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gecko-dev/tools/power/rapl.cpp

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/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*- */
/* vim: set ts=8 sts=2 et sw=2 tw=80: */
/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
// This program provides processor power estimates. It does this by reading
// model-specific registers (MSRs) that are part Intel's Running Average Power
// Limit (RAPL) interface. These MSRs provide good quality estimates of the
// energy consumption of up to four system components:
// - PKG: the entire processor package;
// - PP0: the cores (a subset of the package);
// - PP1: the GPU (a subset of the package);
// - DRAM: main memory.
//
// For more details about RAPL, see section 14.9 of Volume 3 of the "Intel 64
// and IA-32 Architecture's Software Developer's Manual", Order Number 325384.
//
// This program exists because there are no existing tools on Mac that can
// obtain all four RAPL estimates. (|powermetrics| can obtain the package
// estimate, but not the others. Intel Power Gadget can obtain the package and
// cores estimates.)
//
// On Linux |perf| can obtain all four estimates (as Joules, which are easily
// converted to Watts), but this program is implemented for Linux because it's
// not too hard to do, and that gives us multi-platform consistency.
//
// This program does not support Windows, unfortunately. It's not obvious how
// to access the RAPL MSRs on Windows.
//
// This program deliberately uses only standard libraries and avoids
// Mozilla-specific code, to make it easy to compile and test on different
// machines.
#include <assert.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <vector>
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Utilities
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MOZ_FALLTHROUGH is an annotation to suppress compiler warnings about switch
// cases that fall through without a break or return statement. MOZ_FALLTHROUGH
// is only needed on cases that have code. This definition of MOZ_FALLTHROUGH
// is identical to the one in mfbt/Attributes.h, which we don't use here because
// this file avoids depending on Mozilla headers.
#if defined(__clang__) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
/* clang's fallthrough annotations are only available starting in C++11. */
# define MOZ_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
/*
* MSVC's __fallthrough annotations are checked by /analyze (Code Analysis):
* https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms235402%28VS.80%29.aspx
*/
# include <sal.h>
# define MOZ_FALLTHROUGH __fallthrough
#else
# define MOZ_FALLTHROUGH /* FALLTHROUGH */
#endif
// The value of argv[0] passed to main(). Used in error messages.
static const char* gArgv0;
static void
Abort(const char* aFormat, ...)
{
va_list vargs;
va_start(vargs, aFormat);
fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", gArgv0);
vfprintf(stderr, aFormat, vargs);
fprintf(stderr, "\n");
va_end(vargs);
exit(1);
}
static void
CmdLineAbort(const char* aMsg)
{
if (aMsg) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", gArgv0, aMsg);
}
fprintf(stderr, "Use --help for more information.\n");
exit(1);
}
// A special value that represents an estimate from an unsupported RAPL domain.
static const double kUnsupported_j = -1.0;
// Print to stdout and flush it, so that the output appears immediately even if
// being redirected through |tee| or anything like that.
static void
PrintAndFlush(const char* aFormat, ...)
{
va_list vargs;
va_start(vargs, aFormat);
vfprintf(stdout, aFormat, vargs);
va_end(vargs);
fflush(stdout);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Mac-specific code
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#if defined(__APPLE__)
// Because of the pkg_energy_statistics_t::pkes_version check below, the
// earliest OS X version this code will work with is 10.9.0 (xnu-2422.1.72).
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
// OS X has four kinds of system calls:
//
// 1. Mach traps;
// 2. UNIX system calls;
// 3. machine-dependent calls;
// 4. diagnostic calls.
//
// (See "Mac OS X and iOS Internals" by Jonathan Levin for more details.)
//
// The last category has a single call named diagCall() or diagCall64(). Its
// mode is controlled by its first argument, and one of the modes allows access
// to the Intel RAPL MSRs.
//
// The interface to diagCall64() is not exported, so we have to import some
// definitions from the XNU kernel. All imported definitions are annotated with
// the XNU source file they come from, and information about what XNU versions
// they were introduced in and (if relevant) modified.
// The diagCall64() mode.
// From osfmk/i386/Diagnostics.h
// - In 10.8.4 (xnu-2050.24.15) this value was introduced. (In 10.8.3 the value
// 17 was used for dgGzallocTest.)
