. UNLESS
swappiness forbids swapping, then the lists are balanced based on recent
reclaim effectiveness. UNLESS file cache is running low, then anonymous
pages are force-scanned.
This (total mess of a) behaviour is implicit and not obvious from the
way the code is organized. At least make it apparent in the code flow
and document the conditions. It will be it easier to come up with sane
semantics later.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In certain cases (kswapd reclaim, memcg target reclaim), a fixed minimum
amount of pages is scanned from the LRU lists on each iteration, to make
progress.
Do not make this minimum bigger than the respective LRU list size,
however, and save some busy work trying to isolate and reclaim pages
that are not there.
Empty LRU lists are quite common with memory cgroups in NUMA
environments because there exists a set of LRU lists for each zone for
each memory cgroup, while the memory of a single cgroup is expected to
stay on just one node. The number of expected empty LRU lists is thus
memcgs * (nodes - 1) * lru types
Each attempt to reclaim from an empty LRU list does expensive size
comparisons between lists, acquires the zone's lru lock etc. Avoid
that.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit e986850598 ("mm, vmscan: only evict file pages when we have
plenty") makes a point of not going for anonymous memory while there is
still enough inactive cache around.
The check was added only for global reclaim, but it is just as useful to
reduce swapping in memory cgroup reclaim:
200M-memcg-defconfig-j2
vanilla patched
Real time 454.06 ( +0.00%) 453.71 ( -0.08%)
User time 668.57 ( +0.00%) 668.73 ( +0.02%)
System time 128.92 ( +0.00%) 129.53 ( +0.46%)
Swap in 1246.80 ( +0.00%) 814.40 ( -34.65%)
Swap out 1198.90 ( +0.00%) 827.00 ( -30.99%)
Pages allocated 16431288.10 ( +0.00%) 16434035.30 ( +0.02%)
Major faults 681.50 ( +0.00%) 593.70 ( -12.86%)
THP faults 237.20 ( +0.00%) 242.40 ( +2.18%)
THP collapse 241.20 ( +0.00%) 248.50 ( +3.01%)
THP splits 157.30 ( +0.00%) 161.40 ( +2.59%)
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Satoru Moriya <satoru.moriya@hds.com>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
CONFIG_HOTPLUG is going away as an option. As a result, the __dev*
markings need to be removed.
This change removes the use of __devinit from the file.
Based on patches originally written by Bill Pemberton, but redone by me
in order to handle some of the coding style issues better, by hand.
Cc: Bill Pemberton <wfp5p@virginia.edu>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
An unintended consequence of commit 4ae0a48b5e ("mm: modify
pgdat_balanced() so that it also handles order-0") is that
wait_iff_congested() can now be called with NULL 'struct zone *'
producing kernel oops like this:
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference
IP: [<ffffffff811542d9>] wait_iff_congested+0x59/0x140
This trivial patch fixes it.
Reported-by: Zhouping Liu <zliu@redhat.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Teach pgdat_balanced() about order-0 allocations so that we can simplify
code in a few places in vmstat.c.
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On a 4GB RAM machine, where Normal zone is much smaller than DMA32 zone,
the Normal zone gets fragmented in time. This requires relatively more
pressure in balance_pgdat to get the zone above the required watermark.
Unfortunately, the congestion_wait() call in there slows it down for a
completely wrong reason, expecting that there's a lot of
writeback/swapout, even when there's none (much more common). After a
few days, when fragmentation progresses, this flawed logic translates to
a very high CPU iowait times, even though there's no I/O congestion at
all. If THP is enabled, the problem occurs sooner, but I was able to
see it even on !THP kernels, just by giving it a bit more time to occur.
The proper way to deal with this is to not wait, unless there's
congestion. Thanks to Mel Gorman, we already have the function that
perfectly fits the job. The patch was tested on a machine which nicely
revealed the problem after only 1 day of uptime, and it's been working
great.
Signed-off-by: Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@iskon.hr>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Neil found that if too_many_isolated() returns true while performing
direct reclaim we can end up waiting for other threads to complete their
direct reclaim. If those threads are allowed to enter the FS or IO to
free memory, but this thread is not, then it is possible that those
threads will be waiting on this thread and so we get a circular deadlock.
some task enters direct reclaim with GFP_KERNEL
=> too_many_isolated() false
=> vmscan and run into dirty pages
=> pageout()
=> take some FS lock
=> fs/block code does GFP_NOIO allocation
=> enter direct reclaim again
=> too_many_isolated() true
=> waiting for others to progress, however the other
tasks may be circular waiting for the FS lock..
The fix is to let !__GFP_IO and !__GFP_FS direct reclaims enjoy higher
priority than normal ones, by lowering the throttle threshold for the
latter.
