git/merge-recursive.c

/*
 * Recursive Merge algorithm stolen from git-merge-recursive.py by
 * Fredrik Kuivinen.
 * The thieves were Alex Riesen and Johannes Schindelin, in June/July 2006
 */
#include "cache.h"
#include "config.h"
#include "advice.h"
#include "lockfile.h"
#include "cache-tree.h"
#include "object-store.h"
#include "repository.h"
#include "commit.h"
#include "blob.h"
#include "builtin.h"
#include "tree-walk.h"
#include "diff.h"
#include "diffcore.h"
#include "tag.h"
#include "alloc.h"
#include "unpack-trees.h"
#include "string-list.h"
#include "xdiff-interface.h"
#include "ll-merge.h"
#include "attr.h"
#include "merge-recursive.h"
#include "dir.h"
#include "submodule.h"
#include "revision.h"
#include "commit-reach.h"

struct path_hashmap_entry {
	struct hashmap_entry e;
	char path[FLEX_ARRAY];
};

static int path_hashmap_cmp(const void *cmp_data,
			    const void *entry,
			    const void *entry_or_key,
			    const void *keydata)
{
	const struct path_hashmap_entry *a = entry;
	const struct path_hashmap_entry *b = entry_or_key;
	const char *key = keydata;

	if (ignore_case)
		return strcasecmp(a->path, key ? key : b->path);
	else
		return strcmp(a->path, key ? key : b->path);
}

static unsigned int path_hash(const char *path)
{
	return ignore_case ? strihash(path) : strhash(path);
}

static struct dir_rename_entry *dir_rename_find_entry(struct hashmap *hashmap,
						      char *dir)
{
	struct dir_rename_entry key;

	if (dir == NULL)
		return NULL;
	hashmap_entry_init(&key, strhash(dir));
	key.dir = dir;
	return hashmap_get(hashmap, &key, NULL);
}

static int dir_rename_cmp(const void *unused_cmp_data,
			  const void *entry,
			  const void *entry_or_key,
			  const void *unused_keydata)
{
	const struct dir_rename_entry *e1 = entry;
	const struct dir_rename_entry *e2 = entry_or_key;

	return strcmp(e1->dir, e2->dir);
}

static void dir_rename_init(struct hashmap *map)
{
	hashmap_init(map, dir_rename_cmp, NULL, 0);
}

static void dir_rename_entry_init(struct dir_rename_entry *entry,
				  char *directory)
{
	hashmap_entry_init(entry, strhash(directory));
	entry->dir = directory;
	entry->non_unique_new_dir = 0;
	strbuf_init(&entry->new_dir, 0);
	string_list_init(&entry->possible_new_dirs, 0);
}

static struct collision_entry *collision_find_entry(struct hashmap *hashmap,
						    char *target_file)
{
	struct collision_entry key;

	hashmap_entry_init(&key, strhash(target_file));
	key.target_file = target_file;
	return hashmap_get(hashmap, &key, NULL);
}

static int collision_cmp(void *unused_cmp_data,
			 const struct collision_entry *e1,
			 const struct collision_entry *e2,
			 const void *unused_keydata)
{
	return strcmp(e1->target_file, e2->target_file);
}

static void collision_init(struct hashmap *map)
{
	hashmap_init(map, (hashmap_cmp_fn) collision_cmp, NULL, 0);
}

static void flush_output(struct merge_options *o)
{
	if (o->buffer_output < 2 && o->obuf.len) {
		fputs(o->obuf.buf, stdout);
		strbuf_reset(&o->obuf);
	}
}

static int err(struct merge_options *o, const char *err, ...)
{
	va_list params;

	if (o->buffer_output < 2)
		flush_output(o);
	else {
		strbuf_complete(&o->obuf, '\n');
		strbuf_addstr(&o->obuf, "error: ");
	}
	va_start(params, err);
	strbuf_vaddf(&o->obuf, err, params);
	va_end(params);
	if (o->buffer_output > 1)
		strbuf_addch(&o->obuf, '\n');
	else {
		error("%s", o->obuf.buf);
		strbuf_reset(&o->obuf);
	}

	return -1;
}

static struct tree *shift_tree_object(struct tree *one, struct tree *two,
				      const char *subtree_shift)
{
	struct object_id shifted;

	if (!*subtree_shift) {
		shift_tree(&one->object.oid, &two->object.oid, &shifted, 0);
	} else {
		shift_tree_by(&one->object.oid, &two->object.oid, &shifted,
			      subtree_shift);
	}
	if (oideq(&two->object.oid, &shifted))
		return two;
	return lookup_tree(the_repository, &shifted);
}

static struct commit *make_virtual_commit(struct tree *tree, const char *comment)
{
	struct commit *commit = alloc_commit_node(the_repository);

	set_merge_remote_desc(commit, comment, (struct object *)commit);
	commit->maybe_tree = tree;
	commit->object.parsed = 1;
	return commit;
}

/*
 * Since we use get_tree_entry(), which does not put the read object into
 * the object pool, we cannot rely on a == b.
 */
static int oid_eq(const struct object_id *a, const struct object_id *b)
{
	if (!a && !b)
		return 2;
	return a && b && oideq(a, b);
}

enum rename_type {
	RENAME_NORMAL = 0,
	RENAME_VIA_DIR,
	RENAME_ADD,
	RENAME_DELETE,
	RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_ONE,
	RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO,
	RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE
};

struct rename_conflict_info {
	enum rename_type rename_type;
	struct diff_filepair *pair1;
	struct diff_filepair *pair2;
	const char *branch1;
	const char *branch2;
	struct stage_data *dst_entry1;
	struct stage_data *dst_entry2;
	struct diff_filespec ren1_other;
	struct diff_filespec ren2_other;
};

/*
 * Since we want to write the index eventually, we cannot reuse the index
 * for these (temporary) data.
 */
struct stage_data {
	struct {
		unsigned mode;
		struct object_id oid;
	} stages[4];
	struct rename_conflict_info *rename_conflict_info;
	unsigned processed:1;
};

static inline void setup_rename_conflict_info(enum rename_type rename_type,
					      struct diff_filepair *pair1,
					      struct diff_filepair *pair2,
					      const char *branch1,
					      const char *branch2,
					      struct stage_data *dst_entry1,
					      struct stage_data *dst_entry2,
					      struct merge_options *o,
					      struct stage_data *src_entry1,
					      struct stage_data *src_entry2)
{
	int ostage1 = 0, ostage2;
	struct rename_conflict_info *ci;

	/*
	 * When we have two renames involved, it's easiest to get the
	 * correct things into stage 2 and 3, and to make sure that the
	 * content merge puts HEAD before the other branch if we just
	 * ensure that branch1 == o->branch1.  So, simply flip arguments
	 * around if we don't have that.
	 */
	if (dst_entry2 && branch1 != o->branch1) {
		setup_rename_conflict_info(rename_type,
					   pair2,      pair1,
					   branch2,    branch1,
					   dst_entry2, dst_entry1,
					   o,
					   src_entry2, src_entry1);
		return;
	}

	ci = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct rename_conflict_info));
	ci->rename_type = rename_type;
	ci->pair1 = pair1;
	ci->branch1 = branch1;
	ci->branch2 = branch2;

	ci->dst_entry1 = dst_entry1;
	dst_entry1->rename_conflict_info = ci;
	dst_entry1->processed = 0;

	assert(!pair2 == !dst_entry2);
	if (dst_entry2) {
		ci->dst_entry2 = dst_entry2;
		ci->pair2 = pair2;
		dst_entry2->rename_conflict_info = ci;
	}

	/*
	 * For each rename, there could have been
	 * modifications on the side of history where that
	 * file was not renamed.
	 */
	if (rename_type == RENAME_ADD ||
	    rename_type == RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE) {
		ostage1 = o->branch1 == branch1 ? 3 : 2;

		ci->ren1_other.path = pair1->one->path;
		oidcpy(&ci->ren1_other.oid, &src_entry1->stages[ostage1].oid);
		ci->ren1_other.mode = src_entry1->stages[ostage1].mode;
	}

	if (rename_type == RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE) {
		ostage2 = ostage1 ^ 1;

		ci->ren2_other.path = pair2->one->path;
		oidcpy(&ci->ren2_other.oid, &src_entry2->stages[ostage2].oid);
		ci->ren2_other.mode = src_entry2->stages[ostage2].mode;
	}
}

static int show(struct merge_options *o, int v)
{
	return (!o->call_depth && o->verbosity >= v) || o->verbosity >= 5;
}

__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)))
static void output(struct merge_options *o, int v, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	if (!show(o, v))
		return;

	strbuf_addchars(&o->obuf, ' ', o->call_depth * 2);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	strbuf_vaddf(&o->obuf, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);

	strbuf_addch(&o->obuf, '\n');
	if (!o->buffer_output)
		flush_output(o);
}

static void output_commit_title(struct merge_options *o, struct commit *commit)
{
	struct merge_remote_desc *desc;

	strbuf_addchars(&o->obuf, ' ', o->call_depth * 2);
	desc = merge_remote_util(commit);
	if (desc)
		strbuf_addf(&o->obuf, "virtual %s\n", desc->name);
	else {
		strbuf_add_unique_abbrev(&o->obuf, &commit->object.oid,
					 DEFAULT_ABBREV);
		strbuf_addch(&o->obuf, ' ');
		if (parse_commit(commit) != 0)
			strbuf_addstr(&o->obuf, _("(bad commit)\n"));
		else {
			const char *title;
			const char *msg = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
			int len = find_commit_subject(msg, &title);
			if (len)
				strbuf_addf(&o->obuf, "%.*s\n", len, title);
			unuse_commit_buffer(commit, msg);
		}
	}
	flush_output(o);
}

static int add_cacheinfo(struct merge_options *o,
			 unsigned int mode, const struct object_id *oid,
			 const char *path, int stage, int refresh, int options)
{
	struct cache_entry *ce;
	int ret;

	ce = make_cache_entry(&the_index, mode, oid ? oid : &null_oid, path, stage, 0);
	if (!ce)
		return err(o, _("add_cacheinfo failed for path '%s'; merge aborting."), path);

	ret = add_cache_entry(ce, options);
	if (refresh) {
		struct cache_entry *nce;

		nce = refresh_cache_entry(&the_index, ce, CE_MATCH_REFRESH | CE_MATCH_IGNORE_MISSING);
		if (!nce)
			return err(o, _("add_cacheinfo failed to refresh for path '%s'; merge aborting."), path);
		if (nce != ce)
			ret = add_cache_entry(nce, options);
	}
	return ret;
}

static void init_tree_desc_from_tree(struct tree_desc *desc, struct tree *tree)
{
	parse_tree(tree);
	init_tree_desc(desc, tree->buffer, tree->size);
}

static int unpack_trees_start(struct merge_options *o,
			      struct tree *common,
			      struct tree *head,
			      struct tree *merge)
{
	int rc;
	struct tree_desc t[3];
	struct index_state tmp_index = { NULL };

	memset(&o->unpack_opts, 0, sizeof(o->unpack_opts));
	if (o->call_depth)
		o->unpack_opts.index_only = 1;
	else
		o->unpack_opts.update = 1;
	o->unpack_opts.merge = 1;
	o->unpack_opts.head_idx = 2;
	o->unpack_opts.fn = threeway_merge;
	o->unpack_opts.src_index = &the_index;
	o->unpack_opts.dst_index = &tmp_index;
	o->unpack_opts.aggressive = !merge_detect_rename(o);
	setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(&o->unpack_opts, "merge");

	init_tree_desc_from_tree(t+0, common);
	init_tree_desc_from_tree(t+1, head);
	init_tree_desc_from_tree(t+2, merge);

	rc = unpack_trees(3, t, &o->unpack_opts);
	cache_tree_free(&active_cache_tree);

	/*
	 * Update the_index to match the new results, AFTER saving a copy
	 * in o->orig_index.  Update src_index to point to the saved copy.
	 * (verify_uptodate() checks src_index, and the original index is
	 * the one that had the necessary modification timestamps.)
	 */
	o->orig_index = the_index;
	the_index = tmp_index;
	o->unpack_opts.src_index = &o->orig_index;

	return rc;
}

static void unpack_trees_finish(struct merge_options *o)
{
	discard_index(&o->orig_index);
	clear_unpack_trees_porcelain(&o->unpack_opts);
}

struct tree *write_tree_from_memory(struct merge_options *o)
{
	struct tree *result = NULL;

	if (unmerged_cache()) {
		int i;
		fprintf(stderr, "BUG: There are unmerged index entries:\n");
		for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
			const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
			if (ce_stage(ce))
				fprintf(stderr, "BUG: %d %.*s\n", ce_stage(ce),
					(int)ce_namelen(ce), ce->name);
		}
		BUG("unmerged index entries in merge-recursive.c");
	}

	if (!active_cache_tree)
		active_cache_tree = cache_tree();

	if (!cache_tree_fully_valid(active_cache_tree) &&
	    cache_tree_update(&the_index, 0) < 0) {
		err(o, _("error building trees"));
		return NULL;
	}

	result = lookup_tree(the_repository, &active_cache_tree->oid);

	return result;
}

static int save_files_dirs(const struct object_id *oid,
			   struct strbuf *base, const char *path,
			   unsigned int mode, int stage, void *context)
{
	struct path_hashmap_entry *entry;
	int baselen = base->len;
	struct merge_options *o = context;

	strbuf_addstr(base, path);

	FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(entry, path, base->buf, base->len);
	hashmap_entry_init(entry, path_hash(entry->path));
	hashmap_add(&o->current_file_dir_set, entry);

	strbuf_setlen(base, baselen);
	return (S_ISDIR(mode) ? READ_TREE_RECURSIVE : 0);
}

static void get_files_dirs(struct merge_options *o, struct tree *tree)
{
	struct pathspec match_all;
	memset(&match_all, 0, sizeof(match_all));
	read_tree_recursive(tree, "", 0, 0, &match_all, save_files_dirs, o);
}

static int get_tree_entry_if_blob(const struct object_id *tree,
				  const char *path,
				  struct object_id *hashy,
				  unsigned int *mode_o)
{
	int ret;

	ret = get_tree_entry(tree, path, hashy, mode_o);
	if (S_ISDIR(*mode_o)) {
		oidcpy(hashy, &null_oid);
		*mode_o = 0;
	}
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Returns an index_entry instance which doesn't have to correspond to
 * a real cache entry in Git's index.
 */
static struct stage_data *insert_stage_data(const char *path,
		struct tree *o, struct tree *a, struct tree *b,
		struct string_list *entries)
{
	struct string_list_item *item;
	struct stage_data *e = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct stage_data));
	get_tree_entry_if_blob(&o->object.oid, path,
			       &e->stages[1].oid, &e->stages[1].mode);
	get_tree_entry_if_blob(&a->object.oid, path,
			       &e->stages[2].oid, &e->stages[2].mode);
	get_tree_entry_if_blob(&b->object.oid, path,
			       &e->stages[3].oid, &e->stages[3].mode);
	item = string_list_insert(entries, path);
	item->util = e;
	return e;
}