#define dgPowerStat 17
// From osfmk/i386/cpu_data.h
// - In 10.8.5 these values were introduced, along with core_energy_stat_t.
#define CPU_RTIME_BINS (12)
#define CPU_ITIME_BINS (CPU_RTIME_BINS)
// core_energy_stat_t and pkg_energy_statistics_t are both from
// osfmk/i386/Diagnostics.c.
// - In 10.8.4 (xnu-2050.24.15) both structs were introduced, but with many
// fewer fields.
// - In 10.8.5 (xnu-2050.48.11) both structs were substantially expanded, with
// numerous new fields.
// - In 10.9.0 (xnu-2422.1.72) pkg_energy_statistics_t::pkes_version was added.
// diagCall64(dgPowerStat) fills it with '1' in all versions since (up to
// 10.10.2 at time of writing).
// - in 10.10.2 (xnu-2782.10.72) core_energy_stat_t::gpmcs was conditionally
// added, if DIAG_ALL_PMCS is true. (DIAG_ALL_PMCS is not even defined in the
// source code, but it could be defined at compile-time via compiler flags.)
// pkg_energy_statistics_t::pkes_version did not change, though.
typedef struct {
uint64_t caperf;
uint64_t cmperf;
uint64_t ccres[6];
uint64_t crtimes[CPU_RTIME_BINS];
uint64_t citimes[CPU_ITIME_BINS];
uint64_t crtime_total;
uint64_t citime_total;
uint64_t cpu_idle_exits;
uint64_t cpu_insns;
uint64_t cpu_ucc;
uint64_t cpu_urc;
#if DIAG_ALL_PMCS // Added in 10.10.2 (xnu-2782.10.72).
uint64_t gpmcs[4]; // Added in 10.10.2 (xnu-2782.10.72).
#endif /* DIAG_ALL_PMCS */ // Added in 10.10.2 (xnu-2782.10.72).
} core_energy_stat_t;
typedef struct {
uint64_t pkes_version; // Added in 10.9.0 (xnu-2422.1.72).
uint64_t pkg_cres[2][7];
// This is read from MSR 0x606, which Intel calls MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT
// and XNU calls MSR_IA32_PKG_POWER_SKU_UNIT.
uint64_t pkg_power_unit;
// These are the four fields for the four RAPL domains. For each field
// we list:
//
// - the corresponding MSR number;
// - Intel's name for that MSR;
// - XNU's name for that MSR;
// - which Intel processors the MSR is supported on.
//
// The last of these is determined from chapter 35 of Volume 3 of the
// "Intel 64 and IA-32 Architecture's Software Developer's Manual",
// Order Number 325384. (Note that chapter 35 contradicts section 14.9
// to some degree.)
// 0x611 == MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS == MSR_IA32_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS
// Atom (various), Sandy Bridge, Next Gen Xeon Phi (model 0x57).
uint64_t pkg_energy;
// 0x639 == MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS == MSR_IA32_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS
// Atom (various), Sandy Bridge, Next Gen Xeon Phi (model 0x57).
uint64_t pp0_energy;
// 0x641 == MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS == MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS
// Sandy Bridge, Haswell.
uint64_t pp1_energy;
// 0x619 == MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS == MSR_IA32_DDR_ENERGY_STATUS
// Xeon E5, Xeon E5 v2, Haswell/Haswell-E, Next Gen Xeon Phi (model
// 0x57)
uint64_t ddr_energy;
uint64_t llc_flushed_cycles;
uint64_t ring_ratio_instantaneous;
uint64_t IA_frequency_clipping_cause;
uint64_t GT_frequency_clipping_cause;
uint64_t pkg_idle_exits;
uint64_t pkg_rtimes[CPU_RTIME_BINS];
uint64_t pkg_itimes[CPU_ITIME_BINS];
uint64_t mbus_delay_time;
uint64_t mint_delay_time;
uint32_t ncpus;
core_energy_stat_t cest[];
} pkg_energy_statistics_t;
static int
diagCall64(uint64_t aMode, void* aBuf)
{
// We cannot use syscall() here because it doesn't work with diagnostic
// system calls -- it raises SIGSYS if you try. So we have to use asm.
