hashmap: adjust documentation to reflect reality

The hashmap API is just complicated enough that even at least one
long-time Git contributor has to look up how to use it every time he
finds a new use case. When that happens, it is really useful if the
provided example code is correct...

While at it, "fix a memory leak", avoid statements before variable
declarations, fix a const -> no-const cast, several %l specifiers (which
want to be %ld), avoid using an undefined constant, call scanf()
correctly, use FLEX_ALLOC_STR() where appropriate, and adjust the style
here and there.

Signed-off-by: Johannes Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
Reviewed-by: Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

hashmap.h

@@ -18,75 +18,71 @@
  *
  * #define COMPARE_VALUE 1
  *
- * static int long2string_cmp(const struct long2string *e1,
+ * static int long2string_cmp(const void *hashmap_cmp_fn_data,
+ *                            const struct long2string *e1,
  *                            const struct long2string *e2,
- *                            const void *keydata, const void *userdata)
+ *                            const void *keydata)
  * {
- *     char *string = keydata;
- *     unsigned *flags = (unsigned*)userdata;
+ *     const char *string = keydata;
+ *     unsigned flags = *(unsigned *)hashmap_cmp_fn_data;
  *
  *     if (flags & COMPARE_VALUE)
- *         return !(e1->key == e2->key) || (keydata ?
- *                  strcmp(e1->value, keydata) : strcmp(e1->value, e2->value));
+ *         return e1->key != e2->key ||
+ *                  strcmp(e1->value, string ? string : e2->value);
  *     else
- *         return !(e1->key == e2->key);
+ *         return e1->key != e2->key;
  * }
  *
  * int main(int argc, char **argv)
  * {
  *     long key;
- *     char *value, *action;
- *
- *     unsigned flags = ALLOW_DUPLICATE_KEYS;
+ *     char value[255], action[32];
+ *     unsigned flags = 0;
  *
  *     hashmap_init(&map, (hashmap_cmp_fn) long2string_cmp, &flags, 0);
  *
- *     while (scanf("%s %l %s", action, key, value)) {
+ *     while (scanf("%s %ld %s", action, &key, value)) {
  *
  *         if (!strcmp("add", action)) {
  *             struct long2string *e;
- *             e = malloc(sizeof(struct long2string) + strlen(value));
+ *             FLEX_ALLOC_STR(e, value, value);
  *             hashmap_entry_init(e, memhash(&key, sizeof(long)));
  *             e->key = key;
- *             memcpy(e->value, value, strlen(value));
  *             hashmap_add(&map, e);
  *         }
  *
  *         if (!strcmp("print_all_by_key", action)) {
- *             flags &= ~COMPARE_VALUE;
- *
- *             struct long2string k;
+ *             struct long2string k, *e;
  *             hashmap_entry_init(&k, memhash(&key, sizeof(long)));
  *             k.key = key;
  *
- *             struct long2string *e = hashmap_get(&map, &k, NULL);
+ *             flags &= ~COMPARE_VALUE;
+ *             e = hashmap_get(&map, &k, NULL);
  *             if (e) {
- *                 printf("first: %l %s\n", e->key, e->value);
- *                 while (e = hashmap_get_next(&map, e))
- *                     printf("found more: %l %s\n", e->key, e->value);
+ *                 printf("first: %ld %s\n", e->key, e->value);
+ *                 while ((e = hashmap_get_next(&map, e)))
+ *                     printf("found more: %ld %s\n", e->key, e->value);
  *             }
  *         }
  *
  *         if (!strcmp("has_exact_match", action)) {
- *             flags |= COMPARE_VALUE;
- *
  *             struct long2string *e;
- *             e = malloc(sizeof(struct long2string) + strlen(value));
+ *             FLEX_ALLOC_STR(e, value, value);
  *             hashmap_entry_init(e, memhash(&key, sizeof(long)));
  *             e->key = key;
- *             memcpy(e->value, value, strlen(value));
  *
- *             printf("%s found\n", hashmap_get(&map, e, NULL) ? "" : "not");
+ *             flags |= COMPARE_VALUE;
+ *             printf("%sfound\n", hashmap_get(&map, e, NULL) ? "" : "not ");
+ *             free(e);
  *         }
  *
  *         if (!strcmp("has_exact_match_no_heap_alloc", action)) {
+ *             struct long2string k;
+ *             hashmap_entry_init(&k, memhash(&key, sizeof(long)));
+ *             k.key = key;
+ *
  *             flags |= COMPARE_VALUE;
- *
- *             struct long2string e;
- *             hashmap_entry_init(e, memhash(&key, sizeof(long)));
- *             e.key = key;
- *
- *             printf("%s found\n", hashmap_get(&map, e, value) ? "" : "not");
+ *             printf("%sfound\n", hashmap_get(&map, &k, value) ? "" : "not ");
  *         }
  *
  *         if (!strcmp("end", action)) {
@@ -94,6 +90,8 @@
  *             break;
  *         }
  *     }
+ *
+ *     return 0;
  * }
  */