TypeScript-Node-Starter/README.md

TypeScript Node Starter

Pre-reqs

• Install Node.js
• Install MongoDB
• Install VS Code

Getting started

• Clone the repository

git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript-Node-Starter.git <project_name>

• Install dependencies

cd <project_name>
npm install

• Configure your mongoDB server

# create the db directory
sudo mkdir -p /data/db
# give the db correct read/write permissions
sudo chmod 777 /data/db

• Start your mongoDB server (you'll probably want another command prompt)

mongod

• Build and run the project

npm run build
npm start

Or, if you're using VS Code, you can use cmd + shift + b to run the default build task (which is mapped to npm run build), and then you can use the command palette (cmd + shift + p) and select Tasks: Run Task > npm: start to run npm start for you.

Note on editors! - TypeScript has great support in every editor, but this project has been pre-configured for use with VS Code. Throughout the README I'll try to call out specific places where VS Code really shines or where this project has been setup to take advantage of specific features.

Finally, navigate to http://localhost:3000 and you should see the template being served and rendered locally!

Deploying the app

There are many ways to deploy an Node app, and in general, nothing about the deployment process changes because you're using TypeScript. In this section, I'll walk you through how to deploy this app to Azure App Service using the extensions available in VS Code because I think it is the easiest and fastest way to get started, as well as the most friendly workflow from a developer's perspective.

Pre-reqs

• Azure account - If you don't have one, you can sign up for free. The Azure free tier gives you plenty of resources to play around with including up to 10 App Service instances, which is what we will be using.
• VS Code - We'll be using the interface provided by VS Code to quickly deploy our app.
• Azure App Service VS Code extension - In VS Code, search for Azure App Service in the extension marketplace (5th button down on the far left menu bar), install the extension, and then reload VS Code.

Deploying to Azure App Service

Deploying from VS Code can be broken into the following steps:

1. Authenticate your Azure account in VS Code
2. Build your app
3. Zip deploy using the Azure App Service extension

Sign in to your Azure account

1. Open VS Code
2. Expand the Azure App Service menu in the explorer menu
   • If you don't see this, you might not have the Azure App Service extension installed. See the pre-reqs section.
3. Click Sign in to Azure...
4. Choose Copy & Open from the resulting dialog
   • This will open aka.ms/devicelogin in a browser window. If it doesn't, just navigate there manually.
5. Paste in the code that is on your clipboard.
6. Go back to VS Code, you should now be signed in. You can confirm that everything worked by seeing your Azure subscription listed in the Azure App Service section of the explorer window. Additionally you should see the email associated with your account listed in the status bar at the bottom of VS Code.

Build the app

Building the app locally is required for this specific deployment method, so build the app however you normally do: - ctrl + shift + b - kicks off default build in VS Code - npm run build from a terminal window

Zip deploy from VS Code

1. Make sure your app is built, whatever is currently in your dist and node_modules folders will be the app that is deployed.
2. Click the blue up arrow (Deploy to Web App) on the Azure App Service section of the explorer window.
3. Choose the entire project directory. If you haven't changed the name, this will be TypeScript-Node-Starter.
4. Choose the subscription you want this app to be billed to (don't worry, it will be free).
5. Choose Create New Web App
6. Enter a globally unique name - This will be part of the URL that azure generates so it has to be unique, but if you're planning on adding a custom domain later, it's not that important. I usually just add random numbers to the end of the app name, ie. typescript-node-starter-15121214.
7. Choose a resource group - If you don't know what this is, just create a new one. If you have lots of cloud resources that should be logically grouped together (think an app service and a database that supports that app) then you would want to put them in the same resource group. This can always be updated later though. If you create a new resource group, you'll also be prompted to pick a location for that group. Pick something geographically close to where your users are.
8. Choose Create new App Service Plan - An app service plan mainly is what determines the size and cost of the hardware your app will run on, but it also manages some other settings which we can ignore for now.
9. Choose B1 - Basic - This one is free. If you know what you're doing, feel free to select a stronger pricing tier.
10. Choose your target node runtime version - We are deploying to Linux machines, and in addition we can choose the exact node runtime we want. If you don't know what you want, choose whatever the current LTS build is.
11. Grab a cup of coffee - You'll see everything you just selected getting created in the output window. All of this is powered by the Azure CLI and can be easily replicated if you decide you want to customize this process. This deployment is not the fastest option (but it is the easiest!). We are literally bundling everything in your project (including the massive node_modules folder) and uploading it to our Azure app service. Times will vary, but as a baseline, my deployment took roughly 6 minutes.

