Various 'reset' optimizations and clean-ups, followed by a change
to allow "git reset" to work even on an unborn branch.
* mz/reset-misc:
reset: update documentation to require only tree-ish with paths
reset [--mixed]: use diff-based reset whether or not pathspec was given
reset: allow reset on unborn branch
reset $sha1 $pathspec: require $sha1 only to be treeish
reset.c: inline update_index_refresh()
reset.c: finish entire cmd_reset() whether or not pathspec is given
reset [--mixed]: only write index file once
reset.c: move lock, write and commit out of update_index_refresh()
reset.c: move update_index_refresh() call out of read_from_tree()
reset.c: replace switch by if-else
reset: avoid redundant error message
reset --keep: only write index file once
reset.c: share call to die_if_unmerged_cache()
reset.c: extract function for updating {ORIG_,}HEAD
reset.c: remove unnecessary variable 'i'
reset.c: extract function for parsing arguments
reset: don't allow "git reset -- $pathspec" in bare repo
reset.c: pass pathspec around instead of (prefix, argv) pair
reset $pathspec: exit with code 0 if successful
reset $pathspec: no need to discard index
"git clean" states what it is going to remove and then goes on to
remove it, but sometimes it only discovers things that cannot be
removed after recursing into a directory, which makes the output
confusing and even wrong.
* zk/clean-report-failure:
git-clean: Display more accurate delete messages
Add a configuration variable to set default clean-up mode other
than "strip".
* rt/commit-cleanup-config:
commit: make default of "cleanup" option configurable
Teach commands in the "log" family to optionally pay attention to
the mailmap.
* ap/log-mailmap:
log --use-mailmap: optimize for cases without --author/--committer search
log: add log.mailmap configuration option
log: grep author/committer using mailmap
test: add test for --use-mailmap option
log: add --use-mailmap option
pretty: use mailmap to display username and email
mailmap: add mailmap structure to rev_info and pp
mailmap: simplify map_user() interface
mailmap: remove email copy and length limitation
Use split_ident_line to parse author and committer
string-list: allow case-insensitive string list
When resetting with paths, we no longer require a commit argument, but
only a tree-ish. Update the documentation and synopsis accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Thanks to b65982b (Optimize "diff-index --cached" using cache-tree,
2009-05-20), resetting with paths is much faster than resetting
without paths. Some timings for the linux-2.6 repo to illustrate this
(best of five, warm cache):
reset reset .
real 0m0.219s 0m0.080s
user 0m0.140s 0m0.040s
sys 0m0.070s 0m0.030s
These two commands should do the same thing, so instead of having the
user type the trailing " ." to get the faster do_diff_cache()-based
implementation, always use it when doing a mixed reset, with or
without paths (so "git reset $rev" would also be faster).
Timing "git reset" shows that it indeed becomes as fast as
"git reset ." after this patch.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Some users seem to think, knowingly or not, that being on an unborn
branch is like having a commit with an empty tree checked out, but
when run on an unborn branch, "git reset" currently fails with:
fatal: Failed to resolve 'HEAD' as a valid ref.
Instead of making users figure out that they should run
git rm --cached -r .
, let's teach "git reset" without a revision argument, when on an
unborn branch, to behave as if the user asked to reset to an empty
tree. Don't take the analogy with an empty commit too far, though, but
still disallow explictly referring to HEAD in "git reset HEAD".
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Resetting with paths does not update HEAD and there is nothing else
that a commit should be needed for. Relax the argument parsing so only
a tree is required.
The sha1 is only passed to read_from_tree(), which already only
requires a tree.
The "rev" variable we pass to run_add_interactive() will resolve to a
tree. This is fine since interactive_reset only needs the parameter to
be a treeish and doesn't use it for display purposes.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Now that there is only one caller left to the single-line method
update_index_refresh(), inline it.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
By not returning from inside the "if (pathspec)" block, we can let the
pathspec-aware and pathspec-less code share a bit more, making it
easier to make future changes that should affect both cases. This also
highlights the similarity between read_from_tree() and reset_index().
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
When doing a mixed reset without paths, the index is locked, read,
reset, and written back as part of the actual reset operation (in
reset_index()). Then, when showing the list of worktree modifications,
we lock the index again, refresh it, and write it.
