BigQuery ETL

Bigquery UDFs and SQL queries for building derived datasets.

The bqetl CLI

The bqetl command-line tool aims to simplify working with the bigquery-etl repository by supporting common workflows, such as creating, validating and scheduling queries or adding new UDFs.

bqetl can be installed by running pip install mozilla-bigquery-etl or by cloning the repository and running pip install --editable .

Usage

The CLI groups commands into different groups:

$ bqetl --help
Commands:
  dag     Commands for managing DAGs.
  dryrun  Dry run SQL.
  format  Format SQL.
  mozfun  Commands for managing mozfun UDFs.
  query   Commands for managing queries.
  udf     Commands for managing UDFs.
  ...

To get information about commands and available options, simply append the --help flag:

$ bqetl query create --help
Usage: bqetl query create [OPTIONS] NAME

  Create a new query with name <dataset>.<query_name>, for example:
  telemetry_derived.asn_aggregates

Options:
  -p, --path DIRECTORY  Path to directory in which query should be created
  -o, --owner TEXT      Owner of the query (email address)
  -i, --init            Create an init.sql file to initialize the table
  --help                Show this message and exit.

Running some commands, for example to create or query tables, will require access to GCP.

Formatting SQL

We enforce consistent SQL formatting as part of CI. After adding or changing a query, use script/format_sql to apply formatting rules.

Directories and files passed as arguments to script/format_sql will be formatted in place, with directories recursively searched for files with a .sql extension, e.g.:

$ echo 'SELECT 1,2,3' > test.sql
$ script/format_sql test.sql
modified test.sql
1 file(s) modified
$ cat test.sql
SELECT
  1,
  2,
  3

If no arguments are specified the script will read from stdin and write to stdout, e.g.:

$ echo 'SELECT 1,2,3' | script/format_sql
SELECT
  1,
  2,
  3

To turn off sql formatting for a block of SQL, wrap it in format:off and format:on comments, like this:

SELECT
  -- format:off
  submission_date, sample_id, client_id
  -- format:on

Recommended practices

Queries

• Should be defined in files named as sql/<dataset>/<table>_<version>/query.sql e.g. sql/telemetry_derived/clients_daily_v7/query.sql
  • Queries that populate tables should always be named with a version suffix; we assume that future optimizations to the data representation may require schema-incompatible changes such as dropping columns
• May be generated using a python script that prints the query to stdout
  • Should save output as sql/<dataset>/<table>_<version>/query.sql as above
  • Should be named as sql/query_type.sql.py e.g. sql/clients_daily.sql.py
  • May use options to generate queries for different destination tables e.g. using --source telemetry_core_parquet_v3 to generate sql/telemetry/core_clients_daily_v1/query.sql and using --source main_summary_v4 to generate sql/telemetry/clients_daily_v7/query.sql
  • Should output a header indicating options used e.g.

    -- Query generated by: sql/clients_daily.sql.py --source telemetry_core_parquet
    

• Should not specify a project or dataset in table names to simplify testing
• Should be incremental
• Should filter input tables on partition and clustering columns
• Should use _ prefix in generated column names not meant for output
• Should use _bits suffix for any integer column that represents a bit pattern
• Should not use DATETIME type, due to incompatibility with spark-bigquery-connector
• Should read from *_stable tables instead of including custom deduplication
  • Should use the earliest row for each document_id by submission_timestamp where filtering duplicates is necessary
• Should escape identifiers that match keywords, even if they aren't reserved keywords

Views

• Should be defined in files named as sql/<dataset>/<table>/view.sql e.g. sql/telemetry/core/view.sql
  • Views should generally not be named with a version suffix; a view represents a stable interface for users and whenever possible should maintain compatibility with existing queries; if the view logic cannot be adapted to changes in underlying tables, breaking changes must be communicated to fx-data-dev@mozilla.org
• Must specify project and dataset in all table names
  • Should default to using the moz-fx-data-shared-prod project; the scripts/publish_views tooling can handle parsing the definitions to publish to other projects such as derived-datasets