TypeScript + Node

The main purpose of this repository is to show a good end-to-end project setup and workflow for writing Node code in TypeScript. I will try to keep this as up-to-date as possible, but community contributions and recommendations for improvements are encouraged and will be most welcome.

In the next few sections I will call out everything that changes when adding TypeScript to an Express project. Note that all of this has already been setup for this project, but feel free to use this as a reference for converting other Node.js project to TypeScript.

Getting TypeScript

TypeScript itself is simple to add to any project with npm.

npm install -D typescript

If you're using VS Code then you're good to go! VS Code will detect and use the TypeScript version you have installed in your node_modules folder. For other editors, make sure you have the corresponding TypeScript plugin.

Project Structure

The most obvious difference in a TypeScript + Node project is the folder structure. In a TypeScript project, it's best to have separate source and distributable files. TypeScript (.ts) files live in your src folder and after compilation are output as JavaScript (.js) in the dist folder. The test and views folders remain top level as expected.

The full folder structure of this app is explained below:

Note! Make sure you have already built the app using npm run build

Name	Description
.vscode	Contains VS Code specific settings
dist	Contains the distributable (or output) from your TypeScript build. This is the code you ship
node_modules	Contains all your npm dependencies
src	Contains your source code that will be compiled to the dist dir
src/config	Passport authentication strategies and login middleware. Add other complex config code here
src/controllers	Controllers define functions that respond to various http requests
src/models	Models define Mongoose schemas that will be used in storing and retrieving data from MongoDB
src/public	Static assets that will be used client side
src/types	Holds .d.ts files not found on DefinitelyTyped. Covered more in this section
src/server.ts	Entry point to your express app
test	Contains your tests. Seperate from source because there is a different build process.
views	Views define how your app renders on the client. In this case we're using pug
.env.example	API keys, tokens, passwords, database URI. Clone this, but don't check it in to public repos.
.travis.yml	Used to configure Travis CI build
.copyStaticAssets.ts	Build script that copies images, fonts, and JS libs to the dist folder
jest.config.js	Used to configure Jest
package.json	File that contains npm dependencies as well as build scripts
tsconfig.json	Config settings for compiling server code written in TypeScript
tsconfig.tests.json	Config settings for compiling tests written in TypeScript
tslint.json	Config settings for TSLint code style checking

Building the project

It is rare for JavaScript projects not to have some kind of build pipeline these days, however Node projects typically have the least amount build configuration. Because of this I've tried to keep the build as simple as possible. If you're concerned about compile time, the main watch task takes ~2s to refresh.

Configuring TypeScript compilation

TypeScript uses the file tsconfig.json to adjust project compile options. Let's dissect this project's tsconfig.json, starting with the compilerOptions which details how your project is compiled.

    "compilerOptions": {
        "module": "commonjs",
        "target": "es6",
        "noImplicitAny": true,
        "moduleResolution": "node",
        "sourceMap": true,
        "outDir": "dist",
        "baseUrl": ".",
        "paths": {
            "*": [
                "node_modules/*",
                "src/types/*"
            ]
        }
    },

compilerOptions	Description
"module": "commonjs"	The output module type (in your .js files). Node uses commonjs, so that is what we use
"target": "es6"	The output language level. Node supports ES6, so we can target that here
"noImplicitAny": true	Enables a stricter setting which throws errors when something has a default any value
"moduleResolution": "node"	TypeScript attempts to mimic Node's module resolution strategy. Read more here
"sourceMap": true	We want source maps to be output along side our JavaScript. See the debugging section
"outDir": "dist"	Location to output .js files after compilation
"baseUrl": "."	Part of configuring module resolution. See path mapping section
paths: {...}	Part of configuring module resolution. See path mapping section

The rest of the file define the TypeScript project context. The project context is basically a set of options that determine which files are compiled when the compiler is invoked with a specific tsconfig.json. In this case, we use the following to define our project context:

    "include": [
        "src/**/*"
    ]

include takes an array of glob patterns of files to include in the compilation. This project is fairly simple and all of our .ts files are under the src folder. For more complex setups, you can include an exclude array of glob patterns that removes specific files from the set defined with include. There is also a files option which takes an array of individual file names which overrides both include and exclude.