#ifdef __x86_64__
// The 0x40000 prefix indicates it's a diagnostic system call. The 0x01
// suffix indicates the syscall number is 1, which also happens to be the
// only diagnostic system call. See osfmk/mach/i386/syscall_sw.h for more
// details.
static const uint64_t diagCallNum = 0x4000001;
uint64_t rv;
__asm__ __volatile__(
"syscall"
// Return value goes in "a" (%rax).
: /* outputs */ "=a"(rv)
// The syscall number goes in "0", a synonym (from outputs) for "a" (%rax).
// The syscall arguments go in "D" (%rdi) and "S" (%rsi).
: /* inputs */ "0"(diagCallNum), "D"(aMode), "S"(aBuf)
// The |syscall| instruction clobbers %rcx, %r11, and %rflags ("cc"). And
// this particular syscall also writes memory (aBuf).
: /* clobbers */ "rcx", "r11", "cc", "memory"
);
return rv;
#else
#error Sorry, only x86-64 is supported
#endif
}
static void
diagCall64_dgPowerStat(pkg_energy_statistics_t* aPkes)
{
static const uint64_t supported_version = 1;
// Write an unsupported version number into pkes_version so that the check
// below cannot succeed by dumb luck.
aPkes->pkes_version = supported_version - 1;
// diagCall64() returns 1 on success, and 0 on failure (which can only happen
// if the mode is unrecognized, e.g. in 10.7.x or earlier versions).
if (diagCall64(dgPowerStat, aPkes) != 1) {
Abort("diagCall64() failed");
}
if (aPkes->pkes_version != 1) {
Abort("unexpected pkes_version: %llu", aPkes->pkes_version);
}
}
class RAPL
{
bool mIsGpuSupported; // Is the GPU domain supported by the processor?
bool mIsRamSupported; // Is the RAM domain supported by the processor?
// The DRAM domain on Haswell servers has a fixed energy unit (1/65536 J ==
// 15.3 microJoules) which is different to the power unit MSR. (See the
// "Intel Xeon Processor E5-1600 and E5-2600 v3 Product Families, Volume 2 of
// 2, Registers" datasheet, September 2014, Reference Number: 330784-001.)
// This field records whether the quirk is present.
bool mHasRamUnitsQuirk;
// The abovementioned 15.3 microJoules value.
static const double kQuirkyRamJoulesPerTick;
// The previous sample's MSR values.
uint64_t mPrevPkgTicks;
uint64_t mPrevPp0Ticks;
uint64_t mPrevPp1Ticks;
uint64_t mPrevDdrTicks;
// The struct passed to diagCall64().
pkg_energy_statistics_t* mPkes;
public:
RAPL()
: mHasRamUnitsQuirk(false)
{
// Work out which RAPL MSRs this CPU model supports.
int cpuModel;
size_t size = sizeof(cpuModel);
if (sysctlbyname("machdep.cpu.model", &cpuModel, &size, NULL, 0) != 0) {
Abort("sysctlbyname(\"machdep.cpu.model\") failed");
}
// This is similar to arch/x86/kernel/cpu/perf_event_intel_rapl.c in
// linux-4.1.5/.
switch (cpuModel) {
case 60: // 0x3c: Haswell
case 69: // 0x45: Haswell-Celeron
case 70: // 0x46: Haswell
case 61: // 0x3d: Broadwell
// Supports package, cores, GPU, RAM.
mIsGpuSupported = true;
mIsRamSupported = true;
break;
case 42: // 0x2a: Sandy Bridge
case 58: // 0x3a: Ivy Bridge
// Supports package, cores, GPU.
mIsGpuSupported = true;
mIsRamSupported = false;
break;
case 63: // 0x3f: Haswell-Server
mHasRamUnitsQuirk = true;
MOZ_FALLTHROUGH;
case 45: // 0x2d: Sandy Bridge-EP
case 62: // 0x3e: Ivy Bridge-E
// Supports package, cores, RAM.
mIsGpuSupported = false;
mIsRamSupported = true;
break;
default:
Abort("unknown CPU model: %d", cpuModel);
break;
}
// Get the maximum number of logical CPUs so that we know how big to make
// |mPkes|.