UDFs

• Should limit the number of expression subqueries to avoid: BigQuery error in query operation: Resources exceeded during query execution: Not enough resources for query planning - too many subqueries or query is too complex.
• Should be used to avoid code duplication
• Must be named in files with lower snake case names ending in .sql e.g. mode_last.sql
  • Each file must only define effectively private helper functions and one public function which must be defined last
    • Helper functions must not conflict with function names in other files
  • SQL UDFs must be defined in the udf/ directory and JS UDFs must be defined in the udf_js directory
    • The udf_legacy/ directory is an exception which must only contain compatibility functions for queries migrated from Athena/Presto.
• Functions must be defined as persistent UDFs using CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION syntax
  • Function names must be prefixed with a dataset of <dir_name>. so, for example, all functions in udf/*.sql are part of the udf dataset
    • The final syntax for creating a function in a file will look like CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION <dir_name>.<file_name>
  • We provide tooling in scripts/publish_persistent_udfs for publishing these UDFs to BigQuery
    • Changes made to UDFs need to be published manually in order for the dry run CI task to pass
• Should use SQL over js for performance

Backfills

• Should be avoided on large tables
  • Backfills may double storage cost for a table for 90 days by moving data from long-term storage to short-term storage
    • For example regenerating clients_last_seen_v1 from scratch would cost about $1600 for the query and about $6800 for data moved to short-term storage
  • Should combine multiple backfills happening around the same time
  • Should delay column deletes until the next other backfill
    • Should use NULL for new data and EXCEPT to exclude from views until dropped
• Should use copy operations in append mode to change column order
  • Copy operations do not allow changing partitioning, changing clustering, or column deletes
• Should split backfilling into queries that finish in minutes not hours
• May use script/generate_incremental_table to automate backfilling incremental queries
• May be performed in a single query for smaller tables that do not depend on history
  • A useful pattern is to have the only reference to @submission_date be a clause WHERE (@submission_date IS NULL OR @submission_date = submission_date) which allows recreating all dates by passing --parameter=submission_date:DATE:NULL

Incremental Queries

Benefits

• BigQuery billing discounts for destination table partitions not modified in the last 90 days
• May use dags.utils.gcp.bigquery_etl_query to simplify airflow configuration e.g. see dags.main_summary.exact_mau28_by_dimensions
• May use script/generate_incremental_table to automate backfilling
• Should use WRITE_TRUNCATE mode or bq query --replace to replace partitions atomically to prevent duplicate data
• Will have tooling to generate an optimized mostly materialized view that only calculates the most recent partition

Properties

• Must accept a date via @submission_date query parameter
  • Must output a column named submission_date matching the query parameter
• Must produce similar results when run multiple times
  • Should produce identical results when run multiple times
• May depend on the previous partition
  • If using previous partition, must include an init.sql query to initialize the table, e.g. sql/telemetry_derived/clients_last_seen_v1/init.sql
  • Should be impacted by values from a finite number of preceding partitions
    • This allows for backfilling in chunks instead of serially for all time and limiting backfills to a certain number of days following updated data
    • For example sql/clients_last_seen_v1.sql can be run serially on any 28 day period and the last day will be the same whether or not the partition preceding the first day was missing because values are only impacted by 27 preceding days

Query Metadata

• For each query, a metadata.yaml file should be created in the same directory
• This file contains a description, owners and labels. As an example:

friendly_name: SSL Ratios
description: >
  Percentages of page loads Firefox users have performed that were 
  conducted over SSL broken down by country.  
owners:
  - example@mozilla.com
labels:
  application: firefox
  incremental: true     # incremental queries add data to existing tables
  schedule: daily       # scheduled in Airflow to run daily
  public_json: true
  public_bigquery: true
  review_bug: 1414839   # Bugzilla bug ID of data review
  incremental_export: false  # non-incremental JSON export writes all data to a single location

Publishing Datasets

• To make query results publicly available, the public_bigquery flag must be set in metadata.yaml
  • Tables will get published in the mozilla-public-data GCP project which is accessible by everyone, also external users
• To make query results publicly available as JSON, public_json flag must be set in metadata.yaml
  • Data will be accessible under https://public-data.telemetry.mozilla.org
    • A list of all available datasets is published under https://public-data.telemetry.mozilla.org/all-datasets.json
  • For example: https://public-data.telemetry.mozilla.org/api/v1/tables/telemetry_derived/ssl_ratios/v1/files/000000000000.json
  • Output JSON files have a maximum size of 1GB, data can be split up into multiple files (000000000000.json, 000000000001.json, ...)
  • incremental_export controls how data should be exported as JSON:
    • false: all data of the source table gets exported to a single location
      • https://public-data.telemetry.mozilla.org/api/v1/tables/telemetry_derived/ssl_ratios/v1/files/000000000000.json
    • true: only data that matches the submission_date parameter is exported as JSON to a separate directory for this date
      • https://public-data.telemetry.mozilla.org/api/v1/tables/telemetry_derived/ssl_ratios/v1/files/2020-03-15/000000000000.json
• For each dataset, a metadata.json gets published listing all available files, for example: https://public-data.telemetry.mozilla.org/api/v1/tables/telemetry_derived/ssl_ratios/v1/files/metadata.json
• The timestamp when the dataset was last updated is recorded in last_updated, e.g.: https://public-data.telemetry.mozilla.org/api/v1/tables/telemetry_derived/ssl_ratios/v1/last_updated