Running the build

All the different build steps are orchestrated via npm scripts. Npm scripts basically allow us to call (and chain) terminal commands via npm. This is nice because most JavaScript tools have easy to use command line utilities allowing us to not need grunt or gulp to manage our builds. If you open package.json, you will see a scripts section with all the different scripts you can call. To call a script, simply run npm run <script-name> from the command line. You'll notice that npm scripts can call each other which makes it easy to compose complex builds out of simple individual build scripts. Below is a list of all the scripts this template has available:

Npm Script	Description
start	Does the same as 'npm run serve'. Can be invoked with npm start
build	Full build. Runs ALL build tasks (build-sass, build-ts, tslint, copy-static-assets)
serve	Runs node on dist/server.js which is the apps entry point
watch	Runs all watch tasks (TypeScript, Sass, Node). Use this if you're not touching static assets.
test	Runs tests using Jest test runner
build-ts	Compiles all source .ts files to .js files in the dist folder
watch-ts	Same as build-ts but continuously watches .ts files and re-compiles when needed
build-sass	Compiles all .scss files to .css files
watch-sass	Same as build-sass but continuously watches .scss files and re-compiles when needed
tslint	Runs TSLint on project files
copy-static-assets	Calls script that copies JS libs, fonts, and images to dist directory

Type Definition (.d.ts) Files

TypeScript uses .d.ts files to provide types for JavaScript libraries that were not written in TypeScript. This is great because once you have a .d.ts file, TypeScript can type check that library and provide you better help in your editor. The TypeScript community actively shares all of the most up-to-date .d.ts files for popular libraries on a GitHub repository called DefinitelyTyped. Making sure that your .d.ts files are setup correctly is super important because once they're in place, you get an incredible amount high quality of type checking (and thus bug catching, IntelliSense, and other editor tools) for free.

Note! Because we're using "noImplicitAny": true, we are required to have a .d.ts file for every library we use. While you could set noImplicitAny to false to silence errors about missing .d.ts files, it is a best practice to have a .d.ts file for every library. (Even if the .d.ts file is basically empty!)

Installing .d.ts files from DefinitelyTyped

For the most part, you'll find .d.ts files for the libraries you are using on DefinitelyTyped. These .d.ts files can be easily installed into your project by using the npm scope @types. For example, if we want the .d.ts file for jQuery, we can do so with npm install --save-dev @types/jquery.

Note! Be sure to add --save-dev (or -D) to your npm install. .d.ts files are project dependencies, but only used at compile time and thus should be dev dependencies.

In this template, all the .d.ts files have already been added to devDependencies in package.json, so you will get everything you need after running your first npm install. Once .d.ts files have been installed using npm, you should see them in your node_modules/@types folder. The compiler will always look in this folder for .d.ts files when resolving JavaScript libraries.

What if a library isn't on DefinitelyTyped?

If you try to install a .d.ts file from @types and it isn't found, or you check DefinitelyTyped and cannot find a specific library, you will want to create your own .d.ts file. In the src folder of this project, you'll find the types folder which holds the .d.ts files that aren't on DefinitelyTyped (or weren't as of the time of this writing).

Setting up TypeScript to look for .d.ts files in another folder

The compiler knows to look in node_modules/@types by default, but to help the compiler find our own .d.ts files we have to configure path mapping in our tsconfig.json. Path mapping can get pretty confusing, but the basic idea is that the TypeScript compiler will look in specific places, in a specific order when resolving modules, and we have the ability to tell the compiler exactly how to do it. In the tsconfig.json for this project you'll see the following:

"baseUrl": ".",
"paths": {
    "*": [
        "node_modules/*",
        "src/types/*"
    ]
}

This tells the TypeScript compiler that in addition to looking in node_modules/@types for every import (*) also look in our own .d.ts file location <baseUrl> + src/types/*. So when we write something like:

import * as flash from "express-flash";

First the compiler will look for a d.ts file in node_modules/@types and then when it doesn't find one look in src/types and find our file express-flash.d.ts.

Using dts-gen

Unless you are familiar with .d.ts files, I strongly recommend trying to use the tool dts-gen first. The README does a great job explaining how to use the tool, and for most cases, you'll get an excellent scaffold of a .d.ts file to start with. In this project, bcrypt-nodejs.d.ts, fbgraph.d.ts, and lusca.d.ts were all generated using dts-gen.

Writing a .d.ts file

If generating a .d.ts using dts-gen isn't working, you should tell me about it first, but then you can create your own .d.ts file.

If you just want to silence the compiler for the time being, create a file called <some-library>.d.ts in your types folder and then add this line of code:

declare module "<some-library>";

If you want to invest some time into making a great .d.ts file that will give you great type checking and IntelliSense, the TypeScript website has great docs on authoring .d.ts files.

Contributing to DefinitelyTyped

The reason it's so easy to get great .d.ts files for most libraries is that developers like you contribute their work back to DefinitelyTyped. Contributing .d.ts files is a great way to get into the open source community if it's something you've never tried before, and as soon as your changes are accepted, every other developer in the world has access to your work.

If you're interested in giving it a shot, check out the guidance on DefinitelyTyped. If you're not interested, you should tell me why so we can help make it easier in the future!

Summary of .d.ts management

In general if you stick to the following steps you should have minimal .d.ts issues;

1. After installing any npm package as a dependency or dev dependency, immediately try to install the .d.ts file via @types.
2. If the library has a .d.ts file on DefinitelyTyped, the install will succeed and you are done. If the install fails because the package doesn't exist, continue to step 3.
3. Make sure you project is configured for supplying your own d.ts files
4. Try to generate a .d.ts file with dts-gen. If it succeeds, you are done. If not, continue to step 5.
5. Create a file called <some-library>.d.ts in your types folder.
6. Add the following code:

declare module "<some-library>";

7. At this point everything should compile with no errors and you can either improve the types in the .d.ts file by following this guide on authoring .d.ts files or continue with no types.
8. If you are still having issues, let me know by sending me an email or pinging me on twitter, I will help you.

Debugging

Debugging TypeScript is exactly like debugging JavaScript with one caveat, you need source maps.

Source maps

Source maps allow you to drop break points in your TypeScript source code and have that break point be hit by the JavaScript that is being executed at runtime.

Note! - Source maps aren't specific to TypeScript. Anytime JavaScript is transformed (transpiled, compiled, optimized, minified, etc) you need source maps so that the code that is executed at runtime can be mapped back to the source that generated it.

The best part of source maps is when configured correctly, you don't even know they exist! So let's take a look at how we do that in this project.

Configuring source maps

First you need to make sure your tsconfig.json has source map generation enabled:

"compilerOptions" {
    "sourceMap": true
} 

With this option enabled, next to every .js file that the TypeScript compiler outputs there will be a .map.js file as well. This .map.js file provides the information necessary to map back to the source .ts file while debugging.

Note! - It is also possible to generate "inline" source maps using "inlineSourceMap": true. This is more common when writing client side code because some bundlers need inline source maps to preserve the mapping through the bundle. Because we are writing Node.js code, we don't have to worry about this.

Using the debugger in VS Code

Debugging is one of the places where VS Code really shines over other editors. Node.js debugging in VS Code is easy to setup and even easier to use. This project comes pre-configured with everything you need to get started.

When you hit F5 in VS Code, it looks for a top level .vscode folder with a launch.json file. In this file, you can tell VS Code exactly what you want to do:

{
    "type": "node",
    "request": "attach",
    "name": "Attach by Process ID",
    "processId": "${command:PickProcess}",
    "protocol": "inspector"
}

This is mostly identical to the "Node.js: Attach by Process ID" template with one minor change. We added "protocol": "inspector" which tells VS Code that we're using the latest version of Node which uses a new debug protocol.

With this file in place, you can hit F5 to attach a debugger. You will probably have multiple node processes running, so you need to find the one that shows node dist/server.js. Now just set your breakpoints and go!

Testing

For this project, I chose Jest as our test framework. While Mocha is probably more common, Mocha seems to be looking for a new maintainer and setting up TypeScript testing in Jest is wicked simple.

