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482 строки
19 KiB
Plaintext
482 строки
19 KiB
Plaintext
git-filter-branch(1)
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====================
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NAME
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----
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git-filter-branch - Rewrite branches
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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[verse]
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'git filter-branch' [--setup <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>]
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[--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>]
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[--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>]
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[--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>]
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[--tag-name-filter <command>] [--prune-empty]
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[--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force]
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[--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list options>...]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned
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in the <rev-list options>, applying custom filters on each revision.
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Those filters can modify each tree (e.g. removing a file or running
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a perl rewrite on all files) or information about each commit.
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Otherwise, all information (including original commit times or merge
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information) will be preserved.
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The command will only rewrite the _positive_ refs mentioned in the
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command line (e.g. if you pass 'a..b', only 'b' will be rewritten).
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If you specify no filters, the commits will be recommitted without any
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changes, which would normally have no effect. Nevertheless, this may be
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useful in the future for compensating for some Git bugs or such,
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therefore such a usage is permitted.
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*NOTE*: This command honors `.git/info/grafts` file and refs in
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the `refs/replace/` namespace.
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If you have any grafts or replacement refs defined, running this command
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will make them permanent.
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*WARNING*! The rewritten history will have different object names for all
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the objects and will not converge with the original branch. You will not
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be able to easily push and distribute the rewritten branch on top of the
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original branch. Please do not use this command if you do not know the
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full implications, and avoid using it anyway, if a simple single commit
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would suffice to fix your problem. (See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM
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REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for further information about
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rewriting published history.)
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Always verify that the rewritten version is correct: The original refs,
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if different from the rewritten ones, will be stored in the namespace
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'refs/original/'.
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Note that since this operation is very I/O expensive, it might
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be a good idea to redirect the temporary directory off-disk with the
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`-d` option, e.g. on tmpfs. Reportedly the speedup is very noticeable.
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Filters
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~~~~~~~
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The filters are applied in the order as listed below. The <command>
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argument is always evaluated in the shell context using the 'eval' command
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(with the notable exception of the commit filter, for technical reasons).
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Prior to that, the `$GIT_COMMIT` environment variable will be set to contain
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the id of the commit being rewritten. Also, GIT_AUTHOR_NAME,
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GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_NAME, GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL,
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and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are taken from the current commit and exported to
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the environment, in order to affect the author and committer identities of
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the replacement commit created by linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] after the
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filters have run.
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If any evaluation of <command> returns a non-zero exit status, the whole
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operation will be aborted.
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A 'map' function is available that takes an "original sha1 id" argument
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and outputs a "rewritten sha1 id" if the commit has been already
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rewritten, and "original sha1 id" otherwise; the 'map' function can
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return several ids on separate lines if your commit filter emitted
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multiple commits.
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OPTIONS
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-------
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--setup <command>::
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This is not a real filter executed for each commit but a one
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time setup just before the loop. Therefore no commit-specific
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variables are defined yet. Functions or variables defined here
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can be used or modified in the following filter steps except
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the commit filter, for technical reasons.
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--subdirectory-filter <directory>::
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Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory.
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The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its
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project root. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>.
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--env-filter <command>::
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This filter may be used if you only need to modify the environment
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in which the commit will be performed. Specifically, you might
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want to rewrite the author/committer name/email/time environment
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variables (see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] for details).
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--tree-filter <command>::
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This is the filter for rewriting the tree and its contents.
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The argument is evaluated in shell with the working
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directory set to the root of the checked out tree. The new tree
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is then used as-is (new files are auto-added, disappeared files
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are auto-removed - neither .gitignore files nor any other ignore
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rules *HAVE ANY EFFECT*!).
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--index-filter <command>::
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This is the filter for rewriting the index. It is similar to the
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tree filter but does not check out the tree, which makes it much
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faster. Frequently used with `git rm --cached
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--ignore-unmatch ...`, see EXAMPLES below. For hairy
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cases, see linkgit:git-update-index[1].
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--parent-filter <command>::
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This is the filter for rewriting the commit's parent list.
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It will receive the parent string on stdin and shall output
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the new parent string on stdout. The parent string is in
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the format described in linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]: empty for
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the initial commit, "-p parent" for a normal commit and
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"-p parent1 -p parent2 -p parent3 ..." for a merge commit.
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--msg-filter <command>::
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This is the filter for rewriting the commit messages.
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The argument is evaluated in the shell with the original
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commit message on standard input; its standard output is
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used as the new commit message.
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--commit-filter <command>::
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This is the filter for performing the commit.
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If this filter is specified, it will be called instead of the
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'git commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form
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"<TREE_ID> [(-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>)...]" and the log message on
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stdin. The commit id is expected on stdout.
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+
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As a special extension, the commit filter may emit multiple
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commit ids; in that case, the rewritten children of the original commit will
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have all of them as parents.