Scheduling Queries in Airflow

• bigquery-etl has tooling to automatically generate Airflow DAGs for scheduling queries
• To be scheduled, a query must be assigned to a DAG that is specified in dags.yaml
  • New DAGs can be configured in dags.yaml, e.g., by adding the following:

  bqetl_ssl_ratios:   # name of the DAG; must start with bqetl_
    schedule_interval: 0 2 * * *    # query schedule
    default_args:
      owner: example@mozilla.com
      start_date: '2020-04-05'  # YYYY-MM-DD
      email: ['example@mozilla.com']
      retries: 2    # number of retries if the query execution fails
      retry_delay: 30m  
  

  • All DAG names need to have bqetl_ as prefix.
  • schedule_interval is either defined as a CRON expression or alternatively as one of the following CRON presets: once, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly
  • start_date defines the first date for which the query should be executed
    • Airflow will not automatically backfill older dates if start_date is set in the past, backfilling can be done via the Airflow web interface
  • email lists email addresses alerts should be sent to in case of failures when running the query
• Alternatively, new DAGs can also be created via the bqetl CLI by running bqetl dag create bqetl_ssl_ratios --schedule_interval='0 2 * * *' --owner="example@mozilla.com" --start_date="2020-04-05"
• To schedule a specific query, add a metadata.yaml file that includes a scheduling section, for example:

  friendly_name: SSL ratios
  # ... more metadata, see Query Metadata section above
  scheduling:
    dag_name: bqetl_ssl_ratios
  

  • Additional scheduling options:
    • depends_on_past keeps query from getting executed if the previous schedule for the query hasn't succeeded
    • date_partition_parameter - by default set to submission_date; can be set to null if query doesn't write to a partitioned table
    • parameters specifies a list of query parameters, e.g. ["n_clients:INT64:500"]
    • arguments - a list of arguments passed when running the query, for example: ["--append_table"]
    • referenced_tables - manually curated list of tables the query depends on; used to speed up the DAG generation process or to specify tables that the dry run doesn't have permissions to access, e. g. [['telemetry_stable', 'main_v4']]
    • multipart indicates whether a query is split over multiple files part1.sql, part2.sql, ...
    • allow_field_addition_on_date: date for which new fields are allowed to be added to the existing destination table query results are written to
    • depends_on defines external dependencies in telemetry-airflow that are not detected automatically:

      depends_on:
        - task_id: anomdtct
          dag_name: anomdtct
          execution_delta: 1h
    

    • task_id: name of task query depends on
    • dag_name: name of the DAG the external task is part of
    • execution_delta: time difference between the schedule_intervals of the external DAG and the DAG the query is part of
    • destination_table: The table to write to. If unspecified, defaults to the query destination; if None, no destination table is used (the query is simply run as-is). Note that if no destination table is specified, you will need to specify the submission_date parameter manually
• Queries can also be scheduled using the bqetl CLI: bqetl query schedule sql/path/to/query_v1 --dag bqetl_ssl_ratios
• To generate all Airflow DAGs run ./script/generate_airflow_dags or bqetl dag generate
  • Generated DAGs are located in the dags/ directory
  • Dependencies between queries scheduled in bigquery-etl and dependencies to stable tables are detected automatically
• Specific DAGs can be generated by running bqetl dag generate bqetl_ssl_ratios
• Generated DAGs will be automatically detected and scheduled by Airflow
  • It might take up to 10 minutes for new DAGs and updates to show up in the Airflow UI

Contributing

When adding or modifying a query in this repository, make your changes in the sql/ directory.

When adding a new library to the Python requirements, first add the library to the requirements and then add any meta-dependencies into constraints. Constraints are discovered by installing requirements into a fresh virtual environment. A dependency should be added to either requirements.txt or constraints.txt, but not both.

# Create and activate a python virtual environment.
python3 -m venv venv/
source venv/bin/activate

# If not installed:
pip install pip-tools

# Add the dependency to requirements.in e.g. Jinja2.
echo Jinja2==2.11.1 >> requirements.in

# Compile hashes for new dependencies.
pip-compile --generate-hashes requirements.in

# Deactivate the python virtual environment.
deactivate

Tests

See the documentation in tests/