288 строки
10 KiB
Plaintext
288 строки
10 KiB
Plaintext
|
|
Device Drivers
|
|
|
|
struct device_driver {
|
|
char * name;
|
|
struct bus_type * bus;
|
|
|
|
rwlock_t lock;
|
|
atomic_t refcount;
|
|
|
|
list_t bus_list;
|
|
list_t devices;
|
|
|
|
struct driver_dir_entry dir;
|
|
|
|
int (*probe) (struct device * dev);
|
|
int (*remove) (struct device * dev);
|
|
|
|
int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, u32 state, u32 level);
|
|
int (*resume) (struct device * dev, u32 level);
|
|
|
|
void (*release) (struct device_driver * drv);
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allocation
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Device drivers are statically allocated structures. Though there may
|
|
be multiple devices in a system that a driver supports, struct
|
|
device_driver represents the driver as a whole (not a particular
|
|
device instance).
|
|
|
|
Initialization
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
The driver must initialize at least the name and bus fields. It should
|
|
also initialize the devclass field (when it arrives), so it may obtain
|
|
the proper linkage internally. It should also initialize as many of
|
|
the callbacks as possible, though each is optional.
|
|
|
|
Declaration
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
As stated above, struct device_driver objects are statically
|
|
allocated. Below is an example declaration of the eepro100
|
|
driver. This declaration is hypothetical only; it relies on the driver
|
|
being converted completely to the new model.
|
|
|
|
static struct device_driver eepro100_driver = {
|
|
.name = "eepro100",
|
|
.bus = &pci_bus_type,
|
|
.devclass = ðernet_devclass, /* when it's implemented */
|
|
|
|
.probe = eepro100_probe,
|
|
.remove = eepro100_remove,
|
|
.suspend = eepro100_suspend,
|
|
.resume = eepro100_resume,
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
Most drivers will not be able to be converted completely to the new
|
|
model because the bus they belong to has a bus-specific structure with
|
|
bus-specific fields that cannot be generalized.
|
|
|
|
The most common example of this are device ID structures. A driver
|
|
typically defines an array of device IDs that it supports. The format
|
|
of these structures and the semantics for comparing device IDs are
|
|
completely bus-specific. Defining them as bus-specific entities would
|
|
sacrifice type-safety, so we keep bus-specific structures around.
|
|
|
|
Bus-specific drivers should include a generic struct device_driver in
|
|
the definition of the bus-specific driver. Like this:
|
|
|
|
struct pci_driver {
|
|
const struct pci_device_id *id_table;
|
|
struct device_driver driver;
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
A definition that included bus-specific fields would look like
|
|
(using the eepro100 driver again):
|
|
|
|
static struct pci_driver eepro100_driver = {
|
|
.id_table = eepro100_pci_tbl,
|
|
.driver = {
|
|
.name = "eepro100",
|
|
.bus = &pci_bus_type,
|
|
.devclass = ðernet_devclass, /* when it's implemented */
|
|
.probe = eepro100_probe,
|
|
.remove = eepro100_remove,
|
|
.suspend = eepro100_suspend,
|
|
.resume = eepro100_resume,
|
|
},
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
Some may find the syntax of embedded struct initialization awkward or
|
|
even a bit ugly. So far, it's the best way we've found to do what we want...
|
|
|
|
Registration
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
int driver_register(struct device_driver * drv);
|
|
|
|
The driver registers the structure on startup. For drivers that have
|
|
no bus-specific fields (i.e. don't have a bus-specific driver
|
|
structure), they would use driver_register and pass a pointer to their
|
|
struct device_driver object.
|
|
|
|
Most drivers, however, will have a bus-specific structure and will
|
|
need to register with the bus using something like pci_driver_register.
|
|
|
|
It is important that drivers register their driver structure as early as
|
|
possible. Registration with the core initializes several fields in the
|
|
struct device_driver object, including the reference count and the
|
|
lock. These fields are assumed to be valid at all times and may be
|
|
used by the device model core or the bus driver.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Transition Bus Drivers
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
By defining wrapper functions, the transition to the new model can be
|
|
made easier. Drivers can ignore the generic structure altogether and
|
|
let the bus wrapper fill in the fields. For the callbacks, the bus can
|
|
define generic callbacks that forward the call to the bus-specific
|
|
callbacks of the drivers.
|
|
|
|
This solution is intended to be only temporary. In order to get class
|
|
information in the driver, the drivers must be modified anyway. Since
|
|
converting drivers to the new model should reduce some infrastructural
|
|
complexity and code size, it is recommended that they are converted as
|
|
class information is added.
|
|
|
|
Access
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Once the object has been registered, it may access the common fields of
|
|
the object, like the lock and the list of devices.
|
|
|
|
int driver_for_each_dev(struct device_driver * drv, void * data,
|
|
int (*callback)(struct device * dev, void * data));
|
|
|
|
The devices field is a list of all the devices that have been bound to
|
|
the driver. The LDM core provides a helper function to operate on all
|
|
the devices a driver controls. This helper locks the driver on each
|
|
node access, and does proper reference counting on each device as it
|
|
accesses it.
