413 строки
14 KiB
Plaintext
413 строки
14 KiB
Plaintext
Read the F-ing Papers!
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This document describes RCU-related publications, and is followed by
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the corresponding bibtex entries.
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The first thing resembling RCU was published in 1980, when Kung and Lehman
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[Kung80] recommended use of a garbage collector to defer destruction
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of nodes in a parallel binary search tree in order to simplify its
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implementation. This works well in environments that have garbage
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collectors, but current production garbage collectors incur significant
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read-side overhead.
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In 1982, Manber and Ladner [Manber82,Manber84] recommended deferring
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destruction until all threads running at that time have terminated, again
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for a parallel binary search tree. This approach works well in systems
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with short-lived threads, such as the K42 research operating system.
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However, Linux has long-lived tasks, so more is needed.
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In 1986, Hennessy, Osisek, and Seigh [Hennessy89] introduced passive
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serialization, which is an RCU-like mechanism that relies on the presence
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of "quiescent states" in the VM/XA hypervisor that are guaranteed not
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to be referencing the data structure. However, this mechanism was not
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optimized for modern computer systems, which is not surprising given
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that these overheads were not so expensive in the mid-80s. Nonetheless,
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passive serialization appears to be the first deferred-destruction
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mechanism to be used in production. Furthermore, the relevant patent has
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lapsed, so this approach may be used in non-GPL software, if desired.
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(In contrast, use of RCU is permitted only in software licensed under
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GPL. Sorry!!!)
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In 1990, Pugh [Pugh90] noted that explicitly tracking which threads
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were reading a given data structure permitted deferred free to operate
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in the presence of non-terminating threads. However, this explicit
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tracking imposes significant read-side overhead, which is undesirable
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in read-mostly situations. This algorithm does take pains to avoid
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write-side contention and parallelize the other write-side overheads by
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providing a fine-grained locking design, however, it would be interesting
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to see how much of the performance advantage reported in 1990 remains
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in 2004.
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At about this same time, Adams [Adams91] described ``chaotic relaxation'',
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where the normal barriers between successive iterations of convergent
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numerical algorithms are relaxed, so that iteration $n$ might use
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data from iteration $n-1$ or even $n-2$. This introduces error,
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which typically slows convergence and thus increases the number of
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iterations required. However, this increase is sometimes more than made
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up for by a reduction in the number of expensive barrier operations,
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which are otherwise required to synchronize the threads at the end
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of each iteration. Unfortunately, chaotic relaxation requires highly
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structured data, such as the matrices used in scientific programs, and
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is thus inapplicable to most data structures in operating-system kernels.
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In 1993, Jacobson [Jacobson93] verbally described what is perhaps the
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simplest deferred-free technique: simply waiting a fixed amount of time
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before freeing blocks awaiting deferred free. Jacobson did not describe
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any write-side changes he might have made in this work using SGI's Irix
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kernel. Aju John published a similar technique in 1995 [AjuJohn95].
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This works well if there is a well-defined upper bound on the length of
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time that reading threads can hold references, as there might well be in
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hard real-time systems. However, if this time is exceeded, perhaps due
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to preemption, excessive interrupts, or larger-than-anticipated load,
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memory corruption can ensue, with no reasonable means of diagnosis.
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Jacobson's technique is therefore inappropriate for use in production
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operating-system kernels, except when such kernels can provide hard
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real-time response guarantees for all operations.
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Also in 1995, Pu et al. [Pu95a] applied a technique similar to that of Pugh's
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read-side-tracking to permit replugging of algorithms within a commercial
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Unix operating system. However, this replugging permitted only a single
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reader at a time. The following year, this same group of researchers
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extended their technique to allow for multiple readers [Cowan96a].
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Their approach requires memory barriers (and thus pipeline stalls),
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but reduces memory latency, contention, and locking overheads.
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1995 also saw the first publication of DYNIX/ptx's RCU mechanism
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[Slingwine95], which was optimized for modern CPU architectures,
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and was successfully applied to a number of situations within the
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DYNIX/ptx kernel. The corresponding conference paper appeared in 1998
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[McKenney98].
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In 1999, the Tornado and K42 groups described their "generations"
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mechanism, which quite similar to RCU [Gamsa99]. These operating systems
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made pervasive use of RCU in place of "existence locks", which greatly
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simplifies locking hierarchies.