Change this so we only write the index once, making "git reset" a
little faster. It does mean that the index lock will be held a little
longer, but the difference is small compared to the time spent
refreshing the index.
There is one minor functional difference: We used to say "Could not
write new index file." if the first write failed, and "Could not
refresh index" if the second write failed. Now, we will only use the
first message.
This speeds up "git reset" a little on the linux-2.6 repo (best of
five, warm cache):
Before After
real 0m0.239s 0m0.214s
user 0m0.160s 0m0.130s
sys 0m0.070s 0m0.080s
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
In preparation for the/a following patch, move the locking, writing
and committing of the index file out of update_index_refresh(). The
code duplication caused will soon be taken care of. What remains of
update_index_refresh() is just one line, but it is still called from
two places, so let's leave it for now.
In the process, we expose and fix the minor UI bug that makes us print
"Could not refresh index" when we fail to write the index file when
invoked with a pathspec. Copy the error message from the pathspec-less
codepath ("Could not write new index file.").
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
The final part of cmd_reset() essentially looks like:
if (pathspec) {
...
read_from_tree(...);
} else {
...
reset_index(...);
update_index_refresh(...);
...
}
where read_from_tree() internally also calls
update_index_refresh(). Move the call to update_index_refresh() out of
read_from_tree for symmetry with the 'else' block, making
read_from_tree() and reset_index() closer in functionality.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
The switch statement towards the end of reset.c is missing case arms
for KEEP and MERGE for no obvious reason, and soon the only non-empty
case arm will be the one for HARD. So let's proactively replace it by
if-else, which will let us move one if statement out without leaving
funny-looking left-overs.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
If writing or committing the new index file fails, we print "Could not
write new index file." followed by "Could not reset index file to
revision $rev.". The first message seems to imply the second, so print
only the first message.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
"git reset --keep" calls reset_index_file() twice, first doing a
two-way merge to the target revision, updating the index and worktree,
and then resetting the index. After each call, we write the index
file.
In the unlikely event that the second call to reset_index_file()
fails, the index will have been merged to the target revision, but
HEAD will not be updated, leaving the user with a dirty index.
By moving the locking, writing and committing out of
reset_index_file() and into the caller, we can avoid writing the index
twice, thereby making the sure we don't end up in the half-way reset
state. As a bonus, we speed up "git reset --keep" a little on the
linux-2.6 repo (best of five, warm cache):
Before After
real 0m0.315s 0m0.296s
user 0m0.290s 0m0.280s
sys 0m0.020s 0m0.010s
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Use a single condition to guard the call to die_if_unmerged_cache for
both --soft and --keep. This avoids the small distraction of the
precondition check from the logic following it.
Also change an instance of
if (e)
err = err || f();
to the almost as short, but clearer
if (e && !err)
err = f();
(which is equivalent since we only care whether exit code is 0)
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
By extracting the code for updating the HEAD and ORIG_HEAD symbolic
references to a separate function, we declutter cmd_reset() a bit and
we make it clear that e.g. the four variables {,sha1_}{,old_}orig are
only used by this code.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Throughout most of parse_args(), the variable 'i' remains at 0. Many
references are still made to the variable even when it could only have
the value 0. This made at least me, who has relatively little
experience with C programming styles, think that parts of the function
was meant to be part of a loop. To avoid such confusion, remove the
variable and also the 'argc' parameter and check for NULL trailing
argv instead.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Declutter cmd_reset() a bit by moving out the argument parsing to its
own function.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Running e.g. "git reset ." in a bare repo results in an index file
being created from the HEAD commit. The differences compared to the
index are then printed as usual, but since there is no worktree, it
will appear as if all files are deleted. For example, in a bare clone
of git.git:
Unstaged changes after reset:
D .gitattributes
D .gitignore
D .mailmap
...
This happens because the check for is_bare_repository() happens after
we branch off into read_from_tree() to reset with paths. Fix by moving
the branching point after the check.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
We use the path arguments in two places in reset.c: in
interactive_reset() and read_from_tree(). Both of these call
get_pathspec(), so we pass the (prefix, argv) pair to both
functions. Move the call to get_pathspec() out of these methods, for
two reasons: 1) One argument is simpler than two. 2) It lets us use
the (arguably clearer) "if (pathspec)" in place of "if (i < argc)".
