зеркало из https://github.com/microsoft/git.git
635 строки
20 KiB
Plaintext
635 строки
20 KiB
Plaintext
git(1)
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======
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NAME
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----
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git - the stupid content tracker
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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[verse]
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'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]]
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[-p|--paginate|--no-pager]
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[--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
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[--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
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unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
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and full access to internals.
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See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
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link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
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"man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
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also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
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the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
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introduction.
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The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
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as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
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Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
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documentation can be viewed at
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`http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
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ifdef::stalenotes[]
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[NOTE]
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============
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You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
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unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
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branch of the `git.git` repository.
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Documentation for older releases are available here:
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* link:v1.6.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
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* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
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link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
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link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
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* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
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* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
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* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
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* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
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* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
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* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
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* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
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* release notes for
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link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
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link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
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* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
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link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
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link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
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link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
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============
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endif::stalenotes[]
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OPTIONS
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-------
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--version::
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Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
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--help::
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Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
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commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
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available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
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option will bring up the manual page for that command.
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+
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Other options are available to control how the manual page is
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displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
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because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
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help ...`.
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--exec-path::
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Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
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This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
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environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
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the current setting and then exit.
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-p::
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--paginate::
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Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
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--no-pager::
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Do not pipe git output into a pager.
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--git-dir=<path>::
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Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
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setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
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path or relative path to current working directory.
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--work-tree=<path>::
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Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
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used in combination with repositories found automatically in
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a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
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This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
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environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
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variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
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the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
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Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
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--work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
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the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
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of your working tree.
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--bare::
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Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
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environment is not set, it is set to the current working
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directory.
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FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
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---------------------
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See the references above to get started using git. The following is
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probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
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The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
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user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
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introductions to the underlying git architecture.
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See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
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examples.
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The internals are documented in the
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link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
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GIT COMMANDS
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------------
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We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
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("plumbing") commands.
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High-level commands (porcelain)
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-------------------------------
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We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
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ancillary user utilities.
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Main porcelain commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
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Ancillary Commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Manipulators:
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include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
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Interrogators:
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include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
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Interacting with Others
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
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people via patch over e-mail.
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include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
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Low-level commands (plumbing)
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-----------------------------
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Although git includes its
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own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
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development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
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might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
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linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
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The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
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to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
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than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
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primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
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on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
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end user experience.
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The following description divides
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the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
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the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
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compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
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repositories.
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Manipulation commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
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Interrogation commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
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In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
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the working tree.
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Synching repositories
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
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The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
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typically do not use them directly.
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include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
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Internal helper commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
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users typically do not use them directly.
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include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
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Configuration Mechanism
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-----------------------
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Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
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is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
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simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
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people. Here is an example:
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------------
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#
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# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
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#
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; core variables
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[core]
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; Don't trust file modes
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filemode = false
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; user identity
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[user]
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name = "Junio C Hamano"
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email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
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------------
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Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
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their operation accordingly.
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Identifier Terminology
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----------------------
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<object>::
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Indicates the object name for any type of object.
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<blob>::
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Indicates a blob object name.
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<tree>::
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Indicates a tree object name.
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<commit>::
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Indicates a commit object name.
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<tree-ish>::
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Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
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command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
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operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
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<commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
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<commit-ish>::
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Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
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command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
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operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
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<tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
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<type>::
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Indicates that an object type is required.
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Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
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<file>::
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Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
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root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
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Symbolic Identifiers
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--------------------
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Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
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symbolic notation:
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HEAD::
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indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
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contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
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<tag>::
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a valid tag 'name'
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(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
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<head>::
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a valid head 'name'
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(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
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For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
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"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
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File/Directory Structure
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------------------------
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Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
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Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
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Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
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`$GIT_DIR`.
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Terminology
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-----------
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Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
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Environment Variables
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---------------------
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Various git commands use the following environment variables:
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The git Repository
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
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is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
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git so take care if using Cogito etc.
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'GIT_INDEX_FILE'::
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This environment allows the specification of an alternate
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index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
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is used.
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'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
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If the object storage directory is specified via this
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environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
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underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
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directory is used.
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'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
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Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
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archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
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specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
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of git object directories which can be used to search for git
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objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
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'GIT_DIR'::
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If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
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specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
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for the base of the repository.
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'GIT_WORK_TREE'::
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Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
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used in combination with repositories found automatically in
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a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
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This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
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option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
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'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
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This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
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If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
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up into while looking for a repository directory.
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It will not exclude the current working directory or
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a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
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(Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
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git Commits
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME'::
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'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL'::
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'GIT_AUTHOR_DATE'::
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'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
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'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
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'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
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'EMAIL'::
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see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
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git Diffs
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~~~~~~~~~
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'GIT_DIFF_OPTS'::
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Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
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number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
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This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
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value passed on the git diff command line.
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'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
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When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
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program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
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described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
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'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
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path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
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+
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where:
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<old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
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contents of <old|new>,
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<old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
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<old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
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+
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The file parameters can point at the user's working file
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(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
|
|
when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
|
|
index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
|
|
temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
|
|
+
|
|
For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
|
|
parameter, <path>.
|
|
|
|
other
|
|
~~~~~
|
|
'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
|
|
A number controlling the amount of output shown by
|
|
the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
|
|
See linkgit:git-merge[1]
|
|
|
|
'GIT_PAGER'::
|
|
This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
|
|
to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
|
|
a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
|
|
linkgit:git-config[1].
|
|
|
|
'GIT_SSH'::
|
|
If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
|
|
and 'git-push' will use this command instead
|
|
of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
|
|
The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
|
|
the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
|
|
shell command to execute on that remote system.
|
|
+
|
|
To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
|
|
you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
|
|
then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
|
|
+
|
|
Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
|
|
personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
|
|
for further details.
|
|
|
|
'GIT_FLUSH'::
|
|
If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
|
|
as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
|
|
and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
|
|
after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
|
|
variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
|
|
using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
|
|
not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
|
|
based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
|
|
|
|
'GIT_TRACE'::
|
|
If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
|
|
is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
|
|
stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
|
|
execution and external command execution.
|
|
If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
|
|
and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
|
|
value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
|
|
trace messages into this file descriptor.
|
|
Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
|
|
(starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
|
|
as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
|
|
into it.
|
|
|
|
Discussion[[Discussion]]
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
More detail on the following is available from the
|
|
link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
|
|
user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
|
|
|
|
A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
|
|
subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
|
|
things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
|
|
of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
|
|
contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
|
|
as tags and branch heads.
|
|
|
|
The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
|
|
hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
|
|
directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
|
|
and some number of parent commits.
|
|
|
|
The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
|
|
"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
|
|
represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
|
|
parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
|
|
|
|
All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
|
|
written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
|
|
The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
|
|
just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
|
|
purpose.
|
|
|
|
When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
|
|
efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
|
|
|
|
Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
|
|
may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
|
|
with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
|
|
recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
|
|
tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
|
|
`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
|
|
|
|
The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
|
|
path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
|
|
the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
|
|
attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
|
|
corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
|
|
working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
|
|
be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
|
|
content stored in the index.
|
|
|
|
The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
|
|
for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
|
|
unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
|
|
|
|
Authors
|
|
-------
|
|
* git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
|
|
* The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
|
|
* The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
|
|
* General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
|
|
|
|
Documentation
|
|
--------------
|
|
The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
|
|
<david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
|
|
contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
|
|
|
|
SEE ALSO
|
|
--------
|
|
linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
|
|
link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
|
|
linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
|
|
linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]
|
|
|
|
GIT
|
|
---
|
|
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
|