Install the components

To add TypeScript + Jest support, first install a few npm packages:

npm install -D jest ts-jest

jest is the testing framework itself, and ts-jest is just a simple function to make running TypeScript tests a little easier.

Configure Jest

Jest's configuration lives in jest.config.js, so let's open it up and add the following code:

module.exports = {
	globals: {
		'ts-jest': {
			tsConfigFile: 'tsconfig.json'
		}
	},
	moduleFileExtensions: [
		'ts',
		'js'
	],
	transform: {
		'^.+\\.(ts|tsx)$': './node_modules/ts-jest/preprocessor.js'
	},
	testMatch: [
		'**/test/**/*.test.(ts|js)'
	],
	testEnvironment: 'node'
};

Basically we are telling Jest that we want it to consume all files that match the pattern "**/test/**/*.test.(ts|js)" (all .test.ts/.test.js files in the test folder), but we want to preprocess the .ts files first. This preprocess step is very flexible, but in our case, we just want to compile our TypeScript to JavaScript using our tsconfig.json. This all happens in memory when you run the tests, so there are no output .js test files for you to manage.

Running tests

Writing tests

Writing tests for web apps has entire books dedicated to it and best practices are strongly influenced by personal style, so I'm deliberately avoiding discussing how or when to write tests in this guide. However, if prescriptive guidance on testing is something that you're interested in, let me know, I'll do some homework and get back to you.

TSLint

TSLint is a code linter which mainly helps catch minor code quality and style issues. TSLint is very similar to ESLint or JSLint but is built with TypeScript in mind.

TSLint rules

Like most linters, TSLint has a wide set of configurable rules as well as support for custom rule sets. All rules are configured through tslint.json. In this project, we are using a fairly basic set of rules with no additional custom rules. The settings are largely based off the TSLint settings that we use to develop TypeScript itself.

Running TSLint

Like the rest of our build steps, we use npm scripts to invoke TSLint. To run TSLint you can call the main build script or just the TSLint task.

npm run build   // runs full build including TSLint
npm run tslint  // runs only TSLint

Notice that TSLint is not a part of the main watch task. It can be annoying for TSLint to clutter the output window while in the middle of writing a function, so I elected to only run it only during the full build. If you are interesting in seeing TSLint feedback as soon as possible, I strongly recommend the TSLint extension in VS Code.

VSCode Extensions

To enhance your development experience while working in VSCode we also provide you a list of the suggested extensions for working with this project:

• TSLint
• Code Spell Checker
• Azure Cosmos DB

Dependencies

Dependencies are managed through package.json. In that file you'll find two sections:

dependencies

Package	Description
async	Utility library that provides asynchronous control flow.
bcrypt-nodejs	Library for hashing and salting user passwords.
body-parser	Express 4 middleware.
compression	Express 4 middleware.
connect-mongo	MongoDB session store for Express.
dotenv	Loads environment variables from .env file.
errorhandler	Express 4 middleware.
express	Node.js web framework.
express-flash	Provides flash messages for Express.
express-session	Express 4 middleware.
express-validator	Easy form validation for Express.
fbgraph	Facebook Graph API library.
lusca	CSRF middleware.
mongoose	MongoDB ODM.
morgan	Express 4 middleware.
nodemailer	Node.js library for sending emails.
passport	Simple and elegant authentication library for node.js
passport-facebook	Sign-in with Facebook plugin.
passport-local	Sign-in with Username and Password plugin.
pug (jade)	Template engine for Express.
request	Simplified HTTP request library.

devDependencies

Package	Description
concurrently	Utility that manages multiple concurrent tasks. Used with npm scripts
jest	Testing library for JavaScript.
node-sass	Allows to compile .scss files to .css
supertest	HTTP assertion library.
ts-test	A preprocessor with sourcemap support to help use TypeScript wit Jest.
tslint	Linter (similar to ESLint) for TypeScript files
typescript	JavaScript compiler/type checker that boosts JavaScript productivity

To install or update these dependencies you can use npm install or npm update.

Other

Here is a section of miscellaneous tips.

Hackathon Starter Project

A majority of this quick start's content was inspired or adapted from Sahat's excellent Hackathon Starter project.