/*
 * Create a dictionary mapping file names to stage_data objects. The
 * dictionary contains one entry for every path with a non-zero stage entry.
 */
static struct string_list *get_unmerged(void)
{
	struct string_list *unmerged = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct string_list));
	int i;

	unmerged->strdup_strings = 1;

	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
		struct string_list_item *item;
		struct stage_data *e;
		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
		if (!ce_stage(ce))
			continue;

		item = string_list_lookup(unmerged, ce->name);
		if (!item) {
			item = string_list_insert(unmerged, ce->name);
			item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct stage_data));
		}
		e = item->util;
		e->stages[ce_stage(ce)].mode = ce->ce_mode;
		oidcpy(&e->stages[ce_stage(ce)].oid, &ce->oid);
	}

	return unmerged;
}

static int string_list_df_name_compare(const char *one, const char *two)
{
	int onelen = strlen(one);
	int twolen = strlen(two);
	/*
	 * Here we only care that entries for D/F conflicts are
	 * adjacent, in particular with the file of the D/F conflict
	 * appearing before files below the corresponding directory.
	 * The order of the rest of the list is irrelevant for us.
	 *
	 * To achieve this, we sort with df_name_compare and provide
	 * the mode S_IFDIR so that D/F conflicts will sort correctly.
	 * We use the mode S_IFDIR for everything else for simplicity,
	 * since in other cases any changes in their order due to
	 * sorting cause no problems for us.
	 */
	int cmp = df_name_compare(one, onelen, S_IFDIR,
				  two, twolen, S_IFDIR);
	/*
	 * Now that 'foo' and 'foo/bar' compare equal, we have to make sure
	 * that 'foo' comes before 'foo/bar'.
	 */
	if (cmp)
		return cmp;
	return onelen - twolen;
}

static void record_df_conflict_files(struct merge_options *o,
				     struct string_list *entries)
{
	/* If there is a D/F conflict and the file for such a conflict
	 * currently exists in the working tree, we want to allow it to be
	 * removed to make room for the corresponding directory if needed.
	 * The files underneath the directories of such D/F conflicts will
	 * be processed before the corresponding file involved in the D/F
	 * conflict.  If the D/F directory ends up being removed by the
	 * merge, then we won't have to touch the D/F file.  If the D/F
	 * directory needs to be written to the working copy, then the D/F
	 * file will simply be removed (in make_room_for_path()) to make
	 * room for the necessary paths.  Note that if both the directory
	 * and the file need to be present, then the D/F file will be
	 * reinstated with a new unique name at the time it is processed.
	 */
	struct string_list df_sorted_entries = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
	const char *last_file = NULL;
	int last_len = 0;
	int i;

	/*
	 * If we're merging merge-bases, we don't want to bother with
	 * any working directory changes.
	 */
	if (o->call_depth)
		return;

	/* Ensure D/F conflicts are adjacent in the entries list. */
	for (i = 0; i < entries->nr; i++) {
		struct string_list_item *next = &entries->items[i];
		string_list_append(&df_sorted_entries, next->string)->util =
				   next->util;
	}
	df_sorted_entries.cmp = string_list_df_name_compare;
	string_list_sort(&df_sorted_entries);

	string_list_clear(&o->df_conflict_file_set, 1);
	for (i = 0; i < df_sorted_entries.nr; i++) {
		const char *path = df_sorted_entries.items[i].string;
		int len = strlen(path);
		struct stage_data *e = df_sorted_entries.items[i].util;

		/*
		 * Check if last_file & path correspond to a D/F conflict;
		 * i.e. whether path is last_file+'/'+<something>.
		 * If so, record that it's okay to remove last_file to make
		 * room for path and friends if needed.
		 */
		if (last_file &&
		    len > last_len &&
		    memcmp(path, last_file, last_len) == 0 &&
		    path[last_len] == '/') {
			string_list_insert(&o->df_conflict_file_set, last_file);
		}

		/*
		 * Determine whether path could exist as a file in the
		 * working directory as a possible D/F conflict.  This
		 * will only occur when it exists in stage 2 as a
		 * file.
		 */
		if (S_ISREG(e->stages[2].mode) || S_ISLNK(e->stages[2].mode)) {
			last_file = path;
			last_len = len;
		} else {
			last_file = NULL;
		}
	}
	string_list_clear(&df_sorted_entries, 0);
}

struct rename {
	struct diff_filepair *pair;
	/*
	 * Purpose of src_entry and dst_entry:
	 *
	 * If 'before' is renamed to 'after' then src_entry will contain
	 * the versions of 'before' from the merge_base, HEAD, and MERGE in
	 * stages 1, 2, and 3; dst_entry will contain the respective
	 * versions of 'after' in corresponding locations.  Thus, we have a
	 * total of six modes and oids, though some will be null.  (Stage 0
	 * is ignored; we're interested in handling conflicts.)
	 *
	 * Since we don't turn on break-rewrites by default, neither
	 * src_entry nor dst_entry can have all three of their stages have
	 * non-null oids, meaning at most four of the six will be non-null.
	 * Also, since this is a rename, both src_entry and dst_entry will
	 * have at least one non-null oid, meaning at least two will be
	 * non-null.  Of the six oids, a typical rename will have three be
	 * non-null.  Only two implies a rename/delete, and four implies a
	 * rename/add.
	 */
	struct stage_data *src_entry;
	struct stage_data *dst_entry;
	unsigned add_turned_into_rename:1;
	unsigned processed:1;
};

static int update_stages(struct merge_options *opt, const char *path,
			 const struct diff_filespec *o,
			 const struct diff_filespec *a,
			 const struct diff_filespec *b)
{

	/*
	 * NOTE: It is usually a bad idea to call update_stages on a path
	 * before calling update_file on that same path, since it can
	 * sometimes lead to spurious "refusing to lose untracked file..."
	 * messages from update_file (via make_room_for path via
	 * would_lose_untracked).  Instead, reverse the order of the calls
	 * (executing update_file first and then update_stages).
	 */
	int clear = 1;
	int options = ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_SKIP_DFCHECK;
	if (clear)
		if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
			return -1;
	if (o)
		if (add_cacheinfo(opt, o->mode, &o->oid, path, 1, 0, options))
			return -1;
	if (a)
		if (add_cacheinfo(opt, a->mode, &a->oid, path, 2, 0, options))
			return -1;
	if (b)
		if (add_cacheinfo(opt, b->mode, &b->oid, path, 3, 0, options))
			return -1;
	return 0;
}

static void update_entry(struct stage_data *entry,
			 struct diff_filespec *o,
			 struct diff_filespec *a,
			 struct diff_filespec *b)
{
	entry->processed = 0;
	entry->stages[1].mode = o->mode;
	entry->stages[2].mode = a->mode;
	entry->stages[3].mode = b->mode;
	oidcpy(&entry->stages[1].oid, &o->oid);
	oidcpy(&entry->stages[2].oid, &a->oid);
	oidcpy(&entry->stages[3].oid, &b->oid);
}

static int remove_file(struct merge_options *o, int clean,
		       const char *path, int no_wd)
{
	int update_cache = o->call_depth || clean;
	int update_working_directory = !o->call_depth && !no_wd;

	if (update_cache) {
		if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
			return -1;
	}
	if (update_working_directory) {
		if (ignore_case) {
			struct cache_entry *ce;
			ce = cache_file_exists(path, strlen(path), ignore_case);
			if (ce && ce_stage(ce) == 0 && strcmp(path, ce->name))
				return 0;
		}
		if (remove_path(path))
			return -1;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* add a string to a strbuf, but converting "/" to "_" */
static void add_flattened_path(struct strbuf *out, const char *s)
{
	size_t i = out->len;
	strbuf_addstr(out, s);
	for (; i < out->len; i++)
		if (out->buf[i] == '/')
			out->buf[i] = '_';
}

static char *unique_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path, const char *branch)
{
	struct path_hashmap_entry *entry;
	struct strbuf newpath = STRBUF_INIT;
	int suffix = 0;
	size_t base_len;

	strbuf_addf(&newpath, "%s~", path);
	add_flattened_path(&newpath, branch);

	base_len = newpath.len;
	while (hashmap_get_from_hash(&o->current_file_dir_set,
				     path_hash(newpath.buf), newpath.buf) ||
	       (!o->call_depth && file_exists(newpath.buf))) {
		strbuf_setlen(&newpath, base_len);
		strbuf_addf(&newpath, "_%d", suffix++);
	}

	FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(entry, path, newpath.buf, newpath.len);
	hashmap_entry_init(entry, path_hash(entry->path));
	hashmap_add(&o->current_file_dir_set, entry);
	return strbuf_detach(&newpath, NULL);
}

/**
 * Check whether a directory in the index is in the way of an incoming
 * file.  Return 1 if so.  If check_working_copy is non-zero, also
 * check the working directory.  If empty_ok is non-zero, also return
 * 0 in the case where the working-tree dir exists but is empty.
 */
static int dir_in_way(const char *path, int check_working_copy, int empty_ok)
{
	int pos;
	struct strbuf dirpath = STRBUF_INIT;
	struct stat st;

	strbuf_addstr(&dirpath, path);
	strbuf_addch(&dirpath, '/');

	pos = cache_name_pos(dirpath.buf, dirpath.len);

	if (pos < 0)
		pos = -1 - pos;
	if (pos < active_nr &&
	    !strncmp(dirpath.buf, active_cache[pos]->name, dirpath.len)) {
		strbuf_release(&dirpath);
		return 1;
	}

	strbuf_release(&dirpath);
	return check_working_copy && !lstat(path, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) &&
		!(empty_ok && is_empty_dir(path));
}

/*
 * Returns whether path was tracked in the index before the merge started,
 * and its oid and mode match the specified values
 */
static int was_tracked_and_matches(struct merge_options *o, const char *path,
				   const struct object_id *oid, unsigned mode)
{
	int pos = index_name_pos(&o->orig_index, path, strlen(path));
	struct cache_entry *ce;

	if (0 > pos)
		/* we were not tracking this path before the merge */
		return 0;

	/* See if the file we were tracking before matches */
	ce = o->orig_index.cache[pos];
	return (oid_eq(&ce->oid, oid) && ce->ce_mode == mode);
}

/*
 * Returns whether path was tracked in the index before the merge started
 */
static int was_tracked(struct merge_options *o, const char *path)
{
	int pos = index_name_pos(&o->orig_index, path, strlen(path));

	if (0 <= pos)
		/* we were tracking this path before the merge */
		return 1;

	return 0;
}

static int would_lose_untracked(const char *path)
{
	/*
	 * This may look like it can be simplified to:
	 *   return !was_tracked(o, path) && file_exists(path)
	 * but it can't.  This function needs to know whether path was in
	 * the working tree due to EITHER having been tracked in the index
	 * before the merge OR having been put into the working copy and
	 * index by unpack_trees().  Due to that either-or requirement, we
	 * check the current index instead of the original one.
	 *
	 * Note that we do not need to worry about merge-recursive itself
	 * updating the index after unpack_trees() and before calling this
	 * function, because we strictly require all code paths in
	 * merge-recursive to update the working tree first and the index
	 * second.  Doing otherwise would break
	 * update_file()/would_lose_untracked(); see every comment in this
	 * file which mentions "update_stages".
	 */
	int pos = cache_name_pos(path, strlen(path));

	if (pos < 0)
		pos = -1 - pos;
	while (pos < active_nr &&
	       !strcmp(path, active_cache[pos]->name)) {
		/*
		 * If stage #0, it is definitely tracked.
		 * If it has stage #2 then it was tracked
		 * before this merge started.  All other
		 * cases the path was not tracked.
		 */
		switch (ce_stage(active_cache[pos])) {
		case 0:
		case 2:
			return 0;
		}
		pos++;
	}
	return file_exists(path);
}

static int was_dirty(struct merge_options *o, const char *path)
{
	struct cache_entry *ce;
	int dirty = 1;

	if (o->call_depth || !was_tracked(o, path))
		return !dirty;

	ce = index_file_exists(o->unpack_opts.src_index,
			       path, strlen(path), ignore_case);
	dirty = verify_uptodate(ce, &o->unpack_opts) != 0;
	return dirty;
}

static int make_room_for_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path)
{
	int status, i;
	const char *msg = _("failed to create path '%s'%s");

	/* Unlink any D/F conflict files that are in the way */
	for (i = 0; i < o->df_conflict_file_set.nr; i++) {
		const char *df_path = o->df_conflict_file_set.items[i].string;
		size_t pathlen = strlen(path);
		size_t df_pathlen = strlen(df_path);
		if (df_pathlen < pathlen &&
		    path[df_pathlen] == '/' &&
		    strncmp(path, df_path, df_pathlen) == 0) {
			output(o, 3,
			       _("Removing %s to make room for subdirectory\n"),
			       df_path);
			unlink(df_path);
			unsorted_string_list_delete_item(&o->df_conflict_file_set,
							 i, 0);
			break;
		}
	}

	/* Make sure leading directories are created */
	status = safe_create_leading_directories_const(path);
	if (status) {
		if (status == SCLD_EXISTS)
			/* something else exists */
			return err(o, msg, path, _(": perhaps a D/F conflict?"));
		return err(o, msg, path, "");
	}

	/*
	 * Do not unlink a file in the work tree if we are not
	 * tracking it.
	 */
	if (would_lose_untracked(path))
		return err(o, _("refusing to lose untracked file at '%s'"),
			   path);

