Datasets: add support for pathlib.Path (#2173)

* Added pathlib support for  ``geo.py``

* Fixed failing ruff checks.

* Fixed additional ruff fromating errors

* Added complete ``pathlib`` support

* Additional changes

* Fixed ``cyclone.py`` issues

* Additional fixes

* Fixed ``isinstance`` and ``Path`` inconsistency and

* Fixed mypy errors in ``cdl.py``

* geo/utils: all paths are Paths

* datasets: all paths are Paths

* Test Paths

* Type checks only work for latest torchvision

* Fix tests

---------

Co-authored-by: Hitesh Tolani <hitesh.ht.2003@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Adam J. Stewart <ajstewart426@gmail.com>

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ repos:
           - scikit-image>=0.22.0
           - torch>=2.3
           - torchmetrics>=0.10
+          - torchvision>=0.18
         exclude: (build|data|dist|logo|logs|output)/
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-prettier
     rev: v3.1.0

tests/datasets/test_advance.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import ADVANCE, DatasetNotFoundError
 pytest.importorskip('scipy', minversion='1.7.2')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class TestADVANCE:
         md5s = ['43acacecebecd17a82bc2c1e719fd7e4', '039b7baa47879a8a4e32b9dd8287f6ad']
         monkeypatch.setattr(ADVANCE, 'urls', urls)
         monkeypatch.setattr(ADVANCE, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return ADVANCE(root, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class TestADVANCE:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            ADVANCE(str(tmp_path))
+            ADVANCE(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: ADVANCE) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_agb_live_woody_density.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TestAbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity:
         )
         monkeypatch.setattr(AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity, 'url', url)
 
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         return AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity(
             root, transforms=transforms, download=True
         )
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class TestAbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity:
 
     def test_no_dataset(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity(str(tmp_path))
+            AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity(tmp_path)
 
     def test_already_downloaded(
         self, dataset: AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity

tests/datasets/test_agrifieldnet.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class TestAgriFieldNet:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            AgriFieldNet(str(tmp_path))
+            AgriFieldNet(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: AgriFieldNet) -> None:
         x = dataset[dataset.bounds]

tests/datasets/test_airphen.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class TestAirphen:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Airphen(str(tmp_path))
+            Airphen(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: Airphen) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_astergdem.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class TestAsterGDEM:
     def dataset(self, tmp_path: Path) -> AsterGDEM:
         zipfile = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'astergdem', 'astergdem.zip')
         shutil.unpack_archive(zipfile, tmp_path, 'zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return AsterGDEM(root, transforms=transforms)
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class TestAsterGDEM:
         shutil.rmtree(tmp_path)
         os.makedirs(tmp_path)
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            AsterGDEM(str(tmp_path))
+            AsterGDEM(tmp_path)
 
     def test_getitem(self, dataset: AsterGDEM) -> None:
         x = dataset[dataset.bounds]

tests/datasets/test_benin_cashews.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class TestBeninSmallHolderCashews:
         monkeypatch.setattr(BeninSmallHolderCashews, 'dates', ('20191105',))
         monkeypatch.setattr(BeninSmallHolderCashews, 'tile_height', 2)
         monkeypatch.setattr(BeninSmallHolderCashews, 'tile_width', 2)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return BeninSmallHolderCashews(root, transforms=transforms, download=True)
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class TestBeninSmallHolderCashews:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            BeninSmallHolderCashews(str(tmp_path))
+            BeninSmallHolderCashews(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_bands(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):

tests/datasets/test_bigearthnet.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import BigEarthNet, DatasetNotFoundError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TestBigEarthNet:
         monkeypatch.setattr(BigEarthNet, 'metadata', metadata)
         monkeypatch.setattr(BigEarthNet, 'splits_metadata', splits_metadata)
         bands, num_classes, split = request.param
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return BigEarthNet(
             root, split, bands, num_classes, transforms, download=True, checksum=True
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class TestBigEarthNet:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: BigEarthNet, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         BigEarthNet(
-            root=str(tmp_path),
+            root=tmp_path,
             bands=dataset.bands,
             split=dataset.split,
             num_classes=dataset.num_classes,
@@ -112,21 +112,21 @@ class TestBigEarthNet:
             shutil.rmtree(
                 os.path.join(dataset.root, dataset.metadata['s2']['directory'])
             )
-            download_url(dataset.metadata['s1']['url'], root=str(tmp_path))
-            download_url(dataset.metadata['s2']['url'], root=str(tmp_path))
+            download_url(dataset.metadata['s1']['url'], root=tmp_path)
+            download_url(dataset.metadata['s2']['url'], root=tmp_path)
         elif dataset.bands == 's1':
             shutil.rmtree(
                 os.path.join(dataset.root, dataset.metadata['s1']['directory'])
             )
-            download_url(dataset.metadata['s1']['url'], root=str(tmp_path))
+            download_url(dataset.metadata['s1']['url'], root=tmp_path)
         else:
             shutil.rmtree(
                 os.path.join(dataset.root, dataset.metadata['s2']['directory'])
             )
-            download_url(dataset.metadata['s2']['url'], root=str(tmp_path))
+            download_url(dataset.metadata['s2']['url'], root=tmp_path)
 
         BigEarthNet(
-            root=str(tmp_path),
+            root=tmp_path,
             bands=dataset.bands,
             split=dataset.split,
             num_classes=dataset.num_classes,
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class TestBigEarthNet:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            BigEarthNet(str(tmp_path))
+            BigEarthNet(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: BigEarthNet) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_biomassters.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TestBioMassters:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            BioMassters(str(tmp_path))
+            BioMassters(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: BioMassters) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_cbf.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TestCanadianBuildingFootprints:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'cbf') + os.sep
         monkeypatch.setattr(CanadianBuildingFootprints, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(plt, 'show', lambda *args: None)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return CanadianBuildingFootprints(
             root, res=0.1, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class TestCanadianBuildingFootprints:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            CanadianBuildingFootprints(str(tmp_path))
+            CanadianBuildingFootprints(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: CanadianBuildingFootprints) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)

tests/datasets/test_cdl.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TestCDL:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'cdl', '{}_30m_cdls.zip')
         monkeypatch.setattr(CDL, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(plt, 'show', lambda *args: None)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return CDL(
             root,
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class TestCDL:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'cdl', '*_30m_cdls.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for zipfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(zipfile, root)
         CDL(root, years=[2023, 2022])
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class TestCDL:
             AssertionError,
             match='CDL data product only exists for the following years:',
         ):
-            CDL(str(tmp_path), years=[1996])
+            CDL(tmp_path, years=[1996])
 
     def test_invalid_classes(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class TestCDL:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            CDL(str(tmp_path))
+            CDL(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: CDL) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_chabud.py

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import ChaBuD, DatasetNotFoundError
 pytest.importorskip('h5py', minversion='3.6')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, filename: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(
+    url: str, root: str | Path, filename: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str
+) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, os.path.join(root, filename))
 
 
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ class TestChaBuD:
         monkeypatch.setattr(ChaBuD, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(ChaBuD, 'md5', md5)
         bands, split = request.param
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return ChaBuD(
             root=root,
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ class TestChaBuD:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            ChaBuD(str(tmp_path))
+            ChaBuD(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_bands(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):

tests/datasets/test_chesapeake.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 pytest.importorskip('zipfile_deflate64')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TestChesapeake13:
         )
         monkeypatch.setattr(Chesapeake13, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(plt, 'show', lambda *args: None)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return Chesapeake13(root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ class TestChesapeake13:
         url = os.path.join(
             'tests', 'data', 'chesapeake', 'BAYWIDE', 'Baywide_13Class_20132014.zip'
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(url, root)
         Chesapeake13(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Chesapeake13(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            Chesapeake13(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: Chesapeake13) -> None:
         query = dataset.bounds
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class TestChesapeakeCVPR:
             '_files',
             ['de_1m_2013_extended-debuffered-test_tiles', 'spatial_index.geojson'],
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return ChesapeakeCVPR(
             root,
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class TestChesapeakeCVPR:
         ChesapeakeCVPR(root=dataset.root, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(
             os.path.join(
                 'tests', 'data', 'chesapeake', 'cvpr', 'cvpr_chesapeake_landcover.zip'
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class TestChesapeakeCVPR:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            ChesapeakeCVPR(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            ChesapeakeCVPR(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_out_of_bounds_query(self, dataset: ChesapeakeCVPR) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_cloud_cover.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class TestCloudCoverDetection:
     ) -> CloudCoverDetection:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'ref_cloud_cover_detection_challenge_v1')
         monkeypatch.setattr(CloudCoverDetection, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return CloudCoverDetection(
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class TestCloudCoverDetection:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            CloudCoverDetection(str(tmp_path))
+            CloudCoverDetection(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: CloudCoverDetection) -> None:
         sample = dataset[0]

