209 строки
8.3 KiB
Plaintext
209 строки
8.3 KiB
Plaintext
MEMORY ATTRIBUTE ALIASING ON IA-64
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Bjorn Helgaas
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<bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
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May 4, 2006
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MEMORY ATTRIBUTES
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Itanium supports several attributes for virtual memory references.
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The attribute is part of the virtual translation, i.e., it is
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contained in the TLB entry. The ones of most interest to the Linux
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kernel are:
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WB Write-back (cacheable)
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UC Uncacheable
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WC Write-coalescing
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System memory typically uses the WB attribute. The UC attribute is
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used for memory-mapped I/O devices. The WC attribute is uncacheable
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like UC is, but writes may be delayed and combined to increase
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performance for things like frame buffers.
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The Itanium architecture requires that we avoid accessing the same
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page with both a cacheable mapping and an uncacheable mapping[1].
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The design of the chipset determines which attributes are supported
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on which regions of the address space. For example, some chipsets
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support either WB or UC access to main memory, while others support
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only WB access.
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MEMORY MAP
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Platform firmware describes the physical memory map and the
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supported attributes for each region. At boot-time, the kernel uses
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the EFI GetMemoryMap() interface. ACPI can also describe memory
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devices and the attributes they support, but Linux/ia64 currently
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doesn't use this information.
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The kernel uses the efi_memmap table returned from GetMemoryMap() to
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learn the attributes supported by each region of physical address
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space. Unfortunately, this table does not completely describe the
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address space because some machines omit some or all of the MMIO
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regions from the map.
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The kernel maintains another table, kern_memmap, which describes the
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memory Linux is actually using and the attribute for each region.
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This contains only system memory; it does not contain MMIO space.
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The kern_memmap table typically contains only a subset of the system
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memory described by the efi_memmap. Linux/ia64 can't use all memory
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in the system because of constraints imposed by the identity mapping
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scheme.
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The efi_memmap table is preserved unmodified because the original
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boot-time information is required for kexec.
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KERNEL IDENTITY MAPPINGS
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Linux/ia64 identity mappings are done with large pages, currently
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either 16MB or 64MB, referred to as "granules." Cacheable mappings
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are speculative[2], so the processor can read any location in the
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page at any time, independent of the programmer's intentions. This
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means that to avoid attribute aliasing, Linux can create a cacheable
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identity mapping only when the entire granule supports cacheable
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access.
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Therefore, kern_memmap contains only full granule-sized regions that
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can referenced safely by an identity mapping.
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Uncacheable mappings are not speculative, so the processor will
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generate UC accesses only to locations explicitly referenced by
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software. This allows UC identity mappings to cover granules that
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are only partially populated, or populated with a combination of UC
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and WB regions.
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USER MAPPINGS
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User mappings are typically done with 16K or 64K pages. The smaller
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page size allows more flexibility because only 16K or 64K has to be
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homogeneous with respect to memory attributes.
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POTENTIAL ATTRIBUTE ALIASING CASES
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There are several ways the kernel creates new mappings:
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mmap of /dev/mem
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This uses remap_pfn_range(), which creates user mappings. These
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mappings may be either WB or UC. If the region being mapped
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happens to be in kern_memmap, meaning that it may also be mapped
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by a kernel identity mapping, the user mapping must use the same
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attribute as the kernel mapping.
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If the region is not in kern_memmap, the user mapping should use
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an attribute reported as being supported in the EFI memory map.
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Since the EFI memory map does not describe MMIO on some
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machines, this should use an uncacheable mapping as a fallback.
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mmap of /sys/class/pci_bus/.../legacy_mem
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This is very similar to mmap of /dev/mem, except that legacy_mem
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only allows mmap of the one megabyte "legacy MMIO" area for a
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specific PCI bus. Typically this is the first megabyte of
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physical address space, but it may be different on machines with
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several VGA devices.