Allowing ~1/8 isolated pages in normal is large enough. For example, for
a 1GB LRU list, that's ~128MB isolated pages, or 1k blocked tasks (each
isolates 32 4KB pages), or 64 blocked tasks per logical CPU (assuming 16
logical CPUs per NUMA node). So it's not likely some CPU goes idle
waiting (when it could make progress) because of this limit: there are
much more sleeping reclaim tasks than the number of CPU, so the task may
well be blocked by some low level queue/lock anyway.
Now !GFP_IOFS reclaims won't be waiting for GFP_IOFS reclaims to progress.
They will be blocked only when there are too many concurrent !GFP_IOFS
reclaims, however that's very unlikely because the IO-less direct reclaims
is able to progress much more faster, and they won't deadlock each other.
The threshold is raised high enough for them, so that there can be
sufficient parallel progress of !GFP_IOFS reclaims.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment]
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Torsten Kaiser <just.for.lkml@googlemail.com>
Tested-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Comment "Why it's doing so" rather than "What it does" as proposed by
Andrew Morton.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
N_HIGH_MEMORY stands for the nodes that has normal or high memory.
N_MEMORY stands for the nodes that has any memory.
The code here need to handle with the nodes which have memory, we should
use N_MEMORY instead.
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Cc: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
kswapd()->try_to_freeze() is defined to return a boolean, so it's better
to use a bool to hold its return value.
Signed-off-by: Jie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If we have more inactive file pages than active file pages, we skip
scanning the active file pages altogether, with the idea that we do not
want to evict the working set when there is plenty of streaming IO in the
cache.
However, the code forgot to also skip scanning anonymous pages in that
situation. That leads to the curious situation of keeping the active file
pages protected from being paged out when there are lots of inactive file
pages, while still scanning and evicting anonymous pages.
This patch fixes that situation, by only evicting file pages when we have
plenty of them and most are inactive.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: adjust comment layout]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We don't need custom COMPACTION_BUILD anymore, since we have handy
IS_ENABLED().
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
commit c702418f8a ("mm: vmscan: do not keep kswapd looping forever due
to individual uncompactable zones") removed zone watermark checks from
the compaction code in kswapd but left in the zone congestion clearing,
which now happens unconditionally on higher order reclaim.
This messes up the reclaim throttling logic for zones with
dirty/writeback pages, where zones should only lose their congestion
status when their watermarks have been restored.
Remove the clearing from the zone compaction section entirely. The
preliminary zone check and the reclaim loop in kswapd will clear it if
the zone is considered balanced.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a zone meets its high watermark and is compactable in case of
higher order allocations, it contributes to the percentage of the node's
memory that is considered balanced.
This requirement, that a node be only partially balanced, came about
when kswapd was desparately trying to balance tiny zones when all bigger
zones in the node had plenty of free memory. Arguably, the same should
apply to compaction: if a significant part of the node is balanced
enough to run compaction, do not get hung up on that tiny zone that
might never get in shape.
When the compaction logic in kswapd is reached, we know that at least
25% of the node's memory is balanced properly for compaction (see
zone_balanced and pgdat_balanced). Remove the individual zone checks
that restart the kswapd cycle.
Otherwise, we may observe more endless looping in kswapd where the
compaction code loops back to reclaim because of a single zone and
reclaim does nothing because the node is considered balanced overall.
See for example
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=866988
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-and-tested-by: Thorsten Leemhuis <fedora@leemhuis.info>
Reported-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Tested-by: John Ellson <john.ellson@comcast.net>
Tested-by: Zdenek Kabelac <zkabelac@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Bruno Wolff III <bruno@wolff.to>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Kswapd does not in all places have the same criteria for a balanced
zone. Zones are only being reclaimed when their high watermark is
breached, but compaction checks loop over the zonelist again when the
zone does not meet the low watermark plus two times the size of the
allocation. This gets kswapd stuck in an endless loop over a small
zone, like the DMA zone, where the high watermark is smaller than the
compaction requirement.
Add a function, zone_balanced(), that checks the watermark, and, for
higher order allocations, if compaction has enough free memory. Then
use it uniformly to check for balanced zones.
This makes sure that when the compaction watermark is not met, at least
reclaim happens and progress is made - or the zone is declared
unreclaimable at some point and skipped entirely.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: George Spelvin <linux@horizon.com>
Reported-by: Johannes Hirte <johannes.hirte@fem.tu-ilmenau.de>
Reported-by: Tomas Racek <tracek@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Johannes Hirte <johannes.hirte@fem.tu-ilmenau.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 5515061d22 ("mm: throttle direct reclaimers if PF_MEMALLOC
reserves are low and swap is backed by network storage") introduced a
check for fatal signals after a process gets throttled for network
storage. The intention was that if a process was throttled and got
killed that it should not trigger the OOM killer. As pointed out by
Minchan Kim and David Rientjes, this check is in the wrong place and too
broad. If a system is in am OOM situation and a process is exiting, it
can loop in __alloc_pages_slowpath() and calling direct reclaim in a
loop. As the fatal signal is pending it returns 1 as if it is making
forward progress and can effectively deadlock.