tests/datasets/test_cms_mangrove_canopy.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class TestCMSGlobalMangroveCanopy:
 
     def test_no_dataset(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(str(tmp_path))
+            CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(tmp_path)
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join(
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TestCMSGlobalMangroveCanopy:
             'cms_mangrove_canopy',
             'CMS_Global_Map_Mangrove_Canopy_1665.zip',
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(pathname, root)
         CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(root, country='Angola')
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class TestCMSGlobalMangroveCanopy:
         ) as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(str(tmp_path), country='Angola', checksum=True)
+            CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(tmp_path, country='Angola', checksum=True)
 
     def test_invalid_country(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):

tests/datasets/test_cowc.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import COWC, COWCCounting, COWCDetection, DatasetNotFoundError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class TestCOWCCounting:
             '0a4daed8c5f6c4e20faa6e38636e4346',
         ]
         monkeypatch.setattr(COWCCounting, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return COWCCounting(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class TestCOWCCounting:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            COWCCounting(str(tmp_path))
+            COWCCounting(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: COWCCounting) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class TestCOWCDetection:
             'dccc2257e9c4a9dde2b4f84769804046',
         ]
         monkeypatch.setattr(COWCDetection, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return COWCDetection(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class TestCOWCDetection:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            COWCDetection(str(tmp_path))
+            COWCDetection(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: COWCDetection) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_cropharvest.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import CropHarvest, DatasetNotFoundError
 pytest.importorskip('h5py', minversion='3.6')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, filename: str, md5: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, filename: str, md5: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, os.path.join(root, filename))
 
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TestCropHarvest:
             os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'cropharvest', 'labels.geojson'),
         )
 
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
 
         dataset = CropHarvest(root, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -61,16 +61,16 @@ class TestCropHarvest:
         assert len(dataset) == 5
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: CropHarvest, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        CropHarvest(root=str(tmp_path), download=False)
+        CropHarvest(root=tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_downloaded_zipped(self, dataset: CropHarvest, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         feature_path = os.path.join(tmp_path, 'features')
         shutil.rmtree(feature_path)
-        CropHarvest(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        CropHarvest(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            CropHarvest(str(tmp_path))
+            CropHarvest(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: CropHarvest) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_cv4a_kenya_crop_type.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class TestCV4AKenyaCropType:
         monkeypatch.setattr(CV4AKenyaCropType, 'dates', ['20190606'])
         monkeypatch.setattr(CV4AKenyaCropType, 'tile_height', 2)
         monkeypatch.setattr(CV4AKenyaCropType, 'tile_width', 2)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return CV4AKenyaCropType(root, transforms=transforms, download=True)
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class TestCV4AKenyaCropType:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            CV4AKenyaCropType(str(tmp_path))
+            CV4AKenyaCropType(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_bands(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):

tests/datasets/test_cyclone.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TestTropicalCyclone:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'cyclone')
         monkeypatch.setattr(TropicalCyclone, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(TropicalCyclone, 'size', 2)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return TropicalCyclone(root, split, transforms, download=True)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class TestTropicalCyclone:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            TropicalCyclone(str(tmp_path))
+            TropicalCyclone(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: TropicalCyclone) -> None:
         sample = dataset[0]

tests/datasets/test_deepglobelandcover.py

@@ -39,16 +39,14 @@ class TestDeepGlobeLandCover:
     def test_extract(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         root = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'deepglobelandcover')
         filename = 'data.zip'
-        shutil.copyfile(
-            os.path.join(root, filename), os.path.join(str(tmp_path), filename)
-        )
-        DeepGlobeLandCover(root=str(tmp_path))
+        shutil.copyfile(os.path.join(root, filename), os.path.join(tmp_path, filename))
+        DeepGlobeLandCover(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'data.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            DeepGlobeLandCover(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            DeepGlobeLandCover(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ class TestDeepGlobeLandCover:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            DeepGlobeLandCover(str(tmp_path))
+            DeepGlobeLandCover(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: DeepGlobeLandCover) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_dfc2022.py

@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class TestDFC2022:
             os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'dfc2022', 'val.zip'),
             os.path.join(tmp_path, 'val.zip'),
         )
-        DFC2022(root=str(tmp_path))
+        DFC2022(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'labeled_train.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            DFC2022(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            DFC2022(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class TestDFC2022:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            DFC2022(str(tmp_path))
+            DFC2022(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: DFC2022) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_eddmaps.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class TestEDDMapS:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            EDDMapS(str(tmp_path))
+            EDDMapS(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: EDDMapS) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_enviroatlas.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 from torchgeo.samplers import RandomGeoSampler
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TestEnviroAtlas:
             '_files',
             ['pittsburgh_pa-2010_1m-train_tiles-debuffered', 'spatial_index.geojson'],
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return EnviroAtlas(
             root,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class TestEnviroAtlas:
         EnviroAtlas(root=dataset.root, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(
             os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'enviroatlas', 'enviroatlas_lotp.zip'), root
         )
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TestEnviroAtlas:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            EnviroAtlas(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            EnviroAtlas(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_out_of_bounds_query(self, dataset: EnviroAtlas) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_esri2020.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TestEsri2020:
             'io-lulc-model-001-v01-composite-v03-supercell-v02-clip-v01.zip',
         )
         monkeypatch.setattr(Esri2020, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return Esri2020(root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ class TestEsri2020:
             'io-lulc-model-001-v01-composite-v03-supercell-v02-clip-v01.zip',
         )
         shutil.copy(url, tmp_path)
-        Esri2020(str(tmp_path))
+        Esri2020(tmp_path)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Esri2020(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            Esri2020(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_and(self, dataset: Esri2020) -> None:
         ds = dataset & dataset

tests/datasets/test_etci2021.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import ETCI2021, DatasetNotFoundError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class TestETCI2021:
             },
         }
         monkeypatch.setattr(ETCI2021, 'metadata', metadata)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return ETCI2021(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class TestETCI2021:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            ETCI2021(str(tmp_path))
+            ETCI2021(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: ETCI2021) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_eudem.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TestEUDEM:
         monkeypatch.setattr(EUDEM, 'md5s', md5s)
         zipfile = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'eudem', 'eu_dem_v11_E30N10.zip')
         shutil.copy(zipfile, tmp_path)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return EUDEM(root, transforms=transforms)
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TestEUDEM:
         assert len(dataset) == 1
 
     def test_extracted_already(self, dataset: EUDEM) -> None:
-        assert isinstance(dataset.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(dataset.paths, Path)
         zipfile = os.path.join(dataset.paths, 'eu_dem_v11_E30N10.zip')
         shutil.unpack_archive(zipfile, dataset.paths, 'zip')
         EUDEM(dataset.paths)
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ class TestEUDEM:
         shutil.rmtree(tmp_path)
         os.makedirs(tmp_path)
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            EUDEM(str(tmp_path))
+            EUDEM(tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'eu_dem_v11_E30N10.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            EUDEM(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            EUDEM(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_and(self, dataset: EUDEM) -> None:
         ds = dataset & dataset

tests/datasets/test_eurocrops.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TestEuroCrops:
         base_url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'eurocrops') + os.sep
         monkeypatch.setattr(EuroCrops, 'base_url', base_url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(plt, 'show', lambda *args: None)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return EuroCrops(
             root, classes=classes, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class TestEuroCrops:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            EuroCrops(str(tmp_path))
+            EuroCrops(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: EuroCrops) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(200, 200, 200, 200, 2, 2)

tests/datasets/test_eurosat.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TestEuroSAT:
                 'test': '4af60a00fdfdf8500572ae5360694b71',
             },
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return base_class(
             root=root, split=split, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True
@@ -90,18 +90,18 @@ class TestEuroSAT:
         assert len(ds) == 4
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: EuroSAT, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        EuroSAT(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        EuroSAT(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded_not_extracted(
         self, dataset: EuroSAT, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> None:
         shutil.rmtree(dataset.root)
-        download_url(dataset.url, root=str(tmp_path))
-        EuroSAT(root=str(tmp_path), download=False)
+        download_url(dataset.url, root=tmp_path)
+        EuroSAT(root=tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            EuroSAT(str(tmp_path))
+            EuroSAT(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: EuroSAT) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class TestEuroSAT:
         plt.close()
 
     def test_plot_rgb(self, dataset: EuroSAT, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        dataset = EuroSAT(root=str(tmp_path), bands=('B03',))
+        dataset = EuroSAT(root=tmp_path, bands=('B03',))
         with pytest.raises(
             RGBBandsMissingError, match='Dataset does not contain some of the RGB bands'
         ):

tests/datasets/test_fair1m.py

@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import FAIR1M, DatasetNotFoundError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, filename: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(
+    url: str, root: str | Path, filename: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str
+) -> None:
     os.makedirs(root, exist_ok=True)
     shutil.copy(url, os.path.join(root, filename))
 