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
"git reset $pathspec" currently exits with a non-zero exit code if the
worktree is dirty after resetting, which is inconsistent with reset
without pathspec, and it makes it harder to know whether the command
really failed. Change it to exit with code 0 regardless of whether the
worktree is dirty so that non-zero indicates an error.
This makes the 4 "disambiguation" test cases in t7102 clearer since
they all used to "fail", 3 of which "failed" due to changes in the
work tree. Now only the ambiguous one fails.
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Since 34110cd (Make 'unpack_trees()' have a separate source and
destination index, 2008-03-06), the index no longer gets clobbered by
do_diff_cache() and we can remove the code for discarding and
re-reading it.
There are two paths to update_index_refresh() from cmd_reset(), but on
both paths, either read_cache() or read_cache_unmerged() will have
been called, so the call to read_cache() in this method is redundant
(although practically free).
This speeds up "git reset -- ." a little on the linux-2.6 repo (best
of five, warm cache):
Before After
real 0m0.093s 0m0.080s
user 0m0.040s 0m0.020s
sys 0m0.050s 0m0.050s
Signed-off-by: Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
(1) Only print out the names of the files and directories that got
actually deleted. Also do not mention that we are not removing
directories when the user did not ask us to do so with '-d'.
(2) Show ignore message for skipped untracked git repositories.
Consider the following repo layout:
test.git/
|-- tracked_dir/
| |-- some_tracked_file
| |-- some_untracked_file
|-- tracked_file
|-- untracked_file
|-- untracked_foo/
| |-- bar/
| | |-- bar.txt
| |-- emptydir/
| |-- frotz.git/
| |-- frotz.tx
|-- untracked_some.git/
|-- some.txt
Suppose the user issues 'git clean -fd' from the test.git directory.
When -d option is used and untracked directory 'foo' contains a
subdirectory 'frotz.git' that is managed by a different git repository
therefore it will not be removed.
$ git clean -fd
Removing tracked_dir/some_untracked_file
Removing untracked_file
Removing untracked_foo/
Removing untracked_some.git/
The message displayed to the user is slightly misleading. The foo/
directory has not been removed because of foo/frotz.git still exists.
On the other hand the subdirectories 'bar' and 'emptydir' have been
deleted but they're not mentioned anywhere. Also, untracked_some.git
has not been removed either.
This behaviour is the result of the way the deletion of untracked
directories are reported. In the current implementation they are
deleted recursively but only the name of the top most directory is
printed out. The calling function does not know about any
subdirectories that could not be removed during the recursion.
Improve the way the deleted directories are reported back to
the user:
(1) Create a recursive delete function 'remove_dirs' in builtin/clean.c
to run in both dry_run and delete modes with the delete logic as
follows:
(a) Check if the current directory to be deleted is an untracked
git repository. If it is and --force --force option is not set
do not touch this directory, print ignore message, set dir_gone
flag to false for the caller and return.
(b) Otherwise for each item in current directory:
(i) If current directory cannot be accessed, print warning,
set dir_gone flag to false and return.
(ii) If the item is a subdirectory recurse into it,
check for the returned value of the dir_gone flag.
If the subdirectory is gone, add the name of the deleted
directory to a list of successfully removed items 'dels'.
Else set the dir_gone flag as the current directory
cannot be removed because we have at least one subdirectory
hanging around.
(iii) If it is a file try to remove it. If success add the
file name to the 'dels' list, else print error and set
dir_gone flag to false.
(c) After we finished deleting all items in the current directory and
the dir_gone flag is still true, remove the directory itself.
If failed set the dir_gone flag to false.
(d) If the current directory cannot be deleted because the dir_gone flag
has been set to false, print out all the successfully deleted items
for this directory from the 'dels' list.
(e) We're done with the current directory, return.
(2) Modify the cmd_clean() function to:
(a) call the recursive delete function 'remove_dirs()' for each
topmost directory it wants to remove
(b) check for the returned value of dir_gone flag. If it's true
print the name of the directory as being removed.
Consider the output of the improved version:
$ git clean -fd
Removing tracked_dir/some_untracked_file
Removing untracked_file
Skipping repository untracked_foo/frotz.git
Removing untracked_foo/bar
Removing untracked_foo/emptydir
Skipping repository untracked_some.git/
Now it displays only the file and directory names that got actually
deleted and shows the name of the untracked git repositories it ignored.