int logicalcpu_max;
size = sizeof(logicalcpu_max);
if (sysctlbyname("hw.logicalcpu_max",
&logicalcpu_max, &size, NULL, 0) != 0) {
Abort("sysctlbyname(\"hw.logicalcpu_max\") failed");
}
// Over-allocate by 1024 bytes per CPU to allow for the uncertainty around
// core_energy_stat_t::gpmcs and for any other future extensions to that
// struct. (The fields we read all come before the core_energy_stat_t
// array, so it won't matter to us whether gpmcs is present or not.)
size_t pkesSize = sizeof(pkg_energy_statistics_t) +
logicalcpu_max * sizeof(core_energy_stat_t) +
logicalcpu_max * 1024;
mPkes = (pkg_energy_statistics_t*) malloc(pkesSize);
if (!mPkes) {
Abort("malloc() failed");
}
// Do an initial measurement so that the first sample's diffs are sensible.
double dummy1, dummy2, dummy3, dummy4;
EnergyEstimates(dummy1, dummy2, dummy3, dummy4);
}
~RAPL()
{
free(mPkes);
}
static double Joules(uint64_t aTicks, double aJoulesPerTick)
{
return double(aTicks) * aJoulesPerTick;
}
void EnergyEstimates(double& aPkg_J, double& aCores_J, double& aGpu_J,
double& aRam_J)
{
diagCall64_dgPowerStat(mPkes);
// Bits 12:8 are the ESU.
// Energy measurements come in multiples of 1/(2^ESU).
uint32_t energyStatusUnits = (mPkes->pkg_power_unit >> 8) & 0x1f;
double joulesPerTick = ((double)1 / (1 << energyStatusUnits));
aPkg_J = Joules(mPkes->pkg_energy - mPrevPkgTicks, joulesPerTick);
aCores_J = Joules(mPkes->pp0_energy - mPrevPp0Ticks, joulesPerTick);
aGpu_J = mIsGpuSupported
? Joules(mPkes->pp1_energy - mPrevPp1Ticks, joulesPerTick)
: kUnsupported_j;
aRam_J = mIsRamSupported
? Joules(mPkes->ddr_energy - mPrevDdrTicks,
mHasRamUnitsQuirk ? kQuirkyRamJoulesPerTick
: joulesPerTick)
: kUnsupported_j;
mPrevPkgTicks = mPkes->pkg_energy;
mPrevPp0Ticks = mPkes->pp0_energy;
if (mIsGpuSupported) {
mPrevPp1Ticks = mPkes->pp1_energy;
}
if (mIsRamSupported) {
mPrevDdrTicks = mPkes->ddr_energy;
}
}
};
/* static */ const double RAPL::kQuirkyRamJoulesPerTick = (double)1 / 65536;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Linux-specific code
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#elif defined(__linux__)
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
// There is no glibc wrapper for this system call so we provide our own.
static int
perf_event_open(struct perf_event_attr* aAttr, pid_t aPid, int aCpu,
int aGroupFd, unsigned long aFlags)
{
return syscall(__NR_perf_event_open, aAttr, aPid, aCpu, aGroupFd, aFlags);
}
// Returns false if the file cannot be opened.
template <typename T>
static bool
ReadValueFromPowerFile(const char* aStr1, const char* aStr2, const char* aStr3,
const char* aScanfString, T* aOut)
{
// The filenames going into this buffer are under our control and the longest
// one is "/sys/bus/event_source/devices/power/events/energy-cores.scale".
// So 256 chars is plenty.
char filename[256];
sprintf(filename, "/sys/bus/event_source/devices/power/%s%s%s",
aStr1, aStr2, aStr3);
FILE* fp = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!fp) {
return false;
}
if (fscanf(fp, aScanfString, aOut) != 1) {
Abort("fscanf() failed");
}
fclose(fp);
return true;
}
// This class encapsulates the reading of a single RAPL domain.
class Domain
{
bool mIsSupported; // Is the domain supported by the processor?