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ class TestFAIR1M:
         }
         monkeypatch.setattr(FAIR1M, 'urls', urls)
         monkeypatch.setattr(FAIR1M, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return FAIR1M(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ class TestFAIR1M:
             assert len(dataset) == 4
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: FAIR1M, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        FAIR1M(root=str(tmp_path), split=dataset.split, download=True)
+        FAIR1M(root=tmp_path, split=dataset.split, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded_not_extracted(
         self, dataset: FAIR1M, tmp_path: Path
@@ -98,11 +100,11 @@ class TestFAIR1M:
         for filepath, url in zip(
             dataset.paths[dataset.split], dataset.urls[dataset.split]
         ):
-            output = os.path.join(str(tmp_path), filepath)
+            output = os.path.join(tmp_path, filepath)
             os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(output), exist_ok=True)
             download_url(url, root=os.path.dirname(output), filename=output)
 
-        FAIR1M(root=str(tmp_path), split=dataset.split, checksum=True)
+        FAIR1M(root=tmp_path, split=dataset.split, checksum=True)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path, dataset: FAIR1M) -> None:
         md5s = tuple(['randomhash'] * len(FAIR1M.md5s[dataset.split]))
@@ -111,17 +113,17 @@ class TestFAIR1M:
         for filepath, url in zip(
             dataset.paths[dataset.split], dataset.urls[dataset.split]
         ):
-            output = os.path.join(str(tmp_path), filepath)
+            output = os.path.join(tmp_path, filepath)
             os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(output), exist_ok=True)
             download_url(url, root=os.path.dirname(output), filename=output)
 
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            FAIR1M(root=str(tmp_path), split=dataset.split, checksum=True)
+            FAIR1M(root=tmp_path, split=dataset.split, checksum=True)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path, dataset: FAIR1M) -> None:
-        shutil.rmtree(str(tmp_path))
+        shutil.rmtree(tmp_path)
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            FAIR1M(root=str(tmp_path), split=dataset.split)
+            FAIR1M(root=tmp_path, split=dataset.split)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: FAIR1M) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_fire_risk.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, FireRisk
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class TestFireRisk:
         md5 = 'db22106d61b10d855234b4a74db921ac'
         monkeypatch.setattr(FireRisk, 'md5', md5)
         monkeypatch.setattr(FireRisk, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return FireRisk(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ class TestFireRisk:
         assert len(dataset) == 5
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: FireRisk, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        FireRisk(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        FireRisk(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded_not_extracted(
         self, dataset: FireRisk, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> None:
         shutil.rmtree(os.path.dirname(dataset.root))
-        download_url(dataset.url, root=str(tmp_path))
-        FireRisk(root=str(tmp_path), download=False)
+        download_url(dataset.url, root=tmp_path)
+        FireRisk(root=tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            FireRisk(str(tmp_path))
+            FireRisk(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: FireRisk) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_forestdamage.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, ForestDamage
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TestForestDamage:
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(ForestDamage, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(ForestDamage, 'md5', md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return ForestDamage(
             root=root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ class TestForestDamage:
             'tests', 'data', 'forestdamage', 'Data_Set_Larch_Casebearer.zip'
         )
         shutil.copy(url, tmp_path)
-        ForestDamage(root=str(tmp_path))
+        ForestDamage(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'Data_Set_Larch_Casebearer.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            ForestDamage(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            ForestDamage(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_not_found(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            ForestDamage(str(tmp_path))
+            ForestDamage(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: ForestDamage) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_gbif.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class TestGBIF:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            GBIF(str(tmp_path))
+            GBIF(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: GBIF) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_geo.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class CustomGeoDataset(GeoDataset):
         bounds: BoundingBox = BoundingBox(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
         crs: CRS = CRS.from_epsg(4087),
         res: float = 1,
-        paths: str | Iterable[str] | None = None,
+        paths: str | Path | Iterable[str | Path] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.index.insert(0, tuple(bounds))
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class TestGeoDataset:
             dataset & ds2  # type: ignore[operator]
 
     def test_files_property_for_non_existing_file_or_dir(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        paths = [str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path / 'non_existing_file.tif')]
+        paths = [tmp_path, tmp_path / 'non_existing_file.tif']
         with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match='Path was ignored.'):
             assert len(CustomGeoDataset(paths=paths).files) == 0
 
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class TestRasterDataset:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            RasterDataset(str(tmp_path))
+            RasterDataset(tmp_path)
 
     def test_no_all_bands(self) -> None:
         root = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'sentinel2')
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ class TestVectorDataset:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            VectorDataset(str(tmp_path))
+            VectorDataset(tmp_path)
 
 
 class TestNonGeoDataset:

tests/datasets/test_gid15.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import GID15, DatasetNotFoundError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class TestGID15:
         monkeypatch.setattr(GID15, 'md5', md5)
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'gid15', 'gid-15.zip')
         monkeypatch.setattr(GID15, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return GID15(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class TestGID15:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            GID15(str(tmp_path))
+            GID15(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: GID15) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_globbiomass.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TestGlobBiomass:
         }
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(GlobBiomass, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return GlobBiomass(root, transforms=transforms, checksum=True)
 
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ class TestGlobBiomass:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            GlobBiomass(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            GlobBiomass(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'N00E020_agb.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            GlobBiomass(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            GlobBiomass(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_and(self, dataset: GlobBiomass) -> None:
         ds = dataset & dataset

tests/datasets/test_idtrees.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, IDTReeS
 pytest.importorskip('laspy', minversion='2')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class TestIDTReeS:
         }
         split, task = request.param
         monkeypatch.setattr(IDTReeS, 'metadata', metadata)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return IDTReeS(root, split, task, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ class TestIDTReeS:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            IDTReeS(str(tmp_path))
+            IDTReeS(tmp_path)
 
     def test_not_extracted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'idtrees', '*.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for zipfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(zipfile, root)
         IDTReeS(root)

tests/datasets/test_inaturalist.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class TestINaturalist:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            INaturalist(str(tmp_path))
+            INaturalist(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: INaturalist) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_inria.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class TestInriaAerialImageLabeling:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: str) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            InriaAerialImageLabeling(str(tmp_path))
+            InriaAerialImageLabeling(tmp_path)
 
     def test_dataset_checksum(self, dataset: InriaAerialImageLabeling) -> None:
         InriaAerialImageLabeling.md5 = 'randommd5hash123'

tests/datasets/test_iobench.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class TestIOBench:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'iobench', '{}.tar.gz')
         monkeypatch.setattr(IOBench, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setitem(IOBench.md5s, 'preprocessed', md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return IOBench(root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ class TestIOBench:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'iobench', '*.tar.gz')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for tarfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(tarfile, root)
         IOBench(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            IOBench(str(tmp_path))
+            IOBench(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: IOBench) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_l7irish.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TestL7Irish:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'l7irish', '{}.tar.gz')
         monkeypatch.setattr(L7Irish, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(L7Irish, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return L7Irish(root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ class TestL7Irish:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'l7irish', '*.tar.gz')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for tarfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(tarfile, root)
         L7Irish(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            L7Irish(str(tmp_path))
+            L7Irish(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot_prediction(self, dataset: L7Irish) -> None:
         x = dataset[dataset.bounds]

tests/datasets/test_l8biome.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TestL8Biome:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'l8biome', '{}.tar.gz')
         monkeypatch.setattr(L8Biome, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(L8Biome, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return L8Biome(root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ class TestL8Biome:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'l8biome', '*.tar.gz')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for tarfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(tarfile, root)
         L8Biome(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            L8Biome(str(tmp_path))
+            L8Biome(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot_prediction(self, dataset: L8Biome) -> None:
         x = dataset[dataset.bounds]

tests/datasets/test_landcoverai.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TestLandCoverAIGeo:
         monkeypatch.setattr(LandCoverAIGeo, 'md5', md5)
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'landcoverai', 'landcover.ai.v1.zip')
         monkeypatch.setattr(LandCoverAIGeo, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return LandCoverAIGeo(root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ class TestLandCoverAIGeo:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'landcoverai', 'landcover.ai.v1.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(url, root)
         LandCoverAIGeo(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            LandCoverAIGeo(str(tmp_path))
+            LandCoverAIGeo(tmp_path)
 