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+
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You can use the 'map' convenience function in this filter, and other
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convenience functions, too. For example, calling 'skip_commit "$@"'
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will leave out the current commit (but not its changes! If you want
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that, use 'git rebase' instead).
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+
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You can also use the `git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"` instead of
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`git commit-tree "$@"` if you don't wish to keep commits with a single parent
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and that makes no change to the tree.
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--tag-name-filter <command>::
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This is the filter for rewriting tag names. When passed,
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it will be called for every tag ref that points to a rewritten
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object (or to a tag object which points to a rewritten object).
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The original tag name is passed via standard input, and the new
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tag name is expected on standard output.
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+
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The original tags are not deleted, but can be overwritten;
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use "--tag-name-filter cat" to simply update the tags. In this
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case, be very careful and make sure you have the old tags
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backed up in case the conversion has run afoul.
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+
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Nearly proper rewriting of tag objects is supported. If the tag has
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a message attached, a new tag object will be created with the same message,
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author, and timestamp. If the tag has a signature attached, the
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signature will be stripped. It is by definition impossible to preserve
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signatures. The reason this is "nearly" proper, is because ideally if
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the tag did not change (points to the same object, has the same name, etc.)
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it should retain any signature. That is not the case, signatures will always
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be removed, buyer beware. There is also no support for changing the
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author or timestamp (or the tag message for that matter). Tags which point
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to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit.
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--prune-empty::
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Some filters will generate empty commits that leave the tree untouched.
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This option instructs git-filter-branch to remove such commits if they
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have exactly one or zero non-pruned parents; merge commits will
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therefore remain intact. This option cannot be used together with
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`--commit-filter`, though the same effect can be achieved by using the
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provided `git_commit_non_empty_tree` function in a commit filter.
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--original <namespace>::
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Use this option to set the namespace where the original commits
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will be stored. The default value is 'refs/original'.
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-d <directory>::
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Use this option to set the path to the temporary directory used for
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rewriting. When applying a tree filter, the command needs to
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temporarily check out the tree to some directory, which may consume
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considerable space in case of large projects. By default it
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does this in the '.git-rewrite/' directory but you can override
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that choice by this parameter.
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-f::
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--force::
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'git filter-branch' refuses to start with an existing temporary
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directory or when there are already refs starting with
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'refs/original/', unless forced.
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--state-branch <branch>::
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This option will cause the mapping from old to new objects to
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be loaded from named branch upon startup and saved as a new
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commit to that branch upon exit, enabling incremental of large
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trees. If '<branch>' does not exist it will be created.
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<rev-list options>...::
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Arguments for 'git rev-list'. All positive refs included by
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these options are rewritten. You may also specify options
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such as `--all`, but you must use `--` to separate them from
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the 'git filter-branch' options. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>.
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[[Remap_to_ancestor]]
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Remap to ancestor
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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By using linkgit:git-rev-list[1] arguments, e.g., path limiters, you can limit the
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set of revisions which get rewritten. However, positive refs on the command
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line are distinguished: we don't let them be excluded by such limiters. For
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this purpose, they are instead rewritten to point at the nearest ancestor that
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was not excluded.
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EXIT STATUS
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-----------
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On success, the exit status is `0`. If the filter can't find any commits to
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rewrite, the exit status is `2`. On any other error, the exit status may be
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any other non-zero value.
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EXAMPLES
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--------
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Suppose you want to remove a file (containing confidential information
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or copyright violation) from all commits:
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-------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm filename' HEAD
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-------------------------------------------------------
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However, if the file is absent from the tree of some commit,
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a simple `rm filename` will fail for that tree and commit.
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Thus you may instead want to use `rm -f filename` as the script.
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Using `--index-filter` with 'git rm' yields a significantly faster
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version. Like with using `rm filename`, `git rm --cached filename`
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will fail if the file is absent from the tree of a commit. If you
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want to "completely forget" a file, it does not matter when it entered
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history, so we also add `--ignore-unmatch`:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch filename' HEAD
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Now, you will get the rewritten history saved in HEAD.
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To rewrite the repository to look as if `foodir/` had been its project
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root, and discard all other history:
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-------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter foodir -- --all
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-------------------------------------------------------
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Thus you can, e.g., turn a library subdirectory into a repository of
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its own. Note the `--` that separates 'filter-branch' options from
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revision options, and the `--all` to rewrite all branches and tags.
