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437 строки
11 KiB
HTML
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<title>
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PyASN1 subtype constraints
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</head>
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<table width=60%>
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<h4>
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1.4 PyASN1 subtype constraints
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</h4>
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<p>
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Most ASN.1 types can correspond to an infinite set of values. To adapt to
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particular application's data model and needs, ASN.1 provides a mechanism
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for limiting the infinite set to values, that make sense in particular case.
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</p>
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<p>
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Imposing value constraints on an ASN.1 type can also be seen as creating
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a subtype from its base type.
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</p>
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<p>
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In pyasn1, constraints take shape of immutable objects capable
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of evaluating given value against constraint-specific requirements.
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Constraint object is a property of pyasn1 type. Like TagSet property,
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associated with every pyasn1 type, constraints can never be modified
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in place. The only way to modify pyasn1 type constraint is to associate
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new constraint object to a new pyasn1 type object.
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</p>
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<p>
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A handful of different flavors of <i>constraints</i> are defined in ASN.1.
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We will discuss them one by one in the following chapters and also explain
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how to combine and apply them to types.
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</p>
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<a name="1.4.1"></a>
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<h4>
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1.4.1 Single value constraint
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</h4>
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<p>
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This kind of constraint allows for limiting type to a finite, specified set
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of values.
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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DialButton ::= OCTET STRING (
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"0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
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)
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Its pyasn1 implementation would look like:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import constraint
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>>> c = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(
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'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'
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)
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>>> c
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SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
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>>> c('0')
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>>> c('A')
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) failed at: A
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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As can be seen in the snippet above, if a value violates the constraint, an
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exception will be thrown. A constrainted pyasn1 type object holds a
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reference to a constraint object (or their combination, as will be explained
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later) and calls it for value verification.
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
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>>> class DialButton(univ.OctetString):
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... subtypeSpec = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(
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... '0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'
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... )
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>>> DialButton('0')
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DialButton(b'0')
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>>> DialButton('A')
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) failed at: A
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Constrained pyasn1 value object can never hold a violating value.
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</p>
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<a name="1.4.2"></a>
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<h4>
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1.4.2 Value range constraint
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</h4>
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<p>
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A pair of values, compliant to a type to be constrained, denote low and upper
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bounds of allowed range of values of a type.
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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Teenagers ::= INTEGER (13..19)
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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And in pyasn1 terms:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
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>>> class Teenagers(univ.Integer):
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... subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(13, 19)
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>>> Teenagers(14)
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Teenagers(14)
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>>> Teenagers(20)
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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ValueRangeConstraint(13, 19) failed at: 20
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Value range constraint usually applies numeric types.
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</p>
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<a name="1.4.3"></a>
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<h4>
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1.4.3 Size constraint
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</h4>
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<p>
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It is sometimes convenient to set or limit the allowed size of a data item
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to be sent from one application to another to manage bandwidth and memory
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consumption issues. Size constraint specifies the lower and upper bounds
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of the size of a valid value.
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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TwoBits ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (2))
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Express the same grammar in pyasn1:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
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>>> class TwoBits(univ.BitString):
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... subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(2, 2)
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>>> TwoBits((1,1))
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TwoBits("'11'B")
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>>> TwoBits((1,1,0))
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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ValueSizeConstraint(2, 2) failed at: (1, 1, 0)
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Size constraint can be applied to potentially massive values - bit or octet
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strings, SEQUENCE OF/SET OF values.
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</p>
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<a name="1.4.4"></a>
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<h4>
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1.4.4 Alphabet constraint
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</h4>
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<p>
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The permitted alphabet constraint is similar to Single value constraint
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but constraint applies to individual characters of a value.
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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MorseCode ::= PrintableString (FROM ("."|"-"|" "))
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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And in pyasn1:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
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>>> class MorseCode(char.PrintableString):
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... subtypeSpec = constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint(".", "-", " ")
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>>> MorseCode("...---...")
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MorseCode('...---...')
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>>> MorseCode("?")
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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PermittedAlphabetConstraint(".", "-", " ") failed at: "?"
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Current implementation does not handle ranges of characters in constraint
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(FROM "A".."Z" syntax), one has to list the whole set in a range.
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</p>
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<a name="1.4.5"></a>
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<h4>
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1.4.5 Constraint combinations
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</h4>
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<p>
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Up to this moment, we used a single constraint per ASN.1 type. The standard,
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however, allows for combining multiple individual constraints into
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intersections, unions and exclusions.