     def test_out_of_bounds_query(self, dataset: LandCoverAIGeo) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class TestLandCoverAI:
         monkeypatch.setattr(LandCoverAI, 'url', url)
         sha256 = 'ecec8e871faf1bbd8ca525ca95ddc1c1f5213f40afb94599884bd85f990ebd6b'
         monkeypatch.setattr(LandCoverAI, 'sha256', sha256)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return LandCoverAI(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@ class TestLandCoverAI:
         sha256 = 'ecec8e871faf1bbd8ca525ca95ddc1c1f5213f40afb94599884bd85f990ebd6b'
         monkeypatch.setattr(LandCoverAI, 'sha256', sha256)
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'landcoverai', 'landcover.ai.v1.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(url, root)
         LandCoverAI(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            LandCoverAI(str(tmp_path))
+            LandCoverAI(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):

tests/datasets/test_landsat.py

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class TestLandsat8:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Landsat8(str(tmp_path))
+            Landsat8(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: Landsat8) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_levircd.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import LEVIRCD, DatasetNotFoundError, LEVIRCDPlus
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class TestLEVIRCD:
         }
         monkeypatch.setattr(torchgeo.datasets.utils, 'download_url', download_url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(LEVIRCD, 'splits', splits)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return LEVIRCD(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class TestLEVIRCD:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            LEVIRCD(str(tmp_path))
+            LEVIRCD(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: LEVIRCD) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TestLEVIRCDPlus:
         monkeypatch.setattr(LEVIRCDPlus, 'md5', md5)
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'levircd', 'levircdplus', 'LEVIR-CD+.zip')
         monkeypatch.setattr(LEVIRCDPlus, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return LEVIRCDPlus(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class TestLEVIRCDPlus:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            LEVIRCDPlus(str(tmp_path))
+            LEVIRCDPlus(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: LEVIRCDPlus) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_loveda.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, LoveDA
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class TestLoveDA:
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(LoveDA, 'info_dict', info_dict)
 
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return LoveDA(
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class TestLoveDA:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            LoveDA(str(tmp_path))
+            LoveDA(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: LoveDA) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_mapinwild.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, MapInWild
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class TestMapInWild:
         urls = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'mapinwild')
         monkeypatch.setattr(MapInWild, 'url', urls)
 
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
 
         transforms = nn.Identity()
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ class TestMapInWild:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            MapInWild(root=str(tmp_path))
+            MapInWild(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_downloaded_not_extracted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'mapinwild', '*', '*')
         pathname_glob = glob.glob(pathname)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for zipfile in pathname_glob:
             shutil.copy(zipfile, root)
         MapInWild(root, download=False)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class TestMapInWild:
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'mapinwild', '**', '*.zip')
         pathname_glob = glob.glob(pathname, recursive=True)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for zipfile in pathname_glob:
             shutil.copy(zipfile, root)
         splitfile = os.path.join(
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ class TestMapInWild:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'mask.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            MapInWild(root=str(tmp_path), download=True, checksum=True)
+            MapInWild(root=tmp_path, download=True, checksum=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: MapInWild, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        MapInWild(root=str(tmp_path), modality=dataset.modality, download=True)
+        MapInWild(root=tmp_path, modality=dataset.modality, download=True)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: MapInWild) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_millionaid.py

@@ -39,18 +39,18 @@ class TestMillionAID:
 
     def test_not_found(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            MillionAID(str(tmp_path))
+            MillionAID(tmp_path)
 
     def test_not_extracted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'millionaid', 'train.zip')
         shutil.copy(url, tmp_path)
-        MillionAID(str(tmp_path))
+        MillionAID(tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'train.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            MillionAID(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            MillionAID(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: MillionAID) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_naip.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TestNAIP:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            NAIP(str(tmp_path))
+            NAIP(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: NAIP) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_nasa_marine_debris.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class TestNASAMarineDebris:
         monkeypatch.setattr(radiant_mlhub.Collection, 'fetch', fetch)
         md5s = ['6f4f0d2313323950e45bf3fc0c09b5de', '540cf1cf4fd2c13b609d0355abe955d7']
         monkeypatch.setattr(NASAMarineDebris, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return NASAMarineDebris(root, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ class TestNASAMarineDebris:
     def test_already_downloaded(
         self, dataset: NASAMarineDebris, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> None:
-        NASAMarineDebris(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        NASAMarineDebris(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded_not_extracted(
         self, dataset: NASAMarineDebris, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> None:
         shutil.rmtree(dataset.root)
-        os.makedirs(str(tmp_path), exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(tmp_path, exist_ok=True)
         Collection().download(output_dir=str(tmp_path))
-        NASAMarineDebris(root=str(tmp_path), download=False)
+        NASAMarineDebris(root=tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_corrupted_previously_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         filenames = NASAMarineDebris.filenames
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class TestNASAMarineDebris:
             with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, filename), 'w') as f:
                 f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset checksum mismatch.'):
-            NASAMarineDebris(root=str(tmp_path), download=False, checksum=True)
+            NASAMarineDebris(root=tmp_path, download=False, checksum=True)
 
     def test_corrupted_new_download(
         self, tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch
@@ -87,11 +87,11 @@ class TestNASAMarineDebris:
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset checksum mismatch.'):
             radiant_mlhub = pytest.importorskip('radiant_mlhub', minversion='0.3')
             monkeypatch.setattr(radiant_mlhub.Collection, 'fetch', fetch_corrupted)
-            NASAMarineDebris(root=str(tmp_path), download=True, checksum=True)
+            NASAMarineDebris(root=tmp_path, download=True, checksum=True)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            NASAMarineDebris(str(tmp_path))
+            NASAMarineDebris(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: NASAMarineDebris) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_nccm.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TestNCCM:
         }
         monkeypatch.setattr(NCCM, 'urls', urls)
         transforms = nn.Identity()
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         return NCCM(root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
     def test_getitem(self, dataset: NCCM) -> None:
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class TestNCCM:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            NCCM(str(tmp_path))
+            NCCM(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: NCCM) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_nlcd.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TestNLCD:
         )
         monkeypatch.setattr(NLCD, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(plt, 'show', lambda *args: None)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return NLCD(
             root,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class TestNLCD:
         pathname = os.path.join(
             'tests', 'data', 'nlcd', 'nlcd_2019_land_cover_l48_20210604.zip'
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(pathname, root)
         NLCD(root, years=[2019])
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TestNLCD:
             AssertionError,
             match='NLCD data product only exists for the following years:',
         ):
-            NLCD(str(tmp_path), years=[1996])
+            NLCD(tmp_path, years=[1996])
 
     def test_invalid_classes(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class TestNLCD:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            NLCD(str(tmp_path))
+            NLCD(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: NLCD) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_openbuildings.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 class TestOpenBuildings:
     @pytest.fixture
     def dataset(self, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path) -> OpenBuildings:
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(
             os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'openbuildings', 'tiles.geojson'), root
         )
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class TestOpenBuildings:
 
     def test_not_download(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            OpenBuildings(str(tmp_path))
+            OpenBuildings(tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, dataset: OpenBuildings, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, '000_buildings.csv.gz'), 'w') as f:

tests/datasets/test_oscd.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import OSCD, DatasetNotFoundError, RGBBandsMissingError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TestOSCD:
         monkeypatch.setattr(OSCD, 'urls', urls)
 
         bands, split = request.param
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return OSCD(
             root, split, bands, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ class TestOSCD:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'oscd', '*Onera*.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for zipfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(zipfile, root)
         OSCD(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            OSCD(str(tmp_path))
+            OSCD(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: OSCD) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_pastis.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import PASTIS, DatasetNotFoundError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class TestPASTIS:
         monkeypatch.setattr(PASTIS, 'md5', md5)
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'pastis', 'PASTIS-R.zip')
         monkeypatch.setattr(PASTIS, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         folds = request.param['folds']
         bands = request.param['bands']
         mode = request.param['mode']
@@ -75,19 +75,19 @@ class TestPASTIS:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'pastis', 'PASTIS-R.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(url, root)
         PASTIS(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            PASTIS(str(tmp_path))
+            PASTIS(tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'PASTIS-R.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            PASTIS(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            PASTIS(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_invalid_fold(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):

tests/datasets/test_patternnet.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, PatternNet
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class TestPatternNet:
         monkeypatch.setattr(PatternNet, 'md5', md5)
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'patternnet', 'PatternNet.zip')
         monkeypatch.setattr(PatternNet, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return PatternNet(root, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -42,18 +42,18 @@ class TestPatternNet:
         assert len(dataset) == 2
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: PatternNet, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        PatternNet(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        PatternNet(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded_not_extracted(
         self, dataset: PatternNet, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> None:
         shutil.rmtree(dataset.root)
-        download_url(dataset.url, root=str(tmp_path))
-        PatternNet(root=str(tmp_path), download=False)
+        download_url(dataset.url, root=tmp_path)
+        PatternNet(root=tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            PatternNet(str(tmp_path))
+            PatternNet(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: PatternNet) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_potsdam.py

