btrfs_get_io_geometry() calls btrfs_get_chunk_map() to acquire a reference
on a extent_map, but on normal operation it does not drop this reference
anymore.
This leads to excessive kmemleak reports.
Always call free_extent_map(), not just in the error case.
Fixes: 5f1411265e ("btrfs: Introduce btrfs_io_geometry infrastructure")
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Migrate the struct definition and the one helper that's in ctree.h into
space-info.h
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@toxicpanda.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Presently btrfs_map_block is used not only to do everything necessary to
map a bio to the underlying allocation profile but it's also used to
identify how much data could be written based on btrfs' stripe logic
without actually submitting anything. This is achieved by passing NULL
for 'bbio_ret' parameter.
This patch refactors all callers that require just the mapping length
by switching them to using btrfs_io_geometry instead of calling
btrfs_map_block with a special NULL value for 'bbio_ret'. No functional
change.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Add a structure that holds various parameters for IO calculations and a
helper that fills the values. This will help further refactoring and
reduction of functions that in some way open-coded the calculations.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Send always operates on read-only trees and always expected that while it
is in progress, nothing changes in those trees. Due to that expectation
and the fact that send is a read-only operation, it operates on commit
roots and does not hold transaction handles. However relocation can COW
nodes and leafs from read-only trees, which can cause unexpected failures
and crashes (hitting BUG_ONs). while send using a node/leaf, it gets
COWed, the transaction used to COW it is committed, a new transaction
starts, the extent previously used for that node/leaf gets allocated,
possibly for another tree, and the respective extent buffer' content
changes while send is still using it. When this happens send normally
fails with EIO being returned to user space and messages like the
following are found in dmesg/syslog:
[ 3408.699121] BTRFS error (device sdc): parent transid verify failed on 58703872 wanted 250 found 253
[ 3441.523123] BTRFS error (device sdc): did not find backref in send_root. inode=63211, offset=0, disk_byte=5222825984 found extent=5222825984
Other times, less often, we hit a BUG_ON() because an extent buffer that
send is using used to be a node, and while send is still using it, it
got COWed and got reused as a leaf while send is still using, producing
the following trace:
[ 3478.466280] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 3478.466282] kernel BUG at fs/btrfs/ctree.c:1806!
[ 3478.466965] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP DEBUG_PAGEALLOC PTI
[ 3478.467635] CPU: 0 PID: 2165 Comm: btrfs Not tainted 5.0.0-btrfs-next-46 #1
[ 3478.468311] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.11.2-0-gf9626ccb91-prebuilt.qemu-project.org 04/01/2014
[ 3478.469681] RIP: 0010:read_node_slot+0x122/0x130 [btrfs]
(...)
[ 3478.471758] RSP: 0018:ffffa437826bfaa0 EFLAGS: 00010246
[ 3478.472457] RAX: ffff961416ed7000 RBX: 000000000000003d RCX: 0000000000000002
[ 3478.473151] RDX: 000000000000003d RSI: ffff96141e387408 RDI: ffff961599b30000
[ 3478.473837] RBP: ffffa437826bfb8e R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffffa437826bfb8e
[ 3478.474515] R10: ffffa437826bfa70 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff9614385c8708
[ 3478.475186] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
[ 3478.475840] FS: 00007f8e0e9cc8c0(0000) GS:ffff9615b6a00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 3478.476489] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 3478.477127] CR2: 00007f98b67a056e CR3: 0000000005df6005 CR4: 00000000003606f0
[ 3478.477762] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
[ 3478.478385] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
[ 3478.479003] Call Trace:
[ 3478.479600] ? do_raw_spin_unlock+0x49/0xc0
[ 3478.480202] tree_advance+0x173/0x1d0 [btrfs]
[ 3478.480810] btrfs_compare_trees+0x30c/0x690 [btrfs]
[ 3478.481388] ? process_extent+0x1280/0x1280 [btrfs]
[ 3478.481954] btrfs_ioctl_send+0x1037/0x1270 [btrfs]
[ 3478.482510] _btrfs_ioctl_send+0x80/0x110 [btrfs]
[ 3478.483062] btrfs_ioctl+0x13fe/0x3120 [btrfs]
[ 3478.483581] ? rq_clock_task+0x2e/0x60
[ 3478.484086] ? wake_up_new_task+0x1f3/0x370
[ 3478.484582] ? do_vfs_ioctl+0xa2/0x6f0
[ 3478.485075] ? btrfs_ioctl_get_supported_features+0x30/0x30 [btrfs]
[ 3478.485552] do_vfs_ioctl+0xa2/0x6f0
[ 3478.486016] ? __fget+0x113/0x200
[ 3478.486467] ksys_ioctl+0x70/0x80
[ 3478.486911] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x16/0x20
[ 3478.487337] do_syscall_64+0x60/0x1b0
[ 3478.487751] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
[ 3478.488159] RIP: 0033:0x7f8e0d7d4dd7
(...)
[ 3478.489349] RSP: 002b:00007ffcf6fb4908 EFLAGS: 00000202 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000010
[ 3478.489742] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000105 RCX: 00007f8e0d7d4dd7
[ 3478.490142] RDX: 00007ffcf6fb4990 RSI: 0000000040489426 RDI: 0000000000000005
[ 3478.490548] RBP: 0000000000000005 R08: 00007f8e0d6f3700 R09: 00007f8e0d6f3700
[ 3478.490953] R10: 00007f8e0d6f39d0 R11: 0000000000000202 R12: 0000000000000005
[ 3478.491343] R13: 00005624e0780020 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000001
(...)
[ 3478.493352] ---[ end trace d5f537302be4f8c8 ]---
Another possibility, much less likely to happen, is that send will not
fail but the contents of the stream it produces may not be correct.
To avoid this, do not allow send and relocation (balance) to run in
parallel. In the long term the goal is to allow for both to be able to
run concurrently without any problems, but that will take a significant
effort in development and testing.
Signed-off-by: Filipe Manana <fdmanana@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Preparatory patch for additional RAID1 profiles with more copies. The
mask will contain 3-copy and 4-copy, most of the checks for plain RAID1
work the same for the other profiles.
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
The helper lacks the btrfs_ prefix and the parameter is the raw
blockgroup type, so none of the callers has to do the flags -> index
conversion.
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Factor the sequence of ifs to a helper, the 'data stripes' here means
the number of stripes without redundancy and parity.
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Replace open coded list of the profiles by selecting them from the
raid_attr table. The criteria are now more explicit, we need profiles
that have more than 1 copy of the data or can reconstruct the data with
a missing device.
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Iterate over the table and gather all allowed profiles for a given
number of devices, instead of open coding.
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
fs_info::mapping_tree is the physical<->logical mapping tree and uses
the same underlying structure as extents, but is embedded to another
structure. There are no other members and this indirection is useless.
No functional change.
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
The minimum number of devices for RAID5 is 2, though this is only a bit
expensive RAID1, and for RAID6 it's 3, which is a triple copy that works
only 3 devices.
mkfs.btrfs allows that and mounting such filesystem also works, so the
conversion via balance filters is inconsistent with the others and we
should not prevent it.
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
The list of profiles in btrfs_chunk_max_errors lists DUP as a profile
DUP able to tolerate 1 device missing. Though this profile is special
with 2 copies, it still needs the device, unlike the others.
Looking at the history of changes, thre's no clear reason why DUP is
there, functions were refactored and blocks of code merged to one
helper.
d20983b40e Btrfs: fix writing data into the seed filesystem
- factor code to a helper
de11cc12df Btrfs: don't pre-allocate btrfs bio
- unrelated change, DUP still in the list with max errors 1
a236aed14c Btrfs: Deal with failed writes in mirrored configurations
- introduced the max errors, leaves DUP and RAID1 in the same group
Reviewed-by: Qu Wenruo <wqu@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
This is used in more than one places so let's factor it out in ctree.h.
No functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Now that these functions no longer require a handle to transaction to
inspect pending/pinned chunks the argument can be removed. At the same
time also remove any surrounding code which acquired the handle.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
The pending chunks list contains chunks that are allocated in the
current transaction but haven't been created yet. The pinned chunks
list contains chunks that are being released in the current transaction.
Both describe chunks that are not reflected on disk as in use but are
unavailable just the same.
The pending chunks list is anchored by the transaction handle, which
means that we need to hold a reference to a transaction when working
with the list.
The way we use them is by iterating over both lists to perform
comparisons on the stripes they describe for each device. This is
backwards and requires that we keep a transaction handle open while
we're trimming.
This patchset adds an extent_io_tree to btrfs_device that maintains
the allocation state of the device. Extents are set dirty when
chunks are first allocated -- when the extent maps are added to the
mapping tree. They're cleared when last removed -- when the extent
maps are removed from the mapping tree. This matches the lifespan
of the pending and pinned chunks list and allows us to do trims
on unallocated space safely without pinning the transaction for what
may be a lengthy operation. We can also use this io tree to mark
which chunks have already been trimmed so we don't repeat the operation.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
btrfs_device structs are freed from RCU context since device iteration
is protected by RCU. Currently this is achieved by using call_rcu since
no blocking functions are called within btrfs_free_device. Future
refactoring of pending/pinned chunks will require calling sleeping
functions.
This patch is in preparation for these changes by simply switching from
RCU callbacks to explicit calls of synchronize_rcu and calling
btrfs_free_device directly. This is functionally equivalent, making sure
that there are no readers at that time.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Chunks read from disk currently don't get their ->orig_block_len member
set, in contrast when a new chunk is allocated, the respective
extent_map's ->orig_block_len is assigned the size of the stripe of this
chunk.
Let's apply the same strategy for chunks which are read from
disk, not only does this codify the invariant that ->orig_block_len
always contains the size of the stripe for a chunk (when the em belongs
to the mapping tree). But it's also a preparatory patch for further work
around tracking chunk allocation in an extent tree rather than
pinned/pending lists.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
During device shrink pinned/pending chunks (i.e. those which have been
deleted/created respectively, in the current transaction and haven't
touched disk) need to be accounted when doing device shrink. Presently
this happens after the main relocation loop in btrfs_shrink_device,
which could lead to making another go in the body of the function.
Since there is no hard requirement to perform pinned/pending chunks
handling after the relocation loop, move the code before it. This leads
to simplifying the code flow around - i.e. no need to use 'goto again'.
A notable side effect of this change is that modification of the
device's size requires a transaction to be started and committed before
the relocation loop starts. This is necessary to ensure that relocation
process sees the shrunk device size.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
We currently overload the pending_chunks list to handle updating
btrfs_device->commit_bytes used. We don't actually care about the
extent mapping or even the device mapping for the chunk - we just need
the device, and we can end up processing it multiple times. The
fs_devices->resized_list does more or less the same thing, but with the
disk size. They are called consecutively during commit and have more or
less the same purpose.
We can combine the two lists into a single list that attaches to the
transaction and contains a list of devices that need updating. Since we
always add the device to a list when we change bytes_used or
disk_total_size, there's no harm in copying both values at once.
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
[BUG]
For fuzzed image whose DEV_ITEM has invalid total_bytes as 0, then
kernel will just panic:
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000098
#PF error: [normal kernel read fault]
PGD 800000022b2bd067 P4D 800000022b2bd067 PUD 22b2bc067 PMD 0
Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP PTI
CPU: 0 PID: 1106 Comm: mount Not tainted 5.0.0-rc8+ #9
RIP: 0010:btrfs_verify_dev_extents+0x2a5/0x5a0
Call Trace:
open_ctree+0x160d/0x2149
btrfs_mount_root+0x5b2/0x680
[CAUSE]
If device extent verification finds a deivce with 0 total_bytes, then it
assumes it's a seed dummy, then search for seed devices.
But in this case, there is no seed device at all, causing NULL pointer.
[FIX]
Since this is caused by fuzzed image, let's go the tree-check way, just
add a new verification for device item.
Reported-by: Yoon Jungyeon <jungyeon@gatech.edu>
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202691
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Qu Wenruo <wqu@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Since we have btrfs_check_chunk_valid() in tree-checker, let's do
chunk item verification in tree-checker too.
Since the tree-checker is run at endio time, if one chunk leaf fails
chunk verification, we can still retry the other copy, making btrfs more
robust to fuzzed image as we may still get a good chunk item.
Also since we have done chunk verification in tree block read time, skip
the btrfs_check_chunk_valid() call in read_one_chunk() if we're reading
chunk items from leaf.
Reviewed-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Qu Wenruo <wqu@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
By function, chunk item verification is more suitable to be done inside
tree-checker.
So move btrfs_check_chunk_valid() to tree-checker.c and export it.
And since it's now moved to tree-checker, also add a better comment for
what this function is doing.
Reviewed-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Qu Wenruo <wqu@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
BUG_ON(1) leads to bogus warnings from clang when
CONFIG_PROFILE_ANNOTATED_BRANCHES is set:
fs/btrfs/volumes.c:5041:3: error: variable 'max_chunk_size' is used uninitialized whenever 'if' condition is false
[-Werror,-Wsometimes-uninitialized]
BUG_ON(1);
^~~~~~~~~
include/asm-generic/bug.h:61:36: note: expanded from macro 'BUG_ON'
#define BUG_ON(condition) do { if (unlikely(condition)) BUG(); } while (0)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
include/linux/compiler.h:48:23: note: expanded from macro 'unlikely'
# define unlikely(x) (__branch_check__(x, 0, __builtin_constant_p(x)))
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
fs/btrfs/volumes.c:5046:9: note: uninitialized use occurs here
max_chunk_size);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
include/linux/kernel.h:860:36: note: expanded from macro 'min'
#define min(x, y) __careful_cmp(x, y, <)
^
include/linux/kernel.h:853:17: note: expanded from macro '__careful_cmp'
__cmp_once(x, y, __UNIQUE_ID(__x), __UNIQUE_ID(__y), op))
^
include/linux/kernel.h:847:25: note: expanded from macro '__cmp_once'
typeof(y) unique_y = (y); \
^
fs/btrfs/volumes.c:5041:3: note: remove the 'if' if its condition is always true
BUG_ON(1);
^
include/asm-generic/bug.h:61:32: note: expanded from macro 'BUG_ON'
#define BUG_ON(condition) do { if (unlikely(condition)) BUG(); } while (0)
^
fs/btrfs/volumes.c:4993:20: note: initialize the variable 'max_chunk_size' to silence this warning
u64 max_chunk_size;
^
= 0
Change it to BUG() so clang can see that this code path can never
continue.
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
As readahead is an optimization, all errors are usually filtered out,
but still properly handled when the real read call is done. The commit
5e9d398240 ("btrfs: readpages() should submit IO as read-ahead") added
REQ_RAHEAD to readpages() because that's only used for readahead
(despite what one would expect from the callback name).
This causes a flood of messages and inflated read error stats, so skip
reporting in case it's readahead.
Bugzilla: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202403
Reported-by: LimeTech <tomm@lime-technology.com>
Fixes: 5e9d398240 ("btrfs: readpages() should submit IO as read-ahead")
CC: stable@vger.kernel.org # 4.19+
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
We recently had a customer issue with a corrupted filesystem. When
trying to mount this image btrfs panicked with a division by zero in
calc_stripe_length().
The corrupt chunk had a 'num_stripes' value of 1. calc_stripe_length()
takes this value and divides it by the number of copies the RAID profile
is expected to have to calculate the amount of data stripes. As a DUP
profile is expected to have 2 copies this division resulted in 1/2 = 0.
Later then the 'data_stripes' variable is used as a divisor in the
stripe length calculation which results in a division by 0 and thus a
kernel panic.
When encountering a filesystem with a DUP block group and a
'num_stripes' value unequal to 2, refuse mounting as the image is
corrupted and will lead to unexpected behaviour.
Code inspection showed a RAID1 block group has the same issues.
Fixes: e06cd3dd7c ("Btrfs: add validadtion checks for chunk loading")
CC: stable@vger.kernel.org # 4.4+
Reviewed-by: Qu Wenruo <wqu@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
We have killed volume mutex (commit: dccdb07bc9
btrfs: kill btrfs_fs_info::volume_mutex). This a trival one seems to have
escaped.
Signed-off-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Support for a new command that can be used eg. as a command
$ btrfs device scan --forget [dev]'
(the final name may change though)
to undo the effects of 'btrfs device scan [dev]'. For this purpose
this patch proposes to use ioctl #5 as it was empty and is next to the
SCAN ioctl.
The new ioctl BTRFS_IOC_FORGET_DEV works only on the control device
(/dev/btrfs-control) to unregister one or all devices, devices that are
not mounted.
The argument is struct btrfs_ioctl_vol_args, ::name specifies the device
path. To unregister all device, the path is an empty string.
Again, the devices are removed only if they aren't part of a mounte
filesystem.
This new ioctl provides:
- release of unwanted btrfs_fs_devices and btrfs_devices structures
from memory if the device is not going to be mounted
- ability to mount filesystem in degraded mode, when one devices is
corrupted like in split brain raid1
- running test cases which would require reloading the kernel module
but this is not possible eg. due to mounted filesystem or built-in
Signed-off-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
[ update changelog ]
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Both btrfs_find_device() and find_device() does the same thing except
that the latter does not take the seed device onto account in the device
scanning context. We can merge them.
Signed-off-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Preparatory patch to add ioctl that allows to forget a device (ie.
reverse of scan).
Refactors btrfs_free_stale_devices() to obtain return status. As this
function can fail if it can't find the given path (returns -ENOENT) or
trying to delete a mounted device (returns -EBUSY).
Signed-off-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
btrfs_find_device() accepts fs_info as an argument and retrieves
fs_devices from fs_info.
Instead use fs_devices, so that this function can be used in non-mount
(during device scanning) context as well.
Signed-off-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
btrfs_find_device_by_devspec() finds the device by @devid or by
@device_path. This patch makes code flow easy to read by open coding the
else part and renames devpath to device_path.
Signed-off-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
btrfs_find_device_missing_or_by_path() is relatively small function, and
its only parent btrfs_find_device_by_devspec() is small as well. Besides
there are a number of find_device functions. Merge
btrfs_find_device_missing_or_by_path() into its parent.
Signed-off-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
alloc_fs_devices() can return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM), so dereferencing its
result before the check for IS_ERR() is a bad idea.
Fixes: d1a6300282 ("btrfs: add members to fs_devices to track fsid changes")
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Anand Jain <anand.jain@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>