// These three are only set if |mIsSupported| is true.
double mJoulesPerTick; // How many Joules each tick of the MSR represents.
int mFd; // The fd through which the MSR is read.
double mPrevTicks; // The previous sample's MSR value.
public:
enum IsOptional { Optional, NonOptional };
Domain(const char* aName, uint32_t aType, IsOptional aOptional = NonOptional)
{
uint64_t config;
if (!ReadValueFromPowerFile("events/energy-", aName, "", "event=%llx",
&config)) {
// Failure is allowed for optional domains.
if (aOptional == NonOptional) {
Abort("failed to open file for non-optional domain '%s'\n"
"- Is your kernel version 3.14 or later, as required? "
"Run |uname -r| to see.", aName);
}
mIsSupported = false;
return;
}
mIsSupported = true;
ReadValueFromPowerFile("events/energy-", aName, ".scale", "%lf",
&mJoulesPerTick);
// The unit should be "Joules", so 128 chars should be plenty.
char unit[128];
ReadValueFromPowerFile("events/energy-", aName, ".unit", "%127s", unit);
if (strcmp(unit, "Joules") != 0) {
Abort("unexpected unit '%s' in .unit file", unit);
}
struct perf_event_attr attr;
memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
attr.type = aType;
attr.size = uint32_t(sizeof(attr));
attr.config = config;
// Measure all processes/threads. The specified CPU doesn't matter.
mFd = perf_event_open(&attr, /* pid = */ -1, /* cpu = */ 0,
/* group_fd = */ -1, /* flags = */ 0);
if (mFd < 0) {
Abort("perf_event_open() failed\n"
"- Did you run as root (e.g. with |sudo|) or set\n"
" /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid to 0, as required?");
}
mPrevTicks = 0;
}
~Domain()
{
if (mIsSupported) {
close(mFd);
}
}
double EnergyEstimate()
{
if (!mIsSupported) {
return kUnsupported_j;
}
uint64_t thisTicks;
if (read(mFd, &thisTicks, sizeof(uint64_t)) != sizeof(uint64_t)) {
Abort("read() failed");
}
uint64_t ticks = thisTicks - mPrevTicks;
mPrevTicks = thisTicks;
double joules = ticks * mJoulesPerTick;
return joules;
}
};
class RAPL
{
Domain* mPkg;
Domain* mCores;
Domain* mGpu;
Domain* mRam;
public:
RAPL()
{
uint32_t type;
ReadValueFromPowerFile("type", "", "", "%u", &type);
mPkg = new Domain("pkg", type);
mCores = new Domain("cores", type);
mGpu = new Domain("gpu", type, Domain::Optional);
mRam = new Domain("ram", type, Domain::Optional);
if (!mPkg || !mCores || !mGpu || !mRam) {
Abort("new Domain() failed");
}
}
~RAPL()
{
delete mPkg;
delete mCores;
delete mGpu;
delete mRam;
}
void EnergyEstimates(double& aPkg_J, double& aCores_J, double& aGpu_J,
double& aRam_J)
{
aPkg_J = mPkg->EnergyEstimate();
aCores_J = mCores->EnergyEstimate();
aGpu_J = mGpu->EnergyEstimate();
aRam_J = mRam->EnergyEstimate();
}
};
#else
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Unsupported platforms
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#error Sorry, this platform is not supported
#endif // platform
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The main loop
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The sample interval, measured in seconds.
static double gSampleInterval_sec;
// The platform-specific RAPL-reading machinery.
static RAPL* gRapl;
// All the sampled "total" values, in Watts.
static std::vector<double> gTotals_W;
// Power = Energy / Time, where power is measured in Watts, Energy is measured
// in Joules, and Time is measured in seconds.
static double
JoulesToWatts(double aJoules)
{
return aJoules / gSampleInterval_sec;
}
// "Normalize" here means convert kUnsupported_j to zero so it can be used in
// additive expressions. All printed values are 5 or maybe 6 chars (though 6
// chars would require a value > 100 W, which is unlikely).
static void
NormalizeAndPrintAsWatts(char* aBuf, double& aValue_J)
{
if (aValue_J == kUnsupported_j) {
aValue_J = 0;
sprintf(aBuf, "%s", " n/a ");
} else {
sprintf(aBuf, "%5.2f", JoulesToWatts(aValue_J));
}
}
static void
SigAlrmHandler(int aSigNum, siginfo_t* aInfo, void* aContext)
{
static int sampleNumber = 1;
double pkg_J, cores_J, gpu_J, ram_J;
gRapl->EnergyEstimates(pkg_J, cores_J, gpu_J, ram_J);
// We should have pkg and cores estimates, but might not have gpu and ram
// estimates.