@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ class TestPotsdam2D:
         root = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'potsdam')
         for filename in ['4_Ortho_RGBIR.zip', '5_Labels_all.zip']:
             shutil.copyfile(
-                os.path.join(root, filename), os.path.join(str(tmp_path), filename)
+                os.path.join(root, filename), os.path.join(tmp_path, filename)
             )
-        Potsdam2D(root=str(tmp_path))
+        Potsdam2D(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, '4_Ortho_RGBIR.zip'), 'w') as f:
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class TestPotsdam2D:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, '5_Labels_all.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            Potsdam2D(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            Potsdam2D(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TestPotsdam2D:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Potsdam2D(str(tmp_path))
+            Potsdam2D(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: Potsdam2D) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_prisma.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class TestPRISMA:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            PRISMA(str(tmp_path))
+            PRISMA(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: PRISMA) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_quakeset.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, QuakeSet
 pytest.importorskip('h5py', minversion='3.6')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TestQuakeSet:
         md5 = '127d0d6a1f82d517129535f50053a4c9'
         monkeypatch.setattr(QuakeSet, 'md5', md5)
         monkeypatch.setattr(QuakeSet, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return QuakeSet(
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ class TestQuakeSet:
         assert len(dataset) == 8
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: QuakeSet, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        QuakeSet(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        QuakeSet(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            QuakeSet(str(tmp_path))
+            QuakeSet(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: QuakeSet) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_reforestree.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, ReforesTree
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TestReforesTree:
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(ReforesTree, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(ReforesTree, 'md5', md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return ReforesTree(
             root=root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ class TestReforesTree:
     def test_not_extracted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'reforestree', 'reforesTree.zip')
         shutil.copy(url, tmp_path)
-        ReforesTree(root=str(tmp_path))
+        ReforesTree(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, 'reforesTree.zip'), 'w') as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            ReforesTree(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            ReforesTree(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_not_found(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            ReforesTree(str(tmp_path))
+            ReforesTree(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: ReforesTree) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_resisc45.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import RESISC45, DatasetNotFoundError
 pytest.importorskip('rarfile', minversion='4')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class TestRESISC45:
                 'test': '7760b1960c9a3ff46fb985810815e14d',
             },
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return RESISC45(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -68,18 +68,18 @@ class TestRESISC45:
         assert len(dataset) == 9
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: RESISC45, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        RESISC45(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        RESISC45(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded_not_extracted(
         self, dataset: RESISC45, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> None:
         shutil.rmtree(dataset.root)
-        download_url(dataset.url, root=str(tmp_path))
-        RESISC45(root=str(tmp_path), download=False)
+        download_url(dataset.url, root=tmp_path)
+        RESISC45(root=tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            RESISC45(str(tmp_path))
+            RESISC45(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: RESISC45) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_rwanda_field_boundary.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class TestRwandaFieldBoundary:
         monkeypatch.setattr(RwandaFieldBoundary, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(RwandaFieldBoundary, 'splits', {'train': 1, 'test': 1})
 
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return RwandaFieldBoundary(root, split, transforms=transforms, download=True)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class TestRwandaFieldBoundary:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            RwandaFieldBoundary(str(tmp_path))
+            RwandaFieldBoundary(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_bands(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):

tests/datasets/test_seasonet.py

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, RGBBandsMissingError, SeasoNet
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, md5: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(
+    url: str, root: str | Path, md5: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str
+) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
     torchgeo.datasets.utils.check_integrity(
         os.path.join(root, os.path.basename(url)), md5
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ class TestSeasoNet:
             'url',
             os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'seasonet', 'meta.csv'),
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split, seasons, bands, grids, concat_seasons = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SeasoNet(
@@ -141,14 +143,14 @@ class TestSeasoNet:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         paths = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'seasonet', '*.*')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for path in glob.iglob(paths):
             shutil.copy(path, root)
         SeasoNet(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SeasoNet(str(tmp_path), download=False)
+            SeasoNet(tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_out_of_bounds(self, dataset: SeasoNet) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(IndexError):

tests/datasets/test_seco.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class TestSeasonalContrastS2:
         monkeypatch.setitem(
             SeasonalContrastS2.metadata['1m'], 'md5', '3bb3fcf90f5de7d5781ce0cb85fd20af'
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         version, seasons, bands = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SeasonalContrastS2(
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class TestSeasonalContrastS2:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'seco', '*.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for zipfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(zipfile, root)
         SeasonalContrastS2(root)
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class TestSeasonalContrastS2:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SeasonalContrastS2(str(tmp_path))
+            SeasonalContrastS2(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: SeasonalContrastS2) -> None:
         x = dataset[0]

tests/datasets/test_sen12ms.py

@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ class TestSEN12MS:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SEN12MS(str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            SEN12MS(tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SEN12MS(str(tmp_path), checksum=False)
+            SEN12MS(tmp_path, checksum=False)
 
     def test_check_integrity_light(self) -> None:
         root = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'sen12ms')

tests/datasets/test_sentinel.py

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TestSentinel1:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Sentinel1(str(tmp_path))
+            Sentinel1(tmp_path)
 
     def test_empty_bands(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match="'bands' cannot be an empty list"):
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class TestSentinel2:
 
     def test_no_data(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Sentinel2(str(tmp_path))
+            Sentinel2(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: Sentinel2) -> None:
         x = dataset[dataset.bounds]

tests/datasets/test_skippd.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import SKIPPD, DatasetNotFoundError
 pytest.importorskip('h5py', minversion='3.6')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class TestSKIPPD:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'skippd', '{}')
         monkeypatch.setattr(SKIPPD, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(plt, 'show', lambda *args: None)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SKIPPD(
             root=root,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class TestSKIPPD:
         pathname = os.path.join(
             'tests', 'data', 'skippd', f'2017_2019_images_pv_processed_{task}.zip'
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(pathname, root)
         SKIPPD(root=root, task=task)
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class TestSKIPPD:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SKIPPD(str(tmp_path))
+            SKIPPD(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: SKIPPD) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_so2sat.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class TestSo2Sat:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            So2Sat(str(tmp_path))
+            So2Sat(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: So2Sat) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_south_africa_crop_type.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class TestSouthAfricaCropType:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SouthAfricaCropType(str(tmp_path))
+            SouthAfricaCropType(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self) -> None:
         path = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'south_africa_crop_type')

tests/datasets/test_south_america_soybean.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TestSouthAmericaSoybean:
         )
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(SouthAmericaSoybean, 'url', url)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         return SouthAmericaSoybean(
             paths=root,
             years=[2002, 2021],
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TestSouthAmericaSoybean:
         pathname = os.path.join(
             'tests', 'data', 'south_america_soybean', 'SouthAmerica_Soybean_2002.tif'
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(pathname, root)
         SouthAmericaSoybean(root)
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class TestSouthAmericaSoybean:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SouthAmericaSoybean(str(tmp_path))
+            SouthAmericaSoybean(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_query(self, dataset: SouthAmericaSoybean) -> None:
         query = BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

tests/datasets/test_spacenet.py

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet1:
 