|
|
|
|
|
|
sysfs
|
|
~~~~~
|
|
|
|
When a driver is registered, a sysfs directory is created in its
|
|
bus's directory. In this directory, the driver can export an interface
|
|
to userspace to control operation of the driver on a global basis;
|
|
e.g. toggling debugging output in the driver.
|
|
|
|
A future feature of this directory will be a 'devices' directory. This
|
|
directory will contain symlinks to the directories of devices it
|
|
supports.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Callbacks
|
|
~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
int (*probe) (struct device * dev);
|
|
|
|
probe is called to verify the existence of a certain type of
|
|
hardware. This is called during the driver binding process, after the
|
|
bus has verified that the device ID of a device matches one of the
|
|
device IDs supported by the driver.
|
|
|
|
This callback only verifies that there actually is supported hardware
|
|
present. It may allocate a driver-specific structure, but it should
|
|
not do any initialization of the hardware itself. The device-specific
|
|
structure may be stored in the device's driver_data field.
|
|
|
|
int (*init) (struct device * dev);
|
|
|
|
init is called during the binding stage. It is called after probe has
|
|
successfully returned and the device has been registered with its
|
|
class. It is responsible for initializing the hardware.
|
|
|
|
int (*remove) (struct device * dev);
|
|
|
|
remove is called to dissociate a driver with a device. This may be
|
|
called if a device is physically removed from the system, if the
|
|
driver module is being unloaded, or during a reboot sequence.
|
|
|
|
It is up to the driver to determine if the device is present or
|
|
not. It should free any resources allocated specifically for the
|
|
device; i.e. anything in the device's driver_data field.
|
|
|
|
If the device is still present, it should quiesce the device and place
|
|
it into a supported low-power state.
|
|
|
|
int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, u32 state, u32 level);
|
|
|
|
suspend is called to put the device in a low power state. There are
|
|
several stages to successfully suspending a device, which is denoted in
|
|
the @level parameter. Breaking the suspend transition into several
|
|
stages affords the platform flexibility in performing device power
|
|
management based on the requirements of the system and the
|
|
user-defined policy.
|
|
|
|
SUSPEND_NOTIFY notifies the device that a suspend transition is about
|
|
to happen. This happens on system power state transitions to verify
|
|
that all devices can successfully suspend.
|
|
|
|
A driver may choose to fail on this call, which should cause the
|
|
entire suspend transition to fail. A driver should fail only if it
|
|
knows that the device will not be able to be resumed properly when the
|
|
system wakes up again. It could also fail if it somehow determines it
|
|
is in the middle of an operation too important to stop.
|
|
|
|
SUSPEND_DISABLE tells the device to stop I/O transactions. When it
|
|
stops transactions, or what it should do with unfinished transactions
|
|
is a policy of the driver. After this call, the driver should not
|
|
accept any other I/O requests.
|
|
|
|
SUSPEND_SAVE_STATE tells the device to save the context of the
|
|
hardware. This includes any bus-specific hardware state and
|
|
device-specific hardware state. A pointer to this saved state can be
|
|
stored in the device's saved_state field.
|
|
|
|
SUSPEND_POWER_DOWN tells the driver to place the device in the low
|
|
power state requested.
|
|
|
|
Whether suspend is called with a given level is a policy of the
|
|
platform. Some levels may be omitted; drivers must not assume the
|
|
reception of any level. However, all levels must be called in the
|
|
order above; i.e. notification will always come before disabling;
|
|
disabling the device will come before suspending the device.
|
|
|
|
All calls are made with interrupts enabled, except for the
|
|
SUSPEND_POWER_DOWN level.
|
|
|
|
int (*resume) (struct device * dev, u32 level);
|
|
|
|
Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state. Like the
|
|
suspend transition, it happens in several stages.
|
|
|
|
RESUME_POWER_ON tells the driver to set the power state to the state
|
|
before the suspend call (The device could have already been in a low
|
|
power state before the suspend call to put in a lower power state).
|
|
|
|
RESUME_RESTORE_STATE tells the driver to restore the state saved by
|
|
the SUSPEND_SAVE_STATE suspend call.
|
|
|
|
RESUME_ENABLE tells the driver to start accepting I/O transactions
|
|
again. Depending on driver policy, the device may already have pending
|
|
I/O requests.
|
|
|
|
RESUME_POWER_ON is called with interrupts disabled. The other resume
|
|
levels are called with interrupts enabled.
|
|
|
|
As with the various suspend stages, the driver must not assume that
|
|
any other resume calls have been or will be made. Each call should be
|
|
self-contained and not dependent on any external state.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Attributes
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
struct driver_attribute {
|
|
struct attribute attr;
|
|
ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *, char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
|
|
ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
Device drivers can export attributes via their sysfs directories.
|
|
Drivers can declare attributes using a DRIVER_ATTR macro that works
|
|
identically to the DEVICE_ATTR macro.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
DRIVER_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug);
|
|
|
|
This is equivalent to declaring:
|
|
|
|
struct driver_attribute driver_attr_debug;
|
|
|
|
This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the
|
|
driver's directory using:
|
|
|
|
int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, struct driver_attribute *);
|
|
void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, struct driver_attribute *);
|