assert(pkg_J != kUnsupported_j);
assert(cores_J != kUnsupported_j);
// This needs to be big enough to print watt values to two decimal places. 16
// should be plenty.
static const size_t kNumStrLen = 16;
static char pkgStr[kNumStrLen], coresStr[kNumStrLen], gpuStr[kNumStrLen],
ramStr[kNumStrLen];
NormalizeAndPrintAsWatts(pkgStr, pkg_J);
NormalizeAndPrintAsWatts(coresStr, cores_J);
NormalizeAndPrintAsWatts(gpuStr, gpu_J);
NormalizeAndPrintAsWatts(ramStr, ram_J);
// Core and GPU power are a subset of the package power.
assert(pkg_J >= cores_J + gpu_J);
// Compute "other" (i.e. rest of the package) and "total" only after the
// other values have been normalized.
char otherStr[kNumStrLen];
double other_J = pkg_J - cores_J - gpu_J;
NormalizeAndPrintAsWatts(otherStr, other_J);
char totalStr[kNumStrLen];
double total_J = pkg_J + ram_J;
NormalizeAndPrintAsWatts(totalStr, total_J);
gTotals_W.push_back(JoulesToWatts(total_J));
// Print and flush so that the output appears immediately even if being
// redirected through |tee| or anything like that.
PrintAndFlush("#%02d %s W = %s (%s + %s + %s) + %s W\n",
sampleNumber++, totalStr, pkgStr, coresStr, gpuStr, otherStr,
ramStr);
}
static void
Finish()
{
size_t n = gTotals_W.size();
// This time calculation assumes that the timers are perfectly accurate which
// is not true but the inaccuracy should be small in practice.
double time = n * gSampleInterval_sec;
printf("\n");
printf("%d sample%s taken over a period of %.3f second%s\n",
int(n), n == 1 ? "" : "s",
n * gSampleInterval_sec, time == 1.0 ? "" : "s");
if (n == 0 || n == 1) {
exit(0);
}
// Compute the mean.
double sum = std::accumulate(gTotals_W.begin(), gTotals_W.end(), 0.0);
double mean = sum / n;
// Compute the *population* standard deviation:
//
// popStdDev = sqrt(Sigma(x - m)^2 / n)
//
// where |x| is the sum variable, |m| is the mean, and |n| is the
// population size.
//
// This is different from the *sample* standard deviation, which divides by
// |n - 1|, and would be appropriate if we were using a random sample of a
// larger population.
double sumOfSquaredDeviations = 0;
for (auto iter = gTotals_W.begin(); iter != gTotals_W.end(); ++iter) {
double deviation = (*iter - mean);
sumOfSquaredDeviations += deviation * deviation;
}
double popStdDev = sqrt(sumOfSquaredDeviations / n);
// Sort so that percentiles can be determined. We use the "Nearest Rank"
// method of determining percentiles, which is simplest to compute and which
// chooses values from those that appear in the input set.
std::sort(gTotals_W.begin(), gTotals_W.end());
printf("\n");
printf("Distribution of 'total' values:\n");
printf(" mean = %5.2f W\n", mean);
printf(" std dev = %5.2f W\n", popStdDev);
printf(" 0th percentile = %5.2f W (min)\n", gTotals_W[0]);
printf(" 5th percentile = %5.2f W\n", gTotals_W[ceil(0.05 * n) - 1]);
printf(" 25th percentile = %5.2f W\n", gTotals_W[ceil(0.25 * n) - 1]);
printf(" 50th percentile = %5.2f W\n", gTotals_W[ceil(0.50 * n) - 1]);
printf(" 75th percentile = %5.2f W\n", gTotals_W[ceil(0.75 * n) - 1]);
printf(" 95th percentile = %5.2f W\n", gTotals_W[ceil(0.95 * n) - 1]);
printf("100th percentile = %5.2f W (max)\n", gTotals_W[n - 1]);
exit(0);
}
static void
SigIntHandler(int aSigNum, siginfo_t* aInfo, void *aContext)
{
Finish();
}
static void
PrintUsage()
{
printf(
"usage: rapl [options]\n"
"\n"
"Options:\n"
"\n"
" -h --help show this message\n"
" -i --sample-interval <N> sample every N ms [default=1000]\n"
" -n --sample-count <N> get N samples (0 means unlimited) [default=0]\n"
"\n"
#if defined(__APPLE__)
"On Mac this program can be run by any user.\n"
#elif defined(__linux__)
"On Linux this program can only be run by the super-user unless the contents\n"
"of /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid is set to 0 or lower.\n"
#else
#error Sorry, this platform is not supported
#endif
"\n"
);
}
int
main(int argc, char** argv)
{
// Process command line options.
