зеркало из https://github.com/microsoft/git.git
902 строки
35 KiB
Plaintext
902 строки
35 KiB
Plaintext
git-fast-import(1)
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
NAME
|
|
----
|
|
git-fast-import - Backend for fast Git data importers
|
|
|
|
|
|
SYNOPSIS
|
|
--------
|
|
frontend | 'git-fast-import' [options]
|
|
|
|
DESCRIPTION
|
|
-----------
|
|
This program is usually not what the end user wants to run directly.
|
|
Most end users want to use one of the existing frontend programs,
|
|
which parses a specific type of foreign source and feeds the contents
|
|
stored there to git-fast-import.
|
|
|
|
fast-import reads a mixed command/data stream from standard input and
|
|
writes one or more packfiles directly into the current repository.
|
|
When EOF is received on standard input, fast import writes out
|
|
updated branch and tag refs, fully updating the current repository
|
|
with the newly imported data.
|
|
|
|
The fast-import backend itself can import into an empty repository (one that
|
|
has already been initialized by gitlink:git-init[1]) or incrementally
|
|
update an existing populated repository. Whether or not incremental
|
|
imports are supported from a particular foreign source depends on
|
|
the frontend program in use.
|
|
|
|
|
|
OPTIONS
|
|
-------
|
|
--date-format=<fmt>::
|
|
Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to
|
|
fast-import within `author`, `committer` and `tagger` commands.
|
|
See ``Date Formats'' below for details about which formats
|
|
are supported, and their syntax.
|
|
|
|
--force::
|
|
Force updating modified existing branches, even if doing
|
|
so would cause commits to be lost (as the new commit does
|
|
not contain the old commit).
|
|
|
|
--max-pack-size=<n>::
|
|
Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB.
|
|
The default is 4096 (4 GiB) as that is the maximum allowed
|
|
packfile size (due to file format limitations). Some
|
|
importers may wish to lower this, such as to ensure the
|
|
resulting packfiles fit on CDs.
|
|
|
|
--depth=<n>::
|
|
Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification.
|
|
Default is 10.
|
|
|
|
--active-branches=<n>::
|
|
Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once.
|
|
See ``Memory Utilization'' below for details. Default is 5.
|
|
|
|
--export-marks=<file>::
|
|
Dumps the internal marks table to <file> when complete.
|
|
Marks are written one per line as `:markid SHA-1`.
|
|
Frontends can use this file to validate imports after they
|
|
have been completed.
|
|
|
|
--export-pack-edges=<file>::
|
|
After creating a packfile, print a line of data to
|
|
<file> listing the filename of the packfile and the last
|
|
commit on each branch that was written to that packfile.
|
|
This information may be useful after importing projects
|
|
whose total object set exceeds the 4 GiB packfile limit,
|
|
as these commits can be used as edge points during calls
|
|
to gitlink:git-pack-objects[1].
|
|
|
|
--quiet::
|
|
Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it
|
|
is successful. This option disables the output shown by
|
|
\--stats.
|
|
|
|
--stats::
|
|
Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has
|
|
created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the
|
|
memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output
|
|
is currently the default, but can be disabled with \--quiet.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Performance
|
|
-----------
|
|
The design of fast-import allows it to import large projects in a minimum
|
|
amount of memory usage and processing time. Assuming the frontend
|
|
is able to keep up with fast-import and feed it a constant stream of data,
|
|
import times for projects holding 10+ years of history and containing
|
|
100,000+ individual commits are generally completed in just 1-2
|
|
hours on quite modest (~$2,000 USD) hardware.
|
|
|
|
Most bottlenecks appear to be in foreign source data access (the
|
|
source just cannot extract revisions fast enough) or disk IO (fast-import
|
|
writes as fast as the disk will take the data). Imports will run
|
|
faster if the source data is stored on a different drive than the
|
|
destination Git repository (due to less IO contention).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Development Cost
|
|
----------------
|
|
A typical frontend for fast-import tends to weigh in at approximately 200
|
|
lines of Perl/Python/Ruby code. Most developers have been able to
|
|
create working importers in just a couple of hours, even though it
|
|
is their first exposure to fast-import, and sometimes even to Git. This is
|
|
an ideal situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away
|
|
(use once, and never look back).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parallel Operation
|
|
------------------
|
|
Like `git-push` or `git-fetch`, imports handled by fast-import are safe to
|
|
run alongside parallel `git repack -a -d` or `git gc` invocations,
|
|
or any other Git operation (including `git prune`, as loose objects
|
|
are never used by fast-import).
|
|
|
|
fast-import does not lock the branch or tag refs it is actively importing.