Reported-by: Soren Brinkmann <soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com>
Signed-off-by: Zoltan Klinger <zoltan.klinger@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Update the disused merge-tree proof-of-concept code.
* jc/merge-blobs:
merge-tree: fix d/f conflicts
merge-tree: add comments to clarify what these functions are doing
merge-tree: lose unused "resolve_directories"
merge-tree: lose unused "flags" from merge_list
Which merge_file() function do you mean?
Teach "format-patch" to prefix v4- to its output files for the
fourth iteration of a patch series, to make it easier for the
submitter to keep separate copies for iterations.
* jc/format-patch-reroll:
format-patch: give --reroll-count a short synonym -v
format-patch: document and test --reroll-count
format-patch: add --reroll-count=$N option
get_patch_filename(): split into two functions
get_patch_filename(): drop "just-numbers" hack
get_patch_filename(): simplify function signature
builtin/log.c: stop using global patch_suffix
builtin/log.c: drop redundant "numbered_files" parameter from make_cover_letter()
builtin/log.c: drop unused "numbered" parameter from make_cover_letter()
The --separate-git-dir option was introduced to make it simple to put
the git directory somewhere outside the worktree, for example when
cloning a repository for use as a submodule.
It was not intended for use when creating a bare repository. In that
case there is no worktree and it is more natural to directly clone the
repository and create a .git file as separate steps:
git clone --bare /path/to/repo.git bar.git
printf 'gitdir: bar.git\n' >foo.git
Forbid the combination, making the command easier to explain.
Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
When "git clone --separate-git-dir" is interrupted, we failed to
remove the real location we created the repository.
* jl/interrupt-clone-remove-separate-git-dir:
clone: support atomic operation with --separate-git-dir
Refactor and generally clean up the directory traversal API
implementation.
* as/dir-c-cleanup:
dir.c: rename free_excludes() to clear_exclude_list()
dir.c: refactor is_path_excluded()
dir.c: refactor is_excluded()
dir.c: refactor is_excluded_from_list()
dir.c: rename excluded() to is_excluded()
dir.c: rename excluded_from_list() to is_excluded_from_list()
dir.c: rename path_excluded() to is_path_excluded()
dir.c: rename cryptic 'which' variable to more consistent name
Improve documentation and comments regarding directory traversal API
api-directory-listing.txt: update to match code
Stop spending cycles to compute information to be placed on
commented lines in "merge --no-edit", which will be discarded
anyway.
* jc/maint-fmt-merge-msg-no-edit-lose-credit:
merge --no-edit: do not credit people involved in the side branch
Teach "log.mailmap" configuration variable to turn "--use-mailmap"
option on to "git log", "git show" and "git whatchanged".
The "--no-use-mailmap" option from the command line can countermand
the setting.
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pelisse <apelisse@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Add the --use-mailmap option to log commands. It allows to display
names from mailmap file when displaying logs, whatever the format
used.
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pelisse <apelisse@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Simplify map_user(), mostly to avoid copies of string buffers. It
also simplifies caller functions.
map_user() directly receive pointers and length from the commit buffer
as mail and name. If mapping of the user and mail can be done, the
pointer is updated to a new location. Lengths are also updated if
necessary.
The caller of map_user() can then copy the new email and name if
necessary.
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pelisse <apelisse@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
The default of the "cleanup" option in "git commit"
is not configurable. Users who don't want to use the
default have to pass this option on every commit since
there's no way to configure it. This commit introduces
a new config option "commit.cleanup" which can be used
to change the default of the "cleanup" option in
"git commit".
Signed-off-by: Ralf Thielow <ralf.thielow@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Teach various forms of "format-patch" command line to identify what
branch the patches are taken from, so that the branch description
is picked up in more cases.
* nd/maint-branch-desc-doc:
format-patch: pick up branch description when no ref is specified
format-patch: pick up correct branch name from symbolic ref
t4014: a few more tests on cover letter using branch description
branch: delete branch description if it's empty
config.txt: a few lines about branch.<name>.description
"git merge" started calling prepare-commit-msg hook like "git
commit" does some time ago, but forgot to pay attention to the exit
status of the hook. t7505 may want a general clean-up but that is
a different topic.