         # Refer https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/1032
         monkeypatch.setattr(SpaceNet1, 'collection_md5_dict', test_md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SpaceNet1(
             root, image=request.param, transforms=transforms, download=True, api_key=''
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet1:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SpaceNet1(str(tmp_path))
+            SpaceNet1(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: SpaceNet1) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet2:
         }
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(SpaceNet2, 'collection_md5_dict', test_md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SpaceNet2(
             root,
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet2:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SpaceNet2(str(tmp_path))
+            SpaceNet2(tmp_path)
 
     def test_collection_checksum(self, dataset: SpaceNet2) -> None:
         dataset.collection_md5_dict['sn2_AOI_2_Vegas'] = 'randommd5hash123'
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet3:
         }
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(SpaceNet3, 'collection_md5_dict', test_md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SpaceNet3(
             root,
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet3:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SpaceNet3(str(tmp_path))
+            SpaceNet3(tmp_path)
 
     def test_collection_checksum(self, dataset: SpaceNet3) -> None:
         dataset.collection_md5_dict['sn3_AOI_5_Khartoum'] = 'randommd5hash123'
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet4:
         test_angles = ['nadir', 'off-nadir', 'very-off-nadir']
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(SpaceNet4, 'collection_md5_dict', test_md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SpaceNet4(
             root,
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet4:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SpaceNet4(str(tmp_path))
+            SpaceNet4(tmp_path)
 
     def test_collection_checksum(self, dataset: SpaceNet4) -> None:
         dataset.collection_md5_dict['sn4_AOI_6_Atlanta'] = 'randommd5hash123'
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet5:
         }
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(SpaceNet5, 'collection_md5_dict', test_md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SpaceNet5(
             root,
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet5:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SpaceNet5(str(tmp_path))
+            SpaceNet5(tmp_path)
 
     def test_collection_checksum(self, dataset: SpaceNet5) -> None:
         dataset.collection_md5_dict['sn5_AOI_8_Mumbai'] = 'randommd5hash123'
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet6:
         self, request: SubRequest, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> SpaceNet6:
         monkeypatch.setattr(radiant_mlhub.Dataset, 'fetch', fetch_dataset)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SpaceNet6(
             root, image=request.param, transforms=transforms, download=True, api_key=''
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet7:
         }
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(SpaceNet7, 'collection_md5_dict', test_md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SpaceNet7(
             root, split=request.param, transforms=transforms, download=True, api_key=''
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class TestSpaceNet7:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SpaceNet7(str(tmp_path))
+            SpaceNet7(tmp_path)
 
     def test_collection_checksum(self, dataset: SpaceNet4) -> None:
         dataset.collection_md5_dict['sn7_train_source'] = 'randommd5hash123'

tests/datasets/test_ssl4eo.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import torchgeo
 from torchgeo.datasets import SSL4EOL, SSL4EOS12, DatasetNotFoundError
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TestSSL4EOL:
         }
         monkeypatch.setattr(SSL4EOL, 'checksums', checksums)
 
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split, seasons = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return SSL4EOL(root, split, seasons, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -88,14 +88,14 @@ class TestSSL4EOL:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: SSL4EOL, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'ssl4eo', 'l', '*.tar.gz*')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for tarfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(tarfile, root)
         SSL4EOL(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SSL4EOL(str(tmp_path))
+            SSL4EOL(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class TestSSL4EOS12:
                 os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'ssl4eo', 's12', filename),
                 tmp_path / filename,
             )
-        SSL4EOS12(str(tmp_path))
+        SSL4EOS12(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class TestSSL4EOS12:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SSL4EOS12(str(tmp_path))
+            SSL4EOS12(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: SSL4EOS12) -> None:
         sample = dataset[0]

tests/datasets/test_ssl4eo_benchmark.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import (
 )
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TestSSL4EOLBenchmark:
         monkeypatch.setattr(
             torchgeo.datasets.ssl4eo_benchmark, 'download_url', download_url
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
 
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'ssl4eo_benchmark_landsat', '{}.tar.gz')
         monkeypatch.setattr(SSL4EOLBenchmark, 'url', url)
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@ class TestSSL4EOLBenchmark:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'ssl4eo_benchmark_landsat', '*.tar.gz')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         for tarfile in glob.iglob(pathname):
             shutil.copy(tarfile, root)
         SSL4EOLBenchmark(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SSL4EOLBenchmark(str(tmp_path))
+            SSL4EOLBenchmark(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: SSL4EOLBenchmark) -> None:
         sample = dataset[0]

tests/datasets/test_sustainbench_crop_yield.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, SustainBenchCropYield
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TestSustainBenchCropYield:
         url = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'sustainbench_crop_yield', 'soybeans.zip')
         monkeypatch.setattr(SustainBenchCropYield, 'url', url)
         monkeypatch.setattr(plt, 'show', lambda *args: None)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         countries = ['argentina', 'brazil', 'usa']
         transforms = nn.Identity()
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class TestSustainBenchCropYield:
         pathname = os.path.join(
             'tests', 'data', 'sustainbench_crop_yield', 'soybeans.zip'
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(pathname, root)
         SustainBenchCropYield(root)
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class TestSustainBenchCropYield:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            SustainBenchCropYield(str(tmp_path))
+            SustainBenchCropYield(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: SustainBenchCropYield) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_ucmerced.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, UCMerced
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TestUCMerced:
                 'test': 'a01fa9f13333bb176fc1bfe26ff4c711',
             },
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return UCMerced(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -71,18 +71,18 @@ class TestUCMerced:
         assert len(ds) == 8
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, dataset: UCMerced, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        UCMerced(root=str(tmp_path), download=True)
+        UCMerced(root=tmp_path, download=True)
 
     def test_already_downloaded_not_extracted(
         self, dataset: UCMerced, tmp_path: Path
     ) -> None:
         shutil.rmtree(dataset.root)
-        download_url(dataset.url, root=str(tmp_path))
-        UCMerced(root=str(tmp_path), download=False)
+        download_url(dataset.url, root=tmp_path)
+        UCMerced(root=tmp_path, download=False)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            UCMerced(str(tmp_path))
+            UCMerced(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: UCMerced) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_usavars.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import torchgeo.datasets.utils
 from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, USAVars
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class TestUSAVars:
         }
         monkeypatch.setattr(USAVars, 'split_metadata', split_metadata)
 
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split, labels = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class TestUSAVars:
 
     def test_already_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pathname = os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'usavars', 'uar.zip')
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(pathname, root)
         csvs = [
             'elevation.csv',
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class TestUSAVars:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            USAVars(str(tmp_path))
+            USAVars(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: USAVars) -> None:
         dataset.plot(dataset[0], suptitle='Test')

tests/datasets/test_utils.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def fetch_collection(collection_id: str, **kwargs: str) -> Collection:
     return Collection()
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def test_extract_archive(src: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         pytest.importorskip('rarfile', minversion='4')
     if src.startswith('chesapeake'):
         pytest.importorskip('zipfile_deflate64')
-    extract_archive(os.path.join('tests', 'data', src), str(tmp_path))
+    extract_archive(os.path.join('tests', 'data', src), tmp_path)
 
 
 def test_unsupported_scheme() -> None:
@@ -98,8 +98,7 @@ def test_unsupported_scheme() -> None:
 def test_download_and_extract_archive(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     monkeypatch.setattr(torchgeo.datasets.utils, 'download_url', download_url)
     download_and_extract_archive(
-        os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'landcoverai', 'landcover.ai.v1.zip'),
-        str(tmp_path),
+        os.path.join('tests', 'data', 'landcoverai', 'landcover.ai.v1.zip'), tmp_path
     )
 
 
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ def test_download_radiant_mlhub_dataset(
 ) -> None:
     radiant_mlhub = pytest.importorskip('radiant_mlhub', minversion='0.3')
     monkeypatch.setattr(radiant_mlhub.Dataset, 'fetch', fetch_dataset)
-    download_radiant_mlhub_dataset('', str(tmp_path))
+    download_radiant_mlhub_dataset('', tmp_path)
 
 
 def test_download_radiant_mlhub_collection(
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ def test_download_radiant_mlhub_collection(
 ) -> None:
     radiant_mlhub = pytest.importorskip('radiant_mlhub', minversion='0.3')
     monkeypatch.setattr(radiant_mlhub.Collection, 'fetch', fetch_collection)
-    download_radiant_mlhub_collection('', str(tmp_path))
+    download_radiant_mlhub_collection('', tmp_path)
 
 
 class TestBoundingBox:

tests/datasets/test_vaihingen.py

@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ class TestVaihingen2D:
         ]
         for filename in filenames:
             shutil.copyfile(
-                os.path.join(root, filename), os.path.join(str(tmp_path), filename)
+                os.path.join(root, filename), os.path.join(tmp_path, filename)
             )
-        Vaihingen2D(root=str(tmp_path))
+        Vaihingen2D(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         filenames = [
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TestVaihingen2D:
             with open(os.path.join(tmp_path, filename), 'w') as f:
                 f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            Vaihingen2D(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            Vaihingen2D(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TestVaihingen2D:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            Vaihingen2D(str(tmp_path))
+            Vaihingen2D(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: Vaihingen2D) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_vhr10.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pytest.importorskip('pycocotools')
 pytest.importorskip('rarfile', minversion='4')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class TestVHR10:
         monkeypatch.setitem(VHR10.target_meta, 'url', url)
         md5 = '567c4cd8c12624864ff04865de504c58'
         monkeypatch.setitem(VHR10.target_meta, 'md5', md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         split = request.param
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return VHR10(root, split, transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class TestVHR10:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            VHR10(str(tmp_path))
+            VHR10(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: VHR10) -> None:
         pytest.importorskip('skimage', minversion='0.19')