|
|
After the import, during its ref update phase, fast-import tests each
|
|
existing branch ref to verify the update will be a fast-forward
|
|
update (the commit stored in the ref is contained in the new
|
|
history of the commit to be written). If the update is not a
|
|
fast-forward update, fast-import will skip updating that ref and instead
|
|
prints a warning message. fast-import will always attempt to update all
|
|
branch refs, and does not stop on the first failure.
|
|
|
|
Branch updates can be forced with \--force, but its recommended that
|
|
this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository. Using \--force
|
|
is not necessary for an initial import into an empty repository.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Technical Discussion
|
|
--------------------
|
|
fast-import tracks a set of branches in memory. Any branch can be created
|
|
or modified at any point during the import process by sending a
|
|
`commit` command on the input stream. This design allows a frontend
|
|
program to process an unlimited number of branches simultaneously,
|
|
generating commits in the order they are available from the source
|
|
data. It also simplifies the frontend programs considerably.
|
|
|
|
fast-import does not use or alter the current working directory, or any
|
|
file within it. (It does however update the current Git repository,
|
|
as referenced by `GIT_DIR`.) Therefore an import frontend may use
|
|
the working directory for its own purposes, such as extracting file
|
|
revisions from the foreign source. This ignorance of the working
|
|
directory also allows fast-import to run very quickly, as it does not
|
|
need to perform any costly file update operations when switching
|
|
between branches.
|
|
|
|
Input Format
|
|
------------
|
|
With the exception of raw file data (which Git does not interpret)
|
|
the fast-import input format is text (ASCII) based. This text based
|
|
format simplifies development and debugging of frontend programs,
|
|
especially when a higher level language such as Perl, Python or
|
|
Ruby is being used.
|
|
|
|
fast-import is very strict about its input. Where we say SP below we mean
|
|
*exactly* one space. Likewise LF means one (and only one) linefeed.
|
|
Supplying additional whitespace characters will cause unexpected
|
|
results, such as branch names or file names with leading or trailing
|
|
spaces in their name, or early termination of fast-import when it encounters
|
|
unexpected input.
|
|
|
|
Date Formats
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
The following date formats are supported. A frontend should select
|
|
the format it will use for this import by passing the format name
|
|
in the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option.
|
|
|
|
`raw`::
|
|
This is the Git native format and is `<time> SP <offutc>`.
|
|
It is also fast-import's default format, if \--date-format was
|
|
not specified.
|
|
+
|
|
The time of the event is specified by `<time>` as the number of
|
|
seconds since the UNIX epoch (midnight, Jan 1, 1970, UTC) and is
|
|
written as an ASCII decimal integer.
|
|
+
|
|
The local offset is specified by `<offutc>` as a positive or negative
|
|
offset from UTC. For example EST (which is 5 hours behind UTC)
|
|
would be expressed in `<tz>` by ``-0500'' while UTC is ``+0000''.
|
|
The local offset does not affect `<time>`; it is used only as an
|
|
advisement to help formatting routines display the timestamp.
|
|
+
|
|
If the local offset is not available in the source material, use
|
|
``+0000'', or the most common local offset. For example many
|
|
organizations have a CVS repository which has only ever been accessed
|
|
by users who are located in the same location and timezone. In this
|
|
case a reasonable offset from UTC could be assumed.
|
|
+
|
|
Unlike the `rfc2822` format, this format is very strict. Any
|
|
variation in formatting will cause fast-import to reject the value.
|
|
|
|
`rfc2822`::
|
|
This is the standard email format as described by RFC 2822.
|
|
+
|
|
An example value is ``Tue Feb 6 11:22:18 2007 -0500''. The Git
|
|
parser is accurate, but a little on the lenient side. It is the
|
|
same parser used by gitlink:git-am[1] when applying patches
|
|
received from email.
|
|
+
|
|
Some malformed strings may be accepted as valid dates. In some of
|
|
these cases Git will still be able to obtain the correct date from
|
|
the malformed string. There are also some types of malformed
|
|
strings which Git will parse wrong, and yet consider valid.
|
|
Seriously malformed strings will be rejected.
|
|
+
|
|
Unlike the `raw` format above, the timezone/UTC offset information
|
|
contained in an RFC 2822 date string is used to adjust the date
|
|
value to UTC prior to storage. Therefore it is important that
|
|
this information be as accurate as possible.
|
|
+
|
|
If the source material uses RFC 2822 style dates,
|
|
the frontend should let fast-import handle the parsing and conversion
|
|
(rather than attempting to do it itself) as the Git parser has
|
|
been well tested in the wild.
