зеркало из https://github.com/getsops/sops.git
1639 строки
60 KiB
ReStructuredText
1639 строки
60 KiB
ReStructuredText
SOPS: Secrets OPerationS
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========================
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**sops** is an editor of encrypted files that supports YAML, JSON, ENV, INI and BINARY
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formats and encrypts with AWS KMS, GCP KMS, Azure Key Vault and PGP.
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(`demo <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTEVyLXFiq0>`_)
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.. image:: https://i.imgur.com/X0TM5NI.gif
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------------
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.. image:: https://godoc.org/go.mozilla.org/sops?status.svg
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:target: https://godoc.org/go.mozilla.org/sops
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.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/mozilla/sops.svg?branch=master
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:target: https://travis-ci.org/mozilla/sops
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Download
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--------
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Stable release
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Binaries and packages of the latest stable release are available at `https://github.com/mozilla/sops/releases <https://github.com/mozilla/sops/releases>`_.
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Development branch
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For the adventurous, unstable features are available in the `develop` branch, which you can install from source:
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.. code:: bash
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$ go get -u go.mozilla.org/sops/v3/cmd/sops
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$ cd $GOPATH/src/go.mozilla.org/sops/
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$ git checkout develop
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$ make install
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(requires Go >= 1.13)
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If you don't have Go installed, set it up with:
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.. code:: bash
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$ {apt,yum,brew} install golang
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$ echo 'export GOPATH=~/go' >> ~/.bashrc
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$ source ~/.bashrc
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$ mkdir $GOPATH
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Or whatever variation of the above fits your system and shell.
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To use **sops** as a library, take a look at the `decrypt package <https://godoc.org/go.mozilla.org/sops/decrypt>`_.
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**Questions?** ping "ulfr" and "autrilla" in ``#security`` on `irc.mozilla.org <https://wiki.mozilla.org/IRC>`_
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(use a web client like `mibbit <https://chat.mibbit.com>`_ ).
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**What happened to Python Sops?** We rewrote Sops in Go to solve a number of
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deployment issues, but the Python branch still exists under ``python-sops``. We
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will keep maintaining it for a while, and you can still ``pip install sops``,
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but we strongly recommend you use the Go version instead.
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.. sectnum::
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.. contents:: Table of Contents
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Usage
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-----
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For a quick presentation of Sops, check out this Youtube tutorial:
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.. image:: https://img.youtube.com/vi/V2PRhxphH2w/0.jpg
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:target: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2PRhxphH2w
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If you're using AWS KMS, create one or multiple master keys in the IAM console
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and export them, comma separated, in the **SOPS_KMS_ARN** env variable. It is
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recommended to use at least two master keys in different regions.
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.. code:: bash
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export SOPS_KMS_ARN="arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:656532927350:key/920aff2e-c5f1-4040-943a-047fa387b27e,arn:aws:kms:ap-southeast-1:656532927350:key/9006a8aa-0fa6-4c14-930e-a2dfb916de1d"
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Your AWS credentials must be present in ``~/.aws/credentials``. sops uses aws-sdk-go.
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.. code::
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$ cat ~/.aws/credentials
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[default]
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aws_access_key_id = AKI.....
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aws_secret_access_key = mw......
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If you want to use PGP, export the fingerprints of the public keys, comma
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separated, in the **SOPS_PGP_FP** env variable.
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.. code:: bash
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export SOPS_PGP_FP="85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21,E60892BB9BD89A69F759A1A0A3D652173B763E8F"
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Note: you can use both PGP and KMS simultaneously.
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Then simply call ``sops`` with a file path as argument. It will handle the
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encryption/decryption transparently and open the cleartext file in an editor
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.. code:: shell
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$ sops mynewtestfile.yaml
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mynewtestfile.yaml doesn't exist, creating it.
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please wait while an encryption key is being generated and stored in a secure fashion
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file written to mynewtestfile.yaml
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Editing will happen in whatever ``$EDITOR`` is set to, or, if it's not set, in vim.
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Keep in mind that sops will wait for the editor to exit, and then try to reencrypt
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the file. Some GUI editors (atom, sublime) spawn a child process and then exit
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immediately. They usually have an option to wait for the main editor window to be
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closed before exiting. See `#127 <https://github.com/mozilla/sops/issues/127>`_ for
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more information.
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The resulting encrypted file looks like this:
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.. code:: yaml
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myapp1: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:Tr7o=,iv:1=,aad:No=,tag:k=]
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app2:
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db:
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user: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:CwE4O1s=,iv:2k=,aad:o=,tag:w==]
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password: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:p673w==,iv:YY=,aad:UQ=,tag:A=]
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# private key for secret operations in app2
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key: |-
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ENC[AES256_GCM,data:Ea3kL5O5U8=,iv:DM=,aad:FKA=,tag:EA==]
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an_array:
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- ENC[AES256_GCM,data:v8jQ=,iv:HBE=,aad:21c=,tag:gA==]
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- ENC[AES256_GCM,data:X10=,iv:o8=,aad:CQ=,tag:Hw==]
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- ENC[AES256_GCM,data:KN=,iv:160=,aad:fI4=,tag:tNw==]
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sops:
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kms:
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- created_at: 1441570389.775376
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enc: CiC....Pm1Hm
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arn: arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:656532927350:key/920aff2e-c5f1-4040-943a-047fa387b27e
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- created_at: 1441570391.925734
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enc: Ci...awNx
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arn: arn:aws:kms:ap-southeast-1:656532927350:key/9006a8aa-0fa6-4c14-930e-a2dfb916de1d
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pgp:
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- fp: 85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21
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created_at: 1441570391.930042
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enc: |
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-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
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hQIMA0t4uZHfl9qgAQ//UvGAwGePyHuf2/zayWcloGaDs0MzI+zw6CmXvMRNPUsA
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...=oJgS
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-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
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A copy of the encryption/decryption key is stored securely in each KMS and PGP
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block. As long as one of the KMS or PGP method is still usable, you will be able
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to access your data.
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To decrypt a file in a ``cat`` fashion, use the ``-d`` flag:
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.. code:: bash
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$ sops -d mynewtestfile.yaml
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``sops`` encrypted files contain the necessary information to decrypt their content.
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All a user of ``sops`` needs is valid AWS credentials and the necessary
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permissions on KMS keys.
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Given that, the only command a ``sops`` user needs is:
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.. code:: bash
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$ sops <file>
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`<file>` will be opened, decrypted, passed to a text editor (vim by default),
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encrypted if modified, and saved back to its original location. All of these
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steps, apart from the actual editing, are transparent to the user.
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Test with the dev PGP key
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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If you want to test **sops** without having to do a bunch of setup, you can use
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the example files and pgp key provided with the repository::
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$ git clone https://github.com/mozilla/sops.git
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$ cd sops
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$ gpg --import pgp/sops_functional_tests_key.asc
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$ sops example.yaml
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This last step will decrypt ``example.yaml`` using the test private key.
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Encrypting using GCP KMS
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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GCP KMS uses `Application Default Credentials
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<https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/application-default-credentials>`_.
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If you already logged in using
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.. code:: bash
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$ gcloud auth login
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you can enable application default credentials using the sdk::
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$ gcloud auth application-default login
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Encrypting/decrypting with GCP KMS requires a KMS ResourceID. You can use the
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cloud console the get the ResourceID or you can create one using the gcloud
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sdk:
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.. code:: bash
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$ gcloud kms keyrings create sops --location global
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$ gcloud kms keys create sops-key --location global --keyring sops --purpose encryption
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$ gcloud kms keys list --location global --keyring sops
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# you should see
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NAME PURPOSE PRIMARY_STATE
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projects/my-project/locations/global/keyRings/sops/cryptoKeys/sops-key ENCRYPT_DECRYPT ENABLED
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Now you can encrypt a file using::
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$ sops --encrypt --gcp-kms projects/my-project/locations/global/keyRings/sops/cryptoKeys/sops-key test.yaml > test.enc.yaml
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And decrypt it using::
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$ sops --decrypt test.enc.yaml
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Encrypting using Azure Key Vault
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The Azure Key Vault integration tries several authentication methods, in
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this order:
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1. Client credentials
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2. Client Certificate
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3. Username Password
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4. MSI
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5. Azure CLI auth
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You can force a specific authentication method through the AZURE_AUTH_METHOD
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environment variable, which may be one of: clientcredentials, clientcertificate,
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usernamepassword, msi, or cli (default).
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For example, you can use service principals with the following environment variables:
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.. code:: bash
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AZURE_TENANT_ID
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AZURE_CLIENT_ID
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AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET
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You can create a service principal using the cli like this:
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.. code:: bash
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$ az ad sp create-for-rbac -n my-keyvault-sp
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{
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"appId": "<some-uuid>",
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"displayName": "my-keyvault-sp",
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"name": "http://my-keyvault-sp",
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"password": "<some-uuid>",
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"tenant": "<tenant-id>"
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}
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The appId is the client id, and the password is the client secret.
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Encrypting/decrypting with Azure Key Vault requires the resource identifier for
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a key. This has the following form::
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https://${VAULT_URL}/keys/${KEY_NAME}/${KEY_VERSION}
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To create a Key Vault and assign your service principal permissions on it
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from the commandline:
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.. code:: bash
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# Create a resource group if you do not have one:
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$ az group create --name sops-rg --location westeurope
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# Key Vault names are globally unique, so generate one:
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$ keyvault_name=sops-$(uuidgen | tr -d - | head -c 16)
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# Create a Vault, a key, and give the service principal access:
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$ az keyvault create --name $keyvault_name --resource-group sops-rg --location westeurope
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$ az keyvault key create --name sops-key --vault-name $keyvault_name --protection software --ops encrypt decrypt
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$ az keyvault set-policy --name $keyvault_name --resource-group sops-rg --spn $AZURE_CLIENT_ID \
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--key-permissions encrypt decrypt
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# Read the key id:
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$ az keyvault key show --name sops-key --vault-name $keyvault_name --query key.kid
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https://sops.vault.azure.net/keys/sops-key/some-string
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Now you can encrypt a file using::
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$ sops --encrypt --azure-kv https://sops.vault.azure.net/keys/sops-key/some-string test.yaml > test.enc.yaml
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And decrypt it using::
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$ sops --decrypt test.enc.yaml
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Adding and removing keys
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When creating new files, ``sops`` uses the PGP, KMS and GCP KMS defined in the
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command line arguments ``--kms``, ``--pgp``, ``--gcp-kms`` or ``--azure-kv``, or from
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the environment variables ``SOPS_KMS_ARN``, ``SOPS_PGP_FP``, ``SOPS_GCP_KMS_IDS``,
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``SOPS_AZURE_KEYVAULT_URLS``. That information is stored in the file under the
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``sops`` section, such that decrypting files does not require providing those
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parameters again.
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Master PGP and KMS keys can be added and removed from a ``sops`` file in one of
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three ways::
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1. By using a .sops.yaml file and the ``updatekeys`` command.
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2. By using command line flags.
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3. By editing the file directly.
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The sops team recommends the ``updatekeys`` approach.
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``updatekeys`` command
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**********************
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The ``updatekeys`` command uses the `.sops.yaml <#29using-sopsyaml-conf-to-select-kmspgp-for-new-files>`_
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configuration file to update (add or remove) the corresponding secrets in the
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encrypted file. Note that the example below uses the
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`Block Scalar yaml construct <https://yaml-multiline.info/>`_ to build a space
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separated list.
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.. code:: yaml
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creation_rules:
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- pgp: >-
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85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21,
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FBC7B9E2A4F9289AC0C1D4843D16CEE4A27381B4
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.. code:: bash
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$ sops updatekeys test.enc.yaml
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Sops will prompt you with the changes to be made. This interactivity can be
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disabled by supplying the ``-y`` flag.
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Command Line
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************
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Command line flag ``--add-kms``, ``--add-pgp``, ``--add-gcp-kms``, ``--add-azure-kv``,
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``--rm-kms``, ``--rm-pgp``, ``--rm-gcp-kms`` and ``--rm-azure-kv`` can be used to add
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and remove keys from a file.
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These flags use the comma separated syntax as the ``--kms``, ``--pgp``, ``--gcp-kms``
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and ``--azure-kv`` arguments when creating new files.
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Note that ``-r`` or ``--rotate`` is mandatory in this mode. Not specifying
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rotate will ignore the ``--add-*`` options. Use ``updatekeys`` if you want to
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add a key without rotating the data key.
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.. code:: bash
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# add a new pgp key to the file and rotate the data key
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$ sops -r -i --add-pgp 85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21 example.yaml
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# remove a pgp key from the file and rotate the data key
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$ sops -r -i --rm-pgp 85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21 example.yaml
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Direct Editing
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**************
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Alternatively, invoking ``sops`` with the flag **-s** will display the master keys
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while editing. This method can be used to add or remove kms or pgp keys under the
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sops section. Invoking ``sops`` with the **-i** flag will perform an in-place edit
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instead of redirecting output to ``stdout``.
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For example, to add a KMS master key to a file, add the following entry while
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editing:
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.. code:: yaml
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sops:
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kms:
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- arn: arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:656532927350:key/920aff2e-c5f1-4040-943a-047fa387b27e
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And, similarly, to add a PGP master key, we add its fingerprint:
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.. code:: yaml
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sops:
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pgp:
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- fp: 85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21
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When the file is saved, ``sops`` will update its metadata and encrypt the data key
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with the freshly added master keys. The removed entries are simply deleted from
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the file.
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When removing keys, it is recommended to rotate the data key using ``-r``,
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otherwise owners of the removed key may have add access to the data key in the
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past.
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KMS AWS Profiles
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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If you want to use a specific profile, you can do so with `aws_profile`:
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.. code:: yaml
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sops:
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kms:
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- arn: arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:656532927350:key/920aff2e-c5f1-4040-943a-047fa387b27e
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aws_profile: foo
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If no AWS profile is set, default credentials will be used.
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Similarly the `--aws-profile` flag can be set with the command line with any of the KMS commands.
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Assuming roles and using KMS in various AWS accounts
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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SOPS has the ability to use KMS in multiple AWS accounts by assuming roles in
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each account. Being able to assume roles is a nice feature of AWS that allows
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administrators to establish trust relationships between accounts, typically from
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the most secure account to the least secure one. In our use-case, we use roles
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to indicate that a user of the Master AWS account is allowed to make use of KMS
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master keys in development and staging AWS accounts. Using roles, a single file
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can be encrypted with KMS keys in multiple accounts, thus increasing reliability
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and ease of use.
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You can use keys in various accounts by tying each KMS master key to a role that
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the user is allowed to assume in each account. The `IAM roles
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<http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_use.html>`_
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documentation has full details on how this needs to be configured on AWS's side.
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From the point of view of ``sops``, you only need to specify the role a KMS key
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must assume alongside its ARN, as follows:
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.. code:: yaml
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sops:
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kms:
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- arn: arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:656532927350:key/920aff2e-c5f1-4040-943a-047fa387b27e
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role: arn:aws:iam::927034868273:role/sops-dev-xyz
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The role must have permission to call Encrypt and Decrypt using KMS. An example
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policy is shown below.
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.. code:: json
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{
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"Sid": "Allow use of the key",
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"Effect": "Allow",
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"Action": [
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"kms:Encrypt",
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"kms:Decrypt",
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"kms:ReEncrypt*",
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"kms:GenerateDataKey*",
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"kms:DescribeKey"
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],
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"Resource": "*",
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"Principal": {
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"AWS": [
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"arn:aws:iam::927034868273:role/sops-dev-xyz"
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]
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}
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}
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You can specify a role in the ``--kms`` flag and ``SOPS_KMS_ARN`` variable by
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appending it to the ARN of the master key, separated by a **+** sign::
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<KMS ARN>+<ROLE ARN>
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arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:927034868273:key/fe86dd69-4132-404c-ab86-4269956b4500+arn:aws:iam::927034868273:role/sops-dev-xyz
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AWS KMS Encryption Context
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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SOPS has the ability to use `AWS KMS key policy and encryption context
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<http://docs.aws.amazon.com/kms/latest/developerguide/encryption-context.html>`_
|
|
to refine the access control of a given KMS master key.
|
|
|
|
When creating a new file, you can specify encryption context in the
|
|
``--encryption-context`` flag by comma separated list of key-value pairs:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --encryption-context Environment:production,Role:web-server test.dev.yaml
|
|
|
|
The format of the Encrypt Context string is ``<EncryptionContext Key>:<EncryptionContext Value>,<EncryptionContext Key>:<EncryptionContext Value>,...``
|
|
|
|
The encryption context will be stored in the file metadata and does
|
|
not need to be provided at decryption.
|
|
|
|
Encryption contexts can be used in conjunction with KMS Key Policies to define
|
|
roles that can only access a given context. An example policy is shown below:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: json
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
"Effect": "Allow",
|
|
"Principal": {
|
|
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::111122223333:role/RoleForExampleApp"
|
|
},
|
|
"Action": "kms:Decrypt",
|
|
"Resource": "*",
|
|
"Condition": {
|
|
"StringEquals": {
|
|
"kms:EncryptionContext:AppName": "ExampleApp",
|
|
"kms:EncryptionContext:FilePath": "/var/opt/secrets/"
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
Key Rotation
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
It is recommended to renew the data key on a regular basis. ``sops`` supports key
|
|
rotation via the ``-r`` flag. Invoking it on an existing file causes sops to
|
|
reencrypt the file with a new data key, which is then encrypted with the various
|
|
KMS and PGP master keys defined in the file.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
sops -r example.yaml
|
|
|
|
Using .sops.yaml conf to select KMS/PGP for new files
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
It is often tedious to specify the ``--kms`` ``--gcp-kms`` and ``--pgp`` parameters for creation
|
|
of all new files. If your secrets are stored under a specific directory, like a
|
|
``git`` repository, you can create a ``.sops.yaml`` configuration file at the root
|
|
directory to define which keys are used for which filename.
|
|
|
|
Let's take an example:
|
|
|
|
* file named **something.dev.yaml** should use one set of KMS A
|
|
* file named **something.prod.yaml** should use another set of KMS B
|
|
* other files use a third set of KMS C
|
|
* all live under **mysecretrepo/something.{dev,prod,gcp}.yaml**
|
|
|
|
Under those circumstances, a file placed at **mysecretrepo/.sops.yaml**
|
|
can manage the three sets of configurations for the three types of files:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
# creation rules are evaluated sequentially, the first match wins
|
|
creation_rules:
|
|
# upon creation of a file that matches the pattern *.dev.yaml,
|
|
# KMS set A is used
|
|
- path_regex: \.dev\.yaml$
|
|
kms: 'arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:927034868273:key/fe86dd69-4132-404c-ab86-4269956b4500,arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:361527076523:key/5052f06a-5d3f-489e-b86c-57201e06f31e+arn:aws:iam::361527076523:role/hiera-sops-prod'
|
|
pgp: 'FBC7B9E2A4F9289AC0C1D4843D16CEE4A27381B4'
|
|
|
|
# prod files use KMS set B in the PROD IAM
|
|
- path_regex: \.prod\.yaml$
|
|
kms: 'arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:361527076523:key/5052f06a-5d3f-489e-b86c-57201e06f31e+arn:aws:iam::361527076523:role/hiera-sops-prod,arn:aws:kms:eu-central-1:361527076523:key/cb1fab90-8d17-42a1-a9d8-334968904f94+arn:aws:iam::361527076523:role/hiera-sops-prod'
|
|
pgp: 'FBC7B9E2A4F9289AC0C1D4843D16CEE4A27381B4'
|
|
|
|
# gcp files using GCP KMS
|
|
- path_regex: \.gcp\.yaml$
|
|
gcp_kms: projects/mygcproject/locations/global/keyRings/mykeyring/cryptoKeys/thekey
|
|
|
|
# Finally, if the rules above have not matched, this one is a
|
|
# catchall that will encrypt the file using KMS set C
|
|
# The absence of a path_regex means it will match everything
|
|
- kms: 'arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:927034868273:key/fe86dd69-4132-404c-ab86-4269956b4500,arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:142069644989:key/846cfb17-373d-49b9-8baf-f36b04512e47,arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:361527076523:key/5052f06a-5d3f-489e-b86c-57201e06f31e'
|
|
pgp: 'FBC7B9E2A4F9289AC0C1D4843D16CEE4A27381B4'
|
|
|
|
When creating any file under **mysecretrepo**, whether at the root or under
|
|
a subdirectory, sops will recursively look for a ``.sops.yaml`` file. If one is
|
|
found, the filename of the file being created is compared with the filename
|
|
regexes of the configuration file. The first regex that matches is selected,
|
|
and its KMS and PGP keys are used to encrypt the file. It should be noted that
|
|
the looking up of ``.sops.yaml`` is from the working directory (CWD) instead of
|
|
the directory of the encrypting file (see `Issue 242 <https://github.com/mozilla/sops/issues/242>`_).
|
|
|
|
The path_regex checks the full path of the encrypting file. Here is another example:
|
|
|
|
* files located under directory **development** should use one set of KMS A
|
|
* files located under directory **production** should use another set of KMS B
|
|
* other files use a third set of KMS C
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
creation_rules:
|
|
# upon creation of a file under development,
|
|
# KMS set A is used
|
|
- path_regex: .*/development/.*
|
|
kms: 'arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:927034868273:key/fe86dd69-4132-404c-ab86-4269956b4500,arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:361527076523:key/5052f06a-5d3f-489e-b86c-57201e06f31e+arn:aws:iam::361527076523:role/hiera-sops-prod'
|
|
pgp: 'FBC7B9E2A4F9289AC0C1D4843D16CEE4A27381B4'
|
|
|
|
# prod files use KMS set B in the PROD IAM
|
|
- path_regex: .*/production/.*
|
|
kms: 'arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:361527076523:key/5052f06a-5d3f-489e-b86c-57201e06f31e+arn:aws:iam::361527076523:role/hiera-sops-prod,arn:aws:kms:eu-central-1:361527076523:key/cb1fab90-8d17-42a1-a9d8-334968904f94+arn:aws:iam::361527076523:role/hiera-sops-prod'
|
|
pgp: 'FBC7B9E2A4F9289AC0C1D4843D16CEE4A27381B4'
|
|
|
|
# other files use KMS set C
|
|
- kms: 'arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:927034868273:key/fe86dd69-4132-404c-ab86-4269956b4500,arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:142069644989:key/846cfb17-373d-49b9-8baf-f36b04512e47,arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:361527076523:key/5052f06a-5d3f-489e-b86c-57201e06f31e'
|
|
pgp: 'FBC7B9E2A4F9289AC0C1D4843D16CEE4A27381B4'
|
|
|
|
Creating a new file with the right keys is now as simple as
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops <newfile>.prod.yaml
|
|
|
|
Note that the configuration file is ignored when KMS or PGP parameters are
|
|
passed on the sops command line or in environment variables.
|
|
|
|
Specify a different GPG executable
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
``sops`` checks for the ``SOPS_GPG_EXEC`` environment variable. If specified,
|
|
it will attempt to use the executable set there instead of the default
|
|
of ``gpg``.
|
|
|
|
Example: place the following in your ``~/.bashrc``
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
SOPS_GPG_EXEC = 'your_gpg_client_wrapper'
|
|
|
|
|
|
Specify a different GPG key server
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
By default, ``sops`` uses the key server ``gpg.mozilla.org`` to retrieve the GPG
|
|
keys that are not present in the local keyring.
|
|
To use a different GPG key server, set the ``SOPS_GPG_KEYSERVER`` environment
|
|
variable.
|
|
|
|
Example: place the following in your ``~/.bashrc``
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
SOPS_GPG_KEYSERVER = 'gpg.example.com'
|
|
|
|
|
|
Key groups
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
By default, ``sops`` encrypts the data key for a file with each of the master keys,
|
|
such that if any of the master keys is available, the file can be decrypted.
|
|
However, it is sometimes desirable to require access to multiple master keys
|
|
in order to decrypt files. This can be achieved with key groups.
|
|
|
|
When using key groups in sops, data keys are split into parts such that keys from
|
|
multiple groups are required to decrypt a file. ``sops`` uses Shamir's Secret Sharing
|
|
to split the data key such that each key group has a fragment, each key in the
|
|
key group can decrypt that fragment, and a configurable number of fragments (threshold)
|
|
are needed to decrypt and piece together the complete data key. When decrypting a
|
|
file using multiple key groups, ``sops`` goes through key groups in order, and in
|
|
each group, tries to recover the fragment of the data key using a master key from
|
|
that group. Once the fragment is recovered, ``sops`` moves on to the next group,
|
|
until enough fragments have been recovered to obtain the complete data key.
|
|
|
|
By default, the threshold is set to the number of key groups. For example, if
|
|
you have three key groups configured in your SOPS file and you don't override
|
|
the default threshold, then one master key from each of the three groups will
|
|
be required to decrypt the file.
|
|
|
|
Management of key groups is done with the ``sops groups`` command.
|
|
|
|
For example, you can add a new key group with 3 PGP keys and 3 KMS keys to the
|
|
file ``my_file.yaml``:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops groups add --file my_file.yaml --pgp fingerprint1 --pgp fingerprint2 --pgp fingerprint3 --kms arn1 --kms arn2 --kms arn3
|
|
|
|
Or you can delete the 1st group (group number 0, as groups are zero-indexed)
|
|
from ``my_file.yaml``:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops groups delete --file my_file.yaml 0
|
|
|
|
Key groups can also be specified in the ``.sops.yaml`` config file,
|
|
like so:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
creation_rules:
|
|
- path_regex: .*keygroups.*
|
|
key_groups:
|
|
# First key group
|
|
- pgp:
|
|
- fingerprint1
|
|
- fingerprint2
|
|
kms:
|
|
- arn: arn1
|
|
role: role1
|
|
context:
|
|
foo: bar
|
|
- arn: arn2
|
|
# Second key group
|
|
- pgp:
|
|
- fingerprint3
|
|
- fingerprint4
|
|
kms:
|
|
- arn: arn3
|
|
- arn: arn4
|
|
# Third key group
|
|
- pgp:
|
|
- fingerprint5
|
|
|
|
Given this configuration, we can create a new encrypted file like we normally
|
|
would, and optionally provide the ``--shamir-secret-sharing-threshold`` command line
|
|
flag if we want to override the default threshold. ``sops`` will then split the data
|
|
key into three parts (from the number of key groups) and encrypt each fragment with
|
|
the master keys found in each group.
|
|
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --shamir-secret-sharing-threshold 2 example.json
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, you can configure the Shamir threshold for each creation rule in the ``.sops.yaml`` config
|
|
with ``shamir_threshold``:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
creation_rules:
|
|
- path_regex: .*keygroups.*
|
|
shamir_threshold: 2
|
|
key_groups:
|
|
# First key group
|
|
- pgp:
|
|
- fingerprint1
|
|
- fingerprint2
|
|
kms:
|
|
- arn: arn1
|
|
role: role1
|
|
context:
|
|
foo: bar
|
|
- arn: arn2
|
|
# Second key group
|
|
- pgp:
|
|
- fingerprint3
|
|
- fingerprint4
|
|
kms:
|
|
- arn: arn3
|
|
- arn: arn4
|
|
# Third key group
|
|
- pgp:
|
|
- fingerprint5
|
|
|
|
And then run ``sops example.json``.
|
|
|
|
The threshold (``shamir_threshold``) is set to 2, so this configuration will require
|
|
master keys from two of the three different key groups in order to decrypt the file.
|
|
You can then decrypt the file the same way as with any other SOPS file:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops -d example.json
|
|
|
|
Key service
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
There are situations where you might want to run ``sops`` on a machine that
|
|
doesn't have direct access to encryption keys such as PGP keys. The ``sops`` key
|
|
service allows you to forward a socket so that ``sops`` can access encryption
|
|
keys stored on a remote machine. This is similar to GPG Agent, but more
|
|
portable.
|
|
|
|
SOPS uses a client-server approach to encrypting and decrypting the data
|
|
key. By default, SOPS runs a local key service in-process. SOPS uses a key
|
|
service client to send an encrypt or decrypt request to a key service, which
|
|
then performs the operation. The requests are sent using gRPC and Protocol
|
|
Buffers. The requests contain an identifier for the key they should perform
|
|
the operation with, and the plaintext or encrypted data key. The requests do
|
|
not contain any cryptographic keys, public or private.
|
|
|
|
**WARNING: the key service connection currently does not use any sort of
|
|
authentication or encryption. Therefore, it is recommended that you make sure
|
|
the connection is authenticated and encrypted in some other way, for example
|
|
through an SSH tunnel.**
|
|
|
|
Whenever we try to encrypt or decrypt a data key, SOPS will try to do so first
|
|
with the local key service (unless it's disabled), and if that fails, it will
|
|
try all other remote key services until one succeeds.
|
|
|
|
You can start a key service server by running ``sops keyservice``.
|
|
|
|
You can specify the key services the ``sops`` binary uses with ``--keyservice``.
|
|
This flag can be specified more than once, so you can use multiple key
|
|
services. The local key service can be disabled with
|
|
``enable-local-keyservice=false``.
|
|
|
|
For example, to decrypt a file using both the local key service and the key
|
|
service exposed on the unix socket located in ``/tmp/sops.sock``, you can run:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --keyservice unix:///tmp/sops.sock -d file.yaml`
|
|
|
|
And if you only want to use the key service exposed on the unix socket located
|
|
in ``/tmp/sops.sock`` and not the local key service, you can run:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --enable-local-keyservice=false --keyservice unix:///tmp/sops.sock -d file.yaml
|
|
|
|
Auditing
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Sometimes, users want to be able to tell what files were accessed by whom in an
|
|
environment they control. For this reason, SOPS can generate audit logs to
|
|
record activity on encrypted files. When enabled, SOPS will write a log entry
|
|
into a pre-configured PostgreSQL database when a file is decrypted. The log
|
|
includes a timestamp, the username SOPS is running as, and the file that was
|
|
decrypted.
|
|
|
|
In order to enable auditing, you must first create the database and credentials
|
|
using the schema found in ``audit/schema.sql``. This schema defines the
|
|
tables that store the audit events and a role named ``sops`` that only has
|
|
permission to add entries to the audit event tables. The default password for
|
|
the role ``sops`` is ``sops``. You should change this password.
|
|
|
|
Once you have created the database, you have to tell SOPS how to connect to it.
|
|
Because we don't want users of SOPS to be able to control auditing, the audit
|
|
configuration file location is not configurable, and must be at
|
|
``/etc/sops/audit.yaml``. This file should have strict permissions such
|
|
that only the root user can modify it.
|
|
|
|
For example, to enable auditing to a PostgreSQL database named ``sops`` running
|
|
on localhost, using the user ``sops`` and the password ``sops``,
|
|
``/etc/sops/audit.yaml`` should have the following contents:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
backends:
|
|
postgres:
|
|
- connection_string: "postgres://sops:sops@localhost/sops?sslmode=verify-full"
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can find more information on the ``connection_string`` format in the
|
|
`PostgreSQL docs <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html#libpq-connstring>`_.
|
|
|
|
Under the ``postgres`` map entry in the above YAML is a list, so one can
|
|
provide more than one backend, and SOPS will log to all of them:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
backends:
|
|
postgres:
|
|
- connection_string: "postgres://sops:sops@localhost/sops?sslmode=verify-full"
|
|
- connection_string: "postgres://sops:sops@remotehost/sops?sslmode=verify-full"
|
|
|
|
Saving Output to a File
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
By default ``sops`` just dumps all the output to the standard output. We can use the
|
|
``--output`` flag followed by a filename to save the output to the file specified.
|
|
Beware using both ``--in-place`` and ``--output`` flags will result in an error.
|
|
|
|
Passing Secrets to Other Processes
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
In addition to writing secrets to standard output and to files on disk, ``sops``
|
|
has two commands for passing decrypted secrets to a new process: ``exec-env``
|
|
and ``exec-file``. These commands will place all output into the environment of
|
|
a child process and into a temporary file, respectively. For example, if a
|
|
program looks for credentials in its environment, ``exec-env`` can be used to
|
|
ensure that the decrypted contents are available only to this process and never
|
|
written to disk.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
# print secrets to stdout to confirm values
|
|
$ sops -d out.json
|
|
{
|
|
"database_password": "jf48t9wfw094gf4nhdf023r",
|
|
"AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
|
|
"AWS_SECRET_KEY": "wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
# decrypt out.json and run a command
|
|
# the command prints the environment variable and runs a script that uses it
|
|
$ sops exec-env out.json 'echo secret: $database_password; ./database-import'
|
|
secret: jf48t9wfw094gf4nhdf023r
|
|
|
|
# launch a shell with the secrets available in its environment
|
|
$ sops exec-env out.json 'sh'
|
|
sh-3.2# echo $database_password
|
|
jf48t9wfw094gf4nhdf023r
|
|
|
|
# the secret is not accessible anywhere else
|
|
sh-3.2$ exit
|
|
$ echo your password: $database_password
|
|
your password:
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the command you want to run only operates on files, you can use ``exec-file``
|
|
instead. By default ``sops`` will use a FIFO to pass the contents of the
|
|
decrypted file to the new program. Using a FIFO, secrets are only passed in
|
|
memory which has two benefits: the plaintext secrets never touch the disk, and
|
|
the child process can only read the secrets once. In contexts where this won't
|
|
work, eg platforms like Windows where FIFOs unavailable or secret files that need
|
|
to be available to the child process longer term, the ``--no-fifo`` flag can be
|
|
used to instruct ``sops`` to use a traditional temporary file that will get cleaned
|
|
up once the process is finished executing. ``exec-file`` behaves similar to
|
|
``find(1)`` in that ``{}`` is used as a placeholder in the command which will be
|
|
substituted with the temporary file path (whether a FIFO or an actual file).
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
# operating on the same file as before, but as a file this time
|
|
$ sops exec-file out.json 'echo your temporary file: {}; cat {}'
|
|
your temporary file: /tmp/.sops894650499/tmp-file
|
|
{
|
|
"database_password": "jf48t9wfw094gf4nhdf023r",
|
|
"AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
|
|
"AWS_SECRET_KEY": "wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
# launch a shell with a variable TMPFILE pointing to the temporary file
|
|
$ sops exec-file --no-fifo out.json 'TMPFILE={} sh'
|
|
sh-3.2$ echo $TMPFILE
|
|
/tmp/.sops506055069/tmp-file291138648
|
|
sh-3.2$ cat $TMPFILE
|
|
{
|
|
"database_password": "jf48t9wfw094gf4nhdf023r",
|
|
"AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
|
|
"AWS_SECRET_KEY": "wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY"
|
|
}
|
|
sh-3.2$ ./program --config $TMPFILE
|
|
sh-3.2$ exit
|
|
|
|
# try to open the temporary file from earlier
|
|
$ cat /tmp/.sops506055069/tmp-file291138648
|
|
cat: /tmp/.sops506055069/tmp-file291138648: No such file or directory
|
|
|
|
Additionally, on unix-like platforms, both ``exec-env`` and ``exec-file``
|
|
support dropping privileges before executing the new program via the
|
|
``--user <username>`` flag. This is particularly useful in cases where the
|
|
encrypted file is only readable by root, but the target program does not
|
|
need root privileges to function. This flag should be used where possible
|
|
for added security.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
# the encrypted file can't be read by the current user
|
|
$ cat out.json
|
|
cat: out.json: Permission denied
|
|
|
|
# execute sops as root, decrypt secrets, then drop privileges
|
|
$ sudo sops exec-env --user nobody out.json 'sh'
|
|
sh-3.2$ echo $database_password
|
|
jf48t9wfw094gf4nhdf023r
|
|
|
|
# dropped privileges, still can't load the original file
|
|
sh-3.2$ id
|
|
uid=4294967294(nobody) gid=4294967294(nobody) groups=4294967294(nobody)
|
|
sh-3.2$ cat out.json
|
|
cat: out.json: Permission denied
|
|
|
|
Using the publish command
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
``sops publish $file`` publishes a file to a pre-configured destination (this lives in the sops
|
|
config file). Additionally, support re-encryption rules that work just like the creation rules.
|
|
|
|
This command requires a ``.sops.yaml`` configuration file. Below is an example:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
destination_rules:
|
|
- s3_bucket: "sops-secrets"
|
|
path_regex: s3/*
|
|
recreation_rule:
|
|
pgp: F69E4901EDBAD2D1753F8C67A64535C4163FB307
|
|
- gcs_bucket: "sops-secrets"
|
|
path_regex: gcs/*
|
|
recreation_rule:
|
|
pgp: F69E4901EDBAD2D1753F8C67A64535C4163FB307
|
|
- vault_path: "sops/"
|
|
vault_kv_mount_name: "secret/" # default
|
|
vault_kv_version: 2 # default
|
|
path_regex: vault/*
|
|
omit_extensions: true
|
|
|
|
The above configuration will place all files under ``s3/*`` into the S3 bucket ``sops-secrets``,
|
|
all files under ``gcs/*`` into the GCS bucket ``sops-secrets``, and the contents of all files under
|
|
``vault/*`` into Vault's KV store under the path ``secrets/sops/``. For the files that will be
|
|
published to S3 and GCS, it will decrypt them and re-encrypt them using the
|
|
``F69E4901EDBAD2D1753F8C67A64535C4163FB307`` pgp key.
|
|
|
|
You would deploy a file to S3 with a command like: ``sops publish s3/app.yaml``
|
|
|
|
To publish all files in selected directory recursively, you need to specify ``--recursive`` flag.
|
|
|
|
If you don't want file extension to appear in destination secret path, use ``--omit-extensions``
|
|
flag or ``omit_extensions: true`` in the destination rule in ``.sops.yaml``.
|
|
|
|
Publishing to Vault
|
|
*******************
|
|
|
|
There are a few settings for Vault that you can place in your destination rules. The first
|
|
is ``vault_path``, which is required. The others are optional, and they are
|
|
``vault_address``, ``vault_kv_mount_name``, ``vault_kv_version``.
|
|
|
|
``sops`` uses the official Vault API provided by Hashicorp, which makes use of `environment
|
|
variables <https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/commands/#environment-variables>`_ for
|
|
configuring the client.
|
|
|
|
``vault_kv_mount_name`` is used if your Vault KV is mounted somewhere other than ``secret/``.
|
|
``vault_kv_version`` supports ``1`` and ``2``, with ``2`` being the default.
|
|
|
|
If destination secret path already exists in Vault and contains same data as the source file, it
|
|
will be skipped.
|
|
|
|
Below is an example of publishing to Vault (using token auth with a local dev instance of Vault).
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ export VAULT_TOKEN=...
|
|
$ export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200'
|
|
$ sops -d vault/test.yaml
|
|
example_string: bar
|
|
example_number: 42
|
|
example_map:
|
|
key: value
|
|
$ sops publish vault/test.yaml
|
|
uploading /home/user/sops_directory/vault/test.yaml to http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/data/sops/test.yaml ? (y/n): y
|
|
$ vault kv get secret/sops/test.yaml
|
|
====== Metadata ======
|
|
Key Value
|
|
--- -----
|
|
created_time 2019-07-11T03:32:17.074792017Z
|
|
deletion_time n/a
|
|
destroyed false
|
|
version 3
|
|
|
|
========= Data =========
|
|
Key Value
|
|
--- -----
|
|
example_map map[key:value]
|
|
example_number 42
|
|
example_string bar
|
|
|
|
|
|
Important information on types
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
|
|
YAML and JSON type extensions
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
``sops`` uses the file extension to decide which encryption method to use on the file
|
|
content. ``YAML``, ``JSON``, ``ENV``, and ``INI`` files are treated as trees of data, and key/values are
|
|
extracted from the files to only encrypt the leaf values. The tree structure is also
|
|
used to check the integrity of the file.
|
|
|
|
Therefore, if a file is encrypted using a specific format, it need to be decrypted
|
|
in the same format. The easiest way to achieve this is to conserve the original file
|
|
extension after encrypting a file. For example:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops -e -i myfile.json
|
|
$ sops -d myfile.json
|
|
|
|
If you want to change the extension of the file once encrypted, you need to provide
|
|
sops with the ``--input-type`` flag upon decryption. For example:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops -e myfile.json > myfile.json.enc
|
|
|
|
$ sops -d --input-type json myfile.json.enc
|
|
|
|
When operating on stdin, use the ``--input-type`` and ``--output-type`` flags as follows:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ cat myfile.json | sops --input-type json --output-type json -d /dev/stdin
|
|
|
|
YAML anchors
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
``sops`` only supports a subset of ``YAML``'s many types. Encrypting YAML files that
|
|
contain strings, numbers and booleans will work fine, but files that contain anchors
|
|
will not work, because the anchors redefine the structure of the file at load time.
|
|
|
|
This file will not work in ``sops``:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
bill-to: &id001
|
|
street: |
|
|
123 Tornado Alley
|
|
Suite 16
|
|
city: East Centerville
|
|
state: KS
|
|
|
|
ship-to: *id001
|
|
|
|
``sops`` uses the path to a value as additional data in the AEAD encryption, and thus
|
|
dynamic paths generated by anchors break the authentication step.
|
|
|
|
JSON and TEXT file types do not support anchors and thus have no such limitation.
|
|
|
|
YAML Streams
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
``YAML`` supports having more than one "document" in a single file, while
|
|
formats like ``JSON`` do not. ``sops`` is able to handle both. This means the
|
|
following multi-document will be encrypted as expected:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
data: foo
|
|
---
|
|
data: bar
|
|
|
|
Note that the ``sops`` metadata, i.e. the hash, etc, is computed for the physical
|
|
file rather than each internal "document".
|
|
|
|
Top-level arrays
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
``YAML`` and ``JSON`` top-level arrays are not supported, because ``sops``
|
|
needs a top-level ``sops`` key to store its metadata.
|
|
|
|
This file will not work in sops:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
- some
|
|
- array
|
|
- elements
|
|
|
|
But this one will because because the ``sops`` key can be added at the same level as the
|
|
``data`` key.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
data:
|
|
- some
|
|
- array
|
|
- elements
|
|
|
|
Similarly, with ``JSON`` arrays, this document will not work:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: json
|
|
|
|
[
|
|
"some",
|
|
"array",
|
|
"elements"
|
|
]
|
|
|
|
|
|
But this one will work just fine:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: json
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
"data": [
|
|
"some",
|
|
"array",
|
|
"elements"
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Take a look into the `examples <https://github.com/mozilla/sops/tree/master/examples>`_ folder for detailed use cases of sops in a CI environment. The section below describes specific tips for common use cases.
|
|
|
|
Creating a new file
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
The command below creates a new file with a data key encrypted by KMS and PGP.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --kms "arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:927034868273:key/fe86dd69-4132-404c-ab86-4269956b4500" --pgp C9CAB0AF1165060DB58D6D6B2653B624D620786D /path/to/new/file.yaml
|
|
|
|
Encrypting an existing file
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Similar to the previous command, we tell sops to use one KMS and one PGP key.
|
|
The path points to an existing cleartext file, so we give sops flag ``-e`` to
|
|
encrypt the file, and redirect the output to a destination file.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ export SOPS_KMS_ARN="arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:927034868273:key/fe86dd69-4132-404c-ab86-4269956b4500"
|
|
$ export SOPS_PGP_FP="C9CAB0AF1165060DB58D6D6B2653B624D620786D"
|
|
$ sops -e /path/to/existing/file.yaml > /path/to/new/encrypted/file.yaml
|
|
|
|
Decrypt the file with ``-d``.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops -d /path/to/new/encrypted/file.yaml
|
|
|
|
Encrypt or decrypt a file in place
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Rather than redirecting the output of ``-e`` or ``-d``, sops can replace the
|
|
original file after encrypting or decrypting it.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
# file.yaml is in cleartext
|
|
$ sops -e -i /path/to/existing/file.yaml
|
|
# file.yaml is now encrypted
|
|
$ sops -d -i /path/to/existing/file.yaml
|
|
# file.yaml is back in cleartext
|
|
|
|
Encrypting binary files
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
``sops`` primary use case is encrypting YAML and JSON configuration files, but it
|
|
also has the ability to manage binary files. When encrypting a binary, sops will
|
|
read the data as bytes, encrypt it, store the encrypted base64 under
|
|
``tree['data']`` and write the result as JSON.
|
|
|
|
Note that the base64 encoding of encrypted data can actually make the encrypted
|
|
file larger than the cleartext one.
|
|
|
|
In-place encryption/decryption also works on binary files.
|
|
|
|
.. code::
|
|
|
|
$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/somerandom bs=1024
|
|
count=512
|
|
512+0 records in
|
|
512+0 records out
|
|
524288 bytes (524 kB) copied, 0.0466158 s, 11.2 MB/s
|
|
|
|
$ sha512sum /tmp/somerandom
|
|
9589bb20280e9d381f7a192000498c994e921b3cdb11d2ef5a986578dc2239a340b25ef30691bac72bdb14028270828dad7e8bd31e274af9828c40d216e60cbe /tmp/somerandom
|
|
|
|
$ sops -e -i /tmp/somerandom
|
|
please wait while a data encryption key is being generated and stored securely
|
|
|
|
$ sops -d -i /tmp/somerandom
|
|
|
|
$ sha512sum /tmp/somerandom
|
|
9589bb20280e9d381f7a192000498c994e921b3cdb11d2ef5a986578dc2239a340b25ef30691bac72bdb14028270828dad7e8bd31e274af9828c40d216e60cbe /tmp/somerandom
|
|
|
|
Extract a sub-part of a document tree
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
``sops`` can extract a specific part of a YAML or JSON document, by provided the
|
|
path in the ``--extract`` command line flag. This is useful to extract specific
|
|
values, like keys, without needing an extra parser.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops -d --extract '["app2"]["key"]' ~/git/svc/sops/example.yaml
|
|
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
|
|
MIIBPAIBAAJBAPTMNIyHuZtpLYc7VsHQtwOkWYobkUblmHWRmbXzlAX6K8tMf3Wf
|
|
ImcbNkqAKnELzFAPSBeEMhrBN0PyOC9lYlMCAwEAAQJBALXD4sjuBn1E7Y9aGiMz
|
|
bJEBuZJ4wbhYxomVoQKfaCu+kH80uLFZKoSz85/ySauWE8LgZcMLIBoiXNhDKfQL
|
|
vHECIQD6tCG9NMFWor69kgbX8vK5Y+QL+kRq+9HK6yZ9a+hsLQIhAPn4Ie6HGTjw
|
|
fHSTXWZpGSan7NwTkIu4U5q2SlLjcZh/AiEA78NYRRBwGwAYNUqzutGBqyXKUl4u
|
|
Erb0xAEyVV7e8J0CIQC8VBY8f8yg+Y7Kxbw4zDYGyb3KkXL10YorpeuZR4LuQQIg
|
|
bKGPkMM4w5blyE1tqGN0T7sJwEx+EUOgacRNqM2ljVA=
|
|
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
|
|
|
|
The tree path syntax uses regular python dictionary syntax, without the
|
|
variable name. Extract keys by naming them, and array elements by numbering
|
|
them.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops -d --extract '["an_array"][1]' ~/git/svc/sops/example.yaml
|
|
secretuser2
|
|
|
|
Set a sub-part in a document tree
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
``sops`` can set a specific part of a YAML or JSON document, by providing
|
|
the path and value in the ``--set`` command line flag. This is useful to
|
|
set specific values, like keys, without needing an editor.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --set '["app2"]["key"] "app2keystringvalue"' ~/git/svc/sops/example.yaml
|
|
|
|
The tree path syntax uses regular python dictionary syntax, without the
|
|
variable name. Set to keys by naming them, and array elements by
|
|
numbering them.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --set '["an_array"][1] "secretuser2"' ~/git/svc/sops/example.yaml
|
|
|
|
The value must be formatted as json.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --set '["an_array"][1] {"uid1":null,"uid2":1000,"uid3":["bob"]}' ~/git/svc/sops/example.yaml
|
|
|
|
Using sops as a library in a python script
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
You can import sops as a module and use it in your python program.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: python
|
|
|
|
import sops
|
|
|
|
pathtype = sops.detect_filetype(path)
|
|
tree = sops.load_file_into_tree(path, pathtype)
|
|
sops_key, tree = sops.get_key(tree)
|
|
tree = sops.walk_and_decrypt(tree, sops_key)
|
|
sops.write_file(tree, path=path, filetype=pathtype)
|
|
|
|
Note: this uses the previous implemenation of `sops` written in python,
|
|
and so doesn't support newer features such as GCP-KMS.
|
|
To use the current version, call out to `sops` using `subprocess.check_output`
|
|
|
|
Showing diffs in cleartext in git
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
You most likely want to store encrypted files in a version controlled repository.
|
|
Sops can be used with git to decrypt files when showing diffs between versions.
|
|
This is very handy for reviewing changes or visualizing history.
|
|
|
|
To configure sops to decrypt files during diff, create a ``.gitattributes`` file
|
|
at the root of your repository that contains a filter and a command.
|
|
|
|
.. code::
|
|
|
|
*.yaml diff=sopsdiffer
|
|
|
|
Here we only care about YAML files. ``sopsdiffer`` is an arbitrary name that we map
|
|
to a sops command in the git configuration file of the repository.
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ git config diff.sopsdiffer.textconv "sops -d"
|
|
|
|
$ grep -A 1 sopsdiffer .git/config
|
|
[diff "sopsdiffer"]
|
|
textconv = "sops -d"
|
|
|
|
With this in place, calls to ``git diff`` will decrypt both previous and current
|
|
versions of the target file prior to displaying the diff. And it even works with
|
|
git client interfaces, because they call git diff under the hood!
|
|
|
|
Encrypting only parts of a file
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Note: this only works on YAML and JSON files, not on BINARY files.
|
|
|
|
By default, ``sops`` encrypts all the values of a YAML or JSON file and leaves the
|
|
keys in cleartext. In some instances, you may want to exclude some values from
|
|
being encrypted. This can be accomplished by adding the suffix **_unencrypted**
|
|
to any key of a file. When set, all values underneath the key that set the
|
|
**_unencrypted** prefix will be left in cleartext.
|
|
|
|
Note that, while in cleartext, unencrypted content is still added to the
|
|
checksum of the file, and thus cannot be modified outside of sops without
|
|
breaking the file integrity check.
|
|
|
|
The unencrypted suffix can be set to a different value using the
|
|
``--unencrypted-suffix`` option.
|
|
|
|
Conversely, you can opt in to only encrypt some values in a YAML or JSON file,
|
|
by adding a chosen suffix to those keys and passing it to the ``--encrypted-suffix`` option.
|
|
|
|
A third method is to use the ``--encrypted-regex`` which will only encrypt values under
|
|
keys that match the supplied regular expression. For example, this command:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --encrypt --encrypted-regex '^(data|stringData)$' k8s-secrets.yaml
|
|
|
|
will encrypt the values under the ``data`` and ``stringData`` keys in a YAML file
|
|
containing kubernetes secrets. It will not encrypt other values that help you to
|
|
navigate the file, like ``metadata`` which contains the secrets' names.
|
|
|
|
You can also specify these options in the ``.sops.yaml`` config file.
|
|
|
|
Note: these three options ``--unencrypted-suffix``, ``--encrypted-suffix``, and ``--encrypted-regex`` are
|
|
mutually exclusive and cannot all be used in the same file.
|
|
|
|
Encryption Protocol
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
When sops creates a file, it generates a random 256 bit data key and asks each
|
|
KMS and PGP master key to encrypt the data key. The encrypted version of the data
|
|
key is stored in the ``sops`` metadata under ``sops.kms`` and ``sops.pgp``.
|
|
|
|
For KMS:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
sops:
|
|
kms:
|
|
- enc: CiC6yCOtzsnFhkfdIslYZ0bAf//gYLYCmIu87B3sy/5yYxKnAQEBAQB4usgjrc7JxYZH3SLJWGdGwH//4GC2ApiLvOwd7Mv+cmMAAAB+MHwGCSqGSIb3DQEHBqBvMG0CAQAwaAYJKoZIhvcNAQcBMB4GCWCGSAFlAwQBLjARBAyGdRODuYMHbA8Ozj8CARCAO7opMolPJUmBXd39Zlp0L2H9fzMKidHm1vvaF6nNFq0ClRY7FlIZmTm4JfnOebPseffiXFn9tG8cq7oi
|
|
enc_ts: 1439568549.245995
|
|
arn: arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:656532927350:key/920aff2e-c5f1-4040-943a-047fa387b27e
|
|
|
|
For PGP:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: yaml
|
|
|
|
sops:
|
|
pgp:
|
|
- fp: 85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21
|
|
created_at: 1441570391.930042
|
|
enc: |
|
|
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
|
|
Version: GnuPG v1
|
|
|
|
hQIMA0t4uZHfl9qgAQ//UvGAwGePyHuf2/zayWcloGaDs0MzI+zw6CmXvMRNPUsA
|
|
pAgRKczJmDu4+XzN+cxX5Iq9xEWIbny9B5rOjwTXT3qcUYZ4Gkzbq4MWkjuPp/Iv
|
|
qO4MJaYzoH5YxC4YORQ2LvzhA2YGsCzYnljmatGEUNg01yJ6r5mwFwDxl4Nc80Cn
|
|
RwnHuGExK8j1jYJZu/juK1qRbuBOAuruIPPWVdFB845PA7waacG1IdUW3ZtBkOy3
|
|
O0BIfG2ekRg0Nik6sTOhDUA+l2bewCcECI8FYCEjwHm9Sg5cxmP2V5m1mby+uKAm
|
|
kewaoOyjbmV1Mh3iI1b/AQMr+/6ZE9MT2KnsoWosYamFyjxV5r1ZZM7cWKnOT+tu
|
|
KOvGhTV1TeOfVpajNTNwtV/Oyh3mMLQ0F0HgCTqomQVqw5+sj7OWAASuD3CU/dyo
|
|
pcmY5Qe0TNL1JsMNEH8LJDqSh+E0hsUxdY1ouVsg3ysf6mdM8ciWb3WRGxih1Vmf
|
|
unfLy8Ly3V7ZIC8EHV8aLJqh32jIZV4i2zXIoO4ZBKrudKcECY1C2+zb/TziVAL8
|
|
qyPe47q8gi1rIyEv5uirLZjgpP+JkDUgoMnzlX334FZ9pWtQMYW4Y67urAI4xUq6
|
|
/q1zBAeHoeeeQK+YKDB7Ak/Y22YsiqQbNp2n4CKSKAE4erZLWVtDvSp+49SWmS/S
|
|
XgGi+13MaXIp0ecPKyNTBjF+NOw/I3muyKr8EbDHrd2XgIT06QXqjYLsCb1TZ0zm
|
|
xgXsOTY3b+ONQ2zjhcovanDp7/k77B+gFitLYKg4BLZsl7gJB12T8MQnpfSmRT4=
|
|
=oJgS
|
|
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
|
|
|
|
``sops`` then opens a text editor on the newly created file. The user adds data to the
|
|
file and saves it when done.
|
|
|
|
Upon save, sops browses the entire file as a key/value tree. Every time sops
|
|
encounters a leaf value (a value that does not have children), it encrypts the
|
|
value with AES256_GCM using the data key and a 256 bit random initialization
|
|
vector.
|
|
|
|
Each file uses a single data key to encrypt all values of a document, but each
|
|
value receives a unique initialization vector and has unique authentication data.
|
|
|
|
Additional data is used to guarantee the integrity of the encrypted data
|
|
and of the tree structure: when encrypting the tree, key names are concatenated
|
|
into a byte string that is used as AEAD additional data (aad) when encrypting
|
|
values. We expect that keys do not carry sensitive information, and
|
|
keeping them in cleartext allows for better diff and overall readability.
|
|
|
|
Any valid KMS or PGP master key can later decrypt the data key and access the
|
|
data.
|
|
|
|
Multiple master keys allow for sharing encrypted files without sharing master
|
|
keys, and provide a disaster recovery solution. The recommended way to use sops
|
|
is to have two KMS master keys in different regions and one PGP public key with
|
|
the private key stored offline. If, by any chance, both KMS master keys are
|
|
lost, you can always recover the encrypted data using the PGP private key.
|
|
|
|
Message Authentication Code
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
In addition to authenticating branches of the tree using keys as additional
|
|
data, sops computes a MAC on all the values to ensure that no value has been
|
|
added or removed fraudulently. The MAC is stored encrypted with AES_GCM and
|
|
the data key under tree->`sops`->`mac`.
|
|
|
|
Motivation
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
Automating the distribution of secrets and credentials to components of an
|
|
infrastructure is a hard problem. We know how to encrypt secrets and share them
|
|
between humans, but extending that trust to systems is difficult. Particularly
|
|
when these systems follow devops principles and are created and destroyed
|
|
without human intervention. The issue boils down to establishing the initial
|
|
trust of a system that just joined the infrastructure, and providing it access
|
|
to the secrets it needs to configure itself.
|
|
|
|
The initial trust
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
In many infrastructures, even highly dynamic ones, the initial trust is
|
|
established by a human. An example is seen in Puppet by the way certificates are
|
|
issued: when a new system attempts to join a Puppetmaster, an administrator
|
|
must, by default, manually approve the issuance of the certificate the system
|
|
needs. This is cumbersome, and many puppetmasters are configured to auto-sign
|
|
new certificates to work around that issue. This is obviously not recommended
|
|
and far from ideal.
|
|
|
|
AWS provides a more flexible approach to trusting new systems. It uses a
|
|
powerful mechanism of roles and identities. In AWS, it is possible to verify
|
|
that a new system has been granted a specific role at creation, and it is
|
|
possible to map that role to specific resources. Instead of trusting new systems
|
|
directly, the administrator trusts the AWS permission model and its automation
|
|
infrastructure. As long as AWS keys are safe, and the AWS API is secure, we can
|
|
assume that trust is maintained and systems are who they say they are.
|
|
|
|
KMS, Trust and secrets distribution
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Using the AWS trust model, we can create fine grained access controls to
|
|
Amazon's Key Management Service (KMS). KMS is a service that encrypts and
|
|
decrypts data with AES_GCM, using keys that are never visible to users of the
|
|
service. Each KMS master key has a set of role-based access controls, and
|
|
individual roles are permitted to encrypt or decrypt using the master key. KMS
|
|
helps solve the problem of distributing keys, by shifting it into an access
|
|
control problem that can be solved using AWS's trust model.
|
|
|
|
Operational requirements
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
When Mozilla's Services Operations team started revisiting the issue of
|
|
distributing secrets to EC2 instances, we set a goal to store these secrets
|
|
encrypted until the very last moment, when they need to be decrypted on target
|
|
systems. Not unlike many other organizations that operate sufficiently complex
|
|
automation, we found this to be a hard problem with a number of prerequisites:
|
|
|
|
1. Secrets must be stored in YAML files for easy integration into hiera
|
|
|
|
2. Secrets must be stored in GIT, and when a new CloudFormation stack is
|
|
built, the current HEAD is pinned to the stack. (This allows secrets to
|
|
be changed in GIT without impacting the current stack that may
|
|
autoscale).
|
|
|
|
3. Entries must be encrypted separately. Encrypting entire files as blobs makes
|
|
git conflict resolution almost impossible. Encrypting each entry
|
|
separately is much easier to manage.
|
|
|
|
4. Secrets must always be encrypted on disk (admin laptop, upstream
|
|
git repo, jenkins and S3) and only be decrypted on the target
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
SOPS can be used to encrypt YAML, JSON and BINARY files. In BINARY mode, the
|
|
content of the file is treated as a blob, the same way PGP would encrypt an
|
|
entire file. In YAML and JSON modes, however, the content of the file is
|
|
manipulated as a tree where keys are stored in cleartext, and values are
|
|
encrypted. hiera-eyaml does something similar, and over the years we learned
|
|
to appreciate its benefits, namely:
|
|
|
|
* diffs are meaningful. If a single value of a file is modified, only that
|
|
value will show up in the diff. The diff is still limited to only showing
|
|
encrypted data, but that information is already more granular that
|
|
indicating that an entire file has changed.
|
|
|
|
* conflicts are easier to resolve. If multiple users are working on the
|
|
same encrypted files, as long as they don't modify the same values,
|
|
changes are easy to merge. This is an improvement over the PGP
|
|
encryption approach where unsolvable conflicts often happen when
|
|
multiple users work on the same file.
|
|
|
|
OpenPGP integration
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
OpenPGP gets a lot of bad press for being an outdated crypto protocol, and while
|
|
true, what really made us look for alternatives is the difficulty of managing and
|
|
distributing keys to systems. With KMS, we manage permissions to an API, not keys,
|
|
and that's a lot easier to do.
|
|
|
|
But PGP is not dead yet, and we still rely on it heavily as a backup solution:
|
|
all our files are encrypted with KMS and with one PGP public key, with its
|
|
private key stored securely for emergency decryption in the event that we lose
|
|
all our KMS master keys.
|
|
|
|
SOPS can be used without KMS entirely, the same way you would use an encrypted
|
|
PGP file: by referencing the pubkeys of each individual who has access to the file.
|
|
It can easily be done by providing sops with a comma-separated list of public keys
|
|
when creating a new file:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: bash
|
|
|
|
$ sops --pgp "E60892BB9BD89A69F759A1A0A3D652173B763E8F,84050F1D61AF7C230A12217687DF65059EF093D3,85D77543B3D624B63CEA9E6DBC17301B491B3F21" mynewfile.yaml
|
|
|
|
Threat Model
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
The security of the data stored using sops is as strong as the weakest
|
|
cryptographic mechanism. Values are encrypted using AES256_GCM which is the
|
|
strongest symmetric encryption algorithm known today. Data keys are encrypted
|
|
in either KMS, which also uses AES256_GCM, or PGP which uses either RSA or
|
|
ECDSA keys.
|
|
|
|
Going from the most likely to the least likely, the threats are as follows:
|
|
|
|
Compromised AWS credentials grant access to KMS master key
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
An attacker with access to an AWS console can grant itself access to one of
|
|
the KMS master keys used to encrypt a sops data key. This threat should be
|
|
mitigated by protecting AWS accesses with strong controls, such as multi-factor
|
|
authentication, and also by performing regular audits of permissions granted
|
|
to AWS users.
|
|
|
|
Compromised PGP key
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
PGP keys are routinely mishandled, either because owners copy them from
|
|
machine to machine, or because the key is left forgotten on an unused machine
|
|
an attacker gains access to. When using PGP encryption, sops users should take
|
|
special care of PGP private keys, and store them on smart cards or offline
|
|
as often as possible.
|
|
|
|
Factorized RSA key
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
sops doesn't apply any restriction on the size or type of PGP keys. A weak PGP
|
|
keys, for example 512 bits RSA, could be factorized by an attacker to gain
|
|
access to the private key and decrypt the data key. Users of sops should rely
|
|
on strong keys, such as 2048+ bits RSA keys, or 256+ bits ECDSA keys.
|
|
|
|
Weak AES cryptography
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
A vulnerability in AES256_GCM could potentially leak the data key or the KMS
|
|
master key used by a sops encrypted file. While no such vulnerability exists
|
|
today, we recommend that users keep their encrypted files reasonably private.
|
|
|
|
Backward compatibility
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
``sops`` will remain backward compatible on the major version, meaning that all
|
|
improvements brought to the 1.X and 2.X branches (current) will maintain the
|
|
file format introduced in **1.0**.
|
|
|
|
Security
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Please report security issues to jvehent at mozilla dot com, or by using one
|
|
of the contact method available on keybase: `https://keybase.io/jvehent <https://keybase.io/jvehent>`_
|
|
|
|
License
|
|
-------
|
|
Mozilla Public License Version 2.0
|
|
|
|
Authors
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
The core team is composed of:
|
|
|
|
* Adrian Utrilla @autrilla
|
|
* Julien Vehent @jvehent
|
|
* AJ Banhken @ajvb
|
|
|
|
And a whole bunch of `contributors <https://github.com/mozilla/sops/graphs/contributors>`_
|
|
|
|
Credits
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
`sops` was inspired by `hiera-eyaml <https://github.com/TomPoulton/hiera-eyaml>`_,
|
|
`credstash <https://github.com/LuminalOSS/credstash>`_ ,
|
|
`sneaker <https://github.com/codahale/sneaker>`_,
|
|
`password store <http://www.passwordstore.org/>`_ and too many years managing
|
|
PGP encrypted files by hand...
|