gArgv0 = argv[0];
// Default values.
int sampleInterval_msec = 1000;
int sampleCount = 0;
struct option longOptions[] = {
{ "help", no_argument, NULL, 'h' },
{ "sample-interval", required_argument, NULL, 'i' },
{ "sample-count", required_argument, NULL, 'n' },
{ NULL, 0, NULL, 0 }
};
const char* shortOptions = "hi:n:";
int c;
char* endPtr;
while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, shortOptions, longOptions, NULL)) != -1) {
switch (c) {
case 'h':
PrintUsage();
exit(0);
case 'i':
sampleInterval_msec = strtol(optarg, &endPtr, /* base = */ 10);
if (*endPtr) {
CmdLineAbort("sample interval is not an integer");
}
if (sampleInterval_msec < 1 || sampleInterval_msec > 3600000) {
CmdLineAbort("sample interval must be in the range 1..3600000 ms");
}
break;
case 'n':
sampleCount = strtol(optarg, &endPtr, /* base = */ 10);
if (*endPtr) {
CmdLineAbort("sample count is not an integer");
}
if (sampleCount < 0 || sampleCount > 1000000) {
CmdLineAbort("sample count must be in the range 0..1000000");
}
break;
default:
CmdLineAbort(NULL);
}
}
// The RAPL MSRs update every ~1 ms, but the measurement period isn't exactly
// 1 ms, which means the sample periods are not exact. "Power Measurement
// Techniques on Standard Compute Nodes: A Quantitative Comparison" by
// Hackenberg et al. suggests the following.
//
// "RAPL provides energy (and not power) consumption data without
// timestamps associated to each counter update. This makes sampling rates
// above 20 Samples/s unfeasible if the systematic error should be below
// 5%... Constantly polling the RAPL registers will both occupy a processor
// core and distort the measurement itself."
//
// So warn about this case.
if (sampleInterval_msec < 50) {
fprintf(stderr,
"\nWARNING: sample intervals < 50 ms are likely to produce "
"inaccurate estimates\n\n");
}
gSampleInterval_sec = double(sampleInterval_msec) / 1000;
// Initialize the platform-specific RAPL reading machinery.
gRapl = new RAPL();
if (!gRapl) {
Abort("new RAPL() failed");
}
// Install the signal handlers.
struct sigaction sa;
memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO;
// The extra parens around (0) suppress a -Wunreachable-code warning on OS X
// where sigemptyset() is a macro that can never fail and always returns 0.
if (sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask) < (0)) {
Abort("sigemptyset() failed");
}
sa.sa_sigaction = SigAlrmHandler;
if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &sa, NULL) < 0) {
Abort("sigaction(SIGALRM) failed");
}
sa.sa_sigaction = SigIntHandler;
if (sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, NULL) < 0) {
Abort("sigaction(SIGINT) failed");
}
// Set up the timer.
struct itimerval timer;
timer.it_interval.tv_sec = sampleInterval_msec / 1000;
timer.it_interval.tv_usec = (sampleInterval_msec % 1000) * 1000;
timer.it_value = timer.it_interval;
if (setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &timer, NULL) < 0) {
Abort("setitimer() failed");
}
// Print header.
PrintAndFlush(" total W = _pkg_ (cores + _gpu_ + other) + _ram_ W\n");
// Take samples.
if (sampleCount == 0) {
while (true) {
pause();
}
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++) {
pause();
}
}
Finish();
return 0;
}
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