	/* Successful unlink is good.. */
	if (!unlink(path))
		return 0;
	/* .. and so is no existing file */
	if (errno == ENOENT)
		return 0;
	/* .. but not some other error (who really cares what?) */
	return err(o, msg, path, _(": perhaps a D/F conflict?"));
}

static int update_file_flags(struct merge_options *o,
			     const struct object_id *oid,
			     unsigned mode,
			     const char *path,
			     int update_cache,
			     int update_wd)
{
	int ret = 0;

	if (o->call_depth)
		update_wd = 0;

	if (update_wd) {
		enum object_type type;
		void *buf;
		unsigned long size;

		if (S_ISGITLINK(mode)) {
			/*
			 * We may later decide to recursively descend into
			 * the submodule directory and update its index
			 * and/or work tree, but we do not do that now.
			 */
			update_wd = 0;
			goto update_index;
		}

		buf = read_object_file(oid, &type, &size);
		if (!buf)
			return err(o, _("cannot read object %s '%s'"), oid_to_hex(oid), path);
		if (type != OBJ_BLOB) {
			ret = err(o, _("blob expected for %s '%s'"), oid_to_hex(oid), path);
			goto free_buf;
		}
		if (S_ISREG(mode)) {
			struct strbuf strbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
			if (convert_to_working_tree(&the_index, path, buf, size, &strbuf)) {
				free(buf);
				size = strbuf.len;
				buf = strbuf_detach(&strbuf, NULL);
			}
		}

		if (make_room_for_path(o, path) < 0) {
			update_wd = 0;
			goto free_buf;
		}
		if (S_ISREG(mode) || (!has_symlinks && S_ISLNK(mode))) {
			int fd;
			if (mode & 0100)
				mode = 0777;
			else
				mode = 0666;
			fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT, mode);
			if (fd < 0) {
				ret = err(o, _("failed to open '%s': %s"),
					  path, strerror(errno));
				goto free_buf;
			}
			write_in_full(fd, buf, size);
			close(fd);
		} else if (S_ISLNK(mode)) {
			char *lnk = xmemdupz(buf, size);
			safe_create_leading_directories_const(path);
			unlink(path);
			if (symlink(lnk, path))
				ret = err(o, _("failed to symlink '%s': %s"),
					  path, strerror(errno));
			free(lnk);
		} else
			ret = err(o,
				  _("do not know what to do with %06o %s '%s'"),
				  mode, oid_to_hex(oid), path);
	free_buf:
		free(buf);
	}
update_index:
	if (!ret && update_cache)
		if (add_cacheinfo(o, mode, oid, path, 0, update_wd,
				  ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
			return -1;
	return ret;
}

static int update_file(struct merge_options *o,
		       int clean,
		       const struct object_id *oid,
		       unsigned mode,
		       const char *path)
{
	return update_file_flags(o, oid, mode, path, o->call_depth || clean, !o->call_depth);
}

/* Low level file merging, update and removal */

struct merge_file_info {
	struct object_id oid;
	unsigned mode;
	unsigned clean:1,
		 merge:1;
};

static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *o,
		      mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
		      const struct diff_filespec *one,
		      const struct diff_filespec *a,
		      const struct diff_filespec *b,
		      const char *branch1,
		      const char *branch2,
		      const int extra_marker_size)
{
	mmfile_t orig, src1, src2;
	struct ll_merge_options ll_opts = {0};
	char *base_name, *name1, *name2;
	int merge_status;

	ll_opts.renormalize = o->renormalize;
	ll_opts.extra_marker_size = extra_marker_size;
	ll_opts.xdl_opts = o->xdl_opts;

	if (o->call_depth) {
		ll_opts.virtual_ancestor = 1;
		ll_opts.variant = 0;
	} else {
		switch (o->recursive_variant) {
		case MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS:
			ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS;
			break;
		case MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS:
			ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS;
			break;
		default:
			ll_opts.variant = 0;
			break;
		}
	}

	if (strcmp(a->path, b->path) ||
	    (o->ancestor != NULL && strcmp(a->path, one->path) != 0)) {
		base_name = o->ancestor == NULL ? NULL :
			mkpathdup("%s:%s", o->ancestor, one->path);
		name1 = mkpathdup("%s:%s", branch1, a->path);
		name2 = mkpathdup("%s:%s", branch2, b->path);
	} else {
		base_name = o->ancestor == NULL ? NULL :
			mkpathdup("%s", o->ancestor);
		name1 = mkpathdup("%s", branch1);
		name2 = mkpathdup("%s", branch2);
	}

	read_mmblob(&orig, &one->oid);
	read_mmblob(&src1, &a->oid);
	read_mmblob(&src2, &b->oid);

	merge_status = ll_merge(result_buf, a->path, &orig, base_name,
				&src1, name1, &src2, name2,
				&the_index, &ll_opts);

	free(base_name);
	free(name1);
	free(name2);
	free(orig.ptr);
	free(src1.ptr);
	free(src2.ptr);
	return merge_status;
}

static int find_first_merges(struct object_array *result, const char *path,
			     struct commit *a, struct commit *b)
{
	int i, j;
	struct object_array merges = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
	struct commit *commit;
	int contains_another;

	char merged_revision[42];
	const char *rev_args[] = { "rev-list", "--merges", "--ancestry-path",
				   "--all", merged_revision, NULL };
	struct rev_info revs;
	struct setup_revision_opt rev_opts;

	memset(result, 0, sizeof(struct object_array));
	memset(&rev_opts, 0, sizeof(rev_opts));

	/* get all revisions that merge commit a */
	xsnprintf(merged_revision, sizeof(merged_revision), "^%s",
		  oid_to_hex(&a->object.oid));
	repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &revs, NULL);
	rev_opts.submodule = path;
	/* FIXME: can't handle linked worktrees in submodules yet */
	revs.single_worktree = path != NULL;
	setup_revisions(ARRAY_SIZE(rev_args)-1, rev_args, &revs, &rev_opts);

	/* save all revisions from the above list that contain b */
	if (prepare_revision_walk(&revs))
		die("revision walk setup failed");
	while ((commit = get_revision(&revs)) != NULL) {
		struct object *o = &(commit->object);
		if (in_merge_bases(b, commit))
			add_object_array(o, NULL, &merges);
	}
	reset_revision_walk();

	/* Now we've got all merges that contain a and b. Prune all
	 * merges that contain another found merge and save them in
	 * result.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < merges.nr; i++) {
		struct commit *m1 = (struct commit *) merges.objects[i].item;

		contains_another = 0;
		for (j = 0; j < merges.nr; j++) {
			struct commit *m2 = (struct commit *) merges.objects[j].item;
			if (i != j && in_merge_bases(m2, m1)) {
				contains_another = 1;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (!contains_another)
			add_object_array(merges.objects[i].item, NULL, result);
	}

	object_array_clear(&merges);
	return result->nr;
}

static void print_commit(struct commit *commit)
{
	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
	struct pretty_print_context ctx = {0};
	ctx.date_mode.type = DATE_NORMAL;
	format_commit_message(commit, " %h: %m %s", &sb, &ctx);
	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", sb.buf);
	strbuf_release(&sb);
}

static int merge_submodule(struct merge_options *o,
			   struct object_id *result, const char *path,
			   const struct object_id *base, const struct object_id *a,
			   const struct object_id *b)
{
	struct commit *commit_base, *commit_a, *commit_b;
	int parent_count;
	struct object_array merges;

	int i;
	int search = !o->call_depth;

	/* store a in result in case we fail */
	oidcpy(result, a);

	/* we can not handle deletion conflicts */
	if (is_null_oid(base))
		return 0;
	if (is_null_oid(a))
		return 0;
	if (is_null_oid(b))
		return 0;

	if (add_submodule_odb(path)) {
		output(o, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (not checked out)"), path);
		return 0;
	}

	if (!(commit_base = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, base)) ||
	    !(commit_a = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, a)) ||
	    !(commit_b = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, b))) {
		output(o, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (commits not present)"), path);
		return 0;
	}

	/* check whether both changes are forward */
	if (!in_merge_bases(commit_base, commit_a) ||
	    !in_merge_bases(commit_base, commit_b)) {
		output(o, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (commits don't follow merge-base)"), path);
		return 0;
	}

	/* Case #1: a is contained in b or vice versa */
	if (in_merge_bases(commit_a, commit_b)) {
		oidcpy(result, b);
		if (show(o, 3)) {
			output(o, 3, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s to the following commit:"), path);
			output_commit_title(o, commit_b);
		} else if (show(o, 2))
			output(o, 2, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s"), path);
		else
			; /* no output */

		return 1;
	}
	if (in_merge_bases(commit_b, commit_a)) {
		oidcpy(result, a);
		if (show(o, 3)) {
			output(o, 3, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s to the following commit:"), path);
			output_commit_title(o, commit_a);
		} else if (show(o, 2))
			output(o, 2, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s"), path);
		else
			; /* no output */

		return 1;
	}

	/*
	 * Case #2: There are one or more merges that contain a and b in
	 * the submodule. If there is only one, then present it as a
	 * suggestion to the user, but leave it marked unmerged so the
	 * user needs to confirm the resolution.
	 */

	/* Skip the search if makes no sense to the calling context.  */
	if (!search)
		return 0;

	/* find commit which merges them */
	parent_count = find_first_merges(&merges, path, commit_a, commit_b);
	switch (parent_count) {
	case 0:
		output(o, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (merge following commits not found)"), path);
		break;

	case 1:
		output(o, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (not fast-forward)"), path);
		output(o, 2, _("Found a possible merge resolution for the submodule:\n"));
		print_commit((struct commit *) merges.objects[0].item);
		output(o, 2, _(
		       "If this is correct simply add it to the index "
		       "for example\n"
		       "by using:\n\n"
		       "  git update-index --cacheinfo 160000 %s \"%s\"\n\n"
		       "which will accept this suggestion.\n"),
		       oid_to_hex(&merges.objects[0].item->oid), path);
		break;

	default:
		output(o, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (multiple merges found)"), path);
		for (i = 0; i < merges.nr; i++)
			print_commit((struct commit *) merges.objects[i].item);
	}

	object_array_clear(&merges);
	return 0;
}

static int merge_mode_and_contents(struct merge_options *o,
				   const struct diff_filespec *one,
				   const struct diff_filespec *a,
				   const struct diff_filespec *b,
				   const char *filename,
				   const char *branch1,
				   const char *branch2,
				   const int extra_marker_size,
				   struct merge_file_info *result)
{
	if (o->branch1 != branch1) {
		/*
		 * It's weird getting a reverse merge with HEAD on the bottom
		 * side of the conflict markers and the other branch on the
		 * top.  Fix that.
		 */
		return merge_mode_and_contents(o, one, b, a,
					       filename,
					       branch2, branch1,
					       extra_marker_size, result);
	}

	result->merge = 0;
	result->clean = 1;

	if ((S_IFMT & a->mode) != (S_IFMT & b->mode)) {
		result->clean = 0;
		if (S_ISREG(a->mode)) {
			result->mode = a->mode;
			oidcpy(&result->oid, &a->oid);
		} else {
			result->mode = b->mode;
			oidcpy(&result->oid, &b->oid);
		}
	} else {
		if (!oid_eq(&a->oid, &one->oid) && !oid_eq(&b->oid, &one->oid))
			result->merge = 1;

		/*
		 * Merge modes
		 */
		if (a->mode == b->mode || a->mode == one->mode)
			result->mode = b->mode;
		else {
			result->mode = a->mode;
			if (b->mode != one->mode) {
				result->clean = 0;
				result->merge = 1;
			}
		}

		if (oid_eq(&a->oid, &b->oid) || oid_eq(&a->oid, &one->oid))
			oidcpy(&result->oid, &b->oid);
		else if (oid_eq(&b->oid, &one->oid))
			oidcpy(&result->oid, &a->oid);
		else if (S_ISREG(a->mode)) {
			mmbuffer_t result_buf;
			int ret = 0, merge_status;

			merge_status = merge_3way(o, &result_buf, one, a, b,
						  branch1, branch2,
						  extra_marker_size);

			if ((merge_status < 0) || !result_buf.ptr)
				ret = err(o, _("Failed to execute internal merge"));

			if (!ret &&
			    write_object_file(result_buf.ptr, result_buf.size,
					      blob_type, &result->oid))
				ret = err(o, _("Unable to add %s to database"),
					  a->path);

			free(result_buf.ptr);
			if (ret)
				return ret;
			result->clean = (merge_status == 0);
		} else if (S_ISGITLINK(a->mode)) {
			result->clean = merge_submodule(o, &result->oid,
							one->path,
							&one->oid,
							&a->oid,
							&b->oid);
		} else if (S_ISLNK(a->mode)) {
			switch (o->recursive_variant) {
			case MERGE_RECURSIVE_NORMAL:
				oidcpy(&result->oid, &a->oid);
				if (!oid_eq(&a->oid, &b->oid))
					result->clean = 0;
				break;
			case MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS:
				oidcpy(&result->oid, &a->oid);
				break;
			case MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS:
				oidcpy(&result->oid, &b->oid);
				break;
			}
		} else
			BUG("unsupported object type in the tree");
	}

	if (result->merge)
		output(o, 2, _("Auto-merging %s"), filename);

	return 0;
}

static int handle_rename_via_dir(struct merge_options *o,
				 struct diff_filepair *pair,
				 const char *rename_branch,
				 const char *other_branch)
{
	/*
	 * Handle file adds that need to be renamed due to directory rename
	 * detection.  This differs from handle_rename_normal, because
	 * there is no content merge to do; just move the file into the
	 * desired final location.
	 */
	const struct diff_filespec *dest = pair->two;

	if (!o->call_depth && would_lose_untracked(dest->path)) {
		char *alt_path = unique_path(o, dest->path, rename_branch);

		output(o, 1, _("Error: Refusing to lose untracked file at %s; "
			       "writing to %s instead."),
		       dest->path, alt_path);
		/*
		 * Write the file in worktree at alt_path, but not in the
		 * index.  Instead, write to dest->path for the index but
		 * only at the higher appropriate stage.
		 */
		if (update_file(o, 0, &dest->oid, dest->mode, alt_path))
			return -1;
		free(alt_path);
		return update_stages(o, dest->path, NULL,
				     rename_branch == o->branch1 ? dest : NULL,
				     rename_branch == o->branch1 ? NULL : dest);
	}

	/* Update dest->path both in index and in worktree */
	if (update_file(o, 1, &dest->oid, dest->mode, dest->path))
		return -1;
	return 0;
}

static int handle_change_delete(struct merge_options *o,
				const char *path, const char *old_path,
				const struct object_id *o_oid, int o_mode,
				const struct object_id *changed_oid,
				int changed_mode,
				const char *change_branch,
				const char *delete_branch,
				const char *change, const char *change_past)
{
	char *alt_path = NULL;
	const char *update_path = path;
	int ret = 0;

	if (dir_in_way(path, !o->call_depth, 0) ||
	    (!o->call_depth && would_lose_untracked(path))) {
		update_path = alt_path = unique_path(o, path, change_branch);
	}

	if (o->call_depth) {
		/*
		 * We cannot arbitrarily accept either a_sha or b_sha as
		 * correct; since there is no true "middle point" between
		 * them, simply reuse the base version for virtual merge base.
		 */
		ret = remove_file_from_cache(path);
		if (!ret)
			ret = update_file(o, 0, o_oid, o_mode, update_path);
	} else {
		/*
		 * Despite the four nearly duplicate messages and argument
		 * lists below and the ugliness of the nested if-statements,
		 * having complete messages makes the job easier for
		 * translators.
		 *
		 * The slight variance among the cases is due to the fact
		 * that:
		 *   1) directory/file conflicts (in effect if
		 *      !alt_path) could cause us to need to write the
		 *      file to a different path.
		 *   2) renames (in effect if !old_path) could mean that
		 *      there are two names for the path that the user
		 *      may know the file by.
		 */
		if (!alt_path) {
			if (!old_path) {
				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
				       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
				       change, path, delete_branch, change_past,
				       change_branch, change_branch, path);
			} else {
				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
				       "and %s to %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
				       change, old_path, delete_branch, change_past, path,
				       change_branch, change_branch, path);
			}
		} else {
			if (!old_path) {
				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
				       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
				       change, path, delete_branch, change_past,
				       change_branch, change_branch, path, alt_path);
			} else {
				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
				       "and %s to %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
				       change, old_path, delete_branch, change_past, path,
				       change_branch, change_branch, path, alt_path);
			}
		}
		/*
		 * No need to call update_file() on path when change_branch ==
		 * o->branch1 && !alt_path, since that would needlessly touch
		 * path.  We could call update_file_flags() with update_cache=0
		 * and update_wd=0, but that's a no-op.
		 */
		if (change_branch != o->branch1 || alt_path)
			ret = update_file(o, 0, changed_oid, changed_mode, update_path);
	}
	free(alt_path);

	return ret;
}

static int handle_rename_delete(struct merge_options *o,
				struct diff_filepair *pair,
				const char *rename_branch,
				const char *delete_branch)
{
	const struct diff_filespec *orig = pair->one;
	const struct diff_filespec *dest = pair->two;

	if (handle_change_delete(o,
				 o->call_depth ? orig->path : dest->path,
				 o->call_depth ? NULL : orig->path,
				 &orig->oid, orig->mode,
				 &dest->oid, dest->mode,
				 rename_branch, delete_branch,
				 _("rename"), _("renamed")))
		return -1;

	if (o->call_depth)
		return remove_file_from_cache(dest->path);
	else
		return update_stages(o, dest->path, NULL,
				     rename_branch == o->branch1 ? dest : NULL,
				     rename_branch == o->branch1 ? NULL : dest);
}

static struct diff_filespec *filespec_from_entry(struct diff_filespec *target,
						 struct stage_data *entry,
						 int stage)
{
	struct object_id *oid = &entry->stages[stage].oid;
	unsigned mode = entry->stages[stage].mode;
	if (mode == 0 || is_null_oid(oid))
		return NULL;
	oidcpy(&target->oid, oid);
	target->mode = mode;
	return target;
}

static int handle_file_collision(struct merge_options *o,
				 const char *collide_path,
				 const char *prev_path1,
				 const char *prev_path2,
				 const char *branch1, const char *branch2,
				 const struct object_id *a_oid,
				 unsigned int a_mode,
				 const struct object_id *b_oid,
				 unsigned int b_mode)
{
	struct merge_file_info mfi;
	struct diff_filespec null, a, b;
	char *alt_path = NULL;
	const char *update_path = collide_path;

	/*
	 * It's easiest to get the correct things into stage 2 and 3, and
	 * to make sure that the content merge puts HEAD before the other
	 * branch if we just ensure that branch1 == o->branch1.  So, simply
	 * flip arguments around if we don't have that.
	 */
	if (branch1 != o->branch1) {
		return handle_file_collision(o, collide_path,
					     prev_path2, prev_path1,
					     branch2, branch1,
					     b_oid, b_mode,
					     a_oid, a_mode);
	}

	/*
	 * In the recursive case, we just opt to undo renames
	 */
	if (o->call_depth && (prev_path1 || prev_path2)) {
		/* Put first file (a_oid, a_mode) in its original spot */
		if (prev_path1) {
			if (update_file(o, 1, a_oid, a_mode, prev_path1))
				return -1;
		} else {
			if (update_file(o, 1, a_oid, a_mode, collide_path))
				return -1;
		}

		/* Put second file (b_oid, b_mode) in its original spot */
		if (prev_path2) {
			if (update_file(o, 1, b_oid, b_mode, prev_path2))
				return -1;
		} else {
			if (update_file(o, 1, b_oid, b_mode, collide_path))
				return -1;
		}

		/* Don't leave something at collision path if unrenaming both */
		if (prev_path1 && prev_path2)
			remove_file(o, 1, collide_path, 0);

		return 0;
	}

	/* Remove rename sources if rename/add or rename/rename(2to1) */
	if (prev_path1)
		remove_file(o, 1, prev_path1,
			    o->call_depth || would_lose_untracked(prev_path1));
	if (prev_path2)
		remove_file(o, 1, prev_path2,
			    o->call_depth || would_lose_untracked(prev_path2));

	/*
	 * Remove the collision path, if it wouldn't cause dirty contents
	 * or an untracked file to get lost.  We'll either overwrite with
	 * merged contents, or just write out to differently named files.
	 */
	if (was_dirty(o, collide_path)) {
		output(o, 1, _("Refusing to lose dirty file at %s"),
		       collide_path);
		update_path = alt_path = unique_path(o, collide_path, "merged");
	} else if (would_lose_untracked(collide_path)) {
		/*
		 * Only way we get here is if both renames were from
		 * a directory rename AND user had an untracked file
		 * at the location where both files end up after the
		 * two directory renames.  See testcase 10d of t6043.
		 */
		output(o, 1, _("Refusing to lose untracked file at "
			       "%s, even though it's in the way."),
		       collide_path);
		update_path = alt_path = unique_path(o, collide_path, "merged");
	} else {
		/*
		 * FIXME: It's possible that the two files are identical
		 * and that the current working copy happens to match, in
		 * which case we are unnecessarily touching the working
		 * tree file.  It's not a likely enough scenario that I
		 * want to code up the checks for it and a better fix is
		 * available if we restructure how unpack_trees() and
		 * merge-recursive interoperate anyway, so punting for
		 * now...
		 */
		remove_file(o, 0, collide_path, 0);
	}

	/* Store things in diff_filespecs for functions that need it */
	memset(&a, 0, sizeof(struct diff_filespec));
	memset(&b, 0, sizeof(struct diff_filespec));
	null.path = a.path = b.path = (char *)collide_path;
	oidcpy(&null.oid, &null_oid);
	null.mode = 0;
	oidcpy(&a.oid, a_oid);
	a.mode = a_mode;
	a.oid_valid = 1;
	oidcpy(&b.oid, b_oid);
	b.mode = b_mode;
	b.oid_valid = 1;

	if (merge_mode_and_contents(o, &null, &a, &b, collide_path,
				    branch1, branch2, o->call_depth * 2, &mfi))
		return -1;
	mfi.clean &= !alt_path;
	if (update_file(o, mfi.clean, &mfi.oid, mfi.mode, update_path))
		return -1;
	if (!mfi.clean && !o->call_depth &&
	    update_stages(o, collide_path, NULL, &a, &b))
		return -1;
	free(alt_path);
	/*
	 * FIXME: If both a & b both started with conflicts (only possible
	 * if they came from a rename/rename(2to1)), but had IDENTICAL
	 * contents including those conflicts, then in the next line we claim
	 * it was clean.  If someone cares about this case, we should have the
	 * caller notify us if we started with conflicts.
	 */
	return mfi.clean;
}

static int handle_rename_add(struct merge_options *o,
			     struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
{
	/* a was renamed to c, and a separate c was added. */
	struct diff_filespec *a = ci->pair1->one;
	struct diff_filespec *c = ci->pair1->two;
	char *path = c->path;
	char *prev_path_desc;
	struct merge_file_info mfi;

	int other_stage = (ci->branch1 == o->branch1 ? 3 : 2);

	output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/add): "
	       "Rename %s->%s in %s.  Added %s in %s"),
	       a->path, c->path, ci->branch1,
	       c->path, ci->branch2);

	prev_path_desc = xstrfmt("version of %s from %s", path, a->path);
	if (merge_mode_and_contents(o, a, c, &ci->ren1_other, prev_path_desc,
				    o->branch1, o->branch2,
				    1 + o->call_depth * 2, &mfi))
		return -1;
	free(prev_path_desc);

	return handle_file_collision(o,
				     c->path, a->path, NULL,
				     ci->branch1, ci->branch2,
				     &mfi.oid, mfi.mode,
				     &ci->dst_entry1->stages[other_stage].oid,
				     ci->dst_entry1->stages[other_stage].mode);
}

static char *find_path_for_conflict(struct merge_options *o,
				    const char *path,
				    const char *branch1,
				    const char *branch2)
{
	char *new_path = NULL;
	if (dir_in_way(path, !o->call_depth, 0)) {
		new_path = unique_path(o, path, branch1);
		output(o, 1, _("%s is a directory in %s adding "
			       "as %s instead"),
		       path, branch2, new_path);
	} else if (would_lose_untracked(path)) {
		new_path = unique_path(o, path, branch1);
		output(o, 1, _("Refusing to lose untracked file"
			       " at %s; adding as %s instead"),
		       path, new_path);
	}

	return new_path;
}

static int handle_rename_rename_1to2(struct merge_options *o,
				     struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
{
	/* One file was renamed in both branches, but to different names. */
	struct merge_file_info mfi;
	struct diff_filespec other;
	struct diff_filespec *add;
	struct diff_filespec *one = ci->pair1->one;
	struct diff_filespec *a = ci->pair1->two;
	struct diff_filespec *b = ci->pair2->two;
	char *path_desc;

	output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
	       "Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" "
	       "rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"),
	       one->path, a->path, ci->branch1,
	       one->path, b->path, ci->branch2,
	       o->call_depth ? _(" (left unresolved)") : "");

	path_desc = xstrfmt("%s and %s, both renamed from %s",
			    a->path, b->path, one->path);
	if (merge_mode_and_contents(o, one, a, b, path_desc,
				    ci->branch1, ci->branch2,
				    o->call_depth * 2, &mfi))
		return -1;
	free(path_desc);

	if (o->call_depth) {
		/*
		 * FIXME: For rename/add-source conflicts (if we could detect
		 * such), this is wrong.  We should instead find a unique
		 * pathname and then either rename the add-source file to that
		 * unique path, or use that unique path instead of src here.
		 */
		if (update_file(o, 0, &mfi.oid, mfi.mode, one->path))
			return -1;

		/*
		 * Above, we put the merged content at the merge-base's
		 * path.  Now we usually need to delete both a->path and
		 * b->path.  However, the rename on each side of the merge
		 * could also be involved in a rename/add conflict.  In
		 * such cases, we should keep the added file around,
		 * resolving the conflict at that path in its favor.
		 */
		add = filespec_from_entry(&other, ci->dst_entry1, 2 ^ 1);
		if (add) {
			if (update_file(o, 0, &add->oid, add->mode, a->path))
				return -1;
		}
		else
			remove_file_from_cache(a->path);
		add = filespec_from_entry(&other, ci->dst_entry2, 3 ^ 1);
		if (add) {
			if (update_file(o, 0, &add->oid, add->mode, b->path))
				return -1;
		}
		else
			remove_file_from_cache(b->path);
	} else {
		/*
		 * For each destination path, we need to see if there is a
		 * rename/add collision.  If not, we can write the file out
		 * to the specified location.
		 */
		add = filespec_from_entry(&other, ci->dst_entry1, 2 ^ 1);
		if (add) {
			if (handle_file_collision(o, a->path,
						  NULL, NULL,
						  ci->branch1, ci->branch2,
						  &mfi.oid, mfi.mode,
						  &add->oid, add->mode) < 0)
				return -1;
		} else {
			char *new_path = find_path_for_conflict(o, a->path,
								ci->branch1,
								ci->branch2);
			if (update_file(o, 0, &mfi.oid, mfi.mode, new_path ? new_path : a->path))
				return -1;
			free(new_path);
			if (update_stages(o, a->path, NULL, a, NULL))
				return -1;
		}

		add = filespec_from_entry(&other, ci->dst_entry2, 3 ^ 1);
		if (add) {
			if (handle_file_collision(o, b->path,
						  NULL, NULL,
						  ci->branch1, ci->branch2,
						  &add->oid, add->mode,
						  &mfi.oid, mfi.mode) < 0)
				return -1;
		} else {
			char *new_path = find_path_for_conflict(o, b->path,
								ci->branch2,
								ci->branch1);
			if (update_file(o, 0, &mfi.oid, mfi.mode, new_path ? new_path : b->path))
				return -1;
			free(new_path);
			if (update_stages(o, b->path, NULL, NULL, b))
				return -1;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

static int handle_rename_rename_2to1(struct merge_options *o,
				     struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
{
	/* Two files, a & b, were renamed to the same thing, c. */
	struct diff_filespec *a = ci->pair1->one;
	struct diff_filespec *b = ci->pair2->one;
	struct diff_filespec *c1 = ci->pair1->two;
	struct diff_filespec *c2 = ci->pair2->two;
	char *path = c1->path; /* == c2->path */
	char *path_side_1_desc;
	char *path_side_2_desc;
	struct merge_file_info mfi_c1;
	struct merge_file_info mfi_c2;

	output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
	       "Rename %s->%s in %s. "
	       "Rename %s->%s in %s"),
	       a->path, c1->path, ci->branch1,
	       b->path, c2->path, ci->branch2);

	path_side_1_desc = xstrfmt("version of %s from %s", path, a->path);
	path_side_2_desc = xstrfmt("version of %s from %s", path, b->path);
	if (merge_mode_and_contents(o, a, c1, &ci->ren1_other, path_side_1_desc,
				    o->branch1, o->branch2,
				    1 + o->call_depth * 2, &mfi_c1) ||
	    merge_mode_and_contents(o, b, &ci->ren2_other, c2, path_side_2_desc,
				    o->branch1, o->branch2,
				    1 + o->call_depth * 2, &mfi_c2))
		return -1;
	free(path_side_1_desc);
	free(path_side_2_desc);

	return handle_file_collision(o, path, a->path, b->path,
				     ci->branch1, ci->branch2,
				     &mfi_c1.oid, mfi_c1.mode,
				     &mfi_c2.oid, mfi_c2.mode);
}

/*
 * Get the diff_filepairs changed between o_tree and tree.
 */
static struct diff_queue_struct *get_diffpairs(struct merge_options *o,
					       struct tree *o_tree,
					       struct tree *tree)
{
	struct diff_queue_struct *ret;
	struct diff_options opts;

	repo_diff_setup(the_repository, &opts);
	opts.flags.recursive = 1;
	opts.flags.rename_empty = 0;
	opts.detect_rename = merge_detect_rename(o);
	/*
	 * We do not have logic to handle the detection of copies.  In
	 * fact, it may not even make sense to add such logic: would we
	 * really want a change to a base file to be propagated through
	 * multiple other files by a merge?
	 */
	if (opts.detect_rename > DIFF_DETECT_RENAME)
		opts.detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
	opts.rename_limit = o->merge_rename_limit >= 0 ? o->merge_rename_limit :
			    o->diff_rename_limit >= 0 ? o->diff_rename_limit :
			    1000;
	opts.rename_score = o->rename_score;
	opts.show_rename_progress = o->show_rename_progress;
	opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
	diff_setup_done(&opts);
	diff_tree_oid(&o_tree->object.oid, &tree->object.oid, "", &opts);
	diffcore_std(&opts);
	if (opts.needed_rename_limit > o->needed_rename_limit)
		o->needed_rename_limit = opts.needed_rename_limit;

	ret = xmalloc(sizeof(*ret));
	*ret = diff_queued_diff;

	opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
	diff_queued_diff.nr = 0;
	diff_queued_diff.queue = NULL;
	diff_flush(&opts);
	return ret;
}

static int tree_has_path(struct tree *tree, const char *path)
{
	struct object_id hashy;
	unsigned int mode_o;

	return !get_tree_entry(&tree->object.oid, path,
			       &hashy, &mode_o);
}

/*
 * Return a new string that replaces the beginning portion (which matches
 * entry->dir), with entry->new_dir.  In perl-speak:
 *   new_path_name = (old_path =~ s/entry->dir/entry->new_dir/);
 * NOTE:
 *   Caller must ensure that old_path starts with entry->dir + '/'.
 */
static char *apply_dir_rename(struct dir_rename_entry *entry,
			      const char *old_path)
{
	struct strbuf new_path = STRBUF_INIT;
	int oldlen, newlen;

	if (entry->non_unique_new_dir)
		return NULL;

	oldlen = strlen(entry->dir);
	newlen = entry->new_dir.len + (strlen(old_path) - oldlen) + 1;
	strbuf_grow(&new_path, newlen);
	strbuf_addbuf(&new_path, &entry->new_dir);
	strbuf_addstr(&new_path, &old_path[oldlen]);

	return strbuf_detach(&new_path, NULL);
}

static void get_renamed_dir_portion(const char *old_path, const char *new_path,
				    char **old_dir, char **new_dir)
{
	char *end_of_old, *end_of_new;
	int old_len, new_len;

	*old_dir = NULL;
	*new_dir = NULL;

	/*
	 * For
	 *    "a/b/c/d/e/foo.c" -> "a/b/some/thing/else/e/foo.c"
	 * the "e/foo.c" part is the same, we just want to know that
	 *    "a/b/c/d" was renamed to "a/b/some/thing/else"
	 * so, for this example, this function returns "a/b/c/d" in
	 * *old_dir and "a/b/some/thing/else" in *new_dir.
	 *
	 * Also, if the basename of the file changed, we don't care.  We
	 * want to know which portion of the directory, if any, changed.
	 */
	end_of_old = strrchr(old_path, '/');
	end_of_new = strrchr(new_path, '/');

	if (end_of_old == NULL || end_of_new == NULL)
		return;
	while (*--end_of_new == *--end_of_old &&
	       end_of_old != old_path &&
	       end_of_new != new_path)
		; /* Do nothing; all in the while loop */
	/*
	 * We've found the first non-matching character in the directory
	 * paths.  That means the current directory we were comparing
	 * represents the rename.  Move end_of_old and end_of_new back
	 * to the full directory name.
	 */
	if (*end_of_old == '/')
		end_of_old++;
	if (*end_of_old != '/')
		end_of_new++;
	end_of_old = strchr(end_of_old, '/');
	end_of_new = strchr(end_of_new, '/');

	/*
	 * It may have been the case that old_path and new_path were the same
	 * directory all along.  Don't claim a rename if they're the same.
	 */
	old_len = end_of_old - old_path;
	new_len = end_of_new - new_path;

	if (old_len != new_len || strncmp(old_path, new_path, old_len)) {
		*old_dir = xstrndup(old_path, old_len);
		*new_dir = xstrndup(new_path, new_len);
	}
}

static void remove_hashmap_entries(struct hashmap *dir_renames,
				   struct string_list *items_to_remove)
{
	int i;
	struct dir_rename_entry *entry;

	for (i = 0; i < items_to_remove->nr; i++) {
		entry = items_to_remove->items[i].util;
		hashmap_remove(dir_renames, entry, NULL);
	}
	string_list_clear(items_to_remove, 0);
}

/*
 * See if there is a directory rename for path, and if there are any file
 * level conflicts for the renamed location.  If there is a rename and
 * there are no conflicts, return the new name.  Otherwise, return NULL.
 */
static char *handle_path_level_conflicts(struct merge_options *o,
					 const char *path,
					 struct dir_rename_entry *entry,
					 struct hashmap *collisions,
					 struct tree *tree)
{
	char *new_path = NULL;
	struct collision_entry *collision_ent;
	int clean = 1;
	struct strbuf collision_paths = STRBUF_INIT;

	/*
	 * entry has the mapping of old directory name to new directory name
	 * that we want to apply to path.
	 */
	new_path = apply_dir_rename(entry, path);

	if (!new_path) {
		/* This should only happen when entry->non_unique_new_dir set */
		if (!entry->non_unique_new_dir)
			BUG("entry->non_unqiue_dir not set and !new_path");
		output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (directory rename split): "
			       "Unclear where to place %s because directory "
			       "%s was renamed to multiple other directories, "
			       "with no destination getting a majority of the "
			       "files."),
		       path, entry->dir);
		clean = 0;
		return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * The caller needs to have ensured that it has pre-populated
	 * collisions with all paths that map to new_path.  Do a quick check
	 * to ensure that's the case.
	 */
	collision_ent = collision_find_entry(collisions, new_path);
	if (collision_ent == NULL)
		BUG("collision_ent is NULL");

	/*
	 * Check for one-sided add/add/.../add conflicts, i.e.
	 * where implicit renames from the other side doing
	 * directory rename(s) can affect this side of history
	 * to put multiple paths into the same location.  Warn
	 * and bail on directory renames for such paths.
	 */
	if (collision_ent->reported_already) {
		clean = 0;
	} else if (tree_has_path(tree, new_path)) {
		collision_ent->reported_already = 1;
		strbuf_add_separated_string_list(&collision_paths, ", ",
						 &collision_ent->source_files);
		output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (implicit dir rename): Existing "
			       "file/dir at %s in the way of implicit "
			       "directory rename(s) putting the following "
			       "path(s) there: %s."),
		       new_path, collision_paths.buf);
		clean = 0;
	} else if (collision_ent->source_files.nr > 1) {
		collision_ent->reported_already = 1;
		strbuf_add_separated_string_list(&collision_paths, ", ",
						 &collision_ent->source_files);
		output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (implicit dir rename): Cannot map "
			       "more than one path to %s; implicit directory "
			       "renames tried to put these paths there: %s"),
		       new_path, collision_paths.buf);
		clean = 0;
	}

	/* Free memory we no longer need */
	strbuf_release(&collision_paths);
	if (!clean && new_path) {
		free(new_path);
		return NULL;
	}

	return new_path;
}

/*
 * There are a couple things we want to do at the directory level:
 *   1. Check for both sides renaming to the same thing, in order to avoid
 *      implicit renaming of files that should be left in place.  (See
 *      testcase 6b in t6043 for details.)
 *   2. Prune directory renames if there are still files left in the
 *      the original directory.  These represent a partial directory rename,
 *      i.e. a rename where only some of the files within the directory
 *      were renamed elsewhere.  (Technically, this could be done earlier
 *      in get_directory_renames(), except that would prevent us from
 *      doing the previous check and thus failing testcase 6b.)
 *   3. Check for rename/rename(1to2) conflicts (at the directory level).
 *      In the future, we could potentially record this info as well and
 *      omit reporting rename/rename(1to2) conflicts for each path within
 *      the affected directories, thus cleaning up the merge output.
 *   NOTE: We do NOT check for rename/rename(2to1) conflicts at the
 *         directory level, because merging directories is fine.  If it
 *         causes conflicts for files within those merged directories, then
 *         that should be detected at the individual path level.
 */
static void handle_directory_level_conflicts(struct merge_options *o,
					     struct hashmap *dir_re_head,
					     struct tree *head,
					     struct hashmap *dir_re_merge,
					     struct tree *merge)
{
	struct hashmap_iter iter;
	struct dir_rename_entry *head_ent;
	struct dir_rename_entry *merge_ent;

	struct string_list remove_from_head = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
	struct string_list remove_from_merge = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;

	hashmap_iter_init(dir_re_head, &iter);
	while ((head_ent = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
		merge_ent = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_re_merge, head_ent->dir);
		if (merge_ent &&
		    !head_ent->non_unique_new_dir &&
		    !merge_ent->non_unique_new_dir &&
		    !strbuf_cmp(&head_ent->new_dir, &merge_ent->new_dir)) {
			/* 1. Renamed identically; remove it from both sides */
			string_list_append(&remove_from_head,
					   head_ent->dir)->util = head_ent;
			strbuf_release(&head_ent->new_dir);
			string_list_append(&remove_from_merge,
					   merge_ent->dir)->util = merge_ent;
			strbuf_release(&merge_ent->new_dir);
		} else if (tree_has_path(head, head_ent->dir)) {
			/* 2. This wasn't a directory rename after all */
			string_list_append(&remove_from_head,
					   head_ent->dir)->util = head_ent;
			strbuf_release(&head_ent->new_dir);
		}
	}

	remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_head, &remove_from_head);
	remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_merge, &remove_from_merge);

	hashmap_iter_init(dir_re_merge, &iter);
	while ((merge_ent = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
		head_ent = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_re_head, merge_ent->dir);
		if (tree_has_path(merge, merge_ent->dir)) {
			/* 2. This wasn't a directory rename after all */
			string_list_append(&remove_from_merge,
					   merge_ent->dir)->util = merge_ent;
		} else if (head_ent &&
			   !head_ent->non_unique_new_dir &&
			   !merge_ent->non_unique_new_dir) {
			/* 3. rename/rename(1to2) */
			/*
			 * We can assume it's not rename/rename(1to1) because
			 * that was case (1), already checked above.  So we
			 * know that head_ent->new_dir and merge_ent->new_dir
			 * are different strings.
			 */
			output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
				       "Rename directory %s->%s in %s. "
				       "Rename directory %s->%s in %s"),
			       head_ent->dir, head_ent->new_dir.buf, o->branch1,
			       head_ent->dir, merge_ent->new_dir.buf, o->branch2);
			string_list_append(&remove_from_head,
					   head_ent->dir)->util = head_ent;
			strbuf_release(&head_ent->new_dir);
			string_list_append(&remove_from_merge,
					   merge_ent->dir)->util = merge_ent;
			strbuf_release(&merge_ent->new_dir);
		}
	}

	remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_head, &remove_from_head);
	remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_merge, &remove_from_merge);
}

static struct hashmap *get_directory_renames(struct diff_queue_struct *pairs,
					     struct tree *tree)
{
	struct hashmap *dir_renames;
	struct hashmap_iter iter;
	struct dir_rename_entry *entry;
	int i;

	/*
	 * Typically, we think of a directory rename as all files from a
	 * certain directory being moved to a target directory.  However,
	 * what if someone first moved two files from the original
	 * directory in one commit, and then renamed the directory
	 * somewhere else in a later commit?  At merge time, we just know
	 * that files from the original directory went to two different
	 * places, and that the bulk of them ended up in the same place.
	 * We want each directory rename to represent where the bulk of the
	 * files from that directory end up; this function exists to find
	 * where the bulk of the files went.
	 *
	 * The first loop below simply iterates through the list of file
	 * renames, finding out how often each directory rename pair
	 * possibility occurs.
	 */
	dir_renames = xmalloc(sizeof(*dir_renames));
	dir_rename_init(dir_renames);
	for (i = 0; i < pairs->nr; ++i) {
		struct string_list_item *item;
		int *count;
		struct diff_filepair *pair = pairs->queue[i];
		char *old_dir, *new_dir;

		/* File not part of directory rename if it wasn't renamed */
		if (pair->status != 'R')
			continue;

		get_renamed_dir_portion(pair->one->path, pair->two->path,
					&old_dir,        &new_dir);
		if (!old_dir)
			/* Directory didn't change at all; ignore this one. */
			continue;

		entry = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_renames, old_dir);
		if (!entry) {
			entry = xmalloc(sizeof(*entry));
			dir_rename_entry_init(entry, old_dir);
			hashmap_put(dir_renames, entry);
		} else {
			free(old_dir);
		}
		item = string_list_lookup(&entry->possible_new_dirs, new_dir);
		if (!item) {
			item = string_list_insert(&entry->possible_new_dirs,
						  new_dir);
			item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(int));
		} else {
			free(new_dir);
		}
		count = item->util;
		*count += 1;
	}

	/*
	 * For each directory with files moved out of it, we find out which
	 * target directory received the most files so we can declare it to
	 * be the "winning" target location for the directory rename.  This
	 * winner gets recorded in new_dir.  If there is no winner
	 * (multiple target directories received the same number of files),
	 * we set non_unique_new_dir.  Once we've determined the winner (or
	 * that there is no winner), we no longer need possible_new_dirs.
	 */
	hashmap_iter_init(dir_renames, &iter);
	while ((entry = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
		int max = 0;
		int bad_max = 0;
		char *best = NULL;

		for (i = 0; i < entry->possible_new_dirs.nr; i++) {
			int *count = entry->possible_new_dirs.items[i].util;

			if (*count == max)
				bad_max = max;
			else if (*count > max) {
				max = *count;
				best = entry->possible_new_dirs.items[i].string;
			}
		}
		if (bad_max == max)
			entry->non_unique_new_dir = 1;
		else {
			assert(entry->new_dir.len == 0);
			strbuf_addstr(&entry->new_dir, best);
		}
		/*
		 * The relevant directory sub-portion of the original full
		 * filepaths were xstrndup'ed before inserting into
		 * possible_new_dirs, and instead of manually iterating the
		 * list and free'ing each, just lie and tell
		 * possible_new_dirs that it did the strdup'ing so that it
		 * will free them for us.
		 */
		entry->possible_new_dirs.strdup_strings = 1;
		string_list_clear(&entry->possible_new_dirs, 1);
	}

	return dir_renames;
}

static struct dir_rename_entry *check_dir_renamed(const char *path,
						  struct hashmap *dir_renames)
{
	char *temp = xstrdup(path);
	char *end;
	struct dir_rename_entry *entry = NULL;

	while ((end = strrchr(temp, '/'))) {
		*end = '\0';
		entry = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_renames, temp);
		if (entry)
			break;
	}
	free(temp);
	return entry;
}

static void compute_collisions(struct hashmap *collisions,
			       struct hashmap *dir_renames,
			       struct diff_queue_struct *pairs)
{
	int i;

	/*
	 * Multiple files can be mapped to the same path due to directory
	 * renames done by the other side of history.  Since that other
	 * side of history could have merged multiple directories into one,
	 * if our side of history added the same file basename to each of
	 * those directories, then all N of them would get implicitly
	 * renamed by the directory rename detection into the same path,
	 * and we'd get an add/add/.../add conflict, and all those adds
	 * from *this* side of history.  This is not representable in the
	 * index, and users aren't going to easily be able to make sense of
	 * it.  So we need to provide a good warning about what's
	 * happening, and fall back to no-directory-rename detection
	 * behavior for those paths.
	 *
	 * See testcases 9e and all of section 5 from t6043 for examples.
	 */
	collision_init(collisions);

	for (i = 0; i < pairs->nr; ++i) {
		struct dir_rename_entry *dir_rename_ent;
		struct collision_entry *collision_ent;
		char *new_path;
		struct diff_filepair *pair = pairs->queue[i];

		if (pair->status != 'A' && pair->status != 'R')
			continue;
		dir_rename_ent = check_dir_renamed(pair->two->path,
						   dir_renames);
		if (!dir_rename_ent)
			continue;

		new_path = apply_dir_rename(dir_rename_ent, pair->two->path);
		if (!new_path)
			/*
			 * dir_rename_ent->non_unique_new_path is true, which
			 * means there is no directory rename for us to use,
			 * which means it won't cause us any additional
			 * collisions.
			 */
			continue;
		collision_ent = collision_find_entry(collisions, new_path);
		if (!collision_ent) {
			collision_ent = xcalloc(1,
						sizeof(struct collision_entry));
			hashmap_entry_init(collision_ent, strhash(new_path));
			hashmap_put(collisions, collision_ent);
			collision_ent->target_file = new_path;
		} else {
			free(new_path);
		}
		string_list_insert(&collision_ent->source_files,
				   pair->two->path);
	}
}

static char *check_for_directory_rename(struct merge_options *o,
					const char *path,
					struct tree *tree,
					struct hashmap *dir_renames,
					struct hashmap *dir_rename_exclusions,
					struct hashmap *collisions,
					int *clean_merge)
{
	char *new_path = NULL;
	struct dir_rename_entry *entry = check_dir_renamed(path, dir_renames);
	struct dir_rename_entry *oentry = NULL;

	if (!entry)
		return new_path;

	/*
	 * This next part is a little weird.  We do not want to do an
	 * implicit rename into a directory we renamed on our side, because
	 * that will result in a spurious rename/rename(1to2) conflict.  An
	 * example:
	 *   Base commit: dumbdir/afile, otherdir/bfile
	 *   Side 1:      smrtdir/afile, otherdir/bfile
	 *   Side 2:      dumbdir/afile, dumbdir/bfile
	 * Here, while working on Side 1, we could notice that otherdir was
	 * renamed/merged to dumbdir, and change the diff_filepair for
	 * otherdir/bfile into a rename into dumbdir/bfile.  However, Side
	 * 2 will notice the rename from dumbdir to smrtdir, and do the
	 * transitive rename to move it from dumbdir/bfile to
	 * smrtdir/bfile.  That gives us bfile in dumbdir vs being in
	 * smrtdir, a rename/rename(1to2) conflict.  We really just want
	 * the file to end up in smrtdir.  And the way to achieve that is
	 * to not let Side1 do the rename to dumbdir, since we know that is
	 * the source of one of our directory renames.
	 *
	 * That's why oentry and dir_rename_exclusions is here.
	 *
	 * As it turns out, this also prevents N-way transient rename
	 * confusion; See testcases 9c and 9d of t6043.
	 */
	oentry = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_rename_exclusions, entry->new_dir.buf);
	if (oentry) {
		output(o, 1, _("WARNING: Avoiding applying %s -> %s rename "
			       "to %s, because %s itself was renamed."),
		       entry->dir, entry->new_dir.buf, path, entry->new_dir.buf);
	} else {
		new_path = handle_path_level_conflicts(o, path, entry,
						       collisions, tree);
		*clean_merge &= (new_path != NULL);
	}

	return new_path;
}

static void apply_directory_rename_modifications(struct merge_options *o,
						 struct diff_filepair *pair,
						 char *new_path,
						 struct rename *re,
						 struct tree *tree,
						 struct tree *o_tree,
						 struct tree *a_tree,
						 struct tree *b_tree,
						 struct string_list *entries,
						 int *clean)
{
	struct string_list_item *item;
	int stage = (tree == a_tree ? 2 : 3);
	int update_wd;

	/*
	 * In all cases where we can do directory rename detection,
	 * unpack_trees() will have read pair->two->path into the
	 * index and the working copy.  We need to remove it so that
	 * we can instead place it at new_path.  It is guaranteed to
	 * not be untracked (unpack_trees() would have errored out
	 * saying the file would have been overwritten), but it might
	 * be dirty, though.
	 */
	update_wd = !was_dirty(o, pair->two->path);
	if (!update_wd)
		output(o, 1, _("Refusing to lose dirty file at %s"),
		       pair->two->path);
	remove_file(o, 1, pair->two->path, !update_wd);

	/* Find or create a new re->dst_entry */
	item = string_list_lookup(entries, new_path);
	if (item) {
		/*
		 * Since we're renaming on this side of history, and it's
		 * due to a directory rename on the other side of history
		 * (which we only allow when the directory in question no
		 * longer exists on the other side of history), the
		 * original entry for re->dst_entry is no longer
		 * necessary...
		 */
		re->dst_entry->processed = 1;

		/*
		 * ...because we'll be using this new one.
		 */
		re->dst_entry = item->util;
	} else {
		/*
		 * re->dst_entry is for the before-dir-rename path, and we
		 * need it to hold information for the after-dir-rename
		 * path.  Before creating a new entry, we need to mark the
		 * old one as unnecessary (...unless it is shared by
		 * src_entry, i.e. this didn't use to be a rename, in which
		 * case we can just allow the normal processing to happen
		 * for it).
		 */
		if (pair->status == 'R')
			re->dst_entry->processed = 1;

		re->dst_entry = insert_stage_data(new_path,
						  o_tree, a_tree, b_tree,
						  entries);
		item = string_list_insert(entries, new_path);
		item->util = re->dst_entry;
	}

	/*
	 * Update the stage_data with the information about the path we are
	 * moving into place.  That slot will be empty and available for us
	 * to write to because of the collision checks in
	 * handle_path_level_conflicts().  In other words,
	 * re->dst_entry->stages[stage].oid will be the null_oid, so it's
	 * open for us to write to.
	 *
	 * It may be tempting to actually update the index at this point as
	 * well, using update_stages_for_stage_data(), but as per the big
	 * "NOTE" in update_stages(), doing so will modify the current
	 * in-memory index which will break calls to would_lose_untracked()
	 * that we need to make.  Instead, we need to just make sure that
	 * the various handle_rename_*() functions update the index
	 * explicitly rather than relying on unpack_trees() to have done it.
	 */
	get_tree_entry(&tree->object.oid,
		       pair->two->path,
		       &re->dst_entry->stages[stage].oid,
		       &re->dst_entry->stages[stage].mode);

	/* Update pair status */
	if (pair->status == 'A') {
		/*
		 * Recording rename information for this add makes it look
		 * like a rename/delete conflict.  Make sure we can
		 * correctly handle this as an add that was moved to a new
		 * directory instead of reporting a rename/delete conflict.
		 */
		re->add_turned_into_rename = 1;
	}
	/*
	 * We don't actually look at pair->status again, but it seems
	 * pedagogically correct to adjust it.
	 */
	pair->status = 'R';

	/*
	 * Finally, record the new location.
	 */
	pair->two->path = new_path;
}

/*
 * Get information of all renames which occurred in 'pairs', making use of
 * any implicit directory renames inferred from the other side of history.
 * We need the three trees in the merge ('o_tree', 'a_tree' and 'b_tree')
 * to be able to associate the correct cache entries with the rename
 * information; tree is always equal to either a_tree or b_tree.
 */
static struct string_list *get_renames(struct merge_options *o,
				       struct diff_queue_struct *pairs,
				       struct hashmap *dir_renames,
				       struct hashmap *dir_rename_exclusions,
				       struct tree *tree,
				       struct tree *o_tree,
				       struct tree *a_tree,
				       struct tree *b_tree,
				       struct string_list *entries,
				       int *clean_merge)
{
	int i;
	struct hashmap collisions;
	struct hashmap_iter iter;
	struct collision_entry *e;
	struct string_list *renames;

	compute_collisions(&collisions, dir_renames, pairs);
	renames = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct string_list));

	for (i = 0; i < pairs->nr; ++i) {
		struct string_list_item *item;
		struct rename *re;
		struct diff_filepair *pair = pairs->queue[i];
		char *new_path; /* non-NULL only with directory renames */

		if (pair->status != 'A' && pair->status != 'R') {
			diff_free_filepair(pair);
			continue;
		}
		new_path = check_for_directory_rename(o, pair->two->path, tree,
						      dir_renames,
						      dir_rename_exclusions,
						      &collisions,
						      clean_merge);
		if (pair->status != 'R' && !new_path) {
			diff_free_filepair(pair);
			continue;
		}

		re = xmalloc(sizeof(*re));
		re->processed = 0;
		re->add_turned_into_rename = 0;
		re->pair = pair;
		item = string_list_lookup(entries, re->pair->one->path);
		if (!item)
			re->src_entry = insert_stage_data(re->pair->one->path,
					o_tree, a_tree, b_tree, entries);
		else
			re->src_entry = item->util;

		item = string_list_lookup(entries, re->pair->two->path);
		if (!item)
			re->dst_entry = insert_stage_data(re->pair->two->path,
					o_tree, a_tree, b_tree, entries);
		else
			re->dst_entry = item->util;
		item = string_list_insert(renames, pair->one->path);
		item->util = re;
		if (new_path)
			apply_directory_rename_modifications(o, pair, new_path,
							     re, tree, o_tree,
							     a_tree, b_tree,
							     entries,
							     clean_merge);
	}

	hashmap_iter_init(&collisions, &iter);
	while ((e = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
		free(e->target_file);
		string_list_clear(&e->source_files, 0);
	}
	hashmap_free(&collisions, 1);
	return renames;
}

static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
			   struct string_list *a_renames,
			   struct string_list *b_renames)
{
	int clean_merge = 1, i, j;
	struct string_list a_by_dst = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
	struct string_list b_by_dst = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
	const struct rename *sre;

	for (i = 0; i < a_renames->nr; i++) {
		sre = a_renames->items[i].util;
		string_list_insert(&a_by_dst, sre->pair->two->path)->util
			= (void *)sre;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < b_renames->nr; i++) {
		sre = b_renames->items[i].util;
		string_list_insert(&b_by_dst, sre->pair->two->path)->util
			= (void *)sre;
	}

	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < a_renames->nr || j < b_renames->nr;) {
		struct string_list *renames1, *renames2Dst;
		struct rename *ren1 = NULL, *ren2 = NULL;
		const char *branch1, *branch2;
		const char *ren1_src, *ren1_dst;
		struct string_list_item *lookup;

		if (i >= a_renames->nr) {
			ren2 = b_renames->items[j++].util;
		} else if (j >= b_renames->nr) {
			ren1 = a_renames->items[i++].util;
		} else {
			int compare = strcmp(a_renames->items[i].string,
					     b_renames->items[j].string);
			if (compare <= 0)
				ren1 = a_renames->items[i++].util;
			if (compare >= 0)
				ren2 = b_renames->items[j++].util;
		}

		/* TODO: refactor, so that 1/2 are not needed */
		if (ren1) {
			renames1 = a_renames;
			renames2Dst = &b_by_dst;
			branch1 = o->branch1;
			branch2 = o->branch2;
		} else {
			renames1 = b_renames;
			renames2Dst = &a_by_dst;
			branch1 = o->branch2;
			branch2 = o->branch1;
			SWAP(ren2, ren1);
		}

		if (ren1->processed)
			continue;
		ren1->processed = 1;
		ren1->dst_entry->processed = 1;
		/* BUG: We should only mark src_entry as processed if we
		 * are not dealing with a rename + add-source case.
		 */
		ren1->src_entry->processed = 1;

		ren1_src = ren1->pair->one->path;
		ren1_dst = ren1->pair->two->path;

		if (ren2) {
			/* One file renamed on both sides */
			const char *ren2_src = ren2->pair->one->path;
			const char *ren2_dst = ren2->pair->two->path;
			enum rename_type rename_type;
			if (strcmp(ren1_src, ren2_src) != 0)
				BUG("ren1_src != ren2_src");
			ren2->dst_entry->processed = 1;
			ren2->processed = 1;
			if (strcmp(ren1_dst, ren2_dst) != 0) {
				rename_type = RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO;
				clean_merge = 0;
			} else {
				rename_type = RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_ONE;
				/* BUG: We should only remove ren1_src in
				 * the base stage (think of rename +
				 * add-source cases).
				 */
				remove_file(o, 1, ren1_src, 1);
				update_entry(ren1->dst_entry,
					     ren1->pair->one,
					     ren1->pair->two,
					     ren2->pair->two);
			}
			setup_rename_conflict_info(rename_type,
						   ren1->pair,
						   ren2->pair,
						   branch1,
						   branch2,
						   ren1->dst_entry,
						   ren2->dst_entry,
						   o,
						   NULL,
						   NULL);
		} else if ((lookup = string_list_lookup(renames2Dst, ren1_dst))) {
			/* Two different files renamed to the same thing */
			char *ren2_dst;
			ren2 = lookup->util;
			ren2_dst = ren2->pair->two->path;
			if (strcmp(ren1_dst, ren2_dst) != 0)
				BUG("ren1_dst != ren2_dst");

			clean_merge = 0;
			ren2->processed = 1;
			/*
			 * BUG: We should only mark src_entry as processed
			 * if we are not dealing with a rename + add-source
			 * case.
			 */
			ren2->src_entry->processed = 1;

			setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE,
						   ren1->pair,
						   ren2->pair,
						   branch1,
						   branch2,
						   ren1->dst_entry,
						   ren2->dst_entry,
						   o,
						   ren1->src_entry,
						   ren2->src_entry);

		} else {
			/* Renamed in 1, maybe changed in 2 */
			/* we only use sha1 and mode of these */
			struct diff_filespec src_other, dst_other;
			int try_merge;

			/*
			 * unpack_trees loads entries from common-commit
			 * into stage 1, from head-commit into stage 2, and
			 * from merge-commit into stage 3.  We keep track
			 * of which side corresponds to the rename.
			 */
			int renamed_stage = a_renames == renames1 ? 2 : 3;
			int other_stage =   a_renames == renames1 ? 3 : 2;

			/* BUG: We should only remove ren1_src in the base
			 * stage and in other_stage (think of rename +
			 * add-source case).
			 */
			remove_file(o, 1, ren1_src,
				    renamed_stage == 2 || !was_tracked(o, ren1_src));

			oidcpy(&src_other.oid,
			       &ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].oid);
			src_other.mode = ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].mode;
			oidcpy(&dst_other.oid,
			       &ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].oid);
			dst_other.mode = ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].mode;
			try_merge = 0;

			if (oid_eq(&src_other.oid, &null_oid) &&
			    ren1->add_turned_into_rename) {
				setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_VIA_DIR,
							   ren1->pair,
							   NULL,
							   branch1,
							   branch2,
							   ren1->dst_entry,
							   NULL,
							   o,
							   NULL,
							   NULL);
			} else if (oid_eq(&src_other.oid, &null_oid)) {
				setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_DELETE,
							   ren1->pair,
							   NULL,
							   branch1,
							   branch2,
							   ren1->dst_entry,
							   NULL,
							   o,
							   NULL,
							   NULL);
			} else if ((dst_other.mode == ren1->pair->two->mode) &&
				   oid_eq(&dst_other.oid, &ren1->pair->two->oid)) {
				/*
				 * Added file on the other side identical to
				 * the file being renamed: clean merge.
				 * Also, there is no need to overwrite the
				 * file already in the working copy, so call
				 * update_file_flags() instead of
				 * update_file().
				 */
				if (update_file_flags(o,
						      &ren1->pair->two->oid,
						      ren1->pair->two->mode,
						      ren1_dst,
						      1, /* update_cache */
						      0  /* update_wd    */))
					clean_merge = -1;
			} else if (!oid_eq(&dst_other.oid, &null_oid)) {
				/*
				 * Probably not a clean merge, but it's
				 * premature to set clean_merge to 0 here,
				 * because if the rename merges cleanly and
				 * the merge exactly matches the newly added
				 * file, then the merge will be clean.
				 */
				setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_ADD,
							   ren1->pair,
							   NULL,
							   branch1,
							   branch2,
							   ren1->dst_entry,
							   NULL,
							   o,
							   ren1->src_entry,
							   NULL);
			} else
				try_merge = 1;

			if (clean_merge < 0)
				goto cleanup_and_return;
			if (try_merge) {
				struct diff_filespec *one, *a, *b;
				src_other.path = (char *)ren1_src;

				one = ren1->pair->one;
				if (a_renames == renames1) {
					a = ren1->pair->two;
					b = &src_other;
				} else {
					b = ren1->pair->two;
					a = &src_other;
				}
				update_entry(ren1->dst_entry, one, a, b);
				setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_NORMAL,
							   ren1->pair,
							   NULL,
							   branch1,
							   NULL,
							   ren1->dst_entry,
							   NULL,
							   o,
							   NULL,
							   NULL);
			}
		}
	}
cleanup_and_return:
	string_list_clear(&a_by_dst, 0);
	string_list_clear(&b_by_dst, 0);

	return clean_merge;
}

struct rename_info {
	struct string_list *head_renames;
	struct string_list *merge_renames;
};

static void initial_cleanup_rename(struct diff_queue_struct *pairs,
				   struct hashmap *dir_renames)
{
	struct hashmap_iter iter;
	struct dir_rename_entry *e;

	hashmap_iter_init(dir_renames, &iter);
	while ((e = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
		free(e->dir);
		strbuf_release(&e->new_dir);
		/* possible_new_dirs already cleared in get_directory_renames */
	}
	hashmap_free(dir_renames, 1);
	free(dir_renames);

	free(pairs->queue);
	free(pairs);
}

static int detect_and_process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
				      struct tree *common,
				      struct tree *head,
				      struct tree *merge,
				      struct string_list *entries,
				      struct rename_info *ri)
{
	struct diff_queue_struct *head_pairs, *merge_pairs;
	struct hashmap *dir_re_head, *dir_re_merge;
	int clean = 1;

	ri->head_renames = NULL;
	ri->merge_renames = NULL;

	if (!merge_detect_rename(o))
		return 1;

	head_pairs = get_diffpairs(o, common, head);
	merge_pairs = get_diffpairs(o, common, merge);

	if (o->detect_directory_renames) {
		dir_re_head = get_directory_renames(head_pairs, head);
		dir_re_merge = get_directory_renames(merge_pairs, merge);

		handle_directory_level_conflicts(o,
						 dir_re_head, head,
						 dir_re_merge, merge);
	} else {
		dir_re_head  = xmalloc(sizeof(*dir_re_head));
		dir_re_merge = xmalloc(sizeof(*dir_re_merge));
		dir_rename_init(dir_re_head);
		dir_rename_init(dir_re_merge);
	}

	ri->head_renames  = get_renames(o, head_pairs,
					dir_re_merge, dir_re_head, head,
					common, head, merge, entries,
					&clean);
	if (clean < 0)
		goto cleanup;
	ri->merge_renames = get_renames(o, merge_pairs,
					dir_re_head, dir_re_merge, merge,
					common, head, merge, entries,
					&clean);
	if (clean < 0)
		goto cleanup;
	clean &= process_renames(o, ri->head_renames, ri->merge_renames);

cleanup:
	/*
	 * Some cleanup is deferred until cleanup_renames() because the
	 * data structures are still needed and referenced in
	 * process_entry().  But there are a few things we can free now.
	 */
	initial_cleanup_rename(head_pairs, dir_re_head);
	initial_cleanup_rename(merge_pairs, dir_re_merge);

	return clean;
}

static void final_cleanup_rename(struct string_list *rename)
{
	const struct rename *re;
	int i;

	if (rename == NULL)
		return;

	for (i = 0; i < rename->nr; i++) {
		re = rename->items[i].util;
		diff_free_filepair(re->pair);
	}
	string_list_clear(rename, 1);
	free(rename);
}

static void final_cleanup_renames(struct rename_info *re_info)
{
	final_cleanup_rename(re_info->head_renames);
	final_cleanup_rename(re_info->merge_renames);
}

static struct object_id *stage_oid(const struct object_id *oid, unsigned mode)
{
	return (is_null_oid(oid) || mode == 0) ? NULL: (struct object_id *)oid;
}

static int read_oid_strbuf(struct merge_options *o,
			   const struct object_id *oid,
			   struct strbuf *dst)
{
	void *buf;
	enum object_type type;
	unsigned long size;
	buf = read_object_file(oid, &type, &size);
	if (!buf)
		return err(o, _("cannot read object %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
	if (type != OBJ_BLOB) {
		free(buf);
		return err(o, _("object %s is not a blob"), oid_to_hex(oid));
	}
	strbuf_attach(dst, buf, size, size + 1);
	return 0;
}

static int blob_unchanged(struct merge_options *opt,
			  const struct object_id *o_oid,
			  unsigned o_mode,
			  const struct object_id *a_oid,
			  unsigned a_mode,
			  int renormalize, const char *path)
{
	struct strbuf o = STRBUF_INIT;
	struct strbuf a = STRBUF_INIT;
	int ret = 0; /* assume changed for safety */

	if (a_mode != o_mode)
		return 0;
	if (oid_eq(o_oid, a_oid))
		return 1;
	if (!renormalize)
		return 0;

	assert(o_oid && a_oid);
	if (read_oid_strbuf(opt, o_oid, &o) || read_oid_strbuf(opt, a_oid, &a))
		goto error_return;
	/*
	 * Note: binary | is used so that both renormalizations are
	 * performed.  Comparison can be skipped if both files are
	 * unchanged since their sha1s have already been compared.
	 */
	if (renormalize_buffer(&the_index, path, o.buf, o.len, &o) |
	    renormalize_buffer(&the_index, path, a.buf, a.len, &a))
		ret = (o.len == a.len && !memcmp(o.buf, a.buf, o.len));

error_return:
	strbuf_release(&o);
	strbuf_release(&a);
	return ret;
}

static int handle_modify_delete(struct merge_options *o,
				const char *path,
				struct object_id *o_oid, int o_mode,
				struct object_id *a_oid, int a_mode,
				struct object_id *b_oid, int b_mode)
{
	const char *modify_branch, *delete_branch;
	struct object_id *changed_oid;
	int changed_mode;

	if (a_oid) {
		modify_branch = o->branch1;
		delete_branch = o->branch2;
		changed_oid = a_oid;
		changed_mode = a_mode;
	} else {
		modify_branch = o->branch2;
		delete_branch = o->branch1;
		changed_oid = b_oid;
		changed_mode = b_mode;
	}

	return handle_change_delete(o,
				    path, NULL,
				    o_oid, o_mode,
				    changed_oid, changed_mode,
				    modify_branch, delete_branch,
				    _("modify"), _("modified"));
}

static int handle_content_merge(struct merge_options *o,
				const char *path,
				int is_dirty,
				struct object_id *o_oid, int o_mode,
				struct object_id *a_oid, int a_mode,
				struct object_id *b_oid, int b_mode,
				struct rename_conflict_info *rename_conflict_info)
{
	const char *reason = _("content");
	const char *path1 = NULL, *path2 = NULL;
	struct merge_file_info mfi;
	struct diff_filespec one, a, b;
	unsigned df_conflict_remains = 0;

	if (!o_oid) {
		reason = _("add/add");
		o_oid = (struct object_id *)&null_oid;
	}
	one.path = a.path = b.path = (char *)path;
	oidcpy(&one.oid, o_oid);
	one.mode = o_mode;
	oidcpy(&a.oid, a_oid);
	a.mode = a_mode;
	oidcpy(&b.oid, b_oid);
	b.mode = b_mode;

	if (rename_conflict_info) {
		struct diff_filepair *pair1 = rename_conflict_info->pair1;

		path1 = (o->branch1 == rename_conflict_info->branch1) ?
			pair1->two->path : pair1->one->path;
		/* If rename_conflict_info->pair2 != NULL, we are in
		 * RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_ONE case.  Otherwise, we have a
		 * normal rename.
		 */
		path2 = (rename_conflict_info->pair2 ||
			 o->branch2 == rename_conflict_info->branch1) ?
			pair1->two->path : pair1->one->path;
		one.path = pair1->one->path;
		a.path = (char *)path1;
		b.path = (char *)path2;

		if (dir_in_way(path, !o->call_depth,
			       S_ISGITLINK(pair1->two->mode)))
			df_conflict_remains = 1;
	}
	if (merge_mode_and_contents(o, &one, &a, &b, path,
				    o->branch1, o->branch2,
				    o->call_depth * 2, &mfi))
		return -1;

	/*
	 * We can skip updating the working tree file iff:
	 *   a) The merge is clean
	 *   b) The merge matches what was in HEAD (content, mode, pathname)
	 *   c) The target path is usable (i.e. not involved in D/F conflict)
	 */
	if (mfi.clean &&
	    was_tracked_and_matches(o, path, &mfi.oid, mfi.mode) &&
	    !df_conflict_remains) {
		int pos;
		struct cache_entry *ce;

		output(o, 3, _("Skipped %s (merged same as existing)"), path);
		if (add_cacheinfo(o, mfi.mode, &mfi.oid, path,
				  0, (!o->call_depth && !is_dirty), 0))
			return -1;
		/*
		 * However, add_cacheinfo() will delete the old cache entry
		 * and add a new one.  We need to copy over any skip_worktree
		 * flag to avoid making the file appear as if it were
		 * deleted by the user.
		 */
		pos = index_name_pos(&o->orig_index, path, strlen(path));
		ce = o->orig_index.cache[pos];
		if (ce_skip_worktree(ce)) {
			pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, path, strlen(path));
			ce = the_index.cache[pos];
			ce->ce_flags |= CE_SKIP_WORKTREE;
		}
		return mfi.clean;
	}

	if (!mfi.clean) {
		if (S_ISGITLINK(mfi.mode))
			reason = _("submodule");
		output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s): Merge conflict in %s"),
				reason, path);
		if (rename_conflict_info && !df_conflict_remains)
			if (update_stages(o, path, &one, &a, &b))
				return -1;
	}

	if (df_conflict_remains || is_dirty) {
		char *new_path;
		if (o->call_depth) {
			remove_file_from_cache(path);
		} else {
			if (!mfi.clean) {
				if (update_stages(o, path, &one, &a, &b))
					return -1;
			} else {
				int file_from_stage2 = was_tracked(o, path);
				struct diff_filespec merged;
				oidcpy(&merged.oid, &mfi.oid);
				merged.mode = mfi.mode;

				if (update_stages(o, path, NULL,
						  file_from_stage2 ? &merged : NULL,
						  file_from_stage2 ? NULL : &merged))
					return -1;
			}

		}
		new_path = unique_path(o, path, rename_conflict_info->branch1);
		if (is_dirty) {
			output(o, 1, _("Refusing to lose dirty file at %s"),
			       path);
		}
		output(o, 1, _("Adding as %s instead"), new_path);
		if (update_file(o, 0, &mfi.oid, mfi.mode, new_path)) {
			free(new_path);
			return -1;
		}
		free(new_path);
		mfi.clean = 0;
	} else if (update_file(o, mfi.clean, &mfi.oid, mfi.mode, path))
		return -1;
	return !is_dirty && mfi.clean;
}

static int handle_rename_normal(struct merge_options *o,
				const char *path,
				struct object_id *o_oid, unsigned int o_mode,
				struct object_id *a_oid, unsigned int a_mode,
				struct object_id *b_oid, unsigned int b_mode,
				struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
{
	/* Merge the content and write it out */
	return handle_content_merge(o, path, was_dirty(o, path),
				    o_oid, o_mode, a_oid, a_mode, b_oid, b_mode,
				    ci);
}

/* Per entry merge function */
static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
			 const char *path, struct stage_data *entry)
{
	int clean_merge = 1;
	int normalize = o->renormalize;
	unsigned o_mode = entry->stages[1].mode;
	unsigned a_mode = entry->stages[2].mode;
	unsigned b_mode = entry->stages[3].mode;
	struct object_id *o_oid = stage_oid(&entry->stages[1].oid, o_mode);
	struct object_id *a_oid = stage_oid(&entry->stages[2].oid, a_mode);
	struct object_id *b_oid = stage_oid(&entry->stages[3].oid, b_mode);

	entry->processed = 1;
	if (entry->rename_conflict_info) {
		struct rename_conflict_info *conflict_info = entry->rename_conflict_info;
		switch (conflict_info->rename_type) {
		case RENAME_NORMAL:
		case RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_ONE:
			clean_merge = handle_rename_normal(o,
							   path,
							   o_oid, o_mode,
							   a_oid, a_mode,
							   b_oid, b_mode,
							   conflict_info);
			break;
		case RENAME_VIA_DIR:
			clean_merge = 1;
			if (handle_rename_via_dir(o,
						  conflict_info->pair1,
						  conflict_info->branch1,
						  conflict_info->branch2))
				clean_merge = -1;
			break;
		case RENAME_ADD:
			/*
			 * Probably unclean merge, but if the renamed file
			 * merges cleanly and the result can then be
			 * two-way merged cleanly with the added file, I
			 * guess it's a clean merge?
			 */
			clean_merge = handle_rename_add(o, conflict_info);
			break;
		case RENAME_DELETE:
			clean_merge = 0;
			if (handle_rename_delete(o,
						 conflict_info->pair1,
						 conflict_info->branch1,
						 conflict_info->branch2))
				clean_merge = -1;
			break;
		case RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO:
			clean_merge = 0;
			if (handle_rename_rename_1to2(o, conflict_info))
				clean_merge = -1;
			break;
		case RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE:
			/*
			 * Probably unclean merge, but if the two renamed
			 * files merge cleanly and the two resulting files
			 * can then be two-way merged cleanly, I guess it's
			 * a clean merge?
			 */
			clean_merge = handle_rename_rename_2to1(o,
								conflict_info);
			break;
		default:
			entry->processed = 0;
			break;
		}
	} else if (o_oid && (!a_oid || !b_oid)) {
		/* Case A: Deleted in one */
		if ((!a_oid && !b_oid) ||
		    (!b_oid && blob_unchanged(o, o_oid, o_mode, a_oid, a_mode, normalize, path)) ||
		    (!a_oid && blob_unchanged(o, o_oid, o_mode, b_oid, b_mode, normalize, path))) {
			/* Deleted in both or deleted in one and
			 * unchanged in the other */
			if (a_oid)
				output(o, 2, _("Removing %s"), path);
			/* do not touch working file if it did not exist */
			remove_file(o, 1, path, !a_oid);
		} else {
			/* Modify/delete; deleted side may have put a directory in the way */
			clean_merge = 0;
			if (handle_modify_delete(o, path, o_oid, o_mode,
						 a_oid, a_mode, b_oid, b_mode))
				clean_merge = -1;
		}
	} else if ((!o_oid && a_oid && !b_oid) ||
		   (!o_oid && !a_oid && b_oid)) {
		/* Case B: Added in one. */
		/* [nothing|directory] -> ([nothing|directory], file) */

		const char *add_branch;
		const char *other_branch;
		unsigned mode;
		const struct object_id *oid;
		const char *conf;

		if (a_oid) {
			add_branch = o->branch1;
			other_branch = o->branch2;
			mode = a_mode;
			oid = a_oid;
			conf = _("file/directory");
		} else {
			add_branch = o->branch2;
			other_branch = o->branch1;
			mode = b_mode;
			oid = b_oid;
			conf = _("directory/file");
		}
		if (dir_in_way(path,
			       !o->call_depth && !S_ISGITLINK(a_mode),
			       0)) {
			char *new_path = unique_path(o, path, add_branch);
			clean_merge = 0;
			output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s): There is a directory with name %s in %s. "
			       "Adding %s as %s"),
			       conf, path, other_branch, path, new_path);
			if (update_file(o, 0, oid, mode, new_path))
				clean_merge = -1;
			else if (o->call_depth)
				remove_file_from_cache(path);
			free(new_path);
		} else {
			output(o, 2, _("Adding %s"), path);
			/* do not overwrite file if already present */
			if (update_file_flags(o, oid, mode, path, 1, !a_oid))
				clean_merge = -1;
		}
	} else if (a_oid && b_oid) {
		if (!o_oid) {
			/* Case C: Added in both (check for same permissions) */
			output(o, 1,
			       _("CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in %s"),
			       path);
			clean_merge = handle_file_collision(o,
							    path, NULL, NULL,
							    o->branch1,
							    o->branch2,
							    a_oid, a_mode,
							    b_oid, b_mode);
		} else {
			/* case D: Modified in both, but differently. */
			int is_dirty = 0; /* unpack_trees would have bailed if dirty */
			clean_merge = handle_content_merge(o, path,
							   is_dirty,
							   o_oid, o_mode,
							   a_oid, a_mode,
							   b_oid, b_mode,
							   NULL);
		}
	} else if (!o_oid && !a_oid && !b_oid) {
		/*
		 * this entry was deleted altogether. a_mode == 0 means
		 * we had that path and want to actively remove it.
		 */
		remove_file(o, 1, path, !a_mode);
	} else
		BUG("fatal merge failure, shouldn't happen.");

	return clean_merge;
}

int merge_trees(struct merge_options *o,
		struct tree *head,
		struct tree *merge,
		struct tree *common,
		struct tree **result)
{
	int code, clean;
	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

	if (!o->call_depth && index_has_changes(&the_index, head, &sb)) {
		err(o, _("Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by merge:\n  %s"),
		    sb.buf);
		return -1;
	}

	if (o->subtree_shift) {
		merge = shift_tree_object(head, merge, o->subtree_shift);
		common = shift_tree_object(head, common, o->subtree_shift);
	}

	if (oid_eq(&common->object.oid, &merge->object.oid)) {
		output(o, 0, _("Already up to date!"));
		*result = head;
		return 1;
	}

	code = unpack_trees_start(o, common, head, merge);

	if (code != 0) {
		if (show(o, 4) || o->call_depth)
			err(o, _("merging of trees %s and %s failed"),
			    oid_to_hex(&head->object.oid),
			    oid_to_hex(&merge->object.oid));
		unpack_trees_finish(o);
		return -1;
	}

	if (unmerged_cache()) {
		struct string_list *entries;
		struct rename_info re_info;
		int i;
		/*
		 * Only need the hashmap while processing entries, so
		 * initialize it here and free it when we are done running
		 * through the entries. Keeping it in the merge_options as
		 * opposed to decaring a local hashmap is for convenience
		 * so that we don't have to pass it to around.
		 */
		hashmap_init(&o->current_file_dir_set, path_hashmap_cmp, NULL, 512);
		get_files_dirs(o, head);
		get_files_dirs(o, merge);

		entries = get_unmerged();
		clean = detect_and_process_renames(o, common, head, merge,
						   entries, &re_info);
		record_df_conflict_files(o, entries);
		if (clean < 0)
			goto cleanup;
		for (i = entries->nr-1; 0 <= i; i--) {
			const char *path = entries->items[i].string;
			struct stage_data *e = entries->items[i].util;
			if (!e->processed) {
				int ret = process_entry(o, path, e);
				if (!ret)
					clean = 0;
				else if (ret < 0) {
					clean = ret;
					goto cleanup;
				}
			}
		}
		for (i = 0; i < entries->nr; i++) {
			struct stage_data *e = entries->items[i].util;
			if (!e->processed)
				BUG("unprocessed path??? %s",
				    entries->items[i].string);
		}

	cleanup:
		final_cleanup_renames(&re_info);

		string_list_clear(entries, 1);
		free(entries);

		hashmap_free(&o->current_file_dir_set, 1);

		if (clean < 0) {
			unpack_trees_finish(o);
			return clean;
		}
	}
	else
		clean = 1;

	unpack_trees_finish(o);

	if (o->call_depth && !(*result = write_tree_from_memory(o)))
		return -1;

	return clean;
}

static struct commit_list *reverse_commit_list(struct commit_list *list)
{
	struct commit_list *next = NULL, *current, *backup;
	for (current = list; current; current = backup) {
		backup = current->next;
		current->next = next;
		next = current;
	}
	return next;
}

/*
 * Merge the commits h1 and h2, return the resulting virtual
 * commit object and a flag indicating the cleanness of the merge.
 */
int merge_recursive(struct merge_options *o,
		    struct commit *h1,
		    struct commit *h2,
		    struct commit_list *ca,
		    struct commit **result)
{
	struct commit_list *iter;
	struct commit *merged_common_ancestors;
	struct tree *mrtree;
	int clean;

	if (show(o, 4)) {
		output(o, 4, _("Merging:"));
		output_commit_title(o, h1);
		output_commit_title(o, h2);
	}

	if (!ca) {
		ca = get_merge_bases(h1, h2);
		ca = reverse_commit_list(ca);
	}

	if (show(o, 5)) {
		unsigned cnt = commit_list_count(ca);

		output(o, 5, Q_("found %u common ancestor:",
				"found %u common ancestors:", cnt), cnt);
		for (iter = ca; iter; iter = iter->next)
			output_commit_title(o, iter->item);
	}

	merged_common_ancestors = pop_commit(&ca);
	if (merged_common_ancestors == NULL) {
		/* if there is no common ancestor, use an empty tree */
		struct tree *tree;

		tree = lookup_tree(the_repository, the_repository->hash_algo->empty_tree);
		merged_common_ancestors = make_virtual_commit(tree, "ancestor");
	}

	for (iter = ca; iter; iter = iter->next) {
		const char *saved_b1, *saved_b2;
		o->call_depth++;
		/*
		 * When the merge fails, the result contains files
		 * with conflict markers. The cleanness flag is
		 * ignored (unless indicating an error), it was never
		 * actually used, as result of merge_trees has always
		 * overwritten it: the committed "conflicts" were
		 * already resolved.
		 */
		discard_cache();
		saved_b1 = o->branch1;
		saved_b2 = o->branch2;
		o->branch1 = "Temporary merge branch 1";
		o->branch2 = "Temporary merge branch 2";
		if (merge_recursive(o, merged_common_ancestors, iter->item,
				    NULL, &merged_common_ancestors) < 0)
			return -1;
		o->branch1 = saved_b1;
		o->branch2 = saved_b2;
		o->call_depth--;

		if (!merged_common_ancestors)
			return err(o, _("merge returned no commit"));
	}

	discard_cache();
	if (!o->call_depth)
		read_cache();

	o->ancestor = "merged common ancestors";
	clean = merge_trees(o, get_commit_tree(h1), get_commit_tree(h2),
			    get_commit_tree(merged_common_ancestors),
			    &mrtree);
	if (clean < 0) {
		flush_output(o);
		return clean;
	}

	if (o->call_depth) {
		*result = make_virtual_commit(mrtree, "merged tree");
		commit_list_insert(h1, &(*result)->parents);
		commit_list_insert(h2, &(*result)->parents->next);
	}
	flush_output(o);
	if (!o->call_depth && o->buffer_output < 2)
		strbuf_release(&o->obuf);
	if (show(o, 2))
		diff_warn_rename_limit("merge.renamelimit",
				       o->needed_rename_limit, 0);
	return clean;
}

static struct commit *get_ref(const struct object_id *oid, const char *name)
{
	struct object *object;

	object = deref_tag(the_repository, parse_object(the_repository, oid),
			   name,
			   strlen(name));
	if (!object)
		return NULL;
	if (object->type == OBJ_TREE)
		return make_virtual_commit((struct tree*)object, name);
	if (object->type != OBJ_COMMIT)
		return NULL;
	if (parse_commit((struct commit *)object))
		return NULL;
	return (struct commit *)object;
}

int merge_recursive_generic(struct merge_options *o,
			    const struct object_id *head,
			    const struct object_id *merge,
			    int num_base_list,
			    const struct object_id **base_list,
			    struct commit **result)
{
	int clean;
	struct lock_file lock = LOCK_INIT;
	struct commit *head_commit = get_ref(head, o->branch1);
	struct commit *next_commit = get_ref(merge, o->branch2);
	struct commit_list *ca = NULL;

	if (base_list) {
		int i;
		for (i = 0; i < num_base_list; ++i) {
			struct commit *base;
			if (!(base = get_ref(base_list[i], oid_to_hex(base_list[i]))))
				return err(o, _("Could not parse object '%s'"),
					   oid_to_hex(base_list[i]));
			commit_list_insert(base, &ca);
		}
	}

	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
	clean = merge_recursive(o, head_commit, next_commit, ca,
				result);
	if (clean < 0) {
		rollback_lock_file(&lock);
		return clean;
	}

	if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &lock,
			       COMMIT_LOCK | SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED))
		return err(o, _("Unable to write index."));

	return clean ? 0 : 1;
}

static void merge_recursive_config(struct merge_options *o)
{
	char *value = NULL;
	git_config_get_int("merge.verbosity", &o->verbosity);
	git_config_get_int("diff.renamelimit", &o->diff_rename_limit);
	git_config_get_int("merge.renamelimit", &o->merge_rename_limit);
	if (!git_config_get_string("diff.renames", &value)) {
		o->diff_detect_rename = git_config_rename("diff.renames", value);
		free(value);
	}
	if (!git_config_get_string("merge.renames", &value)) {
		o->merge_detect_rename = git_config_rename("merge.renames", value);
		free(value);
	}
	git_config(git_xmerge_config, NULL);
}

void init_merge_options(struct merge_options *o)
{
	const char *merge_verbosity;
	memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct merge_options));
	o->verbosity = 2;
	o->buffer_output = 1;
	o->diff_rename_limit = -1;
	o->merge_rename_limit = -1;
	o->renormalize = 0;
	o->diff_detect_rename = -1;
	o->merge_detect_rename = -1;
	o->detect_directory_renames = 1;
	merge_recursive_config(o);
	merge_verbosity = getenv("GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY");
	if (merge_verbosity)
		o->verbosity = strtol(merge_verbosity, NULL, 10);
	if (o->verbosity >= 5)
		o->buffer_output = 0;
	strbuf_init(&o->obuf, 0);
	string_list_init(&o->df_conflict_file_set, 1);
}

int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *o, const char *s)
{
	const char *arg;

	if (!s || !*s)
		return -1;
	if (!strcmp(s, "ours"))
		o->recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS;
	else if (!strcmp(s, "theirs"))
		o->recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS;
	else if (!strcmp(s, "subtree"))
		o->subtree_shift = "";
	else if (skip_prefix(s, "subtree=", &arg))
		o->subtree_shift = arg;
	else if (!strcmp(s, "patience"))
		o->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(o, PATIENCE_DIFF);
	else if (!strcmp(s, "histogram"))
		o->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(o, HISTOGRAM_DIFF);
	else if (skip_prefix(s, "diff-algorithm=", &arg)) {
		long value = parse_algorithm_value(arg);
		if (value < 0)
			return -1;
		/* clear out previous settings */
		DIFF_XDL_CLR(o, NEED_MINIMAL);
		o->xdl_opts &= ~XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK;
		o->xdl_opts |= value;
	}
	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-change"))
		DIFF_XDL_SET(o, IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE);
	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-all-space"))
		DIFF_XDL_SET(o, IGNORE_WHITESPACE);
	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-at-eol"))
		DIFF_XDL_SET(o, IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL);
	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-cr-at-eol"))
		DIFF_XDL_SET(o, IGNORE_CR_AT_EOL);
	else if (!strcmp(s, "renormalize"))
		o->renormalize = 1;
	else if (!strcmp(s, "no-renormalize"))
		o->renormalize = 0;
	else if (!strcmp(s, "no-renames"))
		o->merge_detect_rename = 0;
	else if (!strcmp(s, "find-renames")) {
		o->merge_detect_rename = 1;
		o->rename_score = 0;
	}
	else if (skip_prefix(s, "find-renames=", &arg) ||
		 skip_prefix(s, "rename-threshold=", &arg)) {
		if ((o->rename_score = parse_rename_score(&arg)) == -1 || *arg != 0)
			return -1;
		o->merge_detect_rename = 1;
	}
	else
		return -1;
	return 0;
}