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</p>
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<p>
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In pyasn1 data model, all of these methods of constraint combinations are
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implemented as constraint-like objects holding individual constraint (or
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combination) objects. Like terminal constraint objects, combination objects
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are capable to perform value verification at its set of enclosed constraints
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according to the logic of particular combination.
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</p>
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<p>
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Constraints intersection verification succeeds only if a value is
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compliant to each constraint in a set. To begin with, the following
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specification will constitute a valid telephone number:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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PhoneNumber ::= NumericString (FROM ("0".."9")) (SIZE 11)
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Constraint intersection object serves the logic above:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
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>>> class PhoneNumber(char.NumericString):
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... subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
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... constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
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... constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)
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... )
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>>> PhoneNumber('79039343212')
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PhoneNumber('79039343212')
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>>> PhoneNumber('?9039343212')
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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ConstraintsIntersection(
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PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
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ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)) failed at:
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PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9') failed at: "?039343212"
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>>> PhoneNumber('9343212')
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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ConstraintsIntersection(
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PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
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ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)) failed at:
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ValueSizeConstraint(10, 10) failed at: "9343212"
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Union of constraints works by making sure that a value is compliant
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to any of the constraint in a set. For instance:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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CapitalOrSmall ::= IA5String (FROM ('A','B','C') | FROM ('a','b','c'))
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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It's important to note, that a value must fully comply to any single
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constraint in a set. In the specification above, a value of all small or
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all capital letters is compliant, but a mix of small&capitals is not.
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Here's its pyasn1 analogue:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
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>>> class CapitalOrSmall(char.IA5String):
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... subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
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... constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('A','B','C'),
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... constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('a','b','c')
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... )
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>>> CapitalOrSmall('ABBA')
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CapitalOrSmall('ABBA')
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>>> CapitalOrSmall('abba')
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CapitalOrSmall('abba')
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>>> CapitalOrSmall('Abba')
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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ConstraintsUnion(PermittedAlphabetConstraint('A', 'B', 'C'),
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PermittedAlphabetConstraint('a', 'b', 'c')) failed at: failed for "Abba"
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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Finally, the exclusion constraint simply negates the logic of value
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verification at a constraint. In the following example, any integer value
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is allowed in a type but not zero.
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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NoZero ::= INTEGER (ALL EXCEPT 0)
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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In pyasn1 the above definition would read:
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
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>>> class NoZero(univ.Integer):
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... subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsExclusion(
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... constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0)
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... )
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>>> NoZero(1)
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NoZero(1)
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>>> NoZero(0)
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
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ConstraintsExclusion(SingleValueConstraint(0)) failed at: 0
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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The depth of such a constraints tree, built with constraint combination objects
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at its nodes, has not explicit limit. Value verification is performed in a
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recursive manner till a definite solution is found.
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</p>
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<a name="1.5"></a>
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<h4>
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1.5 Types relationships
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</h4>
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<p>
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In the course of data processing in an application, it is sometimes
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convenient to figure out the type relationships between pyasn1 type or
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value objects. Formally, two things influence pyasn1 types relationship:
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<i>tag set</i> and <i>subtype constraints</i>. One pyasn1 type is considered
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to be a derivative of another if their TagSet and Constraint objects are
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a derivation of one another.
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</p>
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<p>
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The following example illustrates the concept (we use the same tagset but
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different constraints for simplicity):
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</p>
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<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
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<pre>
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>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
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>>> i1 = univ.Integer(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(3,8))
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>>> i2 = univ.Integer(subtypeSpec=constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
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... constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(3,8),
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... constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(4,7)
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... ) )
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>>> i1.isSameTypeWith(i2)
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False
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>>> i1.isSuperTypeOf(i2)
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True
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>>> i1.isSuperTypeOf(i1)
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True
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>>> i2.isSuperTypeOf(i1)
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False
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>>>
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</pre>
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</td></tr></table>
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<p>
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As can be seen in the above code snippet, there are two methods of any pyasn1
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type/value object that test types for their relationship:
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<b>isSameTypeWith</b>() and <b>isSuperTypeOf</b>(). The former is
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self-descriptive while the latter yields true if the argument appears
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to be a pyasn1 object which has tagset and constraints derived from those
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of the object being called.
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</p>
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<hr>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</center>
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</body>
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</html>
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