* ap/merge-stop-at-prepare-commit-msg-failure:
merge: Honor prepare-commit-msg return code
Currently blame.c::get_acline(), pretty.c::pp_user_info() and
shortlog.c::insert_one_record() are parsing author name, email, time
and tz themselves.
Use ident.c::split_ident_line() for better code reuse.
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pelisse <apelisse@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Fix to update_pre_post_images() that did not take into account the
possibility that whitespace fix could shrink the preimage and
change the number of lines in it.
* jc/apply-trailing-blank-removal:
apply.c:update_pre_post_images(): the preimage can be truncated
Require "-f" for push to update a tag, even if it is a fast-forward.
* cr/push-force-tag-update:
push: allow already-exists advice to be disabled
push: rename config variable for more general use
push: cleanup push rules comment
push: clarify rejection of update to non-commit-ish
push: require force for annotated tags
push: require force for refs under refs/tags/
push: flag updates that require force
push: keep track of "update" state separately
push: add advice for rejected tag reference
push: return reject reasons as a bitset
Various updates to fast-export used in the context of the remote
helper interface.
* fc/fast-export-fixes:
fast-export: make sure updated refs get updated
fast-export: don't handle uninteresting refs
fast-export: fix comparison in tests
fast-export: trivial cleanup
remote-testgit: implement the "done" feature manually
remote-testgit: report success after an import
remote-testgit: exercise more features
remote-testgit: cleanup tests
remote-testgit: remove irrelevant test
remote-testgit: remove non-local functionality
Add new simplified git-remote-testgit
Rename git-remote-testgit to git-remote-testpy
remote-helpers: fix failure message
remote-testgit: fix direction of marks
fast-export: avoid importing blob marks
Optimize matching paths with common forms of pathspecs that contain
wildcard characters.
* nd/pathspec-wildcard:
tree_entry_interesting: do basedir compare on wildcard patterns when possible
pathspec: apply "*.c" optimization from exclude
pathspec: do exact comparison on the leading non-wildcard part
pathspec: save the non-wildcard length part
Since b57fb80a7d (init, clone: support --separate-git-dir for .git file)
git clone supports the --separate-git-dir option to create the git dir
outside the work tree. But when that option is used, the git dir won't be
deleted in case the clone fails like it would be without this option. This
makes clone lose its atomicity as in case of a failure a partly set up git
dir is left behind. A real world example where this leads to problems is
when "git submodule update" fails to clone a submodule and later calls to
"git submodule update" stumble over the partially set up git dir and try
to revive the submodule from there, which then fails with a not very user
friendly error message.
Fix that by updating the junk_git_dir variable (used to remember if and
what git dir should be removed in case of failure) to the new value given
with the --seperate-git-dir option. Also add a test for this to t5600 (and
while at it fix the former last test to not cd into a directory to test
for its existence but use "test -d" instead).
Reported-by: Manlio Perillo <manlio.perillo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Lehmann <Jens.Lehmann@web.de>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Accept "-v" as a synonym to "--reroll-count", so that users can say
"git format-patch -v4 master", instead of having to fully spell it
out as "git format-patch --reroll-count=4 master".
As I do not think of a reason why users would want to tell the
command to be "verbose", I think this should be OK.
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
65969d4 (merge: honor prepare-commit-msg hook, 2011-02-14) tried to
make "git commit" and "git merge" consistent, because a merge that
required user assistance has to be concluded with "git commit", but
back then only "git commit" triggered prepare-commit-msg hook.
When it added a call to run the prepare-commit-msg hook, however, it
forgot to check the exit code from the hook like "git commit" does,
and ended up replacing one inconsistency with another.
When prepare-commit-msg hook that is run from "git merge" exits with
a non-zero status, abort the commit.
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pelisse <apelisse@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
We only try to get branch name in "format-patch origin" case or
similar and not "format-patch -22" where HEAD is automatically
added. Without correct branch name, branch description cannot be
added. Make sure we always get branch name.
Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
find_branch_name() assumes to take refs/heads/<branch>. But we also
have symbolic refs, such as HEAD, that can point to a valid branch in
refs/heads and do not follow refs/heads/<branch> syntax. Remove the
assumption and apply normal ref resolution. After all it would be
confusing if rev machinery resolves a ref in one way and
find_branch_name() another.
Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>