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300 строки
11 KiB
Plaintext
300 строки
11 KiB
Plaintext
git-fetch(1)
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============
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NAME
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----
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git-fetch - Download objects and refs from another repository
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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[verse]
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'git fetch' [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]
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'git fetch' [<options>] <group>
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'git fetch' --multiple [<options>] [(<repository> | <group>)...]
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'git fetch' --all [<options>]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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Fetch branches and/or tags (collectively, "refs") from one or more
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other repositories, along with the objects necessary to complete their
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histories. Remote-tracking branches are updated (see the description
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of <refspec> below for ways to control this behavior).
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By default, any tag that points into the histories being fetched is
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also fetched; the effect is to fetch tags that
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point at branches that you are interested in. This default behavior
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can be changed by using the --tags or --no-tags options or by
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configuring remote.<name>.tagOpt. By using a refspec that fetches tags
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explicitly, you can fetch tags that do not point into branches you
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are interested in as well.
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'git fetch' can fetch from either a single named repository or URL,
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or from several repositories at once if <group> is given and
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there is a remotes.<group> entry in the configuration file.
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(See linkgit:git-config[1]).
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When no remote is specified, by default the `origin` remote will be used,
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unless there's an upstream branch configured for the current branch.
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The names of refs that are fetched, together with the object names
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they point at, are written to `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. This information
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may be used by scripts or other git commands, such as linkgit:git-pull[1].
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OPTIONS
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-------
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include::fetch-options.txt[]
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include::pull-fetch-param.txt[]
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include::urls-remotes.txt[]
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CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES[[CRTB]]
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-------------------------------------------
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You often interact with the same remote repository by
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regularly and repeatedly fetching from it. In order to keep track
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of the progress of such a remote repository, `git fetch` allows you
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to configure `remote.<repository>.fetch` configuration variables.
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Typically such a variable may look like this:
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------------------------------------------------
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[remote "origin"]
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fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
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------------------------------------------------
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This configuration is used in two ways:
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* When `git fetch` is run without specifying what branches
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and/or tags to fetch on the command line, e.g. `git fetch origin`
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or `git fetch`, `remote.<repository>.fetch` values are used as
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the refspecs--they specify which refs to fetch and which local refs
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to update. The example above will fetch
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all branches that exist in the `origin` (i.e. any ref that matches
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the left-hand side of the value, `refs/heads/*`) and update the
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corresponding remote-tracking branches in the `refs/remotes/origin/*`
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hierarchy.
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* When `git fetch` is run with explicit branches and/or tags
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to fetch on the command line, e.g. `git fetch origin master`, the
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<refspec>s given on the command line determine what are to be
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fetched (e.g. `master` in the example,
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which is a short-hand for `master:`, which in turn means
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"fetch the 'master' branch but I do not explicitly say what
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remote-tracking branch to update with it from the command line"),
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and the example command will
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fetch _only_ the 'master' branch. The `remote.<repository>.fetch`
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values determine which
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remote-tracking branch, if any, is updated. When used in this
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way, the `remote.<repository>.fetch` values do not have any
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effect in deciding _what_ gets fetched (i.e. the values are not
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used as refspecs when the command-line lists refspecs); they are
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only used to decide _where_ the refs that are fetched are stored
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by acting as a mapping.
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The latter use of the `remote.<repository>.fetch` values can be
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overridden by giving the `--refmap=<refspec>` parameter(s) on the
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command line.
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PRUNING
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-------
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Git has a default disposition of keeping data unless it's explicitly
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thrown away; this extends to holding onto local references to branches
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on remotes that have themselves deleted those branches.
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If left to accumulate, these stale references might make performance
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worse on big and busy repos that have a lot of branch churn, and
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e.g. make the output of commands like `git branch -a --contains
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<commit>` needlessly verbose, as well as impacting anything else
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that'll work with the complete set of known references.
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These remote-tracking references can be deleted as a one-off with
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either of:
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------------------------------------------------
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# While fetching
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$ git fetch --prune <name>
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# Only prune, don't fetch
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$ git remote prune <name>
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------------------------------------------------
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To prune references as part of your normal workflow without needing to
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remember to run that, set `fetch.prune` globally, or
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`remote.<name>.prune` per-remote in the config. See
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linkgit:git-config[1].
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Here's where things get tricky and more specific. The pruning feature
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doesn't actually care about branches, instead it'll prune local <->
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remote-references as a function of the refspec of the remote (see
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`<refspec>` and <<CRTB,CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES>> above).
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Therefore if the refspec for the remote includes
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e.g. `refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*`, or you manually run e.g. `git fetch
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--prune <name> "refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*"` it won't be stale remote
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tracking branches that are deleted, but any local tag that doesn't
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exist on the remote.
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This might not be what you expect, i.e. you want to prune remote
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`<name>`, but also explicitly fetch tags from it, so when you fetch
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from it you delete all your local tags, most of which may not have
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come from the `<name>` remote in the first place.
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So be careful when using this with a refspec like
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`refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*`, or any other refspec which might map
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references from multiple remotes to the same local namespace.
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Since keeping up-to-date with both branches and tags on the remote is
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a common use-case the `--prune-tags` option can be supplied along with
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`--prune` to prune local tags that don't exist on the remote, and
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force-update those tags that differ. Tag pruning can also be enabled
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with `fetch.pruneTags` or `remote.<name>.pruneTags` in the config. See
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linkgit:git-config[1].
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The `--prune-tags` option is equivalent to having
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`refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*` declared in the refspecs of the remote. This
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can lead to some seemingly strange interactions:
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------------------------------------------------
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# These both fetch tags
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$ git fetch --no-tags origin 'refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*'
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$ git fetch --no-tags --prune-tags origin
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------------------------------------------------
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The reason it doesn't error out when provided without `--prune` or its
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config versions is for flexibility of the configured versions, and to
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maintain a 1=1 mapping between what the command line flags do, and
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what the configuration versions do.
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It's reasonable to e.g. configure `fetch.pruneTags=true` in
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`~/.gitconfig` to have tags pruned whenever `git fetch --prune` is
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run, without making every invocation of `git fetch` without `--prune`
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an error.
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Pruning tags with `--prune-tags` also works when fetching a URL
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instead of a named remote. These will all prune tags not found on
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origin:
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------------------------------------------------
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$ git fetch origin --prune --prune-tags
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$ git fetch origin --prune 'refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*'
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$ git fetch <url of origin> --prune --prune-tags
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$ git fetch <url of origin> --prune 'refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*'
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------------------------------------------------
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OUTPUT
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------
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The output of "git fetch" depends on the transport method used; this
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section describes the output when fetching over the Git protocol
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(either locally or via ssh) and Smart HTTP protocol.
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The status of the fetch is output in tabular form, with each line
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representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form:
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-------------------------------
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<flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> [<reason>]
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-------------------------------
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The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if the --verbose option is
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used.
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In compact output mode, specified with configuration variable
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fetch.output, if either entire `<from>` or `<to>` is found in the
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other string, it will be substituted with `*` in the other string. For
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example, `master -> origin/master` becomes `master -> origin/*`.
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flag::
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A single character indicating the status of the ref:
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(space);; for a successfully fetched fast-forward;
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`+`;; for a successful forced update;
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`-`;; for a successfully pruned ref;
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`t`;; for a successful tag update;
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`*`;; for a successfully fetched new ref;
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`!`;; for a ref that was rejected or failed to update; and
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`=`;; for a ref that was up to date and did not need fetching.
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summary::
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For a successfully fetched ref, the summary shows the old and new
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values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to
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`git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and
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`<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates).
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from::
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The name of the remote ref being fetched from, minus its
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`refs/<type>/` prefix. In the case of deletion, the name of
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the remote ref is "(none)".
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to::
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The name of the local ref being updated, minus its
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`refs/<type>/` prefix.
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reason::
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A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully fetched
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refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for
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failure is described.
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EXAMPLES
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--------
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* Update the remote-tracking branches:
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+
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------------------------------------------------
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$ git fetch origin
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------------------------------------------------
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+
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The above command copies all branches from the remote refs/heads/
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namespace and stores them to the local refs/remotes/origin/ namespace,
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unless the branch.<name>.fetch option is used to specify a non-default
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refspec.
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* Using refspecs explicitly:
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+
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------------------------------------------------
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$ git fetch origin +pu:pu maint:tmp
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------------------------------------------------
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+
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This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in
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the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively)
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`pu` and `maint` from the remote repository.
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+
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The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward,
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because it is prefixed with a plus sign; `tmp` will not be.
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* Peek at a remote's branch, without configuring the remote in your local
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repository:
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+
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------------------------------------------------
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$ git fetch git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git maint
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$ git log FETCH_HEAD
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------------------------------------------------
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+
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The first command fetches the `maint` branch from the repository at
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`git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git` and the second command uses
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`FETCH_HEAD` to examine the branch with linkgit:git-log[1]. The fetched
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objects will eventually be removed by git's built-in housekeeping (see
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linkgit:git-gc[1]).
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include::transfer-data-leaks.txt[]
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BUGS
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----
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Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked
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out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the
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just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself can not be
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fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without
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having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git
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version.
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SEE ALSO
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--------
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linkgit:git-pull[1]
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GIT
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---
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Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
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