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To set a commit (which typically is at the tip of another
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history) to be the parent of the current initial commit, in
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order to paste the other history behind the current history:
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-------------------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --parent-filter 'sed "s/^\$/-p <graft-id>/"' HEAD
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-------------------------------------------------------------------
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(if the parent string is empty - which happens when we are dealing with
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the initial commit - add graftcommit as a parent). Note that this assumes
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history with a single root (that is, no merge without common ancestors
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happened). If this is not the case, use:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --parent-filter \
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'test $GIT_COMMIT = <commit-id> && echo "-p <graft-id>" || cat' HEAD
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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or even simpler:
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-----------------------------------------------
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git replace --graft $commit-id $graft-id
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git filter-branch $graft-id..HEAD
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-----------------------------------------------
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To remove commits authored by "Darl McBribe" from the history:
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --commit-filter '
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if [ "$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" = "Darl McBribe" ];
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then
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skip_commit "$@";
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else
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git commit-tree "$@";
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fi' HEAD
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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The function 'skip_commit' is defined as follows:
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--------------------------
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skip_commit()
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{
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shift;
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while [ -n "$1" ];
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do
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shift;
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map "$1";
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shift;
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done;
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}
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--------------------------
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The shift magic first throws away the tree id and then the -p
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parameters. Note that this handles merges properly! In case Darl
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committed a merge between P1 and P2, it will be propagated properly
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and all children of the merge will become merge commits with P1,P2
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as their parents instead of the merge commit.
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*NOTE* the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted
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by subsequent commits, will still be in the rewritten branch. If you want
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to throw out _changes_ together with the commits, you should use the
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interactive mode of 'git rebase'.
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You can rewrite the commit log messages using `--msg-filter`. For
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example, 'git svn-id' strings in a repository created by 'git svn' can
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be removed this way:
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-------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --msg-filter '
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sed -e "/^git-svn-id:/d"
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'
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-------------------------------------------------------
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If you need to add 'Acked-by' lines to, say, the last 10 commits (none
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of which is a merge), use this command:
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--------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --msg-filter '
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cat &&
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echo "Acked-by: Bugs Bunny <bunny@bugzilla.org>"
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' HEAD~10..HEAD
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--------------------------------------------------------
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The `--env-filter` option can be used to modify committer and/or author
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identity. For example, if you found out that your commits have the wrong
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identity due to a misconfigured user.email, you can make a correction,
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before publishing the project, like this:
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--------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --env-filter '
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if test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "root@localhost"
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then
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GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=john@example.com
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fi
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if test "$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL" = "root@localhost"
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then
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GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=john@example.com
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fi
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' -- --all
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--------------------------------------------------------
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To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision
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range in addition to the new branch name. The new branch name will
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point to the top-most revision that a 'git rev-list' of this range
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will print.
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Consider this history:
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------------------
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D--E--F--G--H
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/ /
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A--B-----C
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------------------
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To rewrite only commits D,E,F,G,H, but leave A, B and C alone, use:
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--------------------------------
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git filter-branch ... C..H
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--------------------------------
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To rewrite commits E,F,G,H, use one of these:
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----------------------------------------
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git filter-branch ... C..H --not D
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git filter-branch ... D..H --not C
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----------------------------------------
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To move the whole tree into a subdirectory, or remove it from there:
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---------------------------------------------------------------
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git filter-branch --index-filter \
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'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t\"*-&newsubdir/-" |
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GIT_INDEX_FILE=$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new \
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git update-index --index-info &&
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mv "$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new" "$GIT_INDEX_FILE"' HEAD
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---------------------------------------------------------------
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CHECKLIST FOR SHRINKING A REPOSITORY
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------------------------------------
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git-filter-branch can be used to get rid of a subset of files,
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usually with some combination of `--index-filter` and
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`--subdirectory-filter`. People expect the resulting repository to
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be smaller than the original, but you need a few more steps to
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actually make it smaller, because Git tries hard not to lose your
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objects until you tell it to. First make sure that:
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* You really removed all variants of a filename, if a blob was moved
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over its lifetime. `git log --name-only --follow --all -- filename`
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can help you find renames.
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* You really filtered all refs: use `--tag-name-filter cat -- --all`
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when calling git-filter-branch.
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Then there are two ways to get a smaller repository. A safer way is
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to clone, that keeps your original intact.
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* Clone it with `git clone file:///path/to/repo`. The clone
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will not have the removed objects. See linkgit:git-clone[1]. (Note
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that cloning with a plain path just hardlinks everything!)
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If you really don't want to clone it, for whatever reasons, check the
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following points instead (in this order). This is a very destructive
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approach, so *make a backup* or go back to cloning it. You have been
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warned.
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* Remove the original refs backed up by git-filter-branch: say `git
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for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" refs/original/ | xargs -n 1 git
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update-ref -d`.
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* Expire all reflogs with `git reflog expire --expire=now --all`.
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* Garbage collect all unreferenced objects with `git gc --prune=now`
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(or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to
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`--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead).
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NOTES
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-----
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git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites
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of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if
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you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords.
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For those operations you may want to consider
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http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner],
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a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least
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10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different
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characteristics:
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* Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG,
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unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to
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handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed
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within your history. This constraint gives the core performance
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benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad
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data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it
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_gone_.
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* By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines,
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cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans
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commits sequentially (i.e. in a single-threaded manner), though it
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_is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallelism,
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in the scripts executed against each commit.
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* The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options]
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are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just
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to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g:
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`--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`.
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GIT
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---
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Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
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