This patch moves the fatal_signal_pending() check after throttling to
throttle_direct_reclaim() where it belongs. If the process is killed
while throttled, it will return immediately without direct reclaim
except now it will have TIF_MEMDIE set and will use the PFMEMALLOC
reserves.
Minchan pointed out that it may be better to direct reclaim before
returning to avoid using the reserves because there may be pages that
can easily reclaim that would avoid using the reserves. However, we do
no such targetted reclaim and there is no guarantee that suitable pages
are available. As it is expected that this throttling happens when
swap-over-NFS is used there is a possibility that the process will
instead swap which may allocate network buffers from the PFMEMALLOC
reserves. Hence, in the swap-over-nfs case where a process can be
throtted and be killed it can use the reserves to exit or it can
potentially use reserves to swap a few pages and then exit. This patch
takes the option of using the reserves if necessary to allow the process
exit quickly.
If this patch passes review it should be considered a -stable candidate
for 3.6.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Sonny Rao <sonnyrao@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jiri Slaby reported the following:
(It's an effective revert of "mm: vmscan: scale number of pages
reclaimed by reclaim/compaction based on failures".) Given kswapd
had hours of runtime in ps/top output yesterday in the morning
and after the revert it's now 2 minutes in sum for the last 24h,
I would say, it's gone.
The intention of the patch in question was to compensate for the loss of
lumpy reclaim. Part of the reason lumpy reclaim worked is because it
aggressively reclaimed pages and this patch was meant to be a sane
compromise.
When compaction fails, it gets deferred and both compaction and
reclaim/compaction is deferred avoid excessive reclaim. However, since
commit c654345924 ("mm: remove __GFP_NO_KSWAPD"), kswapd is woken up
each time and continues reclaiming which was not taken into account when
the patch was developed.
Attempts to address the problem ended up just changing the shape of the
problem instead of fixing it. The release window gets closer and while
a THP allocation failing is not a major problem, kswapd chewing up a lot
of CPU is.
This patch reverts commit 83fde0f228 ("mm: vmscan: scale number of
pages reclaimed by reclaim/compaction based on failures") and will be
revisited in the future.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Zdenek Kabelac <zkabelac@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Hirte <johannes.hirte@fem.tu-ilmenau.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In kswapd(), set current->reclaim_state to NULL before returning, as
current->reclaim_state holds reference to variable on kswapd()'s stack.
In rare cases, while returning from kswapd() during memory offlining,
__free_slab() and freepages() can access the dangling pointer of
current->reclaim_state.
Signed-off-by: Takamori Yamaguchi <takamori.yamaguchi@jp.sony.com>
Signed-off-by: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar@ap.sony.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Presently CMA cannot migrate mlocked pages so it ends up failing to allocate
contiguous memory space.
This patch makes mlocked pages be migrated out. Of course, it can affect
realtime processes but in CMA usecase, contiguous memory allocation failing
is far worse than access latency to an mlocked page being variable while
CMA is running. If someone wants to make the system realtime, he shouldn't
enable CMA because stalls can still happen at random times.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment text, per Mel]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
page_evictable(page, vma) is an irritant: almost all its callers pass
NULL for vma. Remove the vma arg and use mlocked_vma_newpage(vma, page)
explicitly in the couple of places it's needed. But in those places we
don't even need page_evictable() itself! They're dealing with a freshly
allocated anonymous page, which has no "mapping" and cannot be mlocked yet.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Dave Hansen
NeilBrown
Mel Gorman
Vladimir Davydov
Suleiman Souhlal
Al Viro
Johannes Weiner
Christoph Lameter
Weijie Yang
Sasha Levin
Andrew Vagin
Rafael Aquini
Andrew Morton
Linus Torvalds
Michal Hocko
Lisa Du
Vlastimil Babka
Dave Chinner
Glauber Costa
Shaohua Li
Anton Vorontsov
Hillf Danton
Xishi Qiu
Zhang Yanfei
Minchan Kim
Ming Lei
Zlatko Calusic
Jiang Liu
Greg Kroah-Hartman
Fengguang Wu
Lai Jiangshan
Jeff Liu
Rik van Riel
Kirill A. Shutemov
Takamori Yamaguchi
Hugh Dickins