tests/datasets/test_western_usa_live_fuel_moisture.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TestWesternUSALiveFuelMoisture:
         monkeypatch.setattr(radiant_mlhub.Collection, 'fetch', fetch)
         md5 = 'ecbc9269dd27c4efe7aa887960054351'
         monkeypatch.setattr(WesternUSALiveFuelMoisture, 'md5', md5)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return WesternUSALiveFuelMoisture(
             root, transforms=transforms, download=True, api_key='', checksum=True
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ class TestWesternUSALiveFuelMoisture:
             'western_usa_live_fuel_moisture',
             'su_sar_moisture_content.tar.gz',
         )
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         shutil.copy(pathname, root)
         WesternUSALiveFuelMoisture(root)
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            WesternUSALiveFuelMoisture(str(tmp_path))
+            WesternUSALiveFuelMoisture(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_features(self, dataset: WesternUSALiveFuelMoisture) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match='Invalid input variable name.'):

tests/datasets/test_xview2.py

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TestXView2:
             ),
             os.path.join(tmp_path, 'test_images_labels_targets.tar.gz'),
         )
-        XView2(root=str(tmp_path))
+        XView2(root=tmp_path)
 
     def test_corrupted(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with open(
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class TestXView2:
         ) as f:
             f.write('bad')
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Dataset found, but corrupted.'):
-            XView2(root=str(tmp_path), checksum=True)
+            XView2(root=tmp_path, checksum=True)
 
     def test_invalid_split(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class TestXView2:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            XView2(str(tmp_path))
+            XView2(tmp_path)
 
     def test_plot(self, dataset: XView2) -> None:
         x = dataset[0].copy()

tests/datasets/test_zuericrop.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from torchgeo.datasets import DatasetNotFoundError, RGBBandsMissingError, ZueriC
 pytest.importorskip('h5py', minversion='3.6')
 
 
-def download_url(url: str, root: str, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+def download_url(url: str, root: str | Path, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> None:
     shutil.copy(url, root)
 
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class TestZueriCrop:
         md5s = ['1635231df67f3d25f4f1e62c98e221a4', '5118398c7a5bbc246f5f6bb35d8d529b']
         monkeypatch.setattr(ZueriCrop, 'urls', urls)
         monkeypatch.setattr(ZueriCrop, 'md5s', md5s)
-        root = str(tmp_path)
+        root = tmp_path
         transforms = nn.Identity()
         return ZueriCrop(root=root, transforms=transforms, download=True, checksum=True)
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class TestZueriCrop:
 
     def test_not_downloaded(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(DatasetNotFoundError, match='Dataset not found'):
-            ZueriCrop(str(tmp_path))
+            ZueriCrop(tmp_path)
 
     def test_invalid_bands(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):

torchgeo/datasets/advance.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import download_and_extract_archive, lazy_import
+from .utils import Path, download_and_extract_archive, lazy_import
 
 
 class ADVANCE(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class ADVANCE(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Tensor]], dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None,
         download: bool = False,
         checksum: bool = False,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class ADVANCE(NonGeoDataset):
         """
         return len(self.files)
 
-    def _load_files(self, root: str) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    def _load_files(self, root: Path) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
         """Return the paths of the files in the dataset.
 
         Args:
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class ADVANCE(NonGeoDataset):
         ]
         return files
 
-    def _load_image(self, path: str) -> Tensor:
+    def _load_image(self, path: Path) -> Tensor:
         """Load a single image.
 
         Args:
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class ADVANCE(NonGeoDataset):
             tensor = tensor.permute((2, 0, 1))
             return tensor
 
-    def _load_target(self, path: str) -> Tensor:
+    def _load_target(self, path: Path) -> Tensor:
         """Load the target audio for a single image.
 
         Args:

torchgeo/datasets/agb_live_woody_density.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 import json
 import os
+import pathlib
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ from rasterio.crs import CRS
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import RasterDataset
-from .utils import download_url
+from .utils import Path, download_url
 
 
 class AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity(RasterDataset):
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity(RasterDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        paths: str | Iterable[str] = 'data',
+        paths: Path | Iterable[Path] = 'data',
         crs: CRS | None = None,
         res: float | None = None,
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ class AbovegroundLiveWoodyBiomassDensity(RasterDataset):
 
     def _download(self) -> None:
         """Download the dataset."""
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         download_url(self.url, self.paths, self.base_filename)
 
         with open(os.path.join(self.paths, self.base_filename)) as f:

torchgeo/datasets/agrifieldnet.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 """AgriFieldNet India Challenge dataset."""
 
 import os
+import pathlib
 import re
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from typing import Any, cast
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import RGBBandsMissingError
 from .geo import RasterDataset
-from .utils import BoundingBox
+from .utils import BoundingBox, Path
 
 
 class AgriFieldNet(RasterDataset):
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ class AgriFieldNet(RasterDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        paths: str | Iterable[str] = 'data',
+        paths: Path | Iterable[Path] = 'data',
         crs: CRS | None = None,
         classes: list[int] = list(cmap.keys()),
         bands: Sequence[str] = all_bands,
@@ -167,10 +168,10 @@ class AgriFieldNet(RasterDataset):
         Returns:
             data, label, and field ids at that index
         """
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
 
         hits = self.index.intersection(tuple(query), objects=True)
-        filepaths = cast(list[str], [hit.object for hit in hits])
+        filepaths = cast(list[Path], [hit.object for hit in hits])
 
         if not filepaths:
             raise IndexError(

torchgeo/datasets/astergdem.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from rasterio.crs import CRS
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import RasterDataset
+from .utils import Path
 
 
 class AsterGDEM(RasterDataset):
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ class AsterGDEM(RasterDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        paths: str | list[str] = 'data',
+        paths: Path | list[Path] = 'data',
         crs: CRS | None = None,
         res: float | None = None,
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,

torchgeo/datasets/benin_cashews.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError, RGBBandsMissingError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import which
+from .utils import Path, which
 
 
 class BeninSmallHolderCashews(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class BeninSmallHolderCashews(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         chip_size: int = 256,
         stride: int = 128,
         bands: Sequence[str] = all_bands,

torchgeo/datasets/bigearthnet.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import download_url, extract_archive, sort_sentinel2_bands
+from .utils import Path, download_url, extract_archive, sort_sentinel2_bands
 
 
 class BigEarthNet(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class BigEarthNet(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         bands: str = 'all',
         num_classes: int = 19,
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ class BigEarthNet(NonGeoDataset):
             filepath = os.path.join(self.root, filename)
             self._extract(filepath)
 
-    def _download(self, url: str, filename: str, md5: str) -> None:
+    def _download(self, url: str, filename: Path, md5: str) -> None:
         """Download the dataset.
 
         Args:
@@ -499,13 +499,13 @@ class BigEarthNet(NonGeoDataset):
                 url, self.root, filename=filename, md5=md5 if self.checksum else None
             )
 
-    def _extract(self, filepath: str) -> None:
+    def _extract(self, filepath: Path) -> None:
         """Extract the dataset.
 
         Args:
             filepath: path to file to be extracted
         """
-        if not filepath.endswith('.csv'):
+        if not str(filepath).endswith('.csv'):
             extract_archive(filepath)
 
     def _onehot_labels_to_names(

torchgeo/datasets/biomassters.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import percentile_normalization
+from .utils import Path, percentile_normalization
 
 
 class BioMassters(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class BioMassters(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         sensors: Sequence[str] = ['S1', 'S2'],
         as_time_series: bool = False,
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class BioMassters(NonGeoDataset):
         """
         return len(self.df['num_index'].unique())
 
-    def _load_input(self, filenames: list[str]) -> Tensor:
+    def _load_input(self, filenames: list[Path]) -> Tensor:
         """Load the input imagery at the index.
 
         Args:
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class BioMassters(NonGeoDataset):
             arr = np.concatenate(arr_list, axis=0)
         return torch.tensor(arr.astype(np.int32))
 
-    def _load_target(self, filename: str) -> Tensor:
+    def _load_target(self, filename: Path) -> Tensor:
         """Load the target mask at the index.
 