|
|
+
|
|
Frontends should prefer the `raw` format if the source material
|
|
already uses UNIX-epoch format, can be coaxed to give dates in that
|
|
format, or its format is easiliy convertible to it, as there is no
|
|
ambiguity in parsing.
|
|
|
|
`now`::
|
|
Always use the current time and timezone. The literal
|
|
`now` must always be supplied for `<when>`.
|
|
+
|
|
This is a toy format. The current time and timezone of this system
|
|
is always copied into the identity string at the time it is being
|
|
created by fast-import. There is no way to specify a different time or
|
|
timezone.
|
|
+
|
|
This particular format is supplied as its short to implement and
|
|
may be useful to a process that wants to create a new commit
|
|
right now, without needing to use a working directory or
|
|
gitlink:git-update-index[1].
|
|
+
|
|
If separate `author` and `committer` commands are used in a `commit`
|
|
the timestamps may not match, as the system clock will be polled
|
|
twice (once for each command). The only way to ensure that both
|
|
author and committer identity information has the same timestamp
|
|
is to omit `author` (thus copying from `committer`) or to use a
|
|
date format other than `now`.
|
|
|
|
Commands
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
fast-import accepts several commands to update the current repository
|
|
and control the current import process. More detailed discussion
|
|
(with examples) of each command follows later.
|
|
|
|
`commit`::
|
|
Creates a new branch or updates an existing branch by
|
|
creating a new commit and updating the branch to point at
|
|
the newly created commit.
|
|
|
|
`tag`::
|
|
Creates an annotated tag object from an existing commit or
|
|
branch. Lightweight tags are not supported by this command,
|
|
as they are not recommended for recording meaningful points
|
|
in time.
|
|
|
|
`reset`::
|
|
Reset an existing branch (or a new branch) to a specific
|
|
revision. This command must be used to change a branch to
|
|
a specific revision without making a commit on it.
|
|
|
|
`blob`::
|
|
Convert raw file data into a blob, for future use in a
|
|
`commit` command. This command is optional and is not
|
|
needed to perform an import.
|
|
|
|
`checkpoint`::
|
|
Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, generate its
|
|
unique SHA-1 checksum and index, and start a new packfile.
|
|
This command is optional and is not needed to perform
|
|
an import.
|
|
|
|
`commit`
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
Create or update a branch with a new commit, recording one logical
|
|
change to the project.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'commit' SP <ref> LF
|
|
mark?
|
|
('author' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)?
|
|
'committer' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF
|
|
data
|
|
('from' SP <committish> LF)?
|
|
('merge' SP <committish> LF)?
|
|
(filemodify | filedelete | filedeleteall)*
|
|
LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
where `<ref>` is the name of the branch to make the commit on.
|
|
Typically branch names are prefixed with `refs/heads/` in
|
|
Git, so importing the CVS branch symbol `RELENG-1_0` would use
|
|
`refs/heads/RELENG-1_0` for the value of `<ref>`. The value of
|
|
`<ref>` must be a valid refname in Git. As `LF` is not valid in
|
|
a Git refname, no quoting or escaping syntax is supported here.
|
|
|
|
A `mark` command may optionally appear, requesting fast-import to save a
|
|
reference to the newly created commit for future use by the frontend
|
|
(see below for format). It is very common for frontends to mark
|
|
every commit they create, thereby allowing future branch creation
|
|
from any imported commit.
|
|
|
|
The `data` command following `committer` must supply the commit
|
|
message (see below for `data` command syntax). To import an empty
|
|
commit message use a 0 length data. Commit messages are free-form
|
|
and are not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in
|
|
UTF-8, as fast-import does not permit other encodings to be specified.
|
|
|
|
Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete` and `filedeleteall` commands
|
|
may be included to update the contents of the branch prior to
|
|
creating the commit. These commands may be supplied in any order.
|
|
However it is recommended that a `filedeleteall` command preceed
|
|
all `filemodify` commands in the same commit, as `filedeleteall`
|
|
wipes the branch clean (see below).
|
|
|
|
`author`
|
|
^^^^^^^^
|
|
An `author` command may optionally appear, if the author information
|
|
might differ from the committer information. If `author` is omitted
|
|
then fast-import will automatically use the committer's information for
|
|
the author portion of the commit. See below for a description of
|
|
the fields in `author`, as they are identical to `committer`.
|
|
|
|
`committer`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
The `committer` command indicates who made this commit, and when
|
|
they made it.
|
|
|
|
Here `<name>` is the person's display name (for example
|
|
``Com M Itter'') and `<email>` is the person's email address
|
|
(``cm@example.com''). `LT` and `GT` are the literal less-than (\x3c)
|
|
and greater-than (\x3e) symbols. These are required to delimit
|
|
the email address from the other fields in the line. Note that
|
|
`<name>` is free-form and may contain any sequence of bytes, except
|
|
`LT` and `LF`. It is typically UTF-8 encoded.
|
|
|
|
The time of the change is specified by `<when>` using the date format
|
|
that was selected by the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option.
|
|
See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and
|
|
their syntax.
|
|
|
|
`from`
|
|
^^^^^^
|
|
The `from` command is used to specify the commit to initialize
|
|
this branch from. This revision will be the first ancestor of the
|
|
new commit.
|
|
|
|
Omitting the `from` command in the first commit of a new branch
|
|
will cause fast-import to create that commit with no ancestor. This
|
|
tends to be desired only for the initial commit of a project.
|
|
Omitting the `from` command on existing branches is usually desired,
|
|
as the current commit on that branch is automatically assumed to
|
|
be the first ancestor of the new commit.
|
|
|
|
As `LF` is not valid in a Git refname or SHA-1 expression, no
|
|
quoting or escaping syntax is supported within `<committish>`.
|
|
|
|
Here `<committish>` is any of the following:
|
|
|
|
* The name of an existing branch already in fast-import's internal branch
|
|
table. If fast-import doesn't know the name, its treated as a SHA-1
|
|
expression.
|
|
|
|
* A mark reference, `:<idnum>`, where `<idnum>` is the mark number.
|
|
+
|
|
The reason fast-import uses `:` to denote a mark reference is this character
|
|
is not legal in a Git branch name. The leading `:` makes it easy
|
|
to distingush between the mark 42 (`:42`) and the branch 42 (`42`
|
|
or `refs/heads/42`), or an abbreviated SHA-1 which happened to
|
|
consist only of base-10 digits.
|
|
+
|
|
Marks must be declared (via `mark`) before they can be used.
|
|
|
|
* A complete 40 byte or abbreviated commit SHA-1 in hex.
|
|
|
|
* Any valid Git SHA-1 expression that resolves to a commit. See
|
|
``SPECIFYING REVISIONS'' in gitlink:git-rev-parse[1] for details.
|
|
|
|
The special case of restarting an incremental import from the
|
|
current branch value should be written as:
|
|
----
|
|
from refs/heads/branch^0
|
|
----
|
|
The `{caret}0` suffix is necessary as fast-import does not permit a branch to
|
|
start from itself, and the branch is created in memory before the
|
|
`from` command is even read from the input. Adding `{caret}0` will force
|
|
fast-import to resolve the commit through Git's revision parsing library,
|
|
rather than its internal branch table, thereby loading in the
|
|
existing value of the branch.
|
|
|
|
`merge`
|
|
^^^^^^^
|
|
Includes one additional ancestor commit, and makes the current
|
|
commit a merge commit. An unlimited number of `merge` commands per
|
|
commit are permitted by fast-import, thereby establishing an n-way merge.
|
|
However Git's other tools never create commits with more than 15
|
|
additional ancestors (forming a 16-way merge). For this reason
|
|
it is suggested that frontends do not use more than 15 `merge`
|
|
commands per commit.
|
|
|
|
Here `<committish>` is any of the commit specification expressions
|
|
also accepted by `from` (see above).
|
|
|
|
`filemodify`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
Included in a `commit` command to add a new file or change the
|
|
content of an existing file. This command has two different means
|
|
of specifying the content of the file.
|
|
|
|
External data format::
|
|
The data content for the file was already supplied by a prior
|
|
`blob` command. The frontend just needs to connect it.
|
|
+
|
|
....
|
|
'M' SP <mode> SP <dataref> SP <path> LF
|
|
....
|
|
+
|
|
Here `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`)
|
|
set by a prior `blob` command, or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of an
|
|
existing Git blob object.
|
|
|
|
Inline data format::
|
|
The data content for the file has not been supplied yet.
|
|
The frontend wants to supply it as part of this modify
|
|
command.
|
|
+
|
|
....
|
|
'M' SP <mode> SP 'inline' SP <path> LF
|
|
data
|
|
....
|
|
+
|
|
See below for a detailed description of the `data` command.
|
|
|
|
In both formats `<mode>` is the type of file entry, specified
|
|
in octal. Git only supports the following modes:
|
|
|
|
* `100644` or `644`: A normal (not-executable) file. The majority
|
|
of files in most projects use this mode. If in doubt, this is
|
|
what you want.
|
|
* `100755` or `755`: A normal, but executable, file.
|
|
* `120000`: A symlink, the content of the file will be the link target.
|
|
|
|
In both formats `<path>` is the complete path of the file to be added
|
|
(if not already existing) or modified (if already existing).
|
|
|
|
A `<path>` string must use UNIX-style directory seperators (forward
|
|
slash `/`), may contain any byte other than `LF`, and must not
|
|
start with double quote (`"`).
|
|
|
|
If an `LF` or double quote must be encoded into `<path>` shell-style
|
|
quoting should be used, e.g. `"path/with\n and \" in it"`.
|
|
|
|
The value of `<path>` must be in canoncial form. That is it must not:
|
|
|
|
* contain an empty directory component (e.g. `foo//bar` is invalid),
|
|
* end with a directory seperator (e.g. `foo/` is invalid),
|
|
* start with a directory seperator (e.g. `/foo` is invalid),
|
|
* contain the special component `.` or `..` (e.g. `foo/./bar` and
|
|
`foo/../bar` are invalid).
|
|
|
|
It is recommended that `<path>` always be encoded using UTF-8.
|
|
|
|
`filedelete`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
Included in a `commit` command to remove a file from the branch.
|
|
If the file removal makes its directory empty, the directory will
|
|
be automatically removed too. This cascades up the tree until the
|
|
first non-empty directory or the root is reached.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'D' SP <path> LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
here `<path>` is the complete path of the file to be removed.
|
|
See `filemodify` above for a detailed description of `<path>`.
|
|
|
|
`filedeleteall`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
Included in a `commit` command to remove all files (and also all
|
|
directories) from the branch. This command resets the internal
|
|
branch structure to have no files in it, allowing the frontend
|
|
to subsequently add all interesting files from scratch.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'deleteall' LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
This command is extremely useful if the frontend does not know
|
|
(or does not care to know) what files are currently on the branch,
|
|
and therefore cannot generate the proper `filedelete` commands to
|
|
update the content.
|
|
|
|
Issuing a `filedeleteall` followed by the needed `filemodify`
|
|
commands to set the correct content will produce the same results
|
|
as sending only the needed `filemodify` and `filedelete` commands.
|
|
The `filedeleteall` approach may however require fast-import to use slightly
|
|
more memory per active branch (less than 1 MiB for even most large
|
|
projects); so frontends that can easily obtain only the affected
|
|
paths for a commit are encouraged to do so.
|
|
|
|
`mark`
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
Arranges for fast-import to save a reference to the current object, allowing
|
|
the frontend to recall this object at a future point in time, without
|
|
knowing its SHA-1. Here the current object is the object creation
|
|
command the `mark` command appears within. This can be `commit`,
|
|
`tag`, and `blob`, but `commit` is the most common usage.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'mark' SP ':' <idnum> LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
where `<idnum>` is the number assigned by the frontend to this mark.
|
|
The value of `<idnum>` is expressed as an ASCII decimal integer.
|
|
The value 0 is reserved and cannot be used as
|
|
a mark. Only values greater than or equal to 1 may be used as marks.
|
|
|
|
New marks are created automatically. Existing marks can be moved
|
|
to another object simply by reusing the same `<idnum>` in another
|
|
`mark` command.
|
|
|
|
`tag`
|
|
~~~~~
|
|
Creates an annotated tag referring to a specific commit. To create
|
|
lightweight (non-annotated) tags see the `reset` command below.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'tag' SP <name> LF
|
|
'from' SP <committish> LF
|
|
'tagger' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF
|
|
data
|
|
LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
where `<name>` is the name of the tag to create.
|
|
|
|
Tag names are automatically prefixed with `refs/tags/` when stored
|
|
in Git, so importing the CVS branch symbol `RELENG-1_0-FINAL` would
|
|
use just `RELENG-1_0-FINAL` for `<name>`, and fast-import will write the
|
|
corresponding ref as `refs/tags/RELENG-1_0-FINAL`.
|
|
|
|
The value of `<name>` must be a valid refname in Git and therefore
|
|
may contain forward slashes. As `LF` is not valid in a Git refname,
|
|
no quoting or escaping syntax is supported here.
|
|
|
|
The `from` command is the same as in the `commit` command; see
|
|
above for details.
|
|
|
|
The `tagger` command uses the same format as `committer` within
|
|
`commit`; again see above for details.
|
|
|
|
The `data` command following `tagger` must supply the annotated tag
|
|
message (see below for `data` command syntax). To import an empty
|
|
tag message use a 0 length data. Tag messages are free-form and are
|
|
not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in UTF-8,
|
|
as fast-import does not permit other encodings to be specified.
|
|
|
|
Signing annotated tags during import from within fast-import is not
|
|
supported. Trying to include your own PGP/GPG signature is not
|
|
recommended, as the frontend does not (easily) have access to the
|
|
complete set of bytes which normally goes into such a signature.
|
|
If signing is required, create lightweight tags from within fast-import with
|
|
`reset`, then create the annotated versions of those tags offline
|
|
with the standard gitlink:git-tag[1] process.
|
|
|
|
`reset`
|
|
~~~~~~~
|
|
Creates (or recreates) the named branch, optionally starting from
|
|
a specific revision. The reset command allows a frontend to issue
|
|
a new `from` command for an existing branch, or to create a new
|
|
branch from an existing commit without creating a new commit.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'reset' SP <ref> LF
|
|
('from' SP <committish> LF)?
|
|
LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
For a detailed description of `<ref>` and `<committish>` see above
|
|
under `commit` and `from`.
|
|
|
|
The `reset` command can also be used to create lightweight
|
|
(non-annotated) tags. For example:
|
|
|
|
====
|
|
reset refs/tags/938
|
|
from :938
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
would create the lightweight tag `refs/tags/938` referring to
|
|
whatever commit mark `:938` references.
|
|
|
|
`blob`
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
Requests writing one file revision to the packfile. The revision
|
|
is not connected to any commit; this connection must be formed in
|
|
a subsequent `commit` command by referencing the blob through an
|
|
assigned mark.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'blob' LF
|
|
mark?
|
|
data
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
The mark command is optional here as some frontends have chosen
|
|
to generate the Git SHA-1 for the blob on their own, and feed that
|
|
directly to `commit`. This is typically more work than its worth
|
|
however, as marks are inexpensive to store and easy to use.
|
|
|
|
`data`
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
Supplies raw data (for use as blob/file content, commit messages, or
|
|
annotated tag messages) to fast-import. Data can be supplied using an exact
|
|
byte count or delimited with a terminating line. Real frontends
|
|
intended for production-quality conversions should always use the
|
|
exact byte count format, as it is more robust and performs better.
|
|
The delimited format is intended primarily for testing fast-import.
|
|
|
|
Exact byte count format::
|
|
The frontend must specify the number of bytes of data.
|
|
+
|
|
....
|
|
'data' SP <count> LF
|
|
<raw> LF
|
|
....
|
|
+
|
|
where `<count>` is the exact number of bytes appearing within
|
|
`<raw>`. The value of `<count>` is expressed as an ASCII decimal
|
|
integer. The `LF` on either side of `<raw>` is not
|
|
included in `<count>` and will not be included in the imported data.
|
|
|
|
Delimited format::
|
|
A delimiter string is used to mark the end of the data.
|
|
fast-import will compute the length by searching for the delimiter.
|
|
This format is primarly useful for testing and is not
|
|
recommended for real data.
|
|
+
|
|
....
|
|
'data' SP '<<' <delim> LF
|
|
<raw> LF
|
|
<delim> LF
|
|
....
|
|
+
|
|
where `<delim>` is the chosen delimiter string. The string `<delim>`
|
|
must not appear on a line by itself within `<raw>`, as otherwise
|
|
fast-import will think the data ends earlier than it really does. The `LF`
|
|
immediately trailing `<raw>` is part of `<raw>`. This is one of
|
|
the limitations of the delimited format, it is impossible to supply
|
|
a data chunk which does not have an LF as its last byte.
|
|
|
|
`checkpoint`
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, start a new one, and to
|
|
save out all current branch refs, tags and marks.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'checkpoint' LF
|
|
LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
Note that fast-import automatically switches packfiles when the current
|
|
packfile reaches \--max-pack-size, or 4 GiB, whichever limit is
|
|
smaller. During an automatic packfile switch fast-import does not update
|
|
the branch refs, tags or marks.
|
|
|
|
As a `checkpoint` can require a significant amount of CPU time and
|
|
disk IO (to compute the overall pack SHA-1 checksum, generate the
|
|
corresponding index file, and update the refs) it can easily take
|
|
several minutes for a single `checkpoint` command to complete.
|
|
|
|
Frontends may choose to issue checkpoints during extremely large
|
|
and long running imports, or when they need to allow another Git
|
|
process access to a branch. However given that a 30 GiB Subversion
|
|
repository can be loaded into Git through fast-import in about 3 hours,
|
|
explicit checkpointing may not be necessary.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tips and Tricks
|
|
---------------
|
|
The following tips and tricks have been collected from various
|
|
users of fast-import, and are offered here as suggestions.
|
|
|
|
Use One Mark Per Commit
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
When doing a repository conversion, use a unique mark per commit
|
|
(`mark :<n>`) and supply the \--export-marks option on the command
|
|
line. fast-import will dump a file which lists every mark and the Git
|
|
object SHA-1 that corresponds to it. If the frontend can tie
|
|
the marks back to the source repository, it is easy to verify the
|
|
accuracy and completeness of the import by comparing each Git
|
|
commit to the corresponding source revision.
|
|
|
|
Coming from a system such as Perforce or Subversion this should be
|
|
quite simple, as the fast-import mark can also be the Perforce changeset
|
|
number or the Subversion revision number.
|
|
|
|
Freely Skip Around Branches
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Don't bother trying to optimize the frontend to stick to one branch
|
|
at a time during an import. Although doing so might be slightly
|
|
faster for fast-import, it tends to increase the complexity of the frontend
|
|
code considerably.
|
|
|
|
The branch LRU builtin to fast-import tends to behave very well, and the
|
|
cost of activating an inactive branch is so low that bouncing around
|
|
between branches has virtually no impact on import performance.
|
|
|
|
Handling Renames
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
When importing a renamed file or directory, simply delete the old
|
|
name(s) and modify the new name(s) during the corresponding commit.
|
|
Git performs rename detection after-the-fact, rather than explicitly
|
|
during a commit.
|
|
|
|
Use Tag Fixup Branches
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Some other SCM systems let the user create a tag from multiple
|
|
files which are not from the same commit/changeset. Or to create
|
|
tags which are a subset of the files available in the repository.
|
|
|
|
Importing these tags as-is in Git is impossible without making at
|
|
least one commit which ``fixes up'' the files to match the content
|
|
of the tag. Use fast-import's `reset` command to reset a dummy branch
|
|
outside of your normal branch space to the base commit for the tag,
|
|
then commit one or more file fixup commits, and finally tag the
|
|
dummy branch.
|
|
|
|
For example since all normal branches are stored under `refs/heads/`
|
|
name the tag fixup branch `TAG_FIXUP`. This way it is impossible for
|
|
the fixup branch used by the importer to have namespace conflicts
|
|
with real branches imported from the source (the name `TAG_FIXUP`
|
|
is not `refs/heads/TAG_FIXUP`).
|
|
|
|
When committing fixups, consider using `merge` to connect the
|
|
commit(s) which are supplying file revisions to the fixup branch.
|
|
Doing so will allow tools such as gitlink:git-blame[1] to track
|
|
through the real commit history and properly annotate the source
|
|
files.
|
|
|
|
After fast-import terminates the frontend will need to do `rm .git/TAG_FIXUP`
|
|
to remove the dummy branch.
|
|
|
|
Import Now, Repack Later
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
As soon as fast-import completes the Git repository is completely valid
|
|
and ready for use. Typicallly this takes only a very short time,
|
|
even for considerably large projects (100,000+ commits).
|
|
|
|
However repacking the repository is necessary to improve data
|
|
locality and access performance. It can also take hours on extremely
|
|
large projects (especially if -f and a large \--window parameter is
|
|
used). Since repacking is safe to run alongside readers and writers,
|
|
run the repack in the background and let it finish when it finishes.
|
|
There is no reason to wait to explore your new Git project!
|
|
|
|
If you choose to wait for the repack, don't try to run benchmarks
|
|
or performance tests until repacking is completed. fast-import outputs
|
|
suboptimal packfiles that are simply never seen in real use
|
|
situations.
|
|
|
|
Repacking Historical Data
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
If you are repacking very old imported data (e.g. older than the
|
|
last year), consider expending some extra CPU time and supplying
|
|
\--window=50 (or higher) when you run gitlink:git-repack[1].
|
|
This will take longer, but will also produce a smaller packfile.
|
|
You only need to expend the effort once, and everyone using your
|
|
project will benefit from the smaller repository.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Packfile Optimization
|
|
---------------------
|
|
When packing a blob fast-import always attempts to deltify against the last
|
|
blob written. Unless specifically arranged for by the frontend,
|
|
this will probably not be a prior version of the same file, so the
|
|
generated delta will not be the smallest possible. The resulting
|
|
packfile will be compressed, but will not be optimal.
|
|
|
|
Frontends which have efficient access to all revisions of a
|
|
single file (for example reading an RCS/CVS ,v file) can choose
|
|
to supply all revisions of that file as a sequence of consecutive
|
|
`blob` commands. This allows fast-import to deltify the different file
|
|
revisions against each other, saving space in the final packfile.
|
|
Marks can be used to later identify individual file revisions during
|
|
a sequence of `commit` commands.
|
|
|
|
The packfile(s) created by fast-import do not encourage good disk access
|
|
patterns. This is caused by fast-import writing the data in the order
|
|
it is received on standard input, while Git typically organizes
|
|
data within packfiles to make the most recent (current tip) data
|
|
appear before historical data. Git also clusters commits together,
|
|
speeding up revision traversal through better cache locality.
|
|
|
|
For this reason it is strongly recommended that users repack the
|
|
repository with `git repack -a -d` after fast-import completes, allowing
|
|
Git to reorganize the packfiles for faster data access. If blob
|
|
deltas are suboptimal (see above) then also adding the `-f` option
|
|
to force recomputation of all deltas can significantly reduce the
|
|
final packfile size (30-50% smaller can be quite typical).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Memory Utilization
|
|
------------------
|
|
There are a number of factors which affect how much memory fast-import
|
|
requires to perform an import. Like critical sections of core
|
|
Git, fast-import uses its own memory allocators to ammortize any overheads
|
|
associated with malloc. In practice fast-import tends to ammoritize any
|
|
malloc overheads to 0, due to its use of large block allocations.
|
|
|
|
per object
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
fast-import maintains an in-memory structure for every object written in
|
|
this execution. On a 32 bit system the structure is 32 bytes,
|
|
on a 64 bit system the structure is 40 bytes (due to the larger
|
|
pointer sizes). Objects in the table are not deallocated until
|
|
fast-import terminates. Importing 2 million objects on a 32 bit system
|
|
will require approximately 64 MiB of memory.
|
|
|
|
The object table is actually a hashtable keyed on the object name
|
|
(the unique SHA-1). This storage configuration allows fast-import to reuse
|
|
an existing or already written object and avoid writing duplicates
|
|
to the output packfile. Duplicate blobs are surprisingly common
|
|
in an import, typically due to branch merges in the source.
|
|
|
|
per mark
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
Marks are stored in a sparse array, using 1 pointer (4 bytes or 8
|
|
bytes, depending on pointer size) per mark. Although the array
|
|
is sparse, frontends are still strongly encouraged to use marks
|
|
between 1 and n, where n is the total number of marks required for
|
|
this import.
|
|
|
|
per branch
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Branches are classified as active and inactive. The memory usage
|
|
of the two classes is significantly different.
|
|
|
|
Inactive branches are stored in a structure which uses 96 or 120
|
|
bytes (32 bit or 64 bit systems, respectively), plus the length of
|
|
the branch name (typically under 200 bytes), per branch. fast-import will
|
|
easily handle as many as 10,000 inactive branches in under 2 MiB
|
|
of memory.
|
|
|
|
Active branches have the same overhead as inactive branches, but
|
|
also contain copies of every tree that has been recently modified on
|
|
that branch. If subtree `include` has not been modified since the
|
|
branch became active, its contents will not be loaded into memory,
|
|
but if subtree `src` has been modified by a commit since the branch
|
|
became active, then its contents will be loaded in memory.
|
|
|
|
As active branches store metadata about the files contained on that
|
|
branch, their in-memory storage size can grow to a considerable size
|
|
(see below).
|
|
|
|
fast-import automatically moves active branches to inactive status based on
|
|
a simple least-recently-used algorithm. The LRU chain is updated on
|
|
each `commit` command. The maximum number of active branches can be
|
|
increased or decreased on the command line with \--active-branches=.
|
|
|
|
per active tree
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Trees (aka directories) use just 12 bytes of memory on top of the
|
|
memory required for their entries (see ``per active file'' below).
|
|
The cost of a tree is virtually 0, as its overhead ammortizes out
|
|
over the individual file entries.
|
|
|
|
per active file entry
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Files (and pointers to subtrees) within active trees require 52 or 64
|
|
bytes (32/64 bit platforms) per entry. To conserve space, file and
|
|
tree names are pooled in a common string table, allowing the filename
|
|
``Makefile'' to use just 16 bytes (after including the string header
|
|
overhead) no matter how many times it occurs within the project.
|
|
|
|
The active branch LRU, when coupled with the filename string pool
|
|
and lazy loading of subtrees, allows fast-import to efficiently import
|
|
projects with 2,000+ branches and 45,114+ files in a very limited
|
|
memory footprint (less than 2.7 MiB per active branch).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author
|
|
------
|
|
Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>.
|
|
|
|
Documentation
|
|
--------------
|
|
Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>.
|
|
|
|
GIT
|
|
---
|
|
Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite
|
|
|