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2001 saw the first RCU presentation involving Linux [McKenney01a]
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at OLS. The resulting abundance of RCU patches was presented the
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following year [McKenney02a], and use of RCU in dcache was first
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described that same year [Linder02a].
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Also in 2002, Michael [Michael02b,Michael02a] presented techniques
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that defer the destruction of data structures to simplify non-blocking
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synchronization (wait-free synchronization, lock-free synchronization,
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and obstruction-free synchronization are all examples of non-blocking
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synchronization). In particular, this technique eliminates locking,
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reduces contention, reduces memory latency for readers, and parallelizes
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pipeline stalls and memory latency for writers. However, these
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techniques still impose significant read-side overhead in the form of
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memory barriers. Researchers at Sun worked along similar lines in the
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same timeframe [HerlihyLM02,HerlihyLMS03].
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In 2003, the K42 group described how RCU could be used to create
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hot-pluggable implementations of operating-system functions. Later that
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year saw a paper describing an RCU implementation of System V IPC
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[Arcangeli03], and an introduction to RCU in Linux Journal [McKenney03a].
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2004 has seen a Linux-Journal article on use of RCU in dcache
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[McKenney04a], a performance comparison of locking to RCU on several
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different CPUs [McKenney04b], a dissertation describing use of RCU in a
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number of operating-system kernels [PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD], a paper
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describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c],
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and a paper describing SELinux performance with RCU [JamesMorris04b].
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Bibtex Entries
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@article{Kung80
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,author="H. T. Kung and Q. Lehman"
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,title="Concurrent Maintenance of Binary Search Trees"
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,Year="1980"
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,Month="September"
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,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
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,volume="5"
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,number="3"
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,pages="354-382"
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}
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@techreport{Manber82
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,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
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,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
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,institution="Department of Computer Science, University of Washington"
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,address="Seattle, Washington"
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,year="1982"
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,number="82-01-01"
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,month="January"
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,pages="28"
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}
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@article{Manber84
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,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
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,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
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,Year="1984"
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,Month="September"
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,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
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,volume="9"
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,number="3"
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,pages="439-455"
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}
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@techreport{Hennessy89
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,author="James P. Hennessy and Damian L. Osisek and Joseph W. {Seigh II}"
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,title="Passive Serialization in a Multitasking Environment"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1989"
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,number="US Patent 4,809,168 (lapsed)"
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,month="February"
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,pages="11"
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}
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@techreport{Pugh90
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,author="William Pugh"
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,title="Concurrent Maintenance of Skip Lists"
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,institution="Institute of Advanced Computer Science Studies, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland"
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,address="College Park, Maryland"
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,year="1990"
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,number="CS-TR-2222.1"
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,month="June"
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}
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@Book{Adams91
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,Author="Gregory R. Adams"
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,title="Concurrent Programming, Principles, and Practices"
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,Publisher="Benjamin Cummins"
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,Year="1991"
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}
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@unpublished{Jacobson93
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,author="Van Jacobson"
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,title="Avoid Read-Side Locking Via Delayed Free"
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,year="1993"
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,month="September"
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,note="Verbal discussion"
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}
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@Conference{AjuJohn95
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,Author="Aju John"
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,Title="Dynamic vnodes -- Design and Implementation"
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,Booktitle="{USENIX Winter 1995}"
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,Publisher="USENIX Association"
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,Month="January"
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,Year="1995"
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,pages="11-23"
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,Address="New Orleans, LA"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine95
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Apparatus and Method for Achieving Reduced Overhead Mutual
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Exclusion and Maintaining Coherency in a Multiprocessor System
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Utilizing Execution History and Thread Monitoring"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1995"
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,number="US Patent 5,442,758 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="August"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine97
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Method for maintaining data coherency using thread
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activity summaries in a multicomputer system"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1997"
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,number="US Patent 5,608,893 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="March"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine98
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Apparatus and method for achieving reduced overhead
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mutual exclusion and maintaining coherency in a multiprocessor
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system utilizing execution history and thread monitoring"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1998"
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,number="US Patent 5,727,209 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="March"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney98
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney and John D. Slingwine"
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,Title="Read-Copy Update: Using Execution History to Solve Concurrency
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Problems"
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,Booktitle="{Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems}"
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,Month="October"
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,Year="1998"
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,pages="509-518"
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,Address="Las Vegas, NV"
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}
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@Conference{Gamsa99
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,Author="Ben Gamsa and Orran Krieger and Jonathan Appavoo and Michael Stumm"
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,Title="Tornado: Maximizing Locality and Concurrency in a Shared Memory
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Multiprocessor Operating System"
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,Booktitle="{Proceedings of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} Symposium on
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Operating System Design and Implementation}"
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,Month="February"
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,Year="1999"
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,pages="87-100"
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,Address="New Orleans, LA"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine01
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Apparatus and method for achieving reduced overhead
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mutual exclusion and maintaining coherency in a multiprocessor
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system utilizing execution history and thread monitoring"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="2001"
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,number="US Patent 5,219,690 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="April"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney01a
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Appavoo and Andi Kleen and
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Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
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,Title="Read-Copy Update"
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,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
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,Month="July"
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,Year="2001"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2001/abstracts/readcopy.php}
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\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/rclock/rclock_OLS.2001.05.01c.pdf}
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[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
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annotation="
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Described RCU, and presented some patches implementing and using it in
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the Linux kernel.
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"
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}
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@Conference{Linder02a
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,Author="Hanna Linder and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
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,Title="Scalability of the Directory Entry Cache"
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,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
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,Month="June"
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,Year="2002"
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,pages="289-300"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney02a
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and
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Andrea Arcangeli and Andi Kleen and Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell"
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,Title="Read-Copy Update"
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,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
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,Month="June"
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,Year="2002"
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,pages="338-367"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.linux.org.uk/~ajh/ols2002_proceedings.pdf.gz}
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[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
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}
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@article{Appavoo03a
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,author="J. Appavoo and K. Hui and C. A. N. Soules and R. W. Wisniewski and
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D. M. {Da Silva} and O. Krieger and M. A. Auslander and D. J. Edelsohn and
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B. Gamsa and G. R. Ganger and P. McKenney and M. Ostrowski and
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B. Rosenburg and M. Stumm and J. Xenidis"
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,title="Enabling Autonomic Behavior in Systems Software With Hot Swapping"
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,Year="2003"
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,Month="January"
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,journal="IBM Systems Journal"
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,volume="42"
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,number="1"
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,pages="60-76"
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}
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@Conference{Arcangeli03
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,Author="Andrea Arcangeli and Mingming Cao and Paul E. McKenney and
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Dipankar Sarma"
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,Title="Using Read-Copy Update Techniques for {System V IPC} in the
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{Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
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,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
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(FREENIX Track)"
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,Publisher="USENIX Association"
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,year="2003"
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,month="June"
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,pages="297-310"
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}
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@article{McKenney03a
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,author="Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Using {RCU} in the {Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
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,Year="2003"
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,Month="October"
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,journal="Linux Journal"
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,volume="1"
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,number="114"
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,pages="18-26"
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}
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@techreport{Friedberg03a
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,author="Stuart A. Friedberg"
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,title="Lock-Free Wild Card Search Data Structure and Method"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="2003"
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,number="US Patent 6,662,184 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="December"
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,pages="112"
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}
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@article{McKenney04a
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,author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
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,title="Scaling dcache with {RCU}"
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,Year="2004"
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,Month="January"
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,journal="Linux Journal"
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,volume="1"
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,number="118"
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,pages="38-46"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney04b
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
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,Title="{RCU} vs. Locking Performance on Different {CPUs}"
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,Booktitle="{linux.conf.au}"
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,Month="January"
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,Year="2004"
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,Address="Adelaide, Australia"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.linux.org.au/conf/2004/abstracts.html#90}
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\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/rclock/lockperf.2004.01.17a.pdf}
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[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
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}
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@phdthesis{PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD
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,author="Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Exploiting Deferred Destruction:
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An Analysis of Read-Copy-Update Techniques
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in Operating System Kernels"
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,school="OGI School of Science and Engineering at
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Oregon Health and Sciences University"
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,year="2004"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/RCUdissertation.2004.07.14e1.pdf}
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[Viewed October 15, 2004]"
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}
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@Conference{Sarma04c
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,Author="Dipankar Sarma and Paul E. McKenney"
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,Title="Making RCU Safe for Deep Sub-Millisecond Response Realtime Applications"
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,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2004 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
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(FREENIX Track)"
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,Publisher="USENIX Association"
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,year="2004"
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,month="June"
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,pages="182-191"
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}
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@unpublished{JamesMorris04b
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,Author="James Morris"
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,Title="Recent Developments in {SELinux} Kernel Performance"
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,month="December"
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,year="2004"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.livejournal.com/users/james_morris/2153.html}
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[Viewed December 10, 2004]"
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}
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