         Args:

torchgeo/datasets/cbf.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 """Canadian Building Footprints dataset."""
 
 import os
+import pathlib
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ from rasterio.crs import CRS
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import VectorDataset
-from .utils import check_integrity, download_and_extract_archive
+from .utils import Path, check_integrity, download_and_extract_archive
 
 
 class CanadianBuildingFootprints(VectorDataset):
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ class CanadianBuildingFootprints(VectorDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        paths: str | Iterable[str] = 'data',
+        paths: Path | Iterable[Path] = 'data',
         crs: CRS | None = None,
         res: float = 0.00001,
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ class CanadianBuildingFootprints(VectorDataset):
         Returns:
             True if dataset files are found and/or MD5s match, else False
         """
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         for prov_terr, md5 in zip(self.provinces_territories, self.md5s):
             filepath = os.path.join(self.paths, prov_terr + '.zip')
             if not check_integrity(filepath, md5 if self.checksum else None):
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ class CanadianBuildingFootprints(VectorDataset):
         if self._check_integrity():
             print('Files already downloaded and verified')
             return
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         for prov_terr, md5 in zip(self.provinces_territories, self.md5s):
             download_and_extract_archive(
                 self.url + prov_terr + '.zip',

torchgeo/datasets/cdl.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 """CDL dataset."""
 
 import os
+import pathlib
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ from rasterio.crs import CRS
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import RasterDataset
-from .utils import BoundingBox, download_url, extract_archive
+from .utils import BoundingBox, Path, download_url, extract_archive
 
 
 class CDL(RasterDataset):
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ class CDL(RasterDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        paths: str | Iterable[str] = 'data',
+        paths: Path | Iterable[Path] = 'data',
         crs: CRS | None = None,
         res: float | None = None,
         years: list[int] = [2023],
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ class CDL(RasterDataset):
 
         # Check if the zip files have already been downloaded
         exists = []
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         for year in self.years:
             pathname = os.path.join(
                 self.paths, self.zipfile_glob.replace('*', str(year))
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ class CDL(RasterDataset):
 
     def _extract(self) -> None:
         """Extract the dataset."""
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         for year in self.years:
             zipfile_name = self.zipfile_glob.replace('*', str(year))
             pathname = os.path.join(self.paths, zipfile_name)

torchgeo/datasets/chabud.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import download_url, lazy_import, percentile_normalization
+from .utils import Path, download_url, lazy_import, percentile_normalization
 
 
 class ChaBuD(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class ChaBuD(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         bands: list[str] = all_bands,
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Tensor]], dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None,

torchgeo/datasets/chesapeake.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 import abc
 import os
+import pathlib
 import sys
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from typing import Any, cast
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import GeoDataset, RasterDataset
 from .nlcd import NLCD
-from .utils import BoundingBox, download_url, extract_archive
+from .utils import BoundingBox, Path, download_url, extract_archive
 
 
 class Chesapeake(RasterDataset, abc.ABC):
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ class Chesapeake(RasterDataset, abc.ABC):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        paths: str | Iterable[str] = 'data',
+        paths: Path | Iterable[Path] = 'data',
         crs: CRS | None = None,
         res: float | None = None,
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ class Chesapeake(RasterDataset, abc.ABC):
             return
 
         # Check if the zip file has already been downloaded
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.paths, self.zipfile)):
             self._extract()
             return
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ class Chesapeake(RasterDataset, abc.ABC):
 
     def _extract(self) -> None:
         """Extract the dataset."""
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         extract_archive(os.path.join(self.paths, self.zipfile))
 
     def plot(
@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@ class ChesapeakeCVPR(GeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         splits: Sequence[str] = ['de-train'],
         layers: Sequence[str] = ['naip-new', 'lc'],
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
@@ -668,7 +669,7 @@ class ChesapeakeCVPR(GeoDataset):
     def _verify(self) -> None:
         """Verify the integrity of the dataset."""
 
-        def exists(filename: str) -> bool:
+        def exists(filename: Path) -> bool:
             return os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.root, filename))
 
         # Check if the extracted files already exist

torchgeo/datasets/cloud_cover.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError, RGBBandsMissingError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import which
+from .utils import Path, which
 
 
 class CloudCoverDetection(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class CloudCoverDetection(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         bands: Sequence[str] = all_bands,
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Tensor]], dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None,

torchgeo/datasets/cms_mangrove_canopy.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 """CMS Global Mangrove Canopy dataset."""
 
 import os
+import pathlib
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ from rasterio.crs import CRS
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import RasterDataset
-from .utils import check_integrity, extract_archive
+from .utils import Path, check_integrity, extract_archive
 
 
 class CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(RasterDataset):
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ class CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(RasterDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        paths: str | list[str] = 'data',
+        paths: Path | list[Path] = 'data',
         crs: CRS | None = None,
         res: float | None = None,
         measurement: str = 'agb',
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ class CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(RasterDataset):
             return
 
         # Check if the zip file has already been downloaded
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         pathname = os.path.join(self.paths, self.zipfile)
         if os.path.exists(pathname):
             if self.checksum and not check_integrity(pathname, self.md5):
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ class CMSGlobalMangroveCanopy(RasterDataset):
 
     def _extract(self) -> None:
         """Extract the dataset."""
-        assert isinstance(self.paths, str)
+        assert isinstance(self.paths, str | pathlib.Path)
         pathname = os.path.join(self.paths, self.zipfile)
         extract_archive(pathname)
 

torchgeo/datasets/cowc.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import check_integrity, download_and_extract_archive
+from .utils import Path, check_integrity, download_and_extract_archive
 
 
 class COWC(NonGeoDataset, abc.ABC):
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class COWC(NonGeoDataset, abc.ABC):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Tensor]], dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None,
         download: bool = False,

torchgeo/datasets/cropharvest.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import download_url, extract_archive, lazy_import
+from .utils import Path, download_url, extract_archive, lazy_import
 
 
 class CropHarvest(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class CropHarvest(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Tensor]], dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None,
         download: bool = False,
         checksum: bool = False,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class CropHarvest(NonGeoDataset):
         """
         return len(self.files)
 
-    def _load_features(self, root: str) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    def _load_features(self, root: Path) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
         """Return the paths of the files in the dataset.
 
         Args:
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class CropHarvest(NonGeoDataset):
             files.append(dict(chip=chip_path, index=index, dataset=dataset))
         return files
 
-    def _load_labels(self, root: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    def _load_labels(self, root: Path) -> pd.DataFrame:
         """Return the paths of the files in the dataset.
 
         Args:
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class CropHarvest(NonGeoDataset):
             df = pd.json_normalize(data['features'])
             return df
 
-    def _load_array(self, path: str) -> Tensor:
+    def _load_array(self, path: Path) -> Tensor:
         """Load an individual single pixel time series.
 
         Args:

torchgeo/datasets/cv4a_kenya_crop_type.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError, RGBBandsMissingError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import which
+from .utils import Path, which
 
 
 class CV4AKenyaCropType(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class CV4AKenyaCropType(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         chip_size: int = 256,
         stride: int = 128,
         bands: Sequence[str] = all_bands,

torchgeo/datasets/cyclone.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import which
+from .utils import Path, which
 
 
 class TropicalCyclone(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class TropicalCyclone(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
         download: bool = False,

torchgeo/datasets/deepglobelandcover.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
 from .utils import (
+    Path,
     check_integrity,
     draw_semantic_segmentation_masks,
     extract_archive,
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ class DeepGlobeLandCover(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Tensor]], dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None,
         checksum: bool = False,

torchgeo/datasets/dfc2022.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from torch import Tensor
 
 from .errors import DatasetNotFoundError
 from .geo import NonGeoDataset
-from .utils import check_integrity, extract_archive, percentile_normalization
+from .utils import Path, check_integrity, extract_archive, percentile_normalization
 
 
 class DFC2022(NonGeoDataset):
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class DFC2022(NonGeoDataset):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        root: str = 'data',
+        root: Path = 'data',
         split: str = 'train',
         transforms: Callable[[dict[str, Tensor]], dict[str, Tensor]] | None = None,
         checksum: bool = False,
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class DFC2022(NonGeoDataset):
 
         return files
 
-    def _load_image(self, path: str, shape: Sequence[int] | None = None) -> Tensor:
+    def _load_image(self, path: Path, shape: Sequence[int] | None = None) -> Tensor:
         """Load a single image.
 
         Args:
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class DFC2022(NonGeoDataset):
             tensor = torch.from_numpy(array)
             return tensor
 
-    def _load_target(self, path: str) -> Tensor:
+    def _load_target(self, path: Path) -> Tensor:
         """Load the target mask for a single image.
 
         Args: