Summary:
This PR is the follow up to the conversation started here by SimenB: https://github.com/react-native-community/discussions-and-proposals/issues/509
Basically, we want to move RN to use its own custom environment so that we can tweak it going forward - this PR in fact only sets up the groundwork for that; robhogan mentioned that with this in place, Meta engineers can
> iterate on it (with jest-environment-node as a starting point) against our internal product tests
This is also connected to Rob's work to bring Jest 29 into the codebase https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/34724 and my "mirror" PR to bring template in main up to the same version (https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/34972)
## Changelog
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[General] [Changed] - move Jest config to use a custom react-native Jest env
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/34971
Test Plan: Tested that `yarn test` in main works fine after the changes; CI and Meta's internal CI will also serve the purpose of verifying that it works (but there's no reason not to since it's still pretty much just relying on `node`).
Reviewed By: huntie
Differential Revision: D40379760
Pulled By: robhogan
fbshipit-source-id: 2c6d0bc86d337fda9befce0799bda2f56cc4466c