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"X" uses this to access VGA frame buffers. Using legacy_mem
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rather than /dev/mem allows multiple instances of X to talk to
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different VGA cards.
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The /dev/mem mmap constraints apply.
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However, since this is for mapping legacy MMIO space, WB access
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does not make sense. This matters on machines without legacy
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VGA support: these machines may have WB memory for the entire
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first megabyte (or even the entire first granule).
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On these machines, we could mmap legacy_mem as WB, which would
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be safe in terms of attribute aliasing, but X has no way of
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knowing that it is accessing regular memory, not a frame buffer,
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so the kernel should fail the mmap rather than doing it with WB.
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read/write of /dev/mem
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This uses copy_from_user(), which implicitly uses a kernel
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identity mapping. This is obviously safe for things in
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kern_memmap.
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There may be corner cases of things that are not in kern_memmap,
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but could be accessed this way. For example, registers in MMIO
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space are not in kern_memmap, but could be accessed with a UC
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mapping. This would not cause attribute aliasing. But
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registers typically can be accessed only with four-byte or
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eight-byte accesses, and the copy_from_user() path doesn't allow
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any control over the access size, so this would be dangerous.
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ioremap()
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This returns a kernel identity mapping for use inside the
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kernel.
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If the region is in kern_memmap, we should use the attribute
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specified there. Otherwise, if the EFI memory map reports that
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the entire granule supports WB, we should use that (granules
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that are partially reserved or occupied by firmware do not appear
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in kern_memmap). Otherwise, we should use a UC mapping.
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PAST PROBLEM CASES
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mmap of various MMIO regions from /dev/mem by "X" on Intel platforms
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The EFI memory map may not report these MMIO regions.
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These must be allowed so that X will work. This means that
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when the EFI memory map is incomplete, every /dev/mem mmap must
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succeed. It may create either WB or UC user mappings, depending
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on whether the region is in kern_memmap or the EFI memory map.
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mmap of 0x0-0xA0000 /dev/mem by "hwinfo" on HP sx1000 with VGA enabled
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See https://bugzilla.novell.com/show_bug.cgi?id=140858.
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The EFI memory map reports the following attributes:
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0x00000-0x9FFFF WB only
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0xA0000-0xBFFFF UC only (VGA frame buffer)
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0xC0000-0xFFFFF WB only
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This mmap is done with user pages, not kernel identity mappings,
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so it is safe to use WB mappings.
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The kernel VGA driver may ioremap the VGA frame buffer at 0xA0000,
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which will use a granule-sized UC mapping covering 0-0xFFFFF. This
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granule covers some WB-only memory, but since UC is non-speculative,
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the processor will never generate an uncacheable reference to the
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WB-only areas unless the driver explicitly touches them.
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mmap of 0x0-0xFFFFF legacy_mem by "X"
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If the EFI memory map reports this entire range as WB, there
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is no VGA MMIO hole, and the mmap should fail or be done with
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a WB mapping.
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There's no easy way for X to determine whether the 0xA0000-0xBFFFF
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region is a frame buffer or just memory, so I think it's best to
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just fail this mmap request rather than using a WB mapping. As
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far as I know, there's no need to map legacy_mem with WB
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mappings.
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Otherwise, a UC mapping of the entire region is probably safe.
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The VGA hole means the region will not be in kern_memmap. The
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HP sx1000 chipset doesn't support UC access to the memory surrounding
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the VGA hole, but X doesn't need that area anyway and should not
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reference it.
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mmap of 0xA0000-0xBFFFF legacy_mem by "X" on HP sx1000 with VGA disabled
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The EFI memory map reports the following attributes:
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0x00000-0xFFFFF WB only (no VGA MMIO hole)
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This is a special case of the previous case, and the mmap should
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fail for the same reason as above.
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NOTES
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[1] SDM rev 2.2, vol 2, sec 4.4.1.
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[2] SDM rev 2.2, vol 